Conservation and development of medicinal plants in long sap commune, son la province

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY ------ STUDENT THESIS CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN LONG SAP COMMUNE, S

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

- -

STUDENT THESIS

CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

IN LONG SAP COMMUNE, SON LA PROVINCE

Major : Natural Resource Management

Code: D850101

Faculty : Forest Resource and Environment Management

Student: Tran Ngoc Huyen Student ID: 1253091360

Class: K57 Natural Resources Management Course: 2012 – 2016

Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Dr Hoang Van Sam

ACKNOWLEDGENTS

I would first like to thank my thesis advisor Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Sam at Vietnam National Forestry University The door to Assoc Prof Dr Sam office was always open whenever I ran into a trouble spot or had a question about my writing He consistently allowed this paper to be my own work, but steered me in the right the direction whenever he thought I needed it

I would also like to thank the experts who were involved in the validation survey for this research project: the teacher in Viet Nam forestry university have imparted to us the knowledge to perform this topic Thanks Long Sap commune People‟s Commitee - Moc Chau District- Son La, the Border Post of Long Sap International Border Gate of Vietnam, the Northwest Science Forest Center, the Forest Proctection Department of Son

La and the healers of Long Sap commune has facilitated to help us complete this thread During the topic implementing process, even though I had a lot of effort, because

of time and professional qualifications is limited, and the initial unfamiliarity acquainted with the actual work, so my research subject inevitable shortcomings I am looking forward to receive some comments of teachers for our subject more perfect

Sincerely thank you!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGENTS i

LISTS OF TABLES AND CHARTS iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATION v

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER I OBJECTIVE, CONTENT 3

1.1.Objectives 3

1.2.Reseach contents 3

1.3.Scope: 3

CHAPTER II METHOD OF RESEARCH 4

2.1 Inherited Methods 4

2.2 Method of external investigation 4

2.3 Method of investigation about medicinal plants diversity and the origin 6

2.4 Determination of the medicinal plant species at risk of extinction method 6

2.5 Method of investigation to make proposals for conservation and development of local medicinal plants as well as the knowledge to use them 6

CHAPTER III OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH 7

3.1 International research 7

3.2 Research in Vietnam 8

CHAPTER IV.RESEARCH AREA 10

4.1 Natural condition 10

4.2 Residential situation 10

4.3 Customary practices 12

CHAPTER V: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 15

5.2 Diversity about medical plant family 17

5.3 The source of medicinal plant 18

5.4 Diversity about life forms of medicinal plant 20

5.5 Different parts of plant treat different diseases 20

5.6 Conservation status 22

5.7 Diversity of function uses 23

5.8 The knowledge of local people 24

5.9 Method of using medicinal plant 26

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 28

6.1.Conclusion 28

6.2.Recommandation 28

APPENDIX I 30

APPENDIX II 40 REFERENCES

LISTS OF TABLES AND CHARTS

Table 1: Diversity of taxa 15

Table 2: Top 10 families with the highest number of medicinal species 16

Table 3: Comparing the medicinal plant system Long Sap commune with the medicinal plant system of Vietnam 17

Table 4: Ratio of top 10 families have highest species 18

Table 5: Life form of herbaceous medicinal plant in Long Sap Commune 20

Table 6: Diversity of parts used‟s medicinal plant in Long Sap commune 20

Table 7: Diversity of plant parts used drugs 21

Table 8: List species in red book data 22

Table 9: List of diseases 23

Table 10 : Distribution of survey respondents by age 25

Chart1: The source of meidicinal plant in Long Sap cummnune 19

Chart 2 : Distribution of survey respondent by sex 25

INTRODUCTION

Vietnamese has 4000 years and more of history, there are many traditionals in building the country, fighting enemy and cutural development In this process we have many experiences in disease prevention and treatment to protect the health from natural wild medicinal plants

Nowadays, although we got many sucess in modern medicine, traditional medecine has always existed and go abreast

Vietnam is a tropical country, has the rich of vegetational cover with a variety of medicinal plants We have 54 ethnic goups live together, each goups has their own traditional culture and experience in heathy care Many precious medical plants and folklores in using traditional medicine of ethnic minorities, especially in northwest dosen‟t have many documents mention Futhermore, due to the impact of market economy, the develop of human, and the appearances of medicines which very easy to buy and use In other hands, the young people nowadays don‟t care about the experience of disease prevention and treatment by medicines and methods of previous generation So treasure of folk medicine knowledge in danger of being eroded The conservation and development of medicinal plants are imperative that our government has been very concerned

From the base on I do the thesis: “Conservation and development of medicinal plant in Long Sap commune, Son La province”

