INTRODUCTION
In today's rapidly growing economy, technological advancements support people significantly, but increased work pressure and industrial development also lead to environmental pollution, dust, and waste To combat stress and fatigue from work, many are turning to ecotourism—relaxing in wild, less crowded natural environments—offering a sustainable way to unwind and reconnect with nature.
In recent years, tourism activities have seen remarkable growth, with eco-tourism gaining increasing popularity worldwide The development of eco-tourism has evolved over several decades, with its roots dating back to the early 1980s Pioneering researchers like Hector Ceballos-Lascurain and Elizabeth Boo, along with notable scientists such as Linberg, Hawkins, and Cocchrane, have contributed significantly to the theoretical and practical understanding of ecological tourism.
Ecotourism, as defined by the IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, is environmentally responsible travel to pristine natural areas that promotes conservation and minimizes visitor impact It encourages visitors to enjoy and appreciate nature while supporting the socio-economic development of local communities through active participation.
Ecotourism, a relatively recent yet rapidly growing sector, has gained significant attention from many countries and is a key strategic goal for Vietnam's tourism industry It promotes nature conservation, preserves biodiversity, and protects local community cultures Additionally, ecotourism enhances the living standards of local residents and supports the development of the socio-economic system.
Ecotourism in Vietnam emerged in the mid-1990s and was formally defined in 1999 during a seminar focused on developing the country's ecotourism strategy It is recognized as a form of nature tourism that emphasizes ecological and environmental education, promotes positive impacts on environmental and cultural preservation, provides financial benefits to local communities, and supports conservation efforts (The Seminar on Ecotourism, 1999).
To understand more about ecotourism, we need to know about the characteristics of ecotourism and the basic principles of ecotourism a Characteristics of ecotourism
According to Dowling, the difference between ecotourism and other types of tourism was listed in the following five characteristics (Stephen J Page & Dowling, 2002):
- Ecotourism develops based on abundant geographical and cultural elements of indigenous: the objects of ecotourism are attractive areas of nature, including the distinctive indigenous cultural features
Ensuring ecological sustainability and supporting conservation are vital in ecotourism development Proper management of tourism activities in natural environments is essential to preserve the ecosystem's integrity By maintaining the formation and extent of tourism use, we can ensure the long-term sustainability of both the natural environment and the tourism sector.
Environmental education is a crucial component of ecotourism, effectively shaping the attitudes of local communities and the tourism industry toward sustainable practices By raising awareness and promoting responsible behavior, environmental education serves as a vital tool for preserving natural areas Its role in fostering a conservation-minded mindset makes it an indispensable element in promoting eco-friendly tourism and ensuring the long-term health of natural ecosystems.
Encouraging local communities to participate in ecotourism boosts their income while promoting sustainable development By providing knowledge and practical experience, community members can actively engage in managing and operating ecotourism services This involvement not only benefits the local economy but also fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility towards conservation efforts, transforming residents into active conservationists.
Providing high-quality travel experiences is essential for satisfying tourists' desires to deepen their understanding and enjoy engaging travel moments These experiences are vital for the sustainable growth of the ecotourism sector, ensuring both visitor satisfaction and environmental preservation The fundamental principles of ecotourism focus on minimizing environmental impact, promoting conservation efforts, and fostering meaningful interactions between travelers and local communities By adhering to these principles, ecotourism can offer enriching and responsible travel experiences that support ecological sustainability and cultural integrity.
In 1996, Cochrane outlined key principles to promote sustainable ecotourism, emphasizing cautious resource use, supporting conservation efforts, and reducing littering He highlighted the importance of creating long-term economic benefits for local communities, who play a vital role in development and planning Cochrane also stressed that market campaigns should respect the environment and local culture, avoiding any damage to society Additionally, successful ecotourism must attract substantial tourist numbers and offer memorable, exciting experiences that regularly satisfy visitors Providing tourists with accurate information about the destination is crucial to ensure educational value and promote responsible tourism practices.
Protected areas are ideal for developing ecotourism due to their rich biodiversity, rare and endemic species, and stunning landscapes These areas often feature unique cultural and historical sites that attract tourists seeking authentic experiences Promoting ecotourism in protected areas benefits both organizations and local communities, emphasizing the need for careful conservation of their natural and cultural assets Establishing strong connections between ecotourism and protected area management is essential for sustainable tourism development.
Not all visitors to natural reserve areas are eco-tourists; many come simply to enjoy and explore the beauty of nature As they typically stay for a short time, they may not fully experience the atmosphere and biodiversity of the area To promote sustainable ecotourism, effective management strategies are essential to protect these natural environments, conserve biodiversity, and generate sustainable income for local communities.
Vietnam features a tropical monsoon climate, with 75% of its area consisting of mountains and plateaus, and a coastline spanning over 3,200 km dotted with numerous small and medium islands The country boasts diverse forest and human ecosystems, creating a rich natural and cultural landscape The harmonious blend of stunning natural scenery and traditional culture provides a strong foundation and significant potential for ecotourism development in Vietnam.
Situated in eastern Hai Phong city, Cat Ba is renowned for its stunning landscapes and exceptional natural conditions, making it a top ecological tourist destination Over the years, Cat Ba National Park has attracted both locals and international visitors, leading to a rapid increase in tourism This surge has created challenges balancing tourism growth with environmental conservation and sustainable development efforts.
This study, titled "Assessment of Ecotourism Development Potential Based on Biodiversity and Landscapes in Cat Ba National Park," aims to evaluate the area's ecotourism prospects The research emphasizes conserving biodiversity and enhancing the local economy through sustainable ecotourism initiatives It proposes specific measures to protect natural resources while promoting responsible tourism development The findings highlight the importance of integrating biodiversity preservation with ecotourism growth to ensure long-term sustainability for Cat Ba National Park.
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Goals
Assessing the potential and current situation of development of ecotourism in Cat Ba
NP focuses on leveraging biodiversity and landscapes to develop sustainable ecotourism solutions By exploiting the area's natural potential, ecotourism can significantly enhance local communities' livelihoods while conserving biodiversity Implementing these strategies fosters eco-friendly tourism practices that benefit both residents and the environment, ensuring long-term ecological and economic sustainability.
