Indigenous knowledge of dao ethnic people on using medicinal plants in ba vi commune, ba vi district, ha noi

RểMINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Vietnam National University of Forestry STUDENT THESIS Title INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF DAO ETHNIC PEOPLE ON USING MEDICINAL PLANTS IN BA V

RểMINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Vietnam National University of Forestry

STUDENT THESIS

Title INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF DAO ETHNIC PEOPLE ON USING MEDICINAL PLANTS IN BA VI COMMUNE, BA VI

DISTRICT, HA NOI

Major: Natural Resources Management

Code: D850101

Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management

Student: Vu Thi Hong Trang Student ID: 1253100987 Class: K57 Natural Resources Management Course: 2012 – 2016

Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Supervisor: Assoc.Prof Dr Do Anh Tuan

Ha Noi, 10/2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To achieve this research, during the implementation process, in addition to my own

efforts, I have received the enthusiastic support of Assoc.Dr.Do Anh Tuan, other

organizations and departments On this occasion, I would like to express a gratitude to

Assoc Dr Do Anh Tuan who has directly guided me to complete this Thesis I also would

like to thank the teachers in Vietnam national university of forestry in the advanced

program Thanks to Ba Vi commune People's Committee - Ba Vi district - Hanoi city,

garden of medicinal plant, the heads of the three villages Hop Son, Hop Nhat and Yen Son

of Ba Vi commune helping me to complete this thesis

During preparing this thesis, even though I had a lot of effort, because of time and

professional qualifications is limited, and the initial unfamiliarity acquainted with the

scientific work, so my research have some shortcomings I look forward to receiving some

comments from teachers and readers for my better thesis

I sincerely thank you!

Ha Noi, October 2, 2016

Student

Vu Thi Hong Trang

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER I LITERATURE REVIEWS 2

1.1 Studies on using medicinal plants in the world 2

1.2 Studies on using medicinal plants in Vietnam 2

CHAPTER II OBJECTIVES, CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY 7

2.1 Objectives 7

2.2 Research limiations 7

2.3 Research contents 7

2.4 Methodology 7

2.4.1 Field work 8

CHAPTER III DISCRIPTION OF THE STUDY SITE……….11

3.1 History of Ba Vi commune 11

3.2 Natural conditions 11

3.3 Other resources 12

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 14

4.1 Medicinal plants in study area 14

4.1.1 Diversity of medicinal plant phylum in Ba Vi commune 14

4.1.2 Diversity of medicinal plant species and genus in Ba Vi commune 15

4.1.3 Diversity of life form of medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune 16

4.2 Use value of medicinal plants in study area 17

4.2.1 The use of medicinal plants in Ba Vi Commune 17

4.2.2 Diversity of plant part use 17

4.2.3 Medicinal plants used for treating different disease groups 19

4.3 Some traditional medicines of Dao people in Ba Vi commune 21

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, LIMITATION AND RECOMMENDATION 26

5.1 Conclusions 26

5.2 Limitations of this study 26

5.3 Recommendations 27

References

Appendix

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Survey of medicinal plant species in Health stations of commune garden 8

Table 2.2: Results of transect survey 9

Table 2.3: The use of traditional medicine in community 9

Table 2.4: List of medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune 10

Table 4.1 The diversity of medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune 14

Table 4.2: Top 10 families which are rich species 15

Table 4.3: Plant parts use of medicinal species in Ba Vi commune 16

Table 4.4: The use of medicinal plants of local community in Ba Vi Commune 17

Table 4.5 The diversity of medicinal plant parts use 18

Table 4.6 The proportion of plant parts use 18

Table 4.7 The use of medicinal plant for each disease 19

INTRODUCTION

Located in Southeast Asia, the territory of Vietnam stretches from Muc Nam Quan to Ca Mau with S-shaped area of 33 thousand km2 Viet Nam has 54 different ethnic groups, and each ethnics has knowledge about their own traditional medicines

Located in the tropical monsoon belt with hot and humid tropical climate, Vietnam has high biodiversity and is ranked as one of the top 25 highest biodiversity countries in the world According to Pham Hoang Ho, Vietnam has 12,000 vascular plant species In which, there are about 3,800 medicinal plant species, accounting for 36% of total 10,500 known species In the world, there are about 35,000 medicinal plant species (A P Van Seters, 1997), Vietnam accounted for 11% Despite of large amount, it could not confirm the exact number of medicinal plant species of all ethnic groups in Vietnam, because each ethnic groups has different ways of using remedies plants

The knowledge and popular experiences of each ethnic community was transmitted orally to the next generations Gradually, traditional drugs is uniqueness and become common in health care in both internal and external ethnic groups Therefore, there has been a lot of research and conservation project on medicinal plants, traditional medicine knowledge also was conducted and bring important results However, the conservation of remedy plants has faced many difficulties such as war, urbanization, market economy, and so on So the declining resources of these species is inevitable Moreover, the traditional treatment is being lost day by day because more and more the old peoples die and the young members demonstrate little interest in learning the traditional medicine plants Therefore, it needs to take measures and specific plans to conserve medicinal plant resources and traditional medicine knowledge

Ba Vi commune is a mountainous area of Ba Vi district, Hanoi city It has large forest coverage, rich flora and fauna, especially the flora However, the natural forest area have been narrow significantly, the amount of medicinal herbs are being depleted because of burning forest for cultivation Additionally, Ba Vi commune is associated with many ethnic groups Dao ethnic people in Vietnam in general and particularly in Ba Vi commune have a very unique local knowledge of using traditional medicinal plants which have been believed by many people To contributeto the conservation of traditional knowledge and medicinal plant resources in Ba Vi commune, the author conducted this

thesis with the titile of ―Indigenous knowledge of Dao ethnic people on using medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune, Ba Vi district, Hanoi city”

CHAPTER I LITERATURE REVIEWS

1.1 Studies on using medicinal plants in the world

In the development of human society, people always have to contend with illness The research for medicines have emerged in the beginning of human civilization In the process of searching for food, primitive people knew to select plants and animals which is effective treatment to curve their illness Until now lots of ancient medicinal plants are extant 5.000 years ago, Chiness people know the way for sweating to treat colds, Native Americans used Quinquina bark for malaria treatment