Long Sap is a border commune in Son La province, the west border by Laos decent terrain, steep slopes, low temperature, high elevation above sea level Long Sap has climatic characteristics suitable for the growth and development of many types of plants Long Sap is a mountainous commune with poor facility They have only one health center and do not have any pharmacy So local people usually use medical plant in healing and

reason why medicinal plant are appreciated in Long Sap commune In the 4th conference the VII central committee of the communist Party of Vietnam give resolution about the urgency of the problem of caring and protecting people‟s health, in which stating the problem should: “ combine closely modern medicine with traditional medicine, deploy robust research, applications and modernize traditional medicine, combining modern medicine, development of crops and livestock as drugs, equipment and facilities for the treatment and production of traditional medicines Urgently training staff and top experts

in traditional medicine, increase investment and upgarde traditional medicine establishment, in order to make the best of facilitate the clinical development od traditional medicine, to meet the requirement of the strata

CHAPTER I

OBJECTIVE, CONTENT 1.1.Objectives

-Conservation and development of medicinal plants in Long Sap, Son La province

- Assessment the status of medicinal plants in Long Sap commune, Son La province

- Understanding the indigenous knowledge on using medicinal plant in Long Sap commune, Son La province

- Provide solution for conservation and development of medicinal plants in Long Sap, Son La province

1.2.Reseach contents

- To study diversity of medicinal plant in Long Sap commune, Son La province

- To study experience on using and processing of medicinal plant in the research area

-Research on challenge and oppotunity for development of medicine plants in Long Sap commune

-Propose solution to conserve and develop medicine plants diversity in Long Sap commune

1.3.Scope:

14 villages of Long Sap commune, Son La province:

Phat hamlet, Bo Sap hamlet, Phieng Cai hamlet, Buoc Pat hamlet, Pha Nhen

hamlet, A La hamlet, Pu Nhan hamlet, Co Chay hamlet, Hong Hua hamlet, Buoc Quang hamlet, Pha Don hamlet, A Ma 1 hamlet, A Ma 2 hamlet, Muong Bo hamlet

CHAPTER II

METHOD OF RESEARCH 2.1 Inherited Methods

- The data on natural conditions, climate, hydrology, soil, topography, forest resources

- Information and data on economic, condtions, social conditions

2.2 Method of external investigation

Interview form 1:

Questionnaires for local officials

1 Investigations unit:

2 Full name:

3 Career:

4 Regency:

5 Age of people in commune

Over 60 years old:

45-60 years old:

30-45 years old:

15-30 years old:

Under 15 years old:

6 Job specification of local people Agricultural: %

Handicraft: %

Business: %

Physic: %

7 How many people who participation of private medical treatment:

8 Does Long Sap commune have traditional medicine association?

Yes No

9 If Long Sap has, how does it work?

10 Do you have any suggestion for develop traditional medicine?

- Bussiness: - Other (specify)

5 Ethnic group have:

2.3 Method of investigation about medicinal plants diversity and the origin

- Interviewing the healer, the family of healer ( who take care of the healer in the

healing period) and the people who grow and harveste the medicine plant to find out:

+ Is this species planted or grow naturally + Where dose it concentrate

- And combined with field surveys in research area

- Use Tomachoff formular to calculate calculate the diversity of family floral in tropical region:

- P%= n.100/N

- P%: the ratio % of 10 families which have the most species in surveying

- n : the number of 10 families which has the most species in surveying

- N: Total of species in surveying

2.4 Determination of the medicinal plant species at risk of extinction method

- Statistics, recorded medicinal plants , assess their abundance, combined with interviews local people to compare numbers of medicinal species now to before

- After that check the status of that medicinal plants in IUCN rest list or go to the

link http: // www.iucnredlist.org/search, put the name of the species that I want to check in the blank: “ enter red list search term” and press “go” to find out

2.5 Method of investigation to make proposals for conservation and development of local medicinal plants as well as the knowledge to use them

- Interview with extension staff, forestry extension of Long Sap commune interviewing local people and assessing the status of medicinal plants

- Interviews to learn about the aspirations of the people, contribute to the preservation of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plant use of local people

CHAPTER III OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH 3.1 International research

Traditional medicine developed over generations within various societies before the eara of modern medicine The WHO defines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous

to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well

as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness

In developing countries where have a third of population have no access to modern medicine and providing safe and effective of traditional medicine has become an effective tool for the treatment diseases In Butan has more than 2.990 medicinal plants are used, about 70% dried herbal raw materials can be used immediately, more than 300 herbal products are manufactured in here In Africa, 80% population choiced traditional medcine

in take care of health Even in countries has developing mordern medicine as Europe, North American or industrialized countries have 50% population used traditional medicine

at least once time

Traditional medicine has been trusted in many regions, this thing are showed in the increase in the value of trade exchange market In American, 1991, sales of traditional medicines is estmated at $ 1 billion In report of WHO total money pay for traditional medicine in all around the world at $ 60 billiond/ year and has the increasing trend