Objectives
- To assess the biodiversity and landscapes potentials for ecotourism in developing Cat Ba NP
- To assess status of ecotourism in Cat Ba NP
- To identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats to ecotourism in Cat Ba NP
- To give recommendation for long term development of ecotourism in Cat Ba NP.
STUDY SITE
Geographic location
Cat Ba Island is located 45 kilometers east of Hai Phong City and approximately 150 kilometers southeast of Hanoi, with a close proximity of 25 kilometers south of Ha Long City To the north, the island borders Ha Long Bay in Quang Ninh province, while to the west it neighbors Cat Hai Island in Cat Hai district, Hai Phong city The eastern and southern sides of the island are bordered by the expansive East Sea, making it a prominent coastal destination.
- Cat Ba island coordinates: 20 0 42‟ – 20 0 54‟ North latitude
- Cat Ba National Park coordinates:
(Source: http://www.greentrailtours.com.vn)
Figure 3.1 Geographic map Cat Ba NP
Climate and hydrology
- Cat Ba National Park is located in the tropical monsoon area, influenced many of the coastal line climate - Average annual temperature: 20 o C; Average annual precipitation is:
The region experiences a rainfall range of 1700 to 1800mm annually, with a distinct rainy season from April to November and a dry season from December to March The average humidity remains high at around 85% throughout the year April is typically the wettest month, while January tends to be the driest The area receives an average annual evaporation of 700mm From September to March, a northeast monsoon wind prevails, followed by a southeast wind blowing from April to August On average, the region experiences 2-3 storms each year, highlighting its susceptibility to seasonal weather patterns.
Topography
Cat Ba Island features mountainous terrain with elevations ranging from 50 to 200 meters, including the highest peak, Cao Vong at approximately 331 meters, and the lowest point at Ang Tom, 10-30 meters below sea level The island’s landscape is characterized by limestone formations interspersed with numerous valleys, creating a rugged terrain Notably, Cat Ba is rich in mineral resources, including valuable limestone and hot mineral water at Xuan Dam commune, where water temperatures reach 38°C Its diverse ecosystems encompass tropical rainforests on limestone mountains, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, and unique cave ecosystems, highlighting the island’s ecological significance.
Geologic characteristics and soil
The Cat Ba area and northeastern Vietnam boast a long history of geological development Historically, this region was part of the folded Caledonian structure, marking the end of the geosynclinal regime in the deep-sea Karatzia during the late Silurian period.
The limestone blocks, dating back to the Late-Permian period (250-280 million years ago), form a striking Karst landscape characterized by stratified, gray or white-gray limestone layers alternating with siliceous limestone These blocks have been shaped by surface and groundwater activity, resulting in a complex system of submerged caves at various heights (4 meters, 15 meters, and 25-30 meters) Ocean waves have sculpted the limestone at the foot of Cat Ba Island, creating long, narrow, abrasive shorelines and distinctive porch formations, with wave heights reaching 3.5-4 meters and 1.0-1.5 meters, respectively In enclosed areas, waves have facilitated the accumulation of pristine sand, forming small, secluded islands ideal for beach tourism and sea bathing experiences.
Cat Ba National Park features five main soil types: red-brown Feralit soil developed on limestone, sepia Feralit soil on limestone slopes, fawn Feralit soil formed from weathered limestone, submerged valley soils, and mangrove-derived soils These diverse soils contribute to the park’s rich biodiversity and unique landscape.
Fauna and Flora
A survey conducted by the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute identified a total of 1,585 plant species, spanning 850 genera, 187 families, and 5 flora phyla The species include 245 common agricultural crops such as Capsicum annuum, Ipomoea batatas, Ipomoea aquatica, Manihot esculenta, Oryza sativa, and Capsicum frutescens It also features species from diverse ecological zones, including Hopea odorata, Dipterocarpus alatus, Shorea chinensis, Keteleeria evelyniana, Pinus caribaea, Bauhinia purpurea, Epiphyllum oxypetalum, and Eucalyptus spp., among others The vascular plant count reaches 1,561 species across 186 families, with 408 timber species, 661 medicinal species, 196 edible species, and 203 ornamental species Notably, the area conserves many endemic, rare, and valuable species, including some not listed among regional flora and fauna The initial survey identified 89 rare and endangered species, such as Livistona halongensis, featured in the Red Data Book of Vietnam and worldwide, highlighting its significance for biodiversity conservation.
Cat Ba Island is home to a diverse range of wildlife, featuring 53 animal species across 18 families and 8 orders The island boasts 160 bird species from 46 families and 16 orders, making it a hotspot for avian diversity Reptile enthusiasts can explore 46 reptile species spanning 16 families and 2 orders, while amphibian lovers can discover 21 species within 5 families and a single order This rich biodiversity highlights Cat Ba Island's importance as a vital habitat for various animal species.
There are approximately 282 terrestrial animal species, with the golden langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus) being particularly rare and endangered This species is unique to Vietnam, with only about 50-60 individuals remaining in the wild, according to the IUCN Red List The golden langur's limited population highlights its critical conservation status and the importance of protecting its habitat.
Marine ecosystems are incredibly diverse, featuring 98 species of zooplankton, 196 species of marine fish—including 79 species of reef fish—and 177 species of coral Additionally, there are approximately 532 species of bottom-dwelling animals, highlighting the rich biodiversity of our oceans According to recent survey data from the Institute of Oceanography in Hai Phong, these marine species play a crucial role in maintaining the health and stability of marine environments.
Cat Ba Island is home to a diverse marine ecosystem, boasting over 900 fish species, 500 mollusc species, and 400 crustacean species Among the rare marine life in this area are the large dolphin and dolphin babies, highlighting the region's ecological significance In total, 21 rare marine species have been identified in the waters around Cat Ba, including two species listed on the CITES appendices for their conservation status and seven species featured in the Vietnam Red Book that still require protection This rich biodiversity underscores the importance of preserving Cat Ba's unique marine environment.
