A IMS OF THE S TUDY
This study investigates the shifts in lexicogrammar and existential processes during the translation of Emily Bronté's Wuthering Heights into Vietnamese by Duong Tuong It utilizes Catford's translation shifts and Halliday's systemic functional grammar as frameworks for analysis.
O BJECTIVES OF THE S TUDY
To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher will focus on some specific objectives:
-To find out the structure and configuration of ‘existential’ clause in the literacy work Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronté;
-To find out the types of translation shifts in translation;
-To examine how translation shifts facilitate shifts in process.
R ESEARCH Q UESTIONS
To achieve the aims and objectives mentioned above, the thesis concentrates on answering the following questions:
1.How are ‘existential’ clauses structured and existential processes represented in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronté?
2.What types of shift are involved in translating these English ‘existential’ clauses into Vietnamese?
3.In what way do translation shifts facilitate shifts in processes as embedded in English ‘existential’ clauses?
S COPE OF THE S TUDY
Translation shifts can occur at various levels of lexicogrammar, but this study specifically examines rank groups and phrases While there are three lines of meaning in metafunctions, the focus here is solely on the ideational meaning, particularly the experiential aspect The data sample is limited to "Wuthering Heights" by Emily Bronté and its translation "Đồi gió hú" by Dương.
S IGNIFICANCE OF THE S TUDY
This thesis aims to explore the transformation of existential clauses during translation and to highlight the differences in how existence is expressed in English and Vietnamese.
O RGANIZATION OF THE S TUDY
In the thesis, there are five chapters
The introduction chapter outlines the rationale, aims, and objectives of the study, presents the research questions, highlights the significance of the research, defines the scope of the study, and details the organization of the overall work.
The second chapter provides a comprehensive overview of translation theory and equivalence, highlighting Catford's theory on translation shifts and Halliday's perspective on clauses as representations It also explores the concepts of below and beyond the clauses, along with a review of previous studies pertinent to the topic.
The third chapter is devoted to a description of the methods used in this thesis, process of data collection, and examples of data analysis
The fourth chapter of the thesis focuses on the research findings related to 'existential' clauses, examining their translation into Vietnamese and the shifts that occur during the translation process.
The concluding chapter summarizes the research by highlighting key findings, discussing their implications, acknowledging limitations, and offering suggestions for future research.
LITERATURE REVIEW
A N O VERVIEW OF P REVIOUS S TUDIES
Translation has been essential for communication and access to significant scientific and religious texts for centuries (Munday, 2008) Various linguistic approaches to equivalence in translation have been proposed by numerous researchers Meetham and Hudson identify fully and partially equivalent translations, while Nida distinguishes between formal and dynamic equivalence Additionally, Newmark presents approaches grounded in semiotic or communicative purposes (Lê, 2015).
The concept of equivalence is also discussed by Halliday (2001), using the theory of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFL) He suggests three approaches to equivalence: stratification, rank and metafunctions
Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is a linguistic approach focused on explaining language through meaning and developing grammar to analyze any text effectively (Matthiessen, Teruya, & Lam, 2010) Numerous researchers have contributed to the understanding of this theory, with Eggins (1994) outlining the principles and techniques of the functional approach, Bloor and Bloor (1995) providing a beginner-friendly summary, and Martin, Matthiessen, and Painter (1997) offering extensive grammatical analyses.
Research on the Vietnamese language through the framework of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) has gained attention, notably in Hoang's (2005) work, which outlines the transitivity system He identifies six key processes in Vietnamese: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential Additionally, Hoang highlights three distinctive features: the differing meanings of the verbs bị and được in passive constructions, the necessity of the word lạ in the dependent range of 'material' clauses, and the omission of verb groups in 'relational' and 'existential' clauses.
Chueasuai (2017) explored the relationship between interpersonal metafunction and power dynamics among main characters in Fifty Shades of Grey, comparing the original English text with its Thai translation His analysis of character conversations highlighted significant differences in power representation, attributed to the absence of certain linguistic features in Thai that are present in English.
Hu (2017) conducted a study comparing the experiential meaning in the poem "Ode to the West Wind" and its Chinese translations The findings indicate that the translation process often does not preserve the original meaning, allowing for the transformation of one type of process into another without altering the overall message.
Rosaa, Sinar, Ibrahim-Bell, and Setia (2017) conducted a study comparing the translation approaches of student and professional translators in the context of historical texts Utilizing Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) to analyze metafunctions, the research revealed that professional translators exhibited more metafunctional shifts than their student counterparts The findings indicated that professionals prioritized preserving meaning in their translations, whereas students focused on maintaining the original form.
SFL serves as the foundational framework for Catford's (1965) translation theory, as outlined in his book "A Linguistic Theory of Translation." Catford defines equivalence across various language strata, acknowledging its presence not only in content but also in expression, including phonology and phonetics Additionally, he introduces translation shifts as a valuable analytical tool for examining translation processes.
The term shift was introduced by Catford in his work published in 1965
Shifts are defined as "departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL [Source language] to the TL [Target language]" (p.73) These shifts are categorized into two main types: rank shifts and category shifts.
