Introduction
Problem statement
In Vietnam, approximately 80% of products contain synthetic flavorings, while in developed countries like the US, Japan, and Europe, spices are strictly regulated and clearly listed in permitted use guidelines by consumer protection authorities (S.V Bohinen et al., 2022).
The demand for natural aromatherapy has surged dramatically in recent years, driven by the appeal of floral flavors, which are secondary metabolites known for their potent scents These fragrances, including essential oils and both volatile and non-volatile compounds, are synthesized in various plant organs, resulting in complex compositions that make replicating specific scents challenging As the market for volatile compounds continues to grow, various extraction methods have emerged to meet this demand (S.V Bohinen et al., 2022).
Michelia alba essential oil is known for its benefits in promoting restful sleep, alleviating sleep disorders, and reducing stress, while also enhancing the ambiance of work and relaxation spaces Unfortunately, the market is saturated with low-quality essential oils, as some businesses and individuals resort to adding chemicals to cut production costs, leading to consumer anxiety over distinguishing between natural and synthetic oils (S.V Bohinen et al., 2022) This concern highlights the importance of awareness and education regarding the authenticity of essential oils.
“ Extraction of aromatic substances and essential oils from flowers of
Introduction
Michelia alba, also known as Magnolia alba, is a perennial plant native to tropical regions such as Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and China Renowned for its essential oil, which is extracted through steam distillation, the oil has a unique scent that combines sugary, floral, and champagne-like notes with a hint of herbal aroma This essential oil is widely used in skincare, perfumes, and cosmetics, as well as in flavoring soft candies, meat products, gelatins, beverages, sauces, frozen dairy, and baked goods.
Recent research indicates that there are approximately 200 patents related to M alba essential oil, alongside a growing number of publications exploring its bioactivities Studies have highlighted its potential in tyrosinase inhibition, photoprotection, anti-stress, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-gout, and antimicrobial effects Linalool, the primary component of M alba, is also present in lavender and jasmine oils and has been associated with various health benefits, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-hypertensive, anti-ulcer, anti-hypertriglyceridemia, anti-psoriasis, antidepressant, and anti-diarrheal activities Despite these findings, the full pharmacological potential of M alba remains to be explored, prompting this review to compile significant research on M alba and its bioactive compounds, emphasizing its promise as a candidate for future drug discovery.
Aim, objectives and meaning of research
Extracting of aromatic substances and essential oils from flowers of M alba
- Finding a suitable method to extract aroma from M alba
- Determination of optimal ratio between flowers and materials for use in floral aromatherapy and solvent extraction
- Providing more data on the technology of extraction and collection of M alba essential oil
- Purifying essential oils and improving the extraction efficiency of M alba essential oil
Fragrance oil products primarily consist of M alba essential oil, which holds significant spiritual and high-class value In Vietnam, the research and production of perfumes, particularly dry perfumes, have been largely overlooked Therefore, developing dried perfumes presents both scientific and practical importance, offering potential for the Vietnamese market and opportunities for foreign export Additionally, this initiative allows students to engage with experimental scientific research methods, reinforcing their acquired knowledge.
This is the first study on the production of dry perfume in Vietnam, evaluating and improving the extraction efficiency of M alba flower and making dried perfume from it.
OVERVIEWS OF LITERATURE
General introduction to Michelia alba
M alba is a hybrid of Magnolia champaca and Magnolia montana (Kian- Kai Cheng et al., 2022) The taxonomic classification and nomenclature of
Michelia alba are as follows:
Table 2.1 Classification and nomenclature of Michelia alba
M alba, also known as champaca or sometimes also referred to as the ylang- ylang (two-part nomenclature: Magnolia alba) This is a species of flowering plant in the genus Magnolia, the family Magnolia It is rarely found in the wild, but bred for ornamental purposes (Kian-Kai Cheng et al., 2022)
Figure 2.1 Photos of M alba (a) carpels, (b) flower, (c) leaves, and (d) M alba plant
The M alba is an evergreen tree that can grow up to 15 meters tall, featuring smooth gray bark and long, straight branches, with young branches being hairy Its oval leaves, measuring 15–25 cm in length and 4–9 cm in width, have a pointed tip and an obtuse base, displaying a bright green color with a slightly yellow hue The upper surface of the leaves is smooth, while the lower surface is sparsely hairy This tree produces highly fragrant flowers with 8-12 tapered white petals and numerous short yellow stamens, typically blooming in April and September During the fruiting stage, the tree bears clusters of fruit containing 1 to 8 seeds each (Kian-Kai Cheng et al., 2022).