Cat Ba Island, renowned for its stunning natural beauty and awarded as a Biosphere Reserve, offers a rich blend of biodiversity, geology, and cultural heritage, making it an attractive destination for both domestic and international travelers Its designation as a Biosphere Reserve promotes sustainable economic development and societal growth, while fostering international scientific research collaborations This status also enhances environmental management efforts and the preservation of biodiversity on the island, positioning Cat Ba as a key player in regional ecological conservation.
Economy – society
In 1997, Cat Ba District had a population of 27,051 residents, accounting for 1.6% of Hai Phong city's total population The district's population density was approximately 80 people per square kilometer, reflecting its relatively sparse settlement compared to urban areas.
- The number of people in labor age is 10,500 people (1997), 12,000 (2000) and 15,000 people (2010)
According to the Statistical Office of Hai Phong City, the population growth on Cat Ba Island is primarily due to natural increase, averaging 0.68% annually in 2011, which is lower than the city and national averages The population has remained relatively stable in recent years, with a notable trend of free migration to the island As of 2011, the total population was 16,566 residents, with gender proportions remaining steady, and women constituting slightly over half the population at 50.69%.
Table 3.1: The population situation of the commune, town in Cat Ba Island
HHs Demography The birth rate
(Source: People's Committees of communes, Cat Ba town and district Statistical Yearbook - 2011)
3.6.2.1 Production of industrial and handicraft
- The small engineering works, repairing boats, stone production, mineral water, production of building materials, electricity, rapidly developing produce timely service and create Occupations for thousands of workers
- In general, industry and handicraft development less powerful, scattered and focused in town
Cat Ba Island features limestone terrain that largely lacks surface water, with the island's agricultural land covering no more than 200 hectares Due to limited rice production, the island's agriculture cannot meet local demand Agricultural activities constitute a very small part of the district’s economy, accounting for only 1.5% of the total production value and 2.3% of the district’s GDP.
The forest area on Cat Ba Island is predominantly managed by the national park management board, resulting in limited forest land within the buffer zone To date, the Forest Protection Unit (FPU) of the district has collaborated with the National Park's FPU to implement activities such as reforestation focusing on scattered plantations, forest restoration, and forest conservation efforts.
Cat Ba Island boasts a total forest area of 15,200 hectares, with 9,800 hectares managed by the National Park and 6,400 hectares overseen by local cooperatives The island's natural wood forests cover approximately 293 hectares, primarily consisting of shrub forests Plantations on the island include 126 hectares of resinous pine, 66 hectares of Acacia, 30 hectares of Cunminghamia lanceolata, and 40 hectares of bamboo Recent planning and investigation of land and forest management have been effectively carried out, resulting in the planting of 121 hectares of new forests in recent years, with minimal deforestation.
Cat Hai District is home to 288 fishing vessels with a total capacity of 3,120 CV, and an annual catch of approximately 3,944.7 tons of various seafood, including shrimp and fish The district's offshore fishing fleet primarily operates in offshore regions, supporting sustainable fisheries and contributing significantly to local seafood production.
The health network on the island is being upgraded to meet the initial healthcare needs of the local community Each commune has Community Health Systems (CHS) with 5-7 medical staff per station, complemented by a district health center in Cat Ba town and various private healthcare facilities providing medical services, examinations, and treatments The successful implementation of the national health program has led to improved food safety and effective control of epidemics, enhancing overall public health.
METHODOLOGY
Secondary document review
Before collecting data, the author prepared a comprehensive thesis proposal and thoroughly studied the research area by reviewing relevant documents and previous studies related to ecotourism activities This included analyzing the natural conditions, maps, and ecotourism route maps to ensure a well-informed approach to the research.
Step 1: Identify the data required in the research:
- The map of Cat Ba NP
- Information on regional fauna, on ecotourism activities in this NP (rare species, their distribution)
- Humanity resources (folk, culture, tradition)
- Information of ecotourism activities available at the national reserve
Step 2: Inheritance data can be collected from Cat Ba NP Management Board:
- The map of Cat Ba NP
- Fauna and flora in Cat Ba NP
- Information about political-social-national defense of the commune in Cat Ba town
Step 3: The secondary data need to be collected from outside sources
- Book, newspapers: collecting information related to Cat Ba NP
Step 5: Detailed study of the collected data values
- Compared with the research objectives
- Assess: Identify and classify data; the reliability and topicality of the data
Step 6: Derive the required data gathered from the original data.
Collecting data methods
- Prepare useful equipments for collecting data: pen, notebook, maps…
Step 1: Determine the needed information: on the current state of ecotourism activities, the potential ecotourism sites, local community culture
Step 2: Identify the interviewed subjects: based on the information to be collected, it‟s necessary to introduce some subjects as follow tourists (international and domestic tourists) and local people
Step 3: Develop interview questions with locals and tourists
A study conducted in Cat Ba town involved interviewing 40 households across four local communes, selecting household heads randomly The questionnaires aimed to identify natural landscapes such as caves and waterfalls, as well as local flora and fauna with potential for ecotourism development Additionally, the survey assessed existing tourism activities, collected residents’ feedback on local issues and tourism-friendly sites, and explored potential tourism routes Details of the questionnaire for local residents are provided in Appendix 1.
- For tourists: The study has interviewed 60 tourists about travel quality and their expectation of participating in this tour Questionnaires for tourists are in Appendix 2
Step 4: Conduct interviews: When interviewing, the object should be understand the mean of questions, the information needs to be briefly noted
Step 5: Synthetize, analyze and save the collected data
After obtaining information from secondary documents and interview method, the study conducted field survey by the transect line survey method:
Step 1: Create map for transect lines: In this study, author created 4 transects through
Explore the four main routes in Cat Ba National Park, including the Kim Giao Forest to Ngu Lam Peak route, the Trung Trang to Grottos trail, the forest education trail, and the Frog Pond to Viet Hai Commune pathway Each trail spans approximately 2 to 3 kilometers, offering visitors diverse hiking experiences amidst lush forests and scenic landscapes These well-maintained routes provide an excellent opportunity for eco-tourism, nature photography, and exploring the unique biodiversity of Cat Ba National Park.