In ancient period, China and India were famous for ancient tradional medicine

China published 2 famous books ―Than nong ban thao” and ―Hoang De Noi Kinh To Van‖ (about 5000 years ago) which are the oldest of Eastern medicines, many drugs

recorded in this book was circulated today as ginseng, Rhubarb At Han dynasty (year

165 BC) in ―Thu hau cap Phuong‖, introducing 52 medicinal plants Additionally, there was

―Medicinal dictionary of China‖ att Minh dynasty, "Compendium of Materia Medica" by Li

Shizhen (1518-1593) were a encyclopedias collected, added 952 exhibits ancient sources in the

field of medicine India had a sutra ―Vedas‖ which recorded many medicines

In the first century, a Greek doctor – Dioscorides introduced 600 plant species He mainly focused on the description of medicinal plants Several centuries BC the Greeks were known cultivating plant species for medicines

The French botanists are considered to be the first researchers of Southeast Asian plants In the early twentieth century, in Indochina research program, Perry announced 1.000 plant species and medicinal plant species in Southeast Asia which are proven and

aggregated recently (1985) into book "Medicinal of East and Southeast Asia"

Nowadays, the traditional medicine have been increasingly studied in developing countries in order to serve for better medical treatment

1.2 Studies on using medicinal plants in Vietnam

Over more than 4000 years of building and defending the country, Vietnamese people discovered hundreds of medical remedies and accumulated a large range of

experience in health care, disease prevention and treatment and these form a basis of Vietnamese traditional medicine In fact, many of the courses of treatment and prevention have remained useful until now such as eating ginger as an anti-cold and flu treatment, anti-malaria plants such as Artermisia, tumeric for stomach issues and chewing betel and dying teeth to prevent tooth decay and gum disease and to deaden or anesthetize the gums

As early as the 2nd century BC, Vietnamese used hundreds of plant species for medicinal purposes Traditional Vietnamese Medicine (sometimes abbreviated as TVM) has a long history starting in the Hung Vuong dynasty over 2,000 years ago For thousands of years, Traditional Vietnamese Medicine evolved and was influenced from Traditional Chinese Medicine but also with distinct differences

Traditional Vietnamese Medicine has a long history traced back to the Hung Vuong dynasty over 2,000 years ago, people have known distillers wine, used mercury for embalming It has historical records of a physician named Thoi Vy who was known cure tuberculosis, bubonic at An Duong Vuong (257-207)

From the Ly Dynasty (11th to 13th century), the Imperial Court had an organized medical division, which was later changed to a medical institute - one of the first in Vietnam In the year 1136, Ly Than Tong king was crazy and folk doctor Nguyen Chi

Thanh used psychotherapy method and boil Sapindus saponaria for bathing to treat for king

Under the Tran Dynasty (13th to 14th century) medicinal herbs were planted in an organized fashion, nurtured, collected, managed and used for disease treatment This record is based on archeological and other records such as the Duoc Son historical remains in Pha Lai- Quang Ninh province This period was one in which many famous medical doctors made significant contributions to the development of Vietnamese traditional medicine, especially the great physician Tue Tinh, known as the founder of Vietnamese traditional medicine Normally, according to Vietnamese tradition and custom, those who were considered as the most talented and successful men in any specific field were named as the saints or fathers of their specialty Tue Tinh was called the saint and founder of Vietnamese traditional medicine He was also the author of some

famous books such as the ―Miracle Vietnamese Pharmacy‖ and ―Great Morality In the

Art of Medicine‖ He was the first person to give prominence to an idea of ―The need for Vietnamese to be treated by Vietnamese medicines”

In Ho Dynasty (1400 – 1406), as advocated expanding the cure for people with acupuncture method Nguyen Dai Nang was a famous physician, he was the author of poetry related to acupuncture method to the people

In Le Dynasty (1428 – 1876) has advances advocated in the care and protect the health of the people Jolin Institute responded for the health of king and army, provided annual detection and prevention services and treatment for people In this period, drugs in rural villages Nghia Trai, Van Lam district develop until now In particular, Hai Thuong Lang Ong Le Huu Trac are known as the medical founders of Vietnam’s Traditional Medicine He was the author of a memorable work about Vietnamese traditional medicine known as the encyclopedia of Vietnamese Traditional Medicine This

encyclopedia has 28 episodes and makes up 66 volumes including ―Medical origins with morality and skills‖

The period from 1802 – 1883, Nguyen Dynasty also organized Jolin Institute focused leprosy treatment which was opened in schools in Hue (1850) Nguyen Quang Luong, Nguyen Kim are the famous physician of this period, contributing to development

of traditional medicine as ―Nam duoc tap Nghiem quoc am‖

In French colonialists invaded period, traditional medicines in Vietnam had a number of activities such as establishment of the Medical Association of North, Central and South; Training for traditional medicines; opening treatment departments By the early 20th century, a number of traditional medicine books was published in the national

languages as ―Vietnam Pharmacological" by Pho Duc Thanh At this time, there was

some French botanist came to Vietnam to study including Crévót, Pétélot Pétélot

published "Catalogue des produits de L'Indochine" (1928 - 1935) In which, volume V

(Produits medicinaux, 1928) described 368 medicinal plants and herbs which are

flowering plant species In 1952, he had to complement and build a set of ―Les plantes de médicinales du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam‖, consisting of 4 sets and listed of

1.482 herbal medicine in 3 Indochinese countries

The period from 1945 to 1954 is a favorable time for the scientists carried out some research on plants as well as medicinal plants in Vietnam Typical book is

―Pharmaceutical and Medicinal herbs in Vietnam‖ included 3 volumes, compiled by Do Tat Loi in 1957, until 1961, this book was reprinted in 2 volumes In whichs, he described in detail and mentioned the use of over 100 medicinal plants Do Tat Loi

continued researched and in the years from 1962 – 1965, he published the "The medicinal plants in Vietnam‖ includes 6 episodes, and was edited into 2 episodes in 1969 This book

have mentioned over 500 native medicinal herbs, animals and minerals He was tenacious research, continuous additional medicinal plants in their studies and books have been reprinted several times in 1970, 1977, 1981, 1986, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2003 In the 7thedition (1995), medicinal plants has risen to 792 species and most recently the 13th edition (2005) was published His books have brought a deeply scientific value and practical value, reflecting a combination of traditional science to modern science