Traditional medicine is not only effective in primary health care but also, nowadays

in all around the world when pandemic HIV- AIDS are complicated, traditional method is the choice in many regions because of safety, inexpensive and its benefits Estimate that in San Francisco, London and South Africa have 75% people who are HIV/AIDS choice traditional medicine as tonic, enhance energy, get better digestion

Besides the positive traditional medicine many coutries are not truly recognized especially in the era filled with modern medicine Although exist in many countries, traditional medicine has not been incorporated into national health system

Summary, beside the strongly development of modern medicine, traditional medicine with everlasting life keeps asserting itself indispensable role in Healt care of all coutries

3.2 Research in Vietnam

For several thousand years, Vietnamese Traditional Medicine has evolved under the shadows of Chinese Traditional Medicine, culture, and rule At this point in time, it is nearly impossible to separate out and delineate Traditional Vietnamese Medicine or Thuoc Nam (Southern Medicine) from Traditional Chinese Medicine or Thuoc Bac (Northern Medicine) because their developments were so inter-twined This is a brief history of the development of Thuoc Nam and its influences particularly by Southern China

What is generally considered classical Vietnamese culture started in the northern third of Vietnam This area was very much connected to China and Chinese culture even before the 4th or 5th century B.C During that time period, southern China, from the Yangtze River to the northern part of VN, was one large ecological region There were a number of different ethnic groups living in this fertile region who were not considered Chinese by Northern Chinese Among these groups was the „Yue,‟ the Chinese word for Viet Northern Vietnam and Southern China came under Chinese rule by the 4th century B.C

Medical texts and instruments found in Northern Vietnam have been shown to predate Chinese conquest, suggesting that Vietnamese people already had a developed system of medicine In addition, among Chinese medical texts from the 4th century B.C., references were given to the “Yue Prescriptions,” indicating that Thuoc Nam was an

established discipline Traditional Vietnamese and Chinese Medicine continued to evolve closely for the next millennium As part of the conquest, the Chinese abstracted medicinal drugs, among other valuables, as tax and tribute In so doing, folk medicine from Northern Vietnam was incorporated into Traditional Chinese Medicine Likewise, Traditional Chinese Medicine and culture were introduced to Vietnam during the one thousand years

of Chinese occupation Their interrelationship can be observed by the influence of Chinese medical theories on traditional Vietnamese herbal practitioners, and likewise the empirical applications of local Vietnamese medicinals in Chinese medical texts In practice, Traditional Vietnamese practitioners would use a more practical rather than theoretical explanations In the 17th century, traditional Vietnamese, Chinese and practitioners from other ethnic groups began identifying their medicine as Eastern medicine or Dong Y (This

is also referred to as Oriental Medicine) to distinguish their traditional medicine from Western Medicine (Tay Y) In this article, Dong Y is used to refer to both Chinese and Vietnamese traditional medicine

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH AREA 4.1 Natural condition

Long Sap is a mountainous commune, Moc Chau district boundaries, Son La province Located in the southwestern town of Moc Chau, from Moc Chau town center in the commune of about 22 km, according to Highway 43, north adjacent to Chieng Khua; East adjacent to Chieng Son; South adjacent to Muong Sang (local communes) are in Moc Chau district, Son La province; West and South West adjacent to the Pa Hang - Huoi Hieng / Cop Pretty / Hua Phan / Laos

Natural area of the commune: 9964.06 ha.In which: Agricultural land: 1047.35 ha; Forest land: 2032.20 ha; residential land: 27,00 ha; specialized land: 180.10 ha; Unused land: 6679,4ha

Long Sap village is located over the range of Moc Chau upland praire, it still have has the common features of tropical climate with 4 seasons each year but more temperate

so it could be divided into 2 seasons:

+ Rainy season: From April to September, the amount of rainfall concentrated in July and August In this season, flash flood regularly occurs leading to landslides and slippery roads, causing traffic jams, difficulties for deployment and mobility of our forces

+ Dry season: From October to March of the next year, the climate is dry, cold with temperature is sometimes down to 00C, dense fog lasting cause obscured vision, difficulties for people in farming and production