Step 2: Investigate and collect data about the image, geographic location and characteristics of tourism potential, infrastructure, transport, etc
Step 3: Storage, synthesize and analyze, classify collected data.
Assess the potential and advantages to develop ecotourism in Cat Ba NP
Using data derived from natural conditions, socio-economic factors, and infrastructure, a SWOT analysis can be conducted to evaluate tourism development SWOT analysis is a valuable tool that helps identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, providing a comprehensive understanding of research challenges This method offers a holistic view, enabling stakeholders to examine issues from multiple perspectives and develop effective solutions Typically represented as a 2x2 matrix, SWOT analysis simplifies complex information to facilitate strategic planning in tourism.
This analysis tool was applied to ecotourism in Cat Ba National Park to identify sustainable ways to develop ecotourism in the area The model provided insights into effective strategies for environmentally responsible tourism, ensuring the preservation of the natural ecosystem while promoting local economic benefits Implementing these findings can help optimize ecotourism exploitation in Cat Ba NP, fostering sustainable growth and long-term conservation of the region’s unique biodiversity.
-Strengths are to show the advantages and superiority of Cat Ba NP in the service of ecotourism activities
-Weaknesses are limitations related to infrastructure, the ecotourism organization of Cat Ba NP
-Opportunities are raised facilitate to develop sustainable ecotourism of Cat Ba NP -Threats are predict the negative impact on tourism, landscape, environment and natural resources of Cat Ba NP.
Data analysis
From collected data, process the data into tables to evaluate the information
After conducting fieldwork, synthesize and analyze the advantages and difficulties of the study site.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Biodiversity and landscapes potentials for ecotourism in Cat Ba NP
5.1.1 Ecological resource potential and landscape value at Cat Ba NP
Cat Ba NP is located 45km from Hai Phong City, 150km from Hanoi, and next to the
Ha Long Bay, a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site, is located near Do Son Beach and is easily accessible from Hai Phong, the third largest city in Vietnam, which serves as a key economic hub connecting Hanoi and Quang Ninh The city is conveniently served by Cat Bi International Airport, just 5 km from the city center, offering future expansion opportunities that will boost tourism development Tourists, especially those from northern cities, can quickly experience the natural beauty of Cat Ba National Park due to its proximity There are two main transportation options to reach Cat Ba Island: a 45-minute high-speed boat trip from Binh Port in Hai Phong, passing through stunning Ha Long Bay, or traveling by car and ferry from Dinh Vu Port to Cat Hai Port, followed by a 31 km paved road to Cat Ba National Park.
Cat Ba NP is the Core zone of the World Biosphere Reserve:
On 29 th October 2004, at the meeting of International Council of coordinating the program Man and Biosphere in Paris (France), UNESCO recognized officially Cat Ba World Biosphere Reserve with outstanding values, ecosystems and biodiversity, including most of Cat Ba archipelago, with total area of 26,240ha, including 17,040ha of land and 9,200ha of sea surface
Cat Ba Island is a biodiversity hotspot, hosting over 2,320 species of flora and fauna, including island and marine species, with 60 rare and endemic species listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book such as Pica Pica, Corvus torquatus, and Trachypithecus poliocephalus The region's marine biodiversity includes economically valuable seaweeds like Caulerpa racemosa and Sargassum tenerrimum, along with benthic animals such as Trochus pyramis and Tectus niloticus, as well as reptiles including Eretmochelys imbricata and Caretta caretta Birdlife is also rich, with species like Phalacrocorax carbo and Larus pacificus, and the area boasts an impressive coral reef diversity with 193 species, predominantly hard corals, across islands like Ang Tham, Mui Hong, and Dau Be, with reefs typically found at depths of 5-6 meters.
Ecosystem diversity encompasses various habitats such as evergreen forests on limestone substrates, alpine wetland forest ecosystems, coastal mangrove forests, and coral reef systems nearshore Additionally, cave ecosystems and farms situated between valley ecosystems, like those at Khe Sau, contribute to the region's rich biodiversity These diverse ecosystems are often found near residential areas, highlighting the importance of preserving natural habitats amidst human development.
Biological resources representative for 3 typical tropical approach tropics ecosystems, include: tropical rain forest on limestone island ecosystem, mangrove ecosystem, and coral reef ecosystem
Figure 5.1 Ngu Lam Peak- Evergreen forest
Figure 5.2 Lan Ha Bay- Marine ecosystems on the limestone ecosystem (Source: Cat Ba NP)
Figure 5.3 Mangrove forest- coastal mangrove (Source: Nguyen Khanh Toan)
Figure 5.4 Frog Pond- alpine ecosystem forest ecosystem (Source: Cat Ba NP)
A comprehensive survey by the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute identified a total of 1,585 plant species, spanning 850 genera, 187 families, and 5 flora phyla The region includes 245 common agricultural species, such as Capsicum annuum, Ipomoea batatas, Ipomoea aquatica, Manihot esculenta, Oryza sativa, and Capsicum frutescens Additionally, it hosts diverse species from various ecological zones, including Hopea odorata, Dipterocarpus alatus, D dyeri, D obtusifolius, and Shorea chinensis, reflecting rich biodiversity across different habitats.
(Dipterocarpaceae), Keteleeria evelyniana, Pinus caribaea, P merkusssii (Pinaceae),
Bauhinia purpurea, Bauhinia variegata, Afzelia xylocarpa (Caesalpiniaceae), Epiphyllum oxypetalum, Zygocactus truncatus (Cactaceae), Callistemon citrinus, Eucalyptus spp
The region hosts a diverse range of vascular plants, with a total of 1,561 species spanning 186 families, including species from the Myrtaceae family It is home to 408 timber species, 661 medicinal plants, 196 edible plants, and 203 ornamental species Notably, this area is a vital conservation zone for endemic, rare, and precious species, some of which are not found in neighboring land areas Initial surveys have identified 89 rare and endangered species listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam and globally, with Livistona halongensis being a prominent example of these protected species.