Vo Van Chi is one of famous botanist of Vietnam who has contributed a lot in

researching on plants in Vietnam and he also wrote the book ―Dictionary of medicinal plants in Vietnam‖, 3.200 plants species was descripted in detail (1996) In addition, the book ―Useful plants in Vietnam‖ Volume I and II has mention lot of useful plants such as

wood, food and medicine

During these years, any studies of the scientists has been published in the book,

such as: ―Medicinal plants resources in Vietnam‖ (1993) by the Institute of Medicine with 300 medicinal plant species; Tran Dinh Ly with his book "1900 useful plants"

(1995), in Vietnam there are about 76 balsam species, 260 fatty oil species, 160 oil species, 40 bamboo species and 40 calamease species

Additionally, from 2000 to present, there have been many books and documents published on medicinal plants to meet the needs of many people interested in medicinal

plants in Vietnam such as ―577 traditional prescriptions‖ by Au Anh Kham; ―Southern medicine, Northern medicine and prescription treatment‖ (2001) and the book ―24 specialist medicines‖ (2006) by Tao Duy Can; ― Research on medicine from plants‖

(2006); ― Medicinal value of plants‖ by Pham Hoang Ho researched and gathered; ―

Medicinal plants, prescriptions and proprietary medicines‖ by Pham Thiep et al (2000) which describes 327 common medicinal plants At the same time, there are many studies

on medicinal plants which was published in the Medicine Journal

In workshop of Summarizing 12 years of implementation project traditional medicinal plant conservation in Nam Dong district, Thua Thien Hue province organized (10 April,2010) by the Institute Medicine summed medicinal plants and remedies of ethnic communities in many parts of Vietnam: Dao ethnic (Ba Vi national park) including

579 species and 125 prescriptions; Muong ethnic (Cam Lien, Cam Thuy, Thanh Hoa) including 136 species, 102 prescriptions; H’mong ethnic (Ky Son, Nghe An) including

206 species and 32 prescriptions; Tay ethnic (Vi Xuyen, Ha Giang) including 92 species; Tay – Nung ethnic (Trang Dinh, Lang Son): 126 species and 51 prescriptions; Muong ethnic (Vinh Lac Commune, Luc Yen, Yen Bai): 40 species and 40 prescriptions; 85 prescriptions of Dao community; 72 prescriptions of H’mong community; 16 prescriptions of Thai and Kho Mu community; 11 prescriptions of Bru – Van Kieu community

The development and conservation of medicinal plant species are the target of our country's health sector Therefore, the government has implemented many projects In which, two conservation and development on medicinal plants projects ―Medicinal plants conservation project in Ba Vi National Park‖ sponsored by Australia, mostly to help local communities protect and sustainable manage traditional medicinal plant species There are listed traditional medicinal plants, identified the most important species for local in using and economic value ―Conservation of genetic resources of traditional medicinal plants‖ in Binh Duong (Ving Tuong, Vinh Phuc) was conducted in 1999 by Global Environment Facility funding, was completed after two years

In conclusion, the investigation and statistics of medicinal plants has brought scientific researches which are deeply nationalistic and it becomes a treasure of knowledge for future generations

CHAPTER II OBJECTIVES, CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Objectives

 General objective

To assess the experience in using medicinal plants of Dao ethnic people in Ba Vi commune, Ba Vi district, Ha Noi

 Specific objectives are to:

- Identify the medicinal plants locally used to treat common diseases

- Select important and high economic value medicinal plant for conserving on the basis of communities based approach

2.2 Research limiations

 Objects

- Plant species was used as medicine by Dao ethnic community

- The experiences on using and processing of medicinal plants by Dao ethnic in the research area

 Study area

Ba Vi commune, Ba Vi district, Ha Noi province

2.3 Research contents

- Natural conditions, socio-economic conditions of study area

- Field survey, study on experiences on using and processing of medicinal plants, tradition drugs:

+ The use of each drug, each medicinal herb

+ The plant use parts for treatment

+ Processing and using medicinal plants, traditional drugs

+Survey and select valuable medicinal plants for conservation and development

2.4 Methodology

The author used transect survey method and interview local people in Ba Vi commune Before going to the field, it needs to prepare a survey plan, means and

necessary tools to collect information related to research including recorded data tables, previous research papers, information related to cultural of indigenous people

2.4.1 Field work

 Preliminary investigation The purpose of preliminary investigation is to:

- Know the terrain, traffic of study area to decide the direction of transect survey

- Understand the use status and distribution of medicinal plants to estimate the workload in the field, then establish investigate plan and determine the number of households for interviewing

- Become familiar with local people to learn the role of medicinal plants in daily life

 Field work

- Survey in Health stations of commune garden

Results was recorded in Table 2.1

Table 2.1: Survey of medicinal plant species in Health stations of commune garden

No Species

Life form

Habitat

Plan parts used

Prescriptions Note Stem Leaves Roots Floral Fruits Tuber

 Transect survey Route 1: Yen Son village

Route 2: Hop Son village

Route 3: Hop Nhat village

Results was recorded in Table 2.2

Table 2.2: Results of transect survey

No Specie Life

form Habitat

part of use

Prescrip tions Note Stem Leaves Root Floral Fruits Tube

r

 Interviewed local people:

- Interviewed 30 households using questionnaire method associated with obsrvation

of medicinal plants in home gardens

- Interviewees: older people, experts and people familiar with medicinal plants

- Results was recorded in Table 2.3

Table 2.3: The use of traditional medicine in community

Name of HH head

Aged………

Gender: Male/Female Schooling Years: ………

Current occupation ………

Address………

Investigator ………

Date………

 Internal investigation

- Classified medicinal plant species

- Synthesize and analyze data

The results of transect survey and interviewing local people was recorded in table 2.4