Table 2.2 Morphological features of Michelia alba ’s leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, and seeds
- Arrangement: Conlaceous, glabrous above, sparsely pubescent below, elliptic to obovate-elliptic
- Arrangement: sparsely appressed puberulentto glabrous
- Odor: aromatic, especially after dark
Not produce fruit and is propagated by grafting method
- Carpels: sterile, most abortive with few ripening
- Ripe carples: ovoid to ellipsoid
M alba is native to tropical Southeast Asia, but it is not clear where exactly
M alba, originally planted in the Philippines and Indonesia, was introduced to the island of Comoro and Nosy Be in Madagascar during the early 20th century Today, it is extensively cultivated across various countries.
Southeast Asia, particularly Vietnam, India, China, and Australia, is home to M alba, a fast-growing, light-loving woody plant that thrives in hot and humid tropical climates with temperatures ranging from 21 to 27°C and annual rainfall between 1500 to 4000mm In Vietnam, M alba has been cultivated for ornamental purposes in gardens, offices, and homes, with Hanoi being a notable location for orchids The plant flourishes in both plains and mountainous regions, growing well at altitudes up to 1200m, but exhibits varying flowering times; those in coastal areas may bloom after 2 years, while those in mountainous regions above 500m may take up to 7 years to flower.
M alba grows more slowly The tree only develops sex when it reaches a height of about 9-10m or more M alba bears fruit almost all year round In Malaysia, the main flowering season is from February to May; sub-season from August to October Flowers blooming in the dry season usually have higher oil content and quality than those blooming in the rainy season It is propagated naturally and can be grown by seeds, cuttings or cuttings In the Nosy Be region (Madagasca), people know how to treat seeds with hot water so that the seeds grow evenly and at a high rate (Umi Kalsom Yusuf & V.O Sinohin, 1999)
M alba is a plant for precious aromatherapy As early as the 18th century, the Philippines was a country with Champaca flowers that were exported to the world market for distilling essential oils for perfumery Currently in the Philippines, Indonesia, Madagascar, people have grown and produced the most essential oil of Champaca in the world Particularly in the island of Comoro (Indonesia) in 1995, 160.000 hectares were planted with this plant, with an output of 120 tons of essential oil In Vietnam, Champaca is only grown as an ornamental and for worshiping flowers (Umi Kalsom Yusuf & V.O Sinohin, 1999)
M alba is renowned for its essential oil, which is derived from its flowers, leaves, and stems The production of essential oils dates back to the Middle Ages when Arabs first utilized steam distillation to create oils with strong scents The volatile chemicals in these oils are secondary metabolites from aromatic plants Common extraction methods for M alba essential oil include solvent extraction, steam distillation, and enfleurage, with steam distillation being the most popular due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness An early study conducted in 1982 highlighted the significance of these extraction techniques.
The essential oil of M alba flower contains 24 key constituents, including β-bisabolene, δ-cadinene, Δ~3-carene, and eugenol, among others A comprehensive analysis revealed a total of 168 ingredients, with 102 derived from the flower, 101 from the leaves, and 77 from the stem This study builds on previous research by Z Liang-feng et al (1982), which also investigated the chemical constituents of essential oil extracted from M alba's flower, leaves, and stem.
Terpenoids are vital secondary metabolites that play a crucial role in plant growth and development, enhancing the aroma, flavor, and color of plants They also aid in the plant's defense against environmental stress, pests, and microbial threats Among the most commonly identified chemical components are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes Notably, juvenile M alba flowers exhibit a ten-fold higher concentration of linalool compared to leaves and stems, while fallen M alba leaves also contain significant amounts of linalool (E.Q Xia et al., 2010).
The study focused on the molecular structures of constituents isolated from different plant parts to enhance the understanding of chemotaxonomy and identify the medicinal properties of non-volatile compounds, alongside comprehensive analyses of the chemical components found in M alba essential oil.
Methanol extraction was performed on the M alba flower, leaves, and stem, followed by chromatography analysis The structures of the compounds were identified and described through spectral analyses.
M alba plant sections contained 42 distinct components in all 19 constituents were separated from the flower, 21 from the leaves, and 20 from the stem out of the total 42 constituents Different chemical components from various M alba preparations have been identified A few of the important substances that have been found are aporphines, amide, benzenoids, and steroids (CY Chen et al.,
The essential oil of M alba contains several key aroma constituents, including linalool, caryophyllene, β-cubebene, eucalyptol, eugenol methyl ether, α-fenchene, germacrene D, α-humulene, (E)-ocimene, nerolidol, 2,4-diisopropenyl-1-methyl-1-vinylcyclohexane, and isoeugenyl methyl ether.