The fauna of the region comprises 279 species, including 53 mammals, 160 birds, 66 reptiles and amphibians, and 274 insect species Notably, 18 of these species are listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam and the World, highlighting their conservation status The iconic Cat Ba Langur is a Vietnamese endemic species found only on Cat Ba Island, making it unique worldwide Additionally, the Cat Ba Eyelid Gecko, a newly discovered species since 2007, underscores the area's rich biodiversity and ecological significance.
The Cat Ba archipelago boasts the most abundant and diverse island and marine species in northern Vietnam, serving as a vital reservoir of genetic resources in the Gulf of Tonkin An aquatic survey conducted by the Institute of Aquatic Resources and Sea Environment in Hai Phong recorded 1,313 marine species, including plankton, marine fish, sea turtles, dolphins, benthic organisms, corals, and amphibians, highlighting its rich biodiversity The region also harbors 53 species of seaweed, 135 species of phytoplankton, and 754 species of vascular plants, with several rare species listed in the Vietnam and World Red Data Book Notably, marine species like Pinctada margaritifera and Hippocampus histrix hold high economic and export value The vibrant coral reef ecosystem contributes significantly to biodiversity, tourism, and aquaculture development, reinforcing Cat Ba's ecological and economic importance.
Cat Ba National Park attracts tourists not only with its rich ecosystem and diverse biodiversity, including many rare and precious species, but also with its stunning natural scenery The park’s breathtaking landscapes, created by Mother Nature, offer excellent opportunities for sustainable tourism development, drawing both domestic and international visitors to experience its beauty and ecological significance.
Sea is one of the most important tourism potential in Cat Ba
Beautiful beaches with pristine white sands and the turquoise blue sea attract millions of tourists each year Surrounded by lush forests, these scenic coastal areas offer stunning views, rich biodiversity, and ideal conditions for sightseeing, relaxation, and bathing Despite their small size, these beaches are highly popular destinations for eco-tourism and leisure activities.
-The system of sea has the potential to exploit the exciting tourism activities such as: diving, coral and other marine species seeing, kayaking, fishing, and squid fishing…
In addition, sea also plays the role as connection between Cat Ba and Ha Long Bay, create ability to longer travel tours, and product diversified
Figure 5.5 Cat Co 2 Beach (Source: Nguyen Khanh Toan)
The Cat Ba archipelago, consisting of over 366 small islands with diverse shapes, forms a unique landscape akin to a miniature Ha Long Bay that attracts numerous tourists Notable sites like Lan Ha Bay, Viet Hai Bay, and Van Boi area showcase islands with striking features such as jutting noses, steep walls, and grooved, corrosive footprints that add to their mystery and charm Many islands boast coral reefs and saltwater pools, while the rugged shores with sandy beaches provide opportunities for development and exploration With a wealth of unexplored potential, this area remains a captivating destination for adventure and nature lovers alike.
Large area of primary forest
Cat Ba National Park is home to extensive evergreen forests on limestone, primarily consisting of primary forests that have remained undisturbed for centuries These forests feature ancient trees that are thousands of years old, along with rare and precious flora and fauna species The park encompasses diverse forest types, including lowland and valley forests, steep rocky mountain forests, mountain peak forests, and wetland forests such as the Frog Pond ecosystem.
The Cat Ba archipelago was formed millions of years ago and features striking karst terrain composed of limestone This geological formation has given rise to numerous fascinating caves, including the Golden Fruit Cave, Thien Long Cave, Trung Trang Cave, Vem Den Cave, Tien Duc Cave, and the caves at Cat Co and Cat Dua.
Ba Trai Dao, Van Boi…Many places in which are still in primary condition, beneath the green trees in a charming scenery such as Vem Den, Tien Duc Cave,…
Cat Ba NP has famous stream system, such as: Thuong Luong Stream (Tran Chau commune), Trung Trang Stream, Treo Com Stream
Cat Ba National Park features a natural limestone lake known as Frog Pond, covering approximately 3.5 hectares and maintaining water year-round within lush primary forests Additionally, the park is home to several perennial farms in the water, including Beo Farm, Bo Farm, Tham Farm, and Vem Farm, contributing to its diverse ecological landscape.
Figure 5.6 Trung Trang Stream (Source: Nguyen Khanh Toan) 5.1.1.4 Humanities tourism potential
Cat Ba Island and its National Park are rich in cultural relics, historical sites, and archaeological treasures, including notable landmarks such as Cai Beo Relics, Hien Hao Temple, Quan Y Cave, Uy Ban Cave, and Huyen Uy Cave, showcasing the island's historical significance and cultural heritage.
Assess status of ecotourism in Cat Ba NP
5.2.1 Ecotourism development status of Cat Ba NP
In 2014, Cat Ba welcomed a total of 1.513 million tourists, surpassing the proposed target by 1% and representing a 14% increase compared to 2013 The tourism sector generated significant revenue, with 13 accommodation and food service providers earning a combined total of 671.2 billion VND, highlighting Cat Ba’s growing popularity as a travel destination.
By 2015, the total number of tourists to Cat Ba reached over 1.56 million, 3.6% higher compared to 2014 Total revenues from tourism - services reached 769 billion, 14.6% higher compared with 2014
Tourists come to Cat Ba, including visitors to Cat Ba NP and other areas of Cat Ba Island
Table 5.3 Statistics of tourists to Cat Ba (2011-2015)
(Source: Department of Culture - Sports -Tourism of Cat Ba)
The table highlights the rapid increase in tourist arrivals to Cat Ba Island Known for its rich biological diversity and status as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, Cat Ba has become a prominent destination that attracts both domestic and international visitors As a result, the number of tourists from abroad and within the country has steadily grown over the years, enhancing the island's overall tourism appeal.