Table 2.4: List of medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune

Family

Life forms

Habitat

Prescri ptions

Plant parts used

- Assessment of the extent in using medicinal plants of Dao ethnic people

- Establishing the list of medicinal plants according to family

CHAPTER III DISCRIPTION OF THE STUDY SITE

3.1 History of Ba Vi commune

Previously, Dao ethic people in Ba Vi commune lived on Ba Vi mountain Depending the shifting cultivation life, people slash and burn for agriculture activities not meet to basic human needs After peace, in 1962 people moved to downhill for stable life

The local authorities has a policy for guidance local community in raising livelihood, for example, digging a pond, livestock and paddy cultivation There was 2 cooperatives named Doi Cong and Ho Cong, Later changed to Da Ngang and Hop Nhat cooperative

From 1992 until now, Hop Nhat cooperative changed to Ba Vi commune including 3 villages: Hop Nhat, Hop Son and Yen Son The livelihood of local community is mainly depending agriculture production and using traditional medicines They maintain the traditional prescriptions of local medicinal plants and less use of Western medicines

3.2 Natural conditions

 Geographical location

Ba Vi commune is a mountainous area at the foothill of Ba Vi mountain of Ba Vi district, border with Van Hoa commune to the east, with Tan Linh commune to the north, with Minh Quang to the west, and with Ba Vi mountain to the south The total natural area of the commune is 2,538.01 ha

 Natural area:

The total natural land area of the commune is 2,538.01 ha, accounting for 8.09 % of total area in Ba Vi district Of which:

Agricultural area is 211.77 ha;

Aquaculture area is 0.82 ha;

Special use area is 39.17 ha;

Body water area is 68.87 ha;

Forestry area is 2,201.98 ha;

Other land is about 3 ha

in July, August Accounting for 86.1% the total rain fall The lowland is usually dry in December and January From height above 400m a.s.l there is no dry season

3.3 Other resources

 Geology and soil

Feralit yellowish brown soil develops on clay schist rock, sandstone widespread focus

on 500m-1000m a.s.l, soils ranges from thin to average and there are many rocks and rocky places Feralit bright red soil developed on clay schist stone, sandstone, mica schist and sedimentary rocks, distributed in the foothills and slopes at height less than 500 m a.s.l, soil humus is thick but low rates Ancient alluvial soil distribution in a long narrow strip along Da River

 Hydrology

River systems in the region are largely derived from the upstream mountainous Ba Vi and South Vien Nam mountains The major streams and tributaries flowing north, northeast are tributaries of the Red River In the west of the region, the short and steeper streams than streams in the north and east, which are tributaries of the Da River These streams often cause flooding During the dry season the small streams are often exhausted The major streams in the area are Suoi Cai, Mit, Ninh, Yen Cu, Bon

Da River flows to south Ba Vi Mountain, Wide River with dense streams At the same time, it creates beautiful landscape, serving the needs rest for sightseeing tourists Groundwater in the area is relatively abundant in the eastern side and western side of the more abundant rainfall larger and steeper

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Medicinal plants in study area

4.1.1 Diversity of medicinal plant phylum in Ba Vi commune

Results from 3 transect surveys and interviewing 30 households show that, there are

106 plant species belonging to 94 genuses, 59 families, 2 phylum which are used for medicines Plant families are classified based on Takhtajan classification system (1973) The diversity of medicinal plant phylum is shown in Table 4.1

Table 4.1 The diversity of medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune

Monocotyledons class belong to 15 families, (accounting for 25.42% of total family), 18 genus (accounting for 19.15% of total genus) and 18 species (accounting for 16.98% of total species) While Magnoliopsida class has 44 families (accounting for 74.58% of total family), 76 genus (accounting for 80.85% of total genus), 88 species

(representing 83.82% of the total species) Therefore, these species mainly belonging to Magnoliophyta phylum and Magnoliopsida class They are common plants around the commune, hills and forest

4.1.2 Diversity of medicinal plant species and genus in Ba Vi commune

To assess the diversity of medicinal plant species, genus in the study area, in total

of 106 plant species belonging to 63 families, author selected the top 10 families which are rich species, the results are described in Table 4.2

Table 4.2: Top 10 families which are rich species

Percentage (%)

Table 4.2 illustrates that the top 10 families which are rich species including: Fabacea, Asteraceae, Rutaceae, Limiaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Moraceae, Apocynaceae, Menispermaceae, Malvaceace, Euphorbiaceae Total species of 10 families is 45 species accounted for 42.46 % and in 38 genus accounted for 40.44% According to the criteria

of Tolmachop’s assessment (1974), we can clearly see that the total proportion of the top

10 families have largest number is in range 40-50%, that indicates medicinal plants are diverse in species and genus

4.1.3 Diversity of life form of medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune

The research on life forms has very important meaning, this not only gives us the information of popular life form of the plants, but also helps in finding, exploiting, and use as well as in the management, conservation and development of medicinal plants

According to the survey results and the level of division of plant life forms in the booklet ―Vietnam Forest Tree‖ (2000), the life forms of medicinal plants in Ba Vi Commune are synthesized in Table 4.3

Table 4.3: Plant parts use of medicinal species in Ba Vi commune

of shrub species and 14 species of herbaceous vines (for 12.46 % and 13.21 % respectively) Rhizomes and woody vines forms are smaller proportion, only 6.60% with

7 species and 4.72% with 5 species respectively

It can be conclude that the life forms of medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune is rather diverse Thus, local people also easy to select plants for medicines

4.2 Use value of medicinal plants in study area

4.2.1 The use of medicinal plants in Ba Vi Commune

Overall, almost communities in Ba Vi commune have known to use plants for treatment, but not everyone has the same experiences To evaluate the use of medicinal plants of local community, the author interviewed 30 households The results are shown

in Table 4.4

Table 4.4: The use of medicinal plants of local community in Ba Vi

Commune

Number of people Percentage

People know to use medicinal plants within

family

Table 4.4 illustrates that the number of people usually prepare medical treatment (38.63%) with 51 people The number of people know to use medicinal plants within family is 64, accounting for 61.37 % Thus, there are 87.12 % of people in community who have known to use plant for treatment This indicates that local people in study area are very experienced in using medicinal plants