+ Kho Mu ethnic: 2 villages include A Ma 1 and A Ma 2 residing with Thai people

+ Hmong ethnic: 8 villages include Phieng Cai, Buoc Pat, Pha Nhen, A La, Phu Nhan, Pha Don, Buoc Quang and Co Chay

Long Sap commune has 01 resettled village (Muong Bo), was formed in 2007, after the implementation of the policy of migration from the Son La hydropower,

The unevenly distributed population in the area, especially in the Hmong villages (up to 20 km to the commune center), affects the economic, culture - social, security and defense development of this commune

-Population: 993 households = 4585 people In which: Male = 2265 people and Female = 2320 Ages from 15 and older: 2916 people making up 63.5% of the total population of the commune

- Ethnic composition: Long Sap commune has 04 ethnic groups, in which Thai: 560 households = 2322 people, accounting for 50.6% the population of the commune; Mong:

321 households = 1877, occupying 40.9% of the total population of the commune; Kho Mu ethnic groups: 101 households = 354 people, accounting for 7.7% the population of the commune; Kinh: 11 households = 32 people The majority population in the province are Thai and Mong people

- Religion: On Long Sap commune, there is not any religion, no churches and places of worship But in February of 2013, there were 2 households = 16 people in Pha Nhen village, tending to follow Protestant due to superstition and being embroiled Border Station coordinates with the government of Long Sap commune propagated and definitively settled this case and seized several documents related to illegal missionaries (this case was reported to the Province)

+ The main occupation of the residents are shifting cultivation, rice cultivation, forestry and small livestock which are largely self-sufficient In recent years, although the Party, State and local governments have paid attention in investment, production support, but have not improved remarkably

+ Beside the agriculture, some people spend their leisure time on being a hired laborer, border crossing to trade in consumer goods to increase the income, particularly in

Bo Sap village of Long Sap commune, the trading in the opposite areas outside of the border makes lives of people stabilized, some households knew how to convert the crops and livestock, the number of poor households decreased while the figure for wealthier households increased Currently, schools, classrooms, clinics and social culture have gradually been upgraded and solidified, the National power grid has provided electricity for 10/14 villages, the material and spiritual life of people are improved remarkably; The households having permanent houses account for 52.2% the total households in the commune; 735/993 households have televisions, the roads were invested, constructed, expanded even in the upland villages However, the standard of living of the people in the province is generally low, on the Hmong villages, there are still many households lacking food from 3 to 5 months (pre-harvest season each year in June, July, August) Long Sap commune is III-region commune, especially difficult commune of Moc Chau district High poverty rates are 38% the population of the commune, particularly in Buoc Pat village, 14/14 households are poor, in Hmong villages in the area, illiteracy and repeated illiteracy still happens The main livelihoods of the local people are from cultivation, mainly maize, phrynium, life of people relies much on nature

4.3 Customary practices

- On Long Sap commune, there are three main ethnic groups in which cultural identity, customs and practices of the 2 closely – arranged Kho Mu and Thai peoples are

the same, such as common language (Thai), usually reside in flat lowland near the water to ensure their daily life, housing architecture is 100% fixed wooden stilt houses, with a high community lifestyle expressed very clearly in the cultural and spiritual life of the festival, the traditional New Year's day, with “Xon” dances, “Xoe” dances which attract all of the hamlet, “ao com” , “Pieu” towels, and dresses are traditional clothes of these two ethnic

groups

- The Hmong: Permanent residence on high and rugged mountain and hill slopes, with nomadic, shifting cultivation lifestyle, this is the main cause of uncontroled migration, forest clearance for agriculture Hmong ethnic traditional Tet period begins in late December and January of each calendar year, before the Lunar New Year for about 01 month, on these days, the Hmong elsewhere (Bac Yen, Phu Yen - Son La; and the border hamlets of Pa Hang - Huoi Hieng / Sốp Bâu / Hua Phan / Laos, come to Hmong hamlets in the area, making it quite crowded, creating difficulties for the most of the information collecting and management efforts of the area, this is the favorable conditions for bad objects to take advantage, propagate the Hmongs in the area to follow their activities

The special feature is also clearly expressed in the cultural and spiritual life of Mong ethnic on festival, traditional days represented by bow shooting, playing traditional trumpet, with the participation of every village's citizens, boys and girls communicate

by singing, the sounds of flute, traditional trumpet

Residents in Long Sap commune area still preserve their own traditions, identity, culture, however, the backward habits have been trending to decrease but still exist in the Mong community in this area such as keeping the dead people in the home for a long time, child marriages are not prevented; for the Thai and Kho Mu ethnic groups, weddings are held several times being very costly These issues significantly impact to health care,