Every year, Cat Ba NP welcomed a significant number of tourists to visit, participate in ecotourism routes with resort, forests, caves, research areas, opportunity to visit the bay
Table 5.4 Statistics of current situation of visitors to Cat Ba NP (2011-2015)
(Source: Department of Culture - Sports -Tourism of Cat Ba)
Although the number of visitors to Cat Ba National Park has shown an increasing trend in recent years, the overall tourist numbers remain a small proportion compared to the total visitors to Cat Ba Despite its rich natural conditions, high biological diversity, and significant ecotourism potential, the park's visitor numbers are still relatively low.
5.2.2 The views of local communities about tourist activities and ecotourism
After interviewing both locals and tourists, valuable insights were gained regarding their perceptions, goals, and feelings about tourism activities in Cat Ba National Park These findings highlight the diverse perspectives and experiences of visitors and residents, providing a comprehensive overview of the current tourism status and areas for potential enhancement in the park.
Table 5.5 The purpose visits the park
Domestic visitors International visitors Votes Percentage (%) Votes Percentage (%)
According to a survey, over 70% of visitors are drawn to Cat Ba National Park by its stunning natural ecosystems While some tourists visit to experience local festivals and traditions, others are intrigued by the island’s unique cuisine Promoting biodiversity conservation alongside the preservation of national identity and cultural heritage is essential for sustainable tourism development in Cat Ba.
Table 5.6 Information sources to know about NP
Domestic visitors International visitors Votes Percentage
Most visitors discover Cat Ba National Park through package tours arranged by travel agents, while others learn about it via advertisements and recommendations from friends This highlights the park's significant ecotourism potential, emphasizing the importance of increasing marketing efforts and enhancing the park's image to attract more eco-conscious travelers.
Table 5.7 Perception of tourists after travel Level of satisfy Domestic visitors
Most interviewed visitors felt satisfied about this tour to the national park while about 14% of interviewed visitors felt normal and no one was disappointed about this area
This indicates that this is an opportunity for the development of ecotourism in Cat Ba NP, enhancing economic, environment's quality
Table 5.8 Reviews on people about the benefits of ecotourism Benefits of ecotourism Number of votes Percentage (%)
Ecotourism has significantly benefited the local community by enhancing awareness of the importance of forest ecosystems and the need for conservation, with 58% of residents acknowledging these positive impacts Many community members participate in forest protection activities or work as local guides, contributing to sustainable tourism efforts Additionally, ecotourism has boosted the local economy through the growth of businesses such as motels, hotels, and restaurants, providing residents with increased income opportunities.
Table 5.9 The views of local people about tourists View about tourists Number of votes Percentage
According to the table, there are 24 opinions (60%) feel normal for tourists and 6 reviews (15%) are not interested in them This indicates local people do not have tight link with tourists
The link between local people with tourists is a key factor in the development of sustainable ecotourism Therefore, these activities need to mount local people with tourists.
Assessment of advantages and disadvantages, opportunities, challenges on ecotourism
Research findings from sections 5.1 and 5.2 highlight that Cat Ba National Park possesses significant potential for eco-tourism development However, the region also faces notable difficulties and challenges that could impact growth A comprehensive SWOT analysis reveals the park's strengths and opportunities alongside these obstacles, emphasizing the need for strategic planning to harness its eco-tourism potential effectively.
-Abundant natural resources with high biodiversity There are many rare, endemic species only in a few places in the world like the
Cat Ba Langur, Goniurosaurus catbaensis,
Capricornis milneedwardsii maritimus, Buceros bicornis
- There are the organizational structures in charge of ecotourism activities, information channels
- Tourist routes has been created in the park
-Facilities (hotels, motels, roads) are increasingly being improved and upgraded
-Local culture with interesting characteristics, ethnic identity with many festivals such as boating, palanquin procession,
-The investment, tourism development policies have been implemented by the Government and the People's Committee of Hai Phong city
- Travel management staff are lacking in both quantity and professional skill
- Management policies are loose, not tight
- Facilities, technical service of the tourists are not enough
- Awareness of the local population is not high
- The majority of tourism resources is in the form of potential only
- Although diverse the ecosystems are very diverse but sensitive under the change of environment
- Ecotourism strategy is to prioritize the development of Vietnam's tourism sector
- There are training opportunities, raising the level of services
- Many domestic and foreign investors are interested in the development of tourism projects in the park
- There is an opportunity to improve income, local budget
- NP has many spots and routes can be exploited to develop ecotourism model and livelihood of citizens and increase funds for biodiversity conservation
-Awareness of the natural landscape protection is weak, it is difficult to manage
- Lack of funds for worker training, infrastructure investment
- Pressure from tourism activities: waste, leftover food source, the construction of infrastructure for tourism, to current ecosystems in Cat Ba NP
- Need to develop rational management policies
-Need to raise the awareness of local people and tourists
- Competition in attracting investment and tourism development has become increasingly fierce
Cat Ba National Park has enormous potential for ecotourism due to its rich natural resources, vibrant community life, and unique local identity Its favorable geographic location, cool climate, and convenient transportation further enhance its appeal to visitors The hospitality of the local people and the city's strategic development plans create a promising environment for the growth of ecotourism With a strong commitment to implementing tourism development strategies, Cat Ba NP is well-positioned to overcome current challenges and capitalize on opportunities for sustainable ecotourism expansion.
Proposing some solutions to develop sustainable ecotourism associated with the
Cat Ba National Park (NP) has significant potential for ecotourism development, leveraging its rich biodiversity and stunning landscapes However, this potential remains underexplored and underutilized, with insufficient integration of conservation efforts and tourism development Currently, the park lacks adequate infrastructure and diverse tourism activities that could attract more visitors Although tourist numbers are gradually increasing, they remain relatively modest, highlighting the need for strategic planning Without a comprehensive plan to effectively exploit resources and invest in sustainable tourism, the long-term development of Cat Ba NP could face significant barriers.
Proposing suitable solutions based on sustainable development principles is essential to enhance ecotourism activities in Cat Ba National Park Implementing these measures helps maximize the positive economic and social benefits while minimizing the negative impacts on biodiversity By focusing on eco-friendly practices, conservation efforts, and community involvement, we can ensure that tourism in Cat Ba NP remains sustainable and supports the preservation of its unique ecosystems.