Based on interviewed result, it can be see that in each household, there is at least one person who know how to identify medicinal plants, the use of plants for medicinal purposes However, the number of people who is attracted by traditional medicines is declining, the secret medicinal treatment is gradually eroded by generation due to the integration and economic development Especially the younger generation people do not want to live in their moutainous rural but towards to urban and industrial areas for jobs

4.2.2 Diversity of plant part use

In a plant, each part has its own different use value, even in the same species For

example drinking oil of Ricinus communis has bleaching effect, but seed of this tree can

cause fatal poisoning Therefore, understanding the use of the parts of the plant to utilize the value of medicinal plants It is one of the principles of ensuring the safety and improve the efficiency in using medicinal plants The diversity of plant parts use are describe in Table 4.5

Table 4.5 The diversity of medicinal plant parts use

No Plant parts use Number of species Percentage

In the exploitation forms, picking flowers, leaves, bark are less affected on trees Other form such as digging for tubers and roots are very harmful to the growth and development of plants Therefore, local people in Ba Vi commune also limited harvest roots of perennial species to avoid depletion of medicinal plant resources

To deeperly assess the diversity of medicinal plant part use, the author summaries percentage of species with used parts in Table 4.6

Table 4.6 The proportion of plant parts use

The above table illustrates that there are 93 species which has 2 plant part use (97.73%), 11 species has 1 part use accounting for 10.38 %, and just only 2 species use whole plant It indicates that medicinal plants in study area are diversity of parts use However, this is also a problem in the maintenance and development of medicinal plants due to harmful of over exploitation

4.2.3 Medicinal plants used for treating different disease groups

Based on investigation into the use of medicinal plants in study area, the authour divided diseases into 8 groups (according to ―the medicinal plants and remedies in Vietnam‖, Do Tat Loi 2006) The results are shown in Table 4.7

Table 4.7 The use of medicinal plant for each disease

34 Cây huyết đằng (Spatholobus suberectus Dunn), cốt khí (Fallopia

japonica), Tô mộc (Caesalpinia sappan), ích mẫu (Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet), Hoa tiên (Asarum mơximum Hemsl.), Chân chim (Schefflera Octophylla (Lour.) Harms ) , Bạch đồng nữ(Clerodendrum Viscosum Vent) ,Xích đồng nam ( Clerodendrum Paniculatum L) ,Củ gấu(Rhizoma Cyperi Rotundi), Củ gai(Boehmeria nivea), Bạch đầu ông(Vernonia Cinerea (L.) Less), Bóng nước(Impatiens balsamina),Cỏ sữa(E thymifolia Burm),Cô tòng đuôi lươn(Codiaeum Variegatum), Mua đỏ(Melastoma sanguineum), Vả(Ficus auriculata), Hà thủ ô trắng(Streptocaulon Juventas), Rì rì(Homonoia Riparia), Sữa(Alstonia Scholaris), Đơn trắng(Ixora Nigricans R.Br ex Wight et Arn), Cổ bình(Desmodiumdium trique-trum (L.) DC), Xuyến chi (Bidens Pilosa), Mộc hương nam (Ilex godajam [Colebr ex Wall.] Wall), Đỗ trọng nam (Parameria Laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke (P barbata (Bl.) Schum), Hoàng liên(Coptis Chinensis Franch),

Giảo cổ lam (Gynostemma entaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino) Thổ phục linh (Smilax Glabra Roxb), Máu chó cầu (Knema globularia (Lamk.) Warb), Mít (Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam.)

2 Treatment

for pimples,

rashes, skin

disease

21 Kim ngân (Lonicera japonica Thunb), Ké đầu ngựa(Xanthium

strumarium L) Cối xay (Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet), Mã đề (Plantago major L), Bồ công anh (Lactuca indicaL), Ké hoa vàng (Sida rhombifolia L), Ba gạc 4 lá(Rauvolfia Tetraphylla L), Cà gai leo(Solanum Procumbens Lour),Kim Xương(Micromelum falcatum (Lour.), Dã quỳ(Tithonia diversifolia), Dâm bụt(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L),Mật gấu(Vernonia Amygdalina Del), Dâu tằm(Morus alba L), Cam thảo(Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch), Táo rừng(Rhamnus crenatus Sieb và Zucc var Cambodianus),Bạch hạc(Rhinacanthus Communis Nees), Bạch hoa xà(Plumbago zeylanica L), Náng hoa trắng(Crinum asiaticum L),Xoan ta(Melia azedarach),Rễ gió(Aristolochia Contorta Bunge)

3 Blood

Pressure

treatment

7 Cây chè đắng(Camellia sinensis), Cây chè vằng(Jasminum suptriplinerve

blume), Cây gừng(Zingiber officinale (Willd.) Roscoe),Cây hoa hòe(Styphnolobium japonicum), Cây rau má(Centella asiatica Urban), Cây huyết dụ(Cordyline Fruticosa (L.) A Cheval), Cây nhọ nồi(Ecliptaalba Hassk)

4 Children

treatment

8 Cây trọng đũa(Ardisia Crenata Sims), Cây dây bông xanh(Thunbergia

Grandiflora), Cây dương xỉ(Cyclosorus Parasiticus (L.) Farw), Cây rau má(Centella asiatica Urban), Cam thảo(Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch), Cây trọng đũa(Ardisia Crenata Sims), Cây giấp cá(Houttuynia cordata), Cây đơn nem(Maesa blansae)

5 Fever, cold

treatment

13 Hương nhu trắng(Ocimum gratissium L.), Xả(Cymbopogon

citratus),Ngải cứu(Artemisia Vulgaris L), Bưởi(Citrus Grandis - Citrus Grandis),Tía tô(Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt), Thài lài tía(Tradescantia Zebrina Hort exLondon (Zebrina pendula Schnizl.),Quế thanh(CinnamomumLoureirii Nees), Bạch đàn xanh(Eucalyptus Globulus Labill), Tía tô(Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt), Cây thiên thảo(Basilicum Polystachyon), Cây chanh(Citrus Aurantifolia), Cây trầu không(Piper Betle L), Cây tỏi(Allium Sativum L)