2.1.5 Traditional uses and potential application of Michelia alba
Michelia species, particularly M alba, have a rich history of traditional use in cancer treatment among natives in India and China The various parts of M alba, including its flowers, bark, roots, and leaves, are utilized for numerous therapeutic applications Traditionally, it has been employed to treat ailments such as fever, syphilis, gonorrhea, malaria, and to prevent bronchitis, prostatitis, and leucorrhea Additionally, the flower has been used as an abortive agent in some Asian cultures M alba is also believed to aid in managing abnormal vaginal discharge and irregular menstrual cycles Its essential oil is recognized for treating inflammatory conditions and cancer, while the plant has been noted for its effectiveness in suppressing cough and addressing bronchitis (Z Liang-feng et al., 1982).
The M alba flower is renowned for its powerful, sweet fragrance, making it a popular choice for garlands in ceremonial rituals and religious gifts across Asia Its therapeutic properties have led to its use in aromatherapy for mental health issues, while dried flowers are utilized in Thailand to alleviate motion sickness and heart and nerve ailments Additionally, M alba leaf extracts serve as a natural repellant and have medicinal applications, including reducing mucus production, preventing bad breath, and aiding in the breakdown of kidney stones The bark is traditionally used to treat malaria, syphilis, gonorrhea, and fever symptoms, while the fragrant white flowers are known for their abortive properties In the Philippines, M alba is also employed to address inflammatory disorders such as gout, rheumatism, and asthma.
Additives and preservatives for food
Introduction to essential oils
2.2.1 The concept of essential oils
Essential oils are organic mixtures characterized by their distinctive aromas, which vary based on the source of their raw materials Unlike fatty oils, which are composed of triglycerides, and petroleum, which consists of hydrocarbons, essential oils are primarily derived from natural, mostly plant-based sources They are typically liquid at room temperature and evaporate completely without breaking down.
In nature, many essential oils are in a free state, with only a few latent states
Essential oils exist in a latent state within raw materials and become accessible only through specific processing conditions prior to extraction Conversely, in their free state, essential oils can be directly obtained from raw materials under standard extraction conditions (Abegaz et al., 1983).
2.2.2 Distribution of essential oils in nature
Essential oils are widely distributed in nature Statistical results show that there are about 2,500 species of plants containing essential oils (Nguyen Thi Hong Lien, 2014)
Figure 2.3 Some of essential oils
The quantity of essential oil in trees is influenced by climatic and soil conditions, with tropical plants typically yielding higher essential oil reserves than those in temperate regions Additionally, the composition and concentration of essential oils can vary within different parts of the same plant Factors such as harvesting methods, preservation, and extraction techniques also play a crucial role in the amount of essential oil obtained Notably, the essential oil content varies significantly among different plants; for instance, rose essential oil is approximately 0.25%, mint contains about 1%, while anise and clove buds can have essential oil contents of up to 5% and 15%, respectively (Nguyen Thi Hong Lien, 2014).
2.2.3 Physical properties of essential oils
At room temperature, essential oils typically exist as liquids, with exceptions like menthol and camphor that are solid These oils are largely insoluble in water and are volatile, making steam distillation an effective extraction method.
Essential oils exhibit low solubility in water but are highly soluble in alcohol and organic solvents, with some being partially soluble in alkaline solutions Typically colorless or light yellow, certain essential oils like Cinnamon and Musk display darker hues, while Clove and Cinnamon are denser than water The density of essential oils varies based on their chemical composition; those rich in terpenic hydrocarbons tend to have lower density, whereas oils containing oxygenated compounds or aromatic structures are denser The refractive index of essential oils is influenced by their ingredient composition, with a higher index associated with oils containing numerous unsaturated components Additionally, essential oils do not have a fixed boiling point, which varies according to their compound makeup, with terpenes boiling at 150-160 °C and sesquiterpenes at around 250 °C.
280 o C, and polyterpenes have boiling points above 300 o C From there, we can separate the different components in the essential oil by means of fractional distillation (Jing Wan et al., 2019)
2.2.4 The process of accumulating essential oils
Essential oils in plants are produced and stored in various tissues, which differ based on their location within the plant These tissues can be found in all parts of the plant, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits, and are referred to by different names depending on their specific function and location.
- Secretory cells: cells secrete essential oils and keep them in cells (secretory tissues) such as in Rose petals, in Ginger roots, etc
- Secretory hair: also secretory cells but protruding from the surface of plants, often found in the leaves of the lily, chrysanthemum, Ca, etc
Secretory vesicles in cells are responsible for the secretion of essential oils, which are not stored within the cells but instead accumulate in an empty sinus formed through cytolytic mechanisms These secretory sacs are typically located beneath the epidermis and are commonly found in the pods of plants such as Citrus and Eucalyptus.
- Secretory tube: how to create essential oils as well as secretory sacs but located deep inside the wood and running along the wood grain, encountered in
Essential oils are extracted from various parts of plants, including flowers such as rose, jasmine, orange, and lemon; leaves like eucalyptus, mint, and frankincense; bark from cinnamon; stems from oud sandalwood and lemongrass; and roots such as ginger and turmeric (Nguyen Thi Hong Lien, 2014).