Sustainable development of forest resources and enhance skill of forest and biodiversity management in Cat Ba NP
Restoring and developing forest and raising canopy cover
Encourage activities of forest restoration that suitable with ecology and forest protected activities
Integrating environmental protection with tourism development is essential to preserve the world's biosphere This approach emphasizes maintaining clean, beautiful, and fresh landscapes that are rich in forest and marine resources By prioritizing sustainability, we ensure that tourism activities support the conservation of natural habitats while offering travelers a pristine and eco-friendly experience Balancing these goals helps protect biodiversity and promotes responsible tourism that benefits both local communities and the planet.
Developing tourist attractions and routes in Cat Ba aims to capitalize on its natural landscapes, including forests and the sea, while strictly adhering to environmental protection rules These guidelines emphasize maintaining the integrity of the natural environment by avoiding alterations to the landscape, preventing negative impacts on local flora and fauna, and avoiding activities that could reduce biodiversity or cause environmental pollution Sustainable tourism development in Cat Ba ensures that the beauty and ecological value of its forests and seas are preserved for future generations.
Regular education, professional training, and awareness-raising activities are conducted within local communities, tourism sectors, and businesses to promote environmental protection These initiatives emphasize the importance of safeguarding natural resources, cultural heritage, and the ecological environment By integrating educational efforts with encouragement and rewards, alongside strict enforcement and preventive measures, the community is better equipped to preserve environmental integrity and ensure sustainable development.
Establish sustainable development fund of world biosphere reserve in Cat Ba Island in general and in Cat Ba NP in particular
Ecotourism development is also the most natural way to promote the value of Cat Ba
Implementing sustainable forest initiatives benefits local communities by creating hundreds or even thousands of jobs in forest areas, empowering residents to recognize the true value of forests This approach encourages the preservation and protection of forests, fostering economic growth while ensuring environmental sustainability Consequently, supporting responsible forest management not only boosts local livelihoods but also promotes long-term ecological conservation.
Developing qualified human resources is essential for the success of ecotourism in the park Prioritizing the training and effective utilization of local human resources can significantly enhance the sustainability and authenticity of ecotourism activities Investing in local workforce development not only supports community engagement but also ensures that ecotourism efforts are carried out responsibly and successfully.
Raising awareness about ecological environment protection is essential for engaging all stakeholders, including nature reserve managers, investors, businesses, tourism companies, guides, policymakers, local communities, and tourists Educating these groups about sustainable practices promotes collective responsibility and effective conservation efforts, ensuring the preservation of natural habitats and biodiversity for future generations.
Infrastructure development is essential to maximize the potential of Cat Ba National Park’s natural resources, attracting more visitors to enjoy its attractions Without proper infrastructure, visitors face difficulties accessing the park’s natural assets, limiting their experience Therefore, the park’s management must prioritize upgrading accommodation facilities and constructing main roads to support eco-resorts, catering to both domestic and international tourists.
Formulation and planning of ecotourism development
The initial plan provides a comprehensive framework for developing eco-tourism routes and spots within the park and buffer zone, emphasizing the preservation of natural values To ensure sustainable tourism, activities must be carefully partitioned and supported by land use planning, serving as a foundation for infrastructure development and investment in facilities such as hotels, motels, restaurants, boats, and other tourism services Additionally, coordination with relevant authorities is essential to create detailed biosphere reserve ecotourism development plans, including action programs that outline conditions, implementation methods, responsible agencies, and funding sources.
Prioritizing a sustainable development model for Cat Ba tourism is essential, focusing on active local community participation in natural resource management and cultural heritage conservation This approach ensures that local residents benefit more from tourism activities while preserving the area's unique environment and cultural identity Implementing such a development plan promotes responsible tourism that balances economic growth with ecological and cultural sustainability.
To promote sustainable ecotourism growth, it is essential to conduct targeted studies and surveys of ecotourism destinations Implementing pilot projects across multiple locations within a set timeframe allows for practical experience, helping to identify effective strategies and address challenges Learning from these initiatives enables the preservation of successes, the resolution of obstacles, and the gradual expansion and replication of successful ecotourism models.
An eco-tourism map is a crucial product of the planning process, serving as a vital guide for tourists to ensure they visit the right destinations efficiently It acts as a conservation tool by directing visitors along sustainable routes, helping to protect natural environments The map provides essential information to visitors, promoting responsible tourism and enhancing their overall experience while supporting conservation efforts.
Developing rational and strict management mechanism
The authorities need to strengthen the control of tourist activities to maintain the quality, improve the efficiency and competitiveness
The People's Committee of the city has issued legal documents to regulate tourism management, including travel regulations and construction guidelines for tourism infrastructure These measures aim to ensure seamless and uniform enforcement across all levels, promoting organized and sustainable tourism development.
Solutions to promote the image of Cat Ba NP
To effectively promote Cat Ba National Park's tourism, it is essential to leverage online platforms and distribute informational leaflets to reach a broader audience Strengthening collaborations with domestic and international travel agents will help expand the park’s visibility and accessibility Additionally, establishing partnerships with management agencies and research centers can facilitate the development of ecotourism initiatives, highlighting Cat Ba NP’s unique natural attractions and sustainable tourism potential.
Responsibility of Cat Ba NP:
CONCLUSION
Conclusion
Cat Ba National Park is renowned for its rich landscape and exceptional biodiversity, boasting one of the highest vegetation diversities among Vietnam's special-use forests It is a critical habitat for the endangered Cat Ba langur, an endemic primate species found exclusively on Cat Ba Island Overall, Cat Ba NP plays an essential role in conserving the unique natural landscapes and biodiversity of Cat Ba town, highlighting its significance for ecological preservation.
Tourist construction investments are limited, fulfilling only a portion of the total demand To attract more visitors, it is essential to enhance infrastructure through increased interest, investment, remodeling, and expansion Developing additional routes and facilities will effectively boost tourism and accommodate growing visitor numbers.