6 Bones and

joints

treatment

12 Dây kí ninh(Tinospora crispa), Cây dây đau xương (Tinospora Sinensis

(Lour.) Merr (T tomentosa Miers)), Cây gạo(Bombax malabaricum),Cây lá lốt(Piper lolot),Cây bưởi bung(Acronychia pedunculata),Cây cơm cháy(Sambucus nigra), Cây móng bò(Bauhinia purpurea), Cây cỏ xước(Achyranthes aspera),Cây thanh táo(Justicia

gendarussa),Củdòm(Stephania Dielsiana Y.C Wu),Cây vòi voi(HeliotropiumindicumL),Cây sa nhân(Amomum xanthioides Wall)

7 Liver,

Kidney

treatment

10 Dứa dại(Pandanus Odoratissimus L.f (P tectorius Park ex Z), Mật

gấu(Vernonia Amygdalina Del), Cây thồm lồm(Polygonum Chinense),Cây tiết dê(Cissampelos Pareira L), Đậu ván (Phaseolus vulgaris), Cây kim tiền thảo(Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr), Cây diệp hạ châu (Phyllanthus amarus Schum et Thonn), Cây nhân trần(Adenosma caerulea R.Br), Cây hoa mào gà đỏ (Celosia cristata L), Giảo cổ lam(Gynostemma Pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino)

8 Insomnia,

sedative,

tonic

7 Cây hoa sen(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn), Cây đinh lăng(Polyscias

fruticosa (L.) Harms),Cây cúc tần(Pluchea indica (L.) Less), Cây tế tân(Asarum Heterotropoides F.Schmidt),Cây lạc tiên(Passiflora Foetida L)

Table 4.7 shows that Dao community have used most of medicinal plants for treatment of common diseases The use of these plants is quite diverse, onespecies can be used for treating some different diseases In the investigated diseases, medicinal plants are mainly used for treat common diseases group such women, rashes, pimples, skin diseases, fever, liver, kidneys, bones and joints, insomnia, sedative, tonic and disease in children It refers the riches of experience in using medicinal plants of Dao ethic people

in Ba Vi commune

4.3 Some traditional medicines of Dao people in Ba Vi commune

 Women dissease treatment

- No 1 The menstrual regulation

+ Medicinal plant: Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet, Spatholobus suberectus Dunn

+ Plant parts use: - Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet: Whole plant

- Spatholobus suberectus Dunn: Stem

+ Description: Dried and boiled for drinking

- No 2 For gynecological treatment

+ Medicinal plants: Coptis Chinensis Franch, Clerodendrum japonicum

+ Plant parts use: - Coptis Chinensis Franch: Roots and leaves

- Clerodendrum japonicum: Stem and leaves

- Description: Dried and boiled for drinking

- No 3 Treatment for dropping Womb of women

+ Medicinal plant: Parameria Laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke (P barbata (Bl.) Schum, Ilex godajam [Colebr ex Wall.] Wall), Bidens Pilosa, Solanum Procumbens Lour, Erythrina Variegata L

+ Plant parts use: Stem and leaves

+ Description: Dried and boiled for drinking

 Treatment for pimples, rashes, skin diseases

- No 1 Pimples treatment

+ Medicinal plant: Lonicera japonica Thunb, Xanthium strumarium L, Gynostemma entaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet

+ Plant parts use: Stem and Leaves

+ Description: Dried and boiled for drinking

+ Description: Dried and boiled for drinking

 Blood pressure treatment

- No 1 High blood pressure treatment

+ Medicinal plant: Jasminum subtriplinerve C L Blume, Camellia sinensis Camellia, Gynostemma entaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, Styphnolobium japonicum, Cordyline terminalis Kunth var.ferrea Bak, Eclipta prostrate

+ Plant parts use: - Stem, Leaves and flowers

+ Description: Dried and boiled for drinking

- No 2 High blood pressure treatment

+ Medicinal plant: Zingiber officinale

+ Plant parts use: Tuber

+ Description: Crush and mix with water for drinking

 Treatment for children

- No1 Epistaxis

+ Medicinal plant: Plantago major L, Lactuca indicaL, Houttuynia cordata

+ Plant parts use: Whole plant of Plantago major L, and leaves of 2 remaining species

+ Description: Crush and mix with water for drinking and cover on the head

- No 2 Malnutrition treatment

+ Medicinal plant: Thunbergia grandiflora, Acorus gramineus, Ardisia crenata/

+ Plant parts use: Stem and leaves

+ Description: Dried and boiled for drinking

 Fever and cold treatment

- No 1 Colds treatment

+ Medicinal plants: Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC, Cymbopogon, Artemisia vulgaris, Citrus maxima (Merr., Burm f.), Perilla frutescens, Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam

+ Plant parts use: leaves and stem

+ Description: Boiled for steam bath

- No 2 Malnutrition treatment

+ Medicinal plant: Thunbergia grandiflora, Acorus gramineus, Ardisia crenata

+ Plant parts use: Stem and leaves

+ Description: Driedand boiled for drinking

- No 3 Flu treatment

+ Medicinal plants: Artemisia vulgaris, Eclipta prostrate, Tradescantia pallida

+ Plant parts use: leaves and stem

+ Description: Boiled for steam bath

 Bones and joints treatment

- No 1 Rheumatism treatment

+ Medicinal plants: Spatholobus suberectus Dunn, Fallopia japonica, Solanum Procumbens Lour, Stephania dielsiana Y.C.Wu, Sambucus nigra

+ Plant parts use: Tubers (Stephania dielsiana Y.C.Wu), stem and leaves

+ Description: Dried and boiled for drinking

- No 2 Sprains and disjointed treatment

+ Medicinal plant: Zingiber officinale, Plantago major L, Justicia gendarussa, Bombax ceiba

+ Plant parts use: Tuber (Zingiber officinale), Whole plant (Plantago major L), Leaves (Justicia gendarussa), and barks (Bombax ceiba)

+ Description: crushed and soaked in wine for cover painted parts

 Liver and Kidney treatment

- No 1 Urinary tract infection treatment

+ Medicinal plants: Cissampelos pareira, Lactuca indicaL, Desmodiumdium trique-trum (L.) DC