2.2.5 Principles of essential oil production
The productivity to separate flower essential oils depends on many factors:
- The obtained essential oil must have the same natural aroma as the raw material
- The extraction process must be suitable for the raw materials
- Essential oils must be completely removed from the raw materials, at the lowest cost
2.2.6 Principle of essential oil extraction
According to Phung Thi Ai Huu (2012), the extraction principles of all the above methods are based on the properties of essential oils such as:
- Attracted to steam at temperatures below 100 o C
- Easily soluble in organic solvents
- Easily absorbed in the gaseous state
2.2.7.1 Extraction method with water/water and steam/steam entrainment distillation
Method of extraction from water
In water distillation, it is essential to ensure that the water fully covers the material while leaving ample space above the water layer to prevent vigorous boiling from splashing the feedstock Heat can be applied directly using firewood or through steam from a boiler in a double-bottomed vessel If the filler is too fine and does not settle at the bottom, it may lead to burning of the ingredients in contact with the pot's base; therefore, incorporating stirrer blades during the extraction process is necessary (Phung Thi Ai Huu, 2013).
This extraction method is generally unsuitable for essential oils that are susceptible to hydrolysis It works best with porous and discrete materials Additionally, components that have a high boiling point and are highly soluble in water may not vaporize effectively in large volumes, resulting in essential oils that are deficient in these compounds (Phung Thi Ai Huu, 2013).
Water and steam distillation method
In this steam distillation method, ingredients are placed on a perforated griddle, while the distillation pot is filled with water, ensuring the water does not touch the grate Heat can be applied either through direct fire or by utilizing steam from a boiler, which warms the surrounding layer beneath the pot This technique exemplifies steam distillation at normal pressure, resulting in a condensate that contains fewer decomposition products compared to direct steam distillation, particularly under high pressure or superheated conditions (Phung Thi Ai Huu, 2013).
The preparation of ingredients is crucial for effective steam distillation, as steam only contacts the material by passing through it To maximize steam exposure, materials should be uniform in size; overly fine grinding can lead to clumping, restricting steam flow and reducing essential oil extraction Additionally, the initial steam may condense, causing essential oils to return to the water, resulting in loss Proper preparation requires experience to ensure porosity for each material type This method offers the advantage of producing fewer decomposition products compared to water distillation It is essential to heat only the bottom of the pot and prevent the ingredient tray from contacting boiling water, which also conserves fuel However, this technique is unsuitable for clumping materials and may require excessive steam and time to vaporize high-boiling components at normal pressure Finally, to avoid off-smells in subsequent batches, the water beneath the blister must be replaced after distillation (Phung Thi Ai Huu, 2013).
This method utilizes the principles of diffusion, osmosis, dissolution, and vaporization of organic compounds in essential oils when plant tissues are subjected to high-temperature steam The swelling of cells containing essential oils facilitates diffusion, especially when exposed to saturated steam for a specific duration However, in plant tissues rich in waxes, resins, and fatty acids, increased steam and prolonged distillation are necessary, as these compounds lower the overall vapor pressure and hinder the diffusion process (Phung Thi Ai Huu, 2013).
The steam distillation method utilizes the principle of distilling an insoluble mixture of water and essential oils When heated, both components evaporate, and if the combined pressure of the steam and essential oil matches the ambient pressure, the mixture boils, allowing the essential oil to be extracted with the steam (Phung Thi Ai Huu, 2012).
Essential oils can be extracted by boiling raw materials and water in a simple and cost-effective device, allowing steam to capture the essential oil vapor After cooling and condensing the vapor, the essential oil can be separated from the water This straightforward equipment is ideal for small-scale local production, particularly in areas where essential oil extraction is just starting and initial investment conditions are limited.
However, this method also has disadvantages:
- Quality of essential oil products is not high
- Materials are easy to burn, due to lack of water, stick to the wall of the device
- Difficult to adjust technical parameters (temperature, pressure), long distillation time
Introduction to perfumes and fragrances
2.3.1 Odor and odor detection threshold
There are approximately 400,000 odorous organic compounds among over two million total compounds, with specific atoms or groups responsible for their unique scents Humans possess around 1,000 olfactory receptor proteins concentrated in a small area of the nasal epithelium, which interact with distinct odor molecules Each olfactory receptor can detect only a limited number of odor molecules, but multiple receptors can be activated simultaneously, sending signals to the olfactory bulb's glomeruli This information is then relayed to various brain regions, where it is processed to create smell-related sensations Remarkably, humans can identify and remember about 10,000 different odor molecules, enabling them to recognize a vast array of scents, including those they have never encountered before (Manon Genva et al., 2019).