Long Sap is a commune in border region with many ethnic groups residing, living The majority of ethnic are Thai and Hmong, with many revolutionary traditions in resistance war against the French and American, with loyalty and unity of the people in the region for centuties This is one of the favorable conditions to promote the synergy of the whole community to the cause of building and defending the Nation, as well as implementing policies of the Party and the State's law to every individuals in the locality

CHAPTER V: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Diversity medicinal plant taxa

The family are classified by the classification system of Takhtajan (2009) The results are shown in Table 1 below:

Table 1: Diversity of taxa

To be more clearly in the cognizance: Long Sap has a abundant in family, I using the formula of Tomachoff A.L (1974) to calculate the diversity of family floral in tropical region:

P%= n.100/N

P%: the ratio % of 10 families which have the most species in surveying

n : the number of 10 families which has the most species in surveying

N: Total of species in surveying

The results are shown in table below:

Table 2: Top 10 families with the highest number of medicinal species

No Family Vietnamese name Number of

After caculate the diversity of family floral in Long Sap commune, the ratio is: 45,5% still in the interval 40-50% total species So we can strongly conclude that the components of medicinal plants in Long Sap commune is diversified family species

5.2 Diversity about medical plant family

After surveyring the development and conversation of medical plant in Long Sap Commune, I has found 191 species, belong to 66 families (Appendix II) There are 29 families just have the one specie was used as medicinal plant 35 families in whole have more than 1 and less than or equal to 8 species were used Total species of top 4 are : Fabaceae is the biggest family with 19 species was used as medicinal plant in Long Sap commune The next is Cucurbitaceae with 12 species Follow that is Euphorbiaceae: 11 species And the last is Asteraceae is 8 species

Table 3: Comparing the medicinal plant system Long Sap commune with the

medicinal plant system of Vietnam

Targets comparition Long Sap Vietnam Ratio comparition of

Long Sap with Vietnam (%)

The data in table 3 shows that the medical spicies of Vietnam follow Vo Van Chi is

3200 species, 300 families Comparing with these data Long Sap‟s medical families make

up 22%, the species make up 6% It‟s means that with a small commune the system of medical plant is quite abundant in family, species

To be more clearly in the cognizance: Long Sap has a abundant in family, I using the formula of Tomachoff A.L (1974) to calculate the diversity of family floral in tropical

P%= n.100/N

P%: the ratio % of 10 families which have the most species in surveying

n : the number of 10 families which has the most species in surveying

N: Total of species in surveying

The results are shown in table below:

Table 4: Ratio of top 10 families have highest species

After caculate the diversity of family floral in Long Sap commune, the ratio is: 45,5% still in the interval 40-50% total species So we can strongly conclude that the components of medicinal plants in Long Sap commune is diversified family species

5.3 The source of medicinal plant

As I mentioned before Long Sap has a diversified topogarphy, the species in Long Sap as have diversity of life form and source

Chart1: The source of meidicinal plant in Long Sap cummnune

Almost people in Long Sap cultivate medicinal plant from wild in hill, forest and rocky moutain with 47,34% Cultivated just has 26,31% And the wild and cultivated is 26,31% Comparative with citation research about “Indigenous knowledge of Muong and Dao ethnic minority groups in Ba Vi national park, Viet Nam” by Dr Sam (2010), can see the cultivated in Long Sap has more species It proves that people nowadays are more concern with traditional medicine and develop medicinal plant

Besides that Long Sap commune has 2 botanic gardens The first one is in Healt

center of Long Sap commune Base on Ministry of Nationam Points Health Affairs to Stage 2020 the satff of Health center are buil a botanic garden with area: 120m² with 40

medicinal plants They have a plan to rebuil new garden with larger area This is sample garden to introduce local people medicinal plant and conversation Local people are free to get seedlings Health center are co-operate with đồn biên phòng cửa khẩu lóng sâp They exchange experiences in cultivate medicianl plant, exchange new plant The botanic garden

of dbpckls has 100m² But it is not concern with this value Surveying local people about

5.4 Diversity about life forms of medicinal plant

The medicinal plant in Long Sap commune belong to 4 main life forms, there are: wood, shurb, herb liana The results are shown in table 3 below:

Table 5: Life form of herbaceous medicinal plant in Long Sap Commune

5.5 Different parts of plant treat different diseases

After survying, the diversity of parts used‟s medicinal plant in Long Sap commune

is shown in table 6 and I devived plant parts used to 4 main part:

Table 6: Diversity of parts used’s medicinal plant in Long Sap commune

Species which have one part used in traditional medicine has highest ratio 52,9% Number of one part used than number of two parts used is 1,9 times Whole plant parts