+ Plant parts use: stem and leaves

+ Description: Dry and boil for drinking

+ Description: Dried and boiled for drinking

 Insomnia, sedative, tonic

- No 1 Insomnia treatment

+ Medicinal plants: Stephania dielsiana C.Y Wu, Celastrus hindsii, Asarum, Ophiopogon japonicas, Polyscias fruticosa, Nelumbo nucifera

+ Plant parts use: Tubers, stem, nuts and leaves

+ Description: Dried and boiled for drinking

- No 2 Headaches, dizziness and nausea treatment

+ Medicinal plants: Stephania dielsiana C.Y Wu, Pandanus tectorius Soland, Pluchea indica, Ophiopogon japonicus

+ Plant parts use: Tubers, stem and leaves

+ Description: Dried and boiled for drinking

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, LIMITATION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusions

There are total 106 plant species belonging to 59 families, 94 genus of 2 phylum, which have been used by Dao people as medicines In which, there are 105 species in Magnoliophyta (accounting for 99.06% of total species); belonging to 93 genus (accounting for 98.31% out of genus) Polypodiopyta as vascular plants has one family (accounting for 1.69% of the total species), 1 genus (accounting for 1.06% to the total genus) and 1 species (accounting for 0.94% to the total specie)

The most medicinal plant species is herbaceous (37 species), the second one is woody species (30 species) Shrubs and herbaceous vines has 13 and 14 species respectively Rhizomes and woody vines represents less proportion, only 7 and 5 species respectively

Medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune has been used for 8 different disease groups

It indicates the diversity of these species The main disease groups include women's disease, rashes, skin diseases, headache, sedation was common and easy treated by popular medicinal plants The local poeple have used different parts of the plants for treament The most common part used are leaves and stem ,

5.2 Limitations of this study

Because this is student research project and time limition medicinal plants in Ba Vi commune have not been studied intensively There are some limitations whic has not been studied in this research:

- Not yet study habitat of the species

- No assessment of the availability of the medicinal plants in the forest in terms of density and amount

- Lack of study on proporgation techniques of the species which could be important for conservation and developement

- No assessement of local market for medicinal plants

5.3 Recommendations

Obviously, the resource of medicinal plants in the regional are rather diverse, and the knowledge of local poeple of Dao ethnics are rich Therefore, conserving and developing the medicinal plant resources is quite important, not only for the local people but also for conseraving traditional use of medicinal plants for the nation

Based on the results of survey on medicinal plants resources, the author would like to recommend some further research directions:

- Continue to expand the area of investigation and study of medicinal plant resources for conservation and development for the future

- Continue to expand research and evaluate the effectiveness of medicinal plants and remedies that Dao ethnic people used

- Conducting researches on habitat of the species to get scientific basis for conservation

- Construct and develop the family medicine garden for households, and develope training coursesfor local people about planting techniques and appropriate processing of medicinal plants

- The high-value medicinal plant species should be cultivated based on natural conditions, suitable land, with effective techniques

- Propagate medicinal plants and rational exploitation to raise the awareness of local community Guiding for local people to recognize the rare species for conservation and exploitation restrictions

- Management of Ba Vi national park should encourage Dao ethnic people in conservation and development of medicinal plants

REFERENCES

1 Le Mong Chan (1992), ―Plants and specialties plant forest‖, Vietnam National

Forestry University

2 Vo Van Chi(1996), ―Dictionary of medicinal plants in Vietnam‖

3 Tao Duy Can (2006), ―24 specialist medicines‖

4 Tao Duy Can (2001), ―Southern medicine, Northern medicine and prescription

5 Vu Tien Dan (1962), ―Traditional medicinal plants treat many diseases”

6 Pham Hoang Ho “ Medicinal value of plants”

7 Do Tat Loi (1962), ―Medicinal plants of Vietnam‖

8 Tran Dinh Ly (1995), ― Useful plants" treatment”

9 Pham Thiep (2000), ― Medicinal plants, prescriptions and proprietary medicines‖

10 Ban, N (2007), Red data book of Vietnam Vol 2 Science and Techniques

Hanoi, Vietnam: Publishing House

11 Bavi district portal (2012), Retrieved from Hanoi People's Committee:

http://bavi.hanoi.gov.vn/tabid/199/Default.aspx

12 Bavi national park (2013), Geography, topography and edaphic in Ba Vi

National Park Retrieved from VNPPA- Vietnam national park and protected area

asociation:

http://www.vnppa.org.vn/?m=news&a=page_newsdetail&newsid=1741&leveltwo=104&lang=vi

13 Elia, A M (1993), Guidelines on the Conservation of Medicinal Plants

Somerton; Somerset; London, UK: WHO, IUCN, WWF

14 G Phani Kumar*, Raj Kumar, O P Chaurasia and Shashi Bala Singh (2010)

Current status and potential prospects of medicinal plant sector in Himalayan Ladakh Ladakh, India: Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Division,

trans-Defence Institute of High Altitude Research

15 Hoang, S (2008), Plant biodiversity in Ben En National Park Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, Vietnam Hanoi.Vietnam: Agricultural Publishing

House, Hanoi, Vietnam

16 Hoang, V (2010), Indigenous knowledge of Dao and Muong ethnic minority groups on medicinal plants in Ba Vi national park, Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam:

Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, Vietnam

17 Huong, V (2002), Gendered knowledge in the management of medicinal plants: a case study of Dzao community in buffer zone of BaVi national park, northern Vietnam Hanoi Viet Nam: Center for Natural Resources &Environmental

Studies, VNU

APPENDIX

Spatholobus Fabaceae Woody climbers, shrubby when young, up to

10m high, brownish bark Rounded Stem, lac Leaves papery , with tufts of hairs in axils of veins abaxially, terminal leaflet symmetric, apex abruptly contracted to shortly ob-tusely caudate; lateral leaflets asymmetric s broad as

or slightly narrower than terminal one, base broadly cuneate or rounded Panicles axillary

or at apex of branchlets, rachis and pedicels yellowish brown puberulent Bery ovate, ripe dark blue, bunches