Essential oils are categorized into three distinct scent notes: top, middle, and base notes The classification of an essential oil into these categories depends on its scent characteristics, with lighter molecules evaporating quickly and heavier ones lasting longer A well-balanced essential oil blend ideally incorporates all three notes to create a harmonious fragrance.
- Top note: Typically one to two hours, lighter and fresher scents It evaporates the fastest of all three because it has the lightest molecular structure
The middle note is the fragrance that emerges after the top note fades, typically lasting between two to four hours This note significantly influences the base notes and their longevity.
The base note emerges after the top and middle scents have dissipated, typically characterized by a strong, warm, and woody aroma that can linger for one to two days (James Brown et al., 2022).
The perfume creation process involves a meticulous step-by-step mixing procedure Initially, raw materials are cleaned and essential oils are extracted These crude essential oils are then blended into three distinct notes: top, middle, and base The mixture is allowed to rest for three days at 16°C to let impurities settle, followed by filtration to remove any residue After filtration, the product is kept stable at 16°C for 7 to 21 days, allowing the ingredients to interact and develop a unique scent Following this, the aging process begins The perfume undergoes sensory evaluation; if it does not meet quality standards, it returns to the dissolution stage for formula adjustments Finally, the product is stabilized for 14 days before undergoing further testing and evaluation based on specific criteria.
- Sensory: Color, odor, incense retention time
- Physical and chemical indicators: pH, heavy metal content
(Jean-Pierre Brun et al., 2013)
2.3.4 The technology of making perfume
Classification of perfume by essential oil concentration
Products are typically made using 100% natural flavorings or a combination of natural and synthetic flavorings in a solvent The classification of these products can be based on the concentration of essential oils, also referred to as the content of aromas in the mixture.
Parfum, Extrait, or Elixir is the most luxurious type of perfume, containing 20-40% essence Due to its high essence concentration, it offers a long-lasting fragrance, requiring only a small amount for a significant scent effect Typically, Parfum is sold in smaller quantities.
- Eau De Parfum (EDP): EDP contains the amount of essence in the range of
With a concentration of 15-25%, this EDP perfume offers a strong scent that lasts approximately 8 to 10 hours It is best suited for open and spacious environments, making it a versatile choice for various occasions Many perfume manufacturers incorporate this formulation into their products, highlighting its widespread applicability in the fragrance industry.
Classification of perfumes based on the type of substance
Liquid perfumes are typically applied using a spray method, where various flavor essences are blended in different concentrations These essences are combined with solvent media, such as water or alcohol, to produce the final fragrance product.
Perfume is commonly perceived as a liquid, but advancements in technology and evolving consumer preferences have introduced a novel form: cream-based perfume This innovative approach offers a unique and intriguing alternative to traditional liquid fragrances.
This is the crystallization of essences, waxes and carrier oils to create a creamy mixture You use it to apply to the skin or desired locations (M Irshad et al., 2019).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Time and place of study
- Research location: Institute for Microalgae and Pharmacosmetics (IMPC)
- Time: from July 2022 to December 2022.
Research subject and materials
Samples of M.alba flowers were collected at the Institute for Microalgae and Pharmacosmetics, Vietnam National University of Agriculture.
Research content
- Determination of suitable method for aroma extraction from M alba
- Determination of optimal ratio between flowers and extraction materials for use in floral aromatherapy and solvent extraction
- Determining the method of making perfume from M alba essential oil after extraction.
Equipments and chemicals
Chemicals: Anhydrous sodium sulfate, stearins (extracted from palms), alcohol, hexane, petroleum ether, animal fat
Equipments: Essential oil distillation equipment, glass jars, 2 panes of glass with a wooden frame, refrigerator, , vacuum evaporator, volumetric flask, graduated cylinder, elernmeyer flask.
Research methods
3.5.1 The process of extracting essential oils and investigating influencing factors
Figure 3.1 The process of distillation and collection of M alba essential oil by water-steam entrainment distillation method
Install a steam distillation system and distill for 30 minutes to 180 minutes to get the M alba essential oil in its raw form
After the distillation process is the process of settling and cleaning the essential oil For easy separation of essential oils, clear layering of water and essential oils
After separating the essential oil from the distillate mixture, continue to add about 5 g of anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 to completely anhydrous the water particles still in the essential oil layer
Take the remaining distilled water with a little bit of stored essential oil and re-distill it to collect the essential oil more thoroughly
Collect essential oils that have been cleaned and preserved
3.5.2 Comparative of M alba essential oils obtained from water distillation, steam distillation and water-steam entrainment distillation methods
3.5.2.1 Experiment 1: Extracting M alba essential oil from water distillation method and finding the amount of essential oil obtained
To do this experiment, we have to prepare 500g of fresh M alba flowers extracted with 1.000 ml of distilled water for 4 hours using water distillation The experimental procedure is described below:
- Flowers are treated and prepared according to the ratio of solid materials (water)
Steam distillation involves heating a mixture of ingredients to produce steam, which carries essential oils along with it to a condenser In the condenser, the cold steam results in a mixture of water and essential oils, which are insoluble and can be easily separated to extract pure essential oils.