Recent years have seen increased efforts in environmental education for both tourists and local residents Despite these initiatives, several challenges remain that need to be addressed to enhance effectiveness To maximize the impact of national park information, it is essential to foster positive attitudes and a strong sense of responsibility among tourists and locals towards natural resources and tourism sustainability.
-In recent years, the number of tourist increased significantly So it contributes to increase income and improve people‟s live from tourism activities, create stable livelihoods for local people
6.1.3 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats to ecotourism in Cat Ba NP
This study utilized SWOT analysis to identify the potential, opportunities, and threats of ecotourism development in Cat Ba National Park The region's enormous natural assets, favorable geographic location, cool climate, and convenient transportation create a promising environment for ecotourism growth Additionally, the vibrant community life, unique local identity, and the hospitality of local residents further enhance its appeal With the city's strong commitment to implementing strategic tourism development, these factors present a significant opportunity for Cat Ba NP to overcome challenges and achieve sustainable ecotourism expansion.
The research highlights key solutions to address challenges and enhance the strengths of ecotourism in Cat Ba National Park Implementing these strategies will help mitigate environmental impacts while promoting sustainable tourism development Additionally, the findings emphasize improvements in park management and local livelihoods, ensuring ecotourism benefits both nature and the community.
Constrains
Due to time constraints, limited investigation experience, and extensive study areas, this research provides only a general overview of Cat Ba National Park, rather than a comprehensive analysis of the entire region.
Recommendation 45 REFERENCES
It is recommended to spend more time to collect data to propose solution in a detailed way Conducting survey in every transect to have effective assessment
It is necessary to implement timely solution to enhance tourism, services quality in order to have sustainable ecotourism protection in particular, tourism environment in general
1 Pham Trung Luong (2002): Ecotourism, theoratical and practical development issues in Viet Nam
2 Stephen J Page, Ross K Dowling (2002): Ecotourism (Themes in Tourism)
3 Cochrane, J (1996): The sustainability of ecotourism in Indonesia
4 Seminar:” building national strategy on ecotourism development in Viet Nam “(1999)
5 The Politburo (2003), Construction and development of Hai Phong city in the period of industrialization and modernization, which specified the construction of Cat Ba tourism center worthy of national and international levels, Resolution No 32 / NQ-TW of the Politburo
6 National Political Publishing House (2006): Tourism Law
7 Agricultural Publishing House (2004): Law on Forest Protection and Development
8 Ngo Thi Hang (2015), Master Thesis: Evaluate the management effectiveness of Cat Ba National Park tourism environment
9 Héctor Ceballos Lascuráin (1996): Tourism, ecotourism, and protected areas
10 Natali Dologlou and Vicky Katsoni (2016): Ecotourism in Protected Areas, A Literature
11 Phan Nguyen Hong & et al (2002) : Ecotourism in Viet Nam: Potential and Reality
13 IUCN, 2000 Tordoff, A.W (ed.) et al., 2002: Directory of Important Bird Areas (IBA) in
Vietnam Key Sites for Conservation Bird Life International in Indochina and IEBR
14 IUCN, 2000: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Gland and Cambridge
APPENDIX Appendix 1 Questionnaire for local resident
1 What natural resource do you think that can attract tourists in this region?
Cave (name, length, height, width, location)
2 Is it any special weather condition in this region?
3 What kind of special animals do you think that live in this region?
Species name Location Time of seeing
4 What kind of special plants do you think that this region has?
5 What kind of featured natural beauty do you think that this region has?
6 What kind of traditional festivals are there in this region?
7 Is there any intangible cultural resource in this region? (traditional song, traditional instrument)
8 Are there any cultural and historical site?
9 What do you think about tourist? a) Friendly b) Normal c) Lack awareness d) Others…
10 Do you want more and more tourists to come here? Why?
11 What is the benefit o ecotourism according to you? a) Creating job opportunity b) Increasing understanding on the importance of the nature and the environment? c) Increasing income d) Others…
12 What is the impact of ecotourism according to you? a) Changing the youngsters‟ lifestyle b) Decreasing traditional culture c) Troublesome d) Others…
13 Do you want to participate in tourism activities? Why?
1 Một số thông tin về bạn/ Please give some information about you:
Tên(Name):……… Nam/Nữ(Male/Female):……… Tuổi(Age):……… Nghề nghiệp(Occupation):………
2 Bạn đến từ đâu/ Where are you from?
3 Bạn đến đây bằng cách nào/ How can you get there? Đi bộ/ Walk
3 Bạn biết đến vườn quốc gia Cát Bà như thế nào?
How did you hear about Cat Ba National Park? a) Du lịch trọn gói/ Package tour b) Bạn bè hoặc người thân/ Friends and Relative c) Quảng cáo/ Advertisement d) Khác/ Others…
4 Bạn nghỉ ở đâu tại Vườn quốc gia Cát Bà?
Where did you stay in Cat Ba National Park? a) Nhà khách/ Guesthouse b) Nhà dân/ Resident house c) Khách sạn/ Hotel d) Cắm trại/ Camping e) Khác/ Others…
5 Điều gì là hấp dẫn nhất tại Vườn quốc gia Cát Bà?
Discover what makes Cat Ba National Park the most attractive destination, whether it's its stunning landscape, delectable local cuisine, unique traditional souvenirs, friendly and welcoming service, or other remarkable features Visitors are drawn to the park's breathtaking scenery combined with authentic food experiences and culturally significant souvenirs, making it a must-visit location for nature lovers and adventure seekers alike The exceptional serving attitude of the local staff also enhances the overall experience, ensuring an unforgettable visit to this beautiful national park.
6 Bạn có muốn mua quà lưu niệm? Nếu có thì đó là gì?
Do you want to buy souvenir? If yes, what do you want to buy?
7 Bạn có hài lòng với chuyến đi này? Are you satisfied with this trip?
8 Bạn có muốn quay lại đây nữa không? Are you willing to come back here again?