2 Tam Kha Day cot khi Fallopia

japonica

Fallopia Polygonaceae Stem smooth, stout and hollow, tem leaf

junctures are swollen and surrounded by a membranous sheath called an ―ocrea‖, 3-4m tall in season Leaves: variable; about 7-14cm

in long by 5-12 in wide, broadly oval to somewhat triangular with a truncated base and

a tapered tip Tiny greenish to white colored flowers occur in end of summer and beginning

on autumn; grow in clusters upright 6-15 cm high

sappan

Caesalpinia Fabaceae Small thorny tree, light depending, fest

growing, can live in semi-arid condition Young branches has bristled then molt and become smooth, with short spikes Leaves are double-compound, alternately arranged Yellow flowers are borne panicles in leaf axils and at the end of branches; 5-merous; from june to September Fruits are woody pods, compressed with a hard recurved short beak with 3-4 seeds, auburn color Mostly in wild and also cultivated

Leonurus Lamiaceae Herbaceous species, stems are upright growing

to a height of 1m Square stem and less branched Leaves opposite with broad triangle shaped teeth; leaves at the tops short, les lobes

or plenary.The flowers are sessile and produced in verticillasters The corolla is white

or reddish to purplish red in color Plants bloom from March to May and fruit from June

to July

5 Phen pha Hoa tien Asarum

6 Đia ui san Cay chan chim Schefflera

Octophylla

(Lour.) Harms

Schefflera Araliaceae Medium tree 5-15m high, bowel porous Grey

bark Leaves palmate with 6- 8 leaflets, alternate, lower part of long petiole surrounding the stem Inflorescence in axillary

or terminal raceme of umbels; flowers small, greenish or white Berry globose, 3-4 mm diameter, dark- violet when ripe; contain 6-8 seeds Trunk bark and leaves smell sweet when crushed Flowering period: February-March; Fruit period: April – May

7 Rìa phùng

phẹ

Bach đong nu Clerodendrum

Viscosum Vent

Clerodendrum Verbenaceae A shrub or undershrub 1m high; deciduous

Branchlets quadrangular, fulvous tomentose Leaves simple, opposite, decussate; broad elliptic-ovate or suborbicular, apex acuminate, base cordate, margin entire or dentate Inflorescence terminal panicle, up to 18 cm

long, fulvous pubescent; flowers zygomorphic, white Drupe, black, nearly globose seated on enlarged pinkish accrescent calyx Flowering: January to March Wild plant in many palce

8 Rìa phùng

xị

Xich đong nam Clerodendrum

Paniculatum L

Clerodendrum Verbenaceae Herbs up to 1m or more Stem quadrangular,

less branches The leaves have heart shaped bases; lower leaves are lobed and upper leaves entire They are arranged in opposite pairs along the fast growing stems which often branch from the roots rather than from a single trunk The flowers are funnel shaped with long tubes, arranged in massive terminal panicles The flowers within the pyramid shaped cluster are tiered Black nuts in red sepals Flowering – fruit period: May – November

Rotundi

Cyperus Cyperaceae Perennial plant Leaves sprout in ranks of three

from the base of the plant; The flower stems have a triangular cross-section The flower is bisexual and has three stamina and a three-stigma carpel, with the flower head having 3–8 unequal rays The fruit is a three-angled achene The root system of a young plant

initially forms white, fleshy rhizomes

10 Củ gai Cu gai Boehmeria nivea Boehmeria Urticaceae Herbaceous perennial plant with stems that can

become woody and persistent The leaves are heart-shaped, serrated margins, boadly and alternate, and white on the underside with dense small hairs Red petioles with soft hairs The flowers are greenish white in colour, borne in declinate clusters in the axils of the leaves Male and female flowers are separated Seeds are produced in great number

11 Puồng Ton Bach đau ong Vernonia

Cinerea (L.)

Less

Vernonia Asteraceae Terrestrial, slender, rarely banranching annual

herb that grows from 20 up to 80 cm tall Sterm are ribbed, dinely pilose and glandular The leaveas are alternate, oval or broadest about or above the middle and tapping to each end, shallowly toothed; more or less densely and finely hairy The flowers are all tubular, rather grigh purple, pink, or while, about 20 I each head, twice as long as the involucral bracts The pappus bristles while, denate The achenes are rounded, nearly ribles

12 Mù phò

điểng tầm

nòm

Va Ficus auriculata Ficus Moraceae Perennial evergreen shrub or small tree Laves

alternate; petiole thick, 5-8 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate-cordate, margin regularly shallowly dentate Fruits appear on thin branches emerging from the trunk or from the roots

13 Xạ ú pẹ Ha thu o trang Streptocaulon

at the base; 4-14cm long, 2-9cm broad Inflorescence in axillary cyme; flowers small, brownish- yellow Double follicle, divergent Seeds with a tuft of hairs at one end All parts

of the plant have a milky latex and a silky tomentum

14 Cù chiếp

ha

Bong nuoc Impatiens

balsamina

Impatiens Balsaminaceae An annual plant growing up to 20-75 cm tall,

with a thick, but soft stem The leaves are spirally-arranged, 7-8 cm long and 2-2.5 cm broad, with a deeply toothed margin The flowers are pink, red, mauve, lilac, or white They are pollinated by bees and other insects, and also by nectar-feeding birds Flower-stalks

are up to 1-5 cm long Lateral sepals are about 2-3 mm long, ovate, sparsely ciliate, lower sepal conical, spur 1-2 cm long, curved inwards The ripe seed capsules explode when touched,

15 Phàn nhỏ

mia

thymifolia Burm

Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae A small, slender, annual prostrate herb, more

or less hispidly pubescent Stems are with white latex, spreading on the ground; branches radiating, slender, reddish and pubescent Leaves are simple, opposite, elliptic, oblong or ovate, 4-8 mm long and 2-5 mm wide with rounded apex, oblique base, small, unequal sided at base Petiole is small, thin, slender, pale green and often pinkish in color Fruits are ovoid-globose, acutely 3-lobed, almost sessile capsule 1 mm × 1 mm base truncate, short-hairy Seeds are conical, log, ovoid and obtusely quadrangular, up to 1 mm long, acutely 4-angled, reddish brown without caruncle

16 Đuôi lươn Co tong đuoi

luon

Codiaeum Variegatum

leathery, shiny evergreen leaves, alternately