- Extract the final essential oil with 5g anhydrous sodium sulfate and then keep it for further analysis
3.5.2.2 Experiment 2: Extracting M alba essential oil from steam distillation method and finding the amount of essential oil obtained
To do this experiment, we have to prepare 500g of fresh M alba flowers extracted with 1.000 ml of distilled water for 4 hours using steam distillation The experimental procedure is described below:
- Flowers are treated and prepared according to the ratio of solid materials (water)
Steam distillation involves heating a mixture of ingredients to produce steam, which carries essential oils as it vaporizes This steam then travels to a condenser, where it cools and forms a mixture of water and essential oils Since these two components are insoluble, they can be easily separated, allowing for the extraction of pure essential oils.
- Extract the final essential oil with 5g anhydrous sodium sulfate and then keep it for further analysis
3.5.2.3 Experiment 3: Extracting M alba essential oil from water-steam entrainment distillation method and finding the amount of essential oil obtained
To do this experiment, we have to prepare 500g of fresh M alba flowers extracted with 1.000 ml of distilled water for 4 hours using water-steam entrainment distillation
The experimental procedure is described below:
- Install a steam distillation system and distill for 30 minutes to 180 minutes to get the M alba essential oil in its raw form
- After the distillation process is the process of settling and cleaning the essential oil For easy separation of essential oils, clear layering of water and essential oils
- After separating the essential oil from the distillate mixture, continue to add about 5g of anhydrous Na2SO4 to completely anhydrous the water particles still in the essential oil layer
- Take the remaining distilled water with a little bit of stored essential oil and re-distill it to collect the essential oil more thoroughly
- Collect essential oils that have been cleaned and preserved
3.5.3 Comparing two methods of separating flower scent
3.5.3.1 Experiment 4: Using cold separating method
In this study, 100ml of palm stearin was melted at 80°C and applied to two glass panes To determine the optimal absorption of floral aromas, six different ratios of flowers to palm stearin were tested: 1.000g, 1.500g, 2.000g, 2.500g, 3.000g, and 3.500g per 200ml.
Table 3.1 The investigation of the effect of the amount of ingredients added into 200ml of palm stearin on the amount of essential oil obtained in cold separating method
The experimental procedure is described below:
- Extract stearin from palm trees and flowers must be washed
Volume of palm stearin used (ml)
To create a beautiful floral display, melt stearin at 80°C and spread it over two panes of glass Place flowers on one layer of sheets coated with the melted fat, then cover them with another layer of sheets After approximately one day, remove the flowers and replace them with fresh ones for a stunning effect.
- Repeating the segment until the fats are saturated with floral aroma
- The aromatic or waxy fats are then mixed with alcohol to separate the removed aromatics from the solvent by a vacuum evaporator to obtain completely pure oil
3.5.3.2 Experiment 5: Using hot separating method
Using 400ml of palm oil heated to 60°C for 30 minutes Six ratios: 300g, 350g, 400g, 450g, 500g and 550 g flower/400 ml palm oil were used
Table 3.2 The investigation of the effect of the amount of ingredients added into 400ml of palm stearin on the amount of essential oil obtained in hot separating method
The experimental procedure is described below:
- Putting flowers in palm oil heated to 60°C for 30 minutes
- The mixture is then cooled down and kept in the refrigerator overnight The
Volume of palm stearin used (ml)
550 oil is then stirred for several days
- The obtained oil is filtered and then extracted with alcohol to get the pure composition
3.5.4 Studying on extraction of M alba essential oil with organic solvents (hexane, petroleum ether)
3.5.4.1 Experiment 6: Extracting M alba essential oil by hexane
Hexane is used to extract scents from M alba flowers Six ratios: 100g, 150g, 200g, 250g, 300g and 350g flowers were soaked with 1 liter of solvent for 1 hour The experimental procedure is described below:
- Flowers are soaked with 1 liter of hexane solvent for 1 hour
- After removing the flower carcasses, the solvents are then removed from the mixture by evaporation under vacuum to obtain specific components
- Pure M alba is extracted from the mixed mass by alcohol
Table 3.3 The investigation of the effect of the amount of ingredients added into 1000ml of hexane solvent on the amount of essential oil obtained in extracting with hexane
Volume of hexane used (ml)
3.5.4.2 Experiment 7: Extracting essential oil by petroleum ether
Petroleum ether is used to extract the scent from the flowers of M alba Six ratios: 100g, 150g, 200g, 250g, 300g and 350g flowers were soaked with 1 liter of solvent for 1 hour
Table 3.4 presents the findings on how varying the quantity of ingredients mixed into 1000ml of petroleum ether solvent influences the yield of essential oil extracted using petroleum ether.
The experimental procedure is described below:
- Flowers are soaked with 1 liter of ether solvent for 1 hour
- After removing the flower carcasses, the solvents are then removed from the mixture by evaporation under vacuum to obtain specific components
- Pure M alba is extracted from the mixed mass by alcohol
Volume of petroleum ether used (ml)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Extraction results of M alba flower essential oil by distillation method
4.1.1 Finding the maximum amount of M alba essential oils obtained from water distillation, steam distillation and water-steam entrainment distillation methods
4.1.1.1 Experiment 1: Extracting M alba essential oil from water distillation method and finding the amount of essential oil obtained
After the extraction is complete, I obtain an amount of M alba essential oil by the water distillation method with the ratio: 500g flowers/ 1000ml distilled water for 4 hours below:
Volume of distilled water used (ml)
The amount of essential oil obtain (%)
Table 4.1 The amount of essential oil obtain from water distillation method
4.1.1.2 Experiment 2: Extracting M alba essential oil from steam distillation method and finding the amount of essential oil obtained
After the extraction is complete, I obtain an amount of M alba essential oil by the steam distillation method with the ratio: 500g flowers/ 1000ml distilled water for 4 hours below:
Volume of distilled water used (ml)
The amount of essential oil obtain (%)
Table 4.2 The amount of essential oil obtain from steam distillation method
4.1.1.3 Experiment 3: Extracting M alba essential oil from water-steam entrainment distillation method and finding the amount of essential oil obtained
After the extraction is complete, I obtain an amount of M alba essential oil by the water-steam entrainment distillation method with the ratio: 500g flowers/ 1000ml distilled water for 4 hours below:
Volume of distilled water used (ml)
The amount of essential oil obtain (%)
Table 4.3 The amount of essential oil obtain from water-steam entrainment distillation method
4.1.2 Comparative of M alba essential oils obtained from water distillation, steam distillation and water-steam entrainment distillation methods
The results of comparison of essential oils obtained from distillation methods are shown in Figure 4.1 below:
Figure 4.1 The maximum amount of M alba essential oils obtained by water distillation method, steam distillation and water-steam entrainment distillation
The water distillation method yields the highest essential oil content at 0.244%, compared to 0.132% from steam distillation and 0.189% from water-steam entrainment distillation While research suggests that steam distillation typically produces more concentrated extracts, experimental results indicate that the essential oil extracted from M Alba flowers using water distillation is superior to that obtained through the other two methods.
For the method of distillation from water, steam and water-steam entrainment, the obtained essential oil has a dark yellow color and a characteristic odor of M alba flowers
4.2 Extraction results of M alba flower essential oil by separating flower scent method
4.2.1 Finding the maximum amount of M alba essential oils obtained from two methods of separating scent
4.2.1.1 Experiment 4: Extracting M alba essential oil from cold separating method
After the extraction is complete, I obtain an amount of M alba essential oil by cold separating method with the ratio: 1.000g, 1.500g, 2.000g, 2.500g, 3.000g, and 3.500g/200 ml palm stearin below:
Table 4.4 The optimal amount of essential oils obtained in cold separating method
The optimal amount of essential oil in relation to flower/palm oil ratios of 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, and 3500 grams with 200ml of palm stearin is as follows: 0.3524%, 0.3787%, 0.3701%, 0.3688%, 0.3579%, and 0.3115%, respectively The highest concentration of essential oil is achieved at 0.3787% when using 1500g of M alba flowers combined with 200ml of palm stearin, indicating that exceeding this amount may not yield better results.
Amount of palm stearin used (ml)
3.500 0.3115 give more essential oil, but to get the most optimal amount of essential oil depends on the amount of palm stearin that we use
4.2.1.2 Experiment 5: Extracting M alba essential oil from hot separating method
After the extraction is complete, I obtain an amount of M alba essential oil by hot separating method with the ratio: 300g, 350g, 400g, 450g, 500g and 550g flower/400 ml palm oil below:
Materials Amount of flowers used (g)
Volume of palm stearin used (ml)
Table 4.5 The optimal amount of essential oils obtained in hot separating method
The optimal amount of essential oil, based on the flower/palm oil ratios of 300g, 350g, 400g, 450g, 500g, and 550g with 400ml of palm oil, is highlighted in Table 4.5 The corresponding essential oil percentages are 0.2676%, 0.2878%, 0.3015%, 0.3525%, 0.2723%, and 0.2714% Notably, the best essential oil concentration is 0.3525%, achieved with a ratio of 450g of M alba flowers.
4.2.2 Comparative of M alba essential oils obtained from cold and hot separating methods
The hot separation method significantly enhances productivity, likely due to the application of heat during extraction Both extraction methods yield products containing palm wax and palm oil, which are extracted using alcohol While palm wax can be effectively removed through filtration or centrifugation, the extraction of palm oil poses greater challenges, resulting in notable differences in the quantities obtained.
Extraction results of M alba flower essential oil by using organic
4.3.1 Finding the maximum amount of M alba essential oils by using hexane solvent
4.3.1.1 Experiment 6: Extracting M alba essential oil by hexane
After the extraction is complete, I obtain an amount of M alba essential oil by using organic solvents with the ratios: 100g, 150g, 200g, 250g, 300g and 350g flowers with 1000ml of hexane below:
Materials Amount of flowers used (g)
Volume of hexane used (ml)
Table 4.6 The optimal amount of essential oils obtained in using hexane solvent method
Table 4.6 presents the optimal essential oil yields for various flower/hexane ratios of 100g, 150g, 200g, 250g, 300g, and 350g with 1000ml of hexane, yielding percentages of 0.4667%, 0.6563%, 0.5004%, 0.6625%, 0.4773%, and 0.4712%, respectively The highest yield of essential oil, at 0.6871%, is achieved with a ratio of 250g of M alba flowers.
4.3.1.2 Experiment 7: Extracting M alba essential oil by petroleum ether
After the extraction is complete, I obtain an amount of M alba essential oil by using organic solvents with the ratios: 100g, 150g, 200g, 250g, 300g and 350g flowers with 1000ml of petroleum ether below:
Materials Amount of flowers used (g)
Volume of petroleum ether used (ml)
Table 4.7 The optimal amount of essential oils obtained in using petroleum ether solvent method
Table 4.7 indicates that the optimal essential oil concentration varies with flower ratios of 100g, 150g, 200g, 250g, 300g, and 350g combined with 1000ml of petroleum ether, yielding percentages of 0.4783, 0.4924, 0.5720, 0.5389, 0.5112, and 0.4982, respectively The highest concentration of essential oil, at 0.5720%, is achieved using 200g of M alba flowers.
4.3.2 Comparative of M alba essential oils obtained from methods of using hexane and petroleum ether
After the experiment, the results of the experiment with hexane and petroleum ether are shown in the following table:
Table 4.8 The results of the experiment with hexane and petroleum ether
Corresponding (%) Amount of essential oi obtain (%) Concrete Absolute
According to experimental evaluation and obtained results, the method of extracting M alba essential oil by petroleum ether solvent is more effective
The hexane extraction yielded nine compounds, with phenylethyl alcohol (39.27%) and indole (27.35%) as the primary components In contrast, the ether extraction resulted in six compounds, where phenylethyl alcohol (35.06%) and linalool (36.14%) were the dominant constituents.
Analyzing of M alba essential oil products obtained from various
Solvent extraction is the preferred technique for obtaining essential oils from aromatic plants, as it prevents the thermal decomposition of aromatic compounds This method must be conducted under safe conditions to ensure optimal results.
Steam distillation is a common method for extracting essential oils, but it may lead to the loss of some heat-sensitive compounds and cause staining of the oils A notable technique is scent separation, particularly hot incense separation, which produces high yields and captures aromas that closely resemble fresh flowers.
Distillation The oil is dark yellow and the scent of flowers rises
The substance is a reddish-brown, wax-like solid, and its aroma differs based on the extraction method; the cold method produces a scent reminiscent of fresh flowers, while the hot method offers a contrasting fragrance.
- Brown and wax-like semi-solid with a smell similar to fresh flowers but more pungent Extraction with ether oil showed a stronger scent than hexane extraction
Table 4.9 Different physical states of essential oil products of three main methods
Hot separation scent, hexane solvent, and ether oil methods produce high-quality floral extracts, primarily due to the presence of key constituents like linalool and indole, which are essential in many perfumes.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusions
The findings of this study prove and give conclusions as following:
- For the method of distillation from water, steam and water-steam entrainment, the obtained essential oil has a dark yellow color and a characteristic odor of M alba flowers
- Percent yield of finished products by cold and hot separation, hexane, petroleum ether at the saturation point respectively 0.3787, 0.3525, 0.6871 and 0.5720 (%)
- The smell of M alba is obtained from the aromatic separation method more than other methods.
Suggestions
Based on the obtained conclusions, we recommend that:
- Conducting a survey to collect feedback from users who tried a new Vietnamese dry perfume product on sensory criteria, hair care effectiveness and anti-dandruff effectiveness
- Identifying chemical substances in M alba essential oil obtained by different methods
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