In similar vein, Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) discuss also the concept of shift, using the term transposition, but it hadn’t been popular until their book was translated into English language
Translation shift theoryis a useful tool for analysis of lexicogrammar shifts in translation, and there have been many researchers utilizing it (Khafaji, 2006; Rezvani & Nouraey, 2014; Venckienė, 2015)
Despite extensive research on metafunction shifts, there has been a lack of investigation into the shifts between English and Vietnamese languages, particularly from a lexicogrammar perspective This study aims to explore these shifts through the lens of metafunctions, focusing on experiential meaning and utilizing Catford’s model of translation shift (1965/2000) to analyze the process shifts that occur during translation.
T HEORETICAL B ACKGROUND
Translation has been practiced for thousands of years, but its academic study gained prominence in the 20th century (Munday, 2008) The definition of translation remains a topic of debate among scholars, with various linguists and theorists offering their perspectives Jakobson (1959/2000) describes interlingual translation as "an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages" (p.114), emphasizing the substitution of entire messages rather than individual code units Catford (1965) defines translation as "the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)" (p.20) Larson (1984) views translation as a transfer of meaning from the source language to the receptor language, noting that while the form may change, the meaning must remain intact Newmark (1988) highlights the importance of the author's intention, defining translation as rendering the meaning of a text into another language as the author intended.
Translation is a process that transforms the forms of content between source and target languages while preserving the original meaning and the author's impact on readers.
Translation aims to convey meaning, but achieving this goal is challenging due to the inherent differences between languages As noted by Nida (1964/2000), no two languages are identical in their meanings or sentence structures This is exemplified by Jakobson's (1959/2000) analysis of the word "cheese" in English and Russian, where he concludes that "there is ordinarily no full equivalence between code-units" (p.114) Consequently, Meetham and Hudson (1972) emphasize the complexities involved in translation practices.
Texts in various languages can exhibit varying degrees of equivalence, whether fully or partially, across different levels of presentation, including context, semantics, grammar, and lexis This equivalence can occur at multiple ranks, such as word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, or sentence-for-sentence (Bell, 1991, p 6).
In "A Linguistic Theory of Translation," Catford (1965) distinguishes between textual equivalence and formal correspondence Textual equivalence refers to a target language (TL) text or a portion of it that is considered equivalent to a source language (SL) text or a part of it, determined by a competent bilingual informant or translator Formal correspondence, on the other hand, involves a different aspect of translation that Catford elaborates on.
A formal correspondent in translation refers to a target language (TL) category that closely aligns with the function of a source language (SL) category within its economic context This concept, as outlined by Catford (1965), emphasizes the importance of maintaining equivalent roles between languages during translation.
Munday (2008) highlights that "Textual equivalence is thus tied to a particular ST–TT pair, while formal equivalence is a more general system-based concept between a pair of languages" (p.60) Nida and Taber (1982) emphasize that the primary goal of translation is to convey the meaning of the source language (SL) text, suggesting that "certain rather radical departures from the formal structure are not only legitimate but may even be highly desirable" (p.13) This indicates that adjustments in lexicogrammar are necessary to accurately reproduce the message of the SL text Consequently, Catford (1965) introduces the concept of translation shifts as a tool for this process (see section 2.2.3).
Nida (1964/2000) identifies two approaches to translation equivalence: formal equivalence, which emphasizes content preservation, and dynamic equivalence, which focuses on the effects on readers In a similar vein, Newmark (1988) introduces communicative translation, aiming to achieve effective communication in the target language.
The concept of "equivalent effect" aims to achieve a similar impact on the readership, emphasizing the importance of semantic translation that prioritizes meaning Halliday (2001) introduces metafunctions as a framework for analyzing equivalence, with ideational meaning being the most significant According to Halliday, translation equivalence is fundamentally defined in ideational terms; a text that fails to align ideationally with its source does not meet the criteria for being considered a true translation.
From the perspective of the equivalence regarding to metafunction, we now move to the introduction of systemic functional grammar
Systemic functional grammar (SFG) is a linguistic approach that focuses on understanding language use within communication contexts It conceptualizes language as a resource shaped by its usage, thereby linking language form to the meanings it conveys (Thompson, 2009).
In the 1930s and 1940s, Firth laid the groundwork for a social approach to linguistic description, which was further developed by his student Halliday into what was initially called Scale and Category Grammar Halliday's framework evolved into Systemic Linguistic and was later referred to as Functional Grammar to emphasize its grammatical aspects Recent contributions from scholars like Jim Martin and Christian Mathiessen have significantly advanced this framework (Trask, 2005; Thompson, 2009).
According to Hoang (2005), language models are structured into three main strata: phonetics, syntax, and semantics Each stratum is organized into various ranks, patterns, and systems Ranks represent different units within a stratum, such as clauses, groups, words, and morphemes in lexicogrammar Patterns demonstrate how these units combine to form larger structures, while systems outline the available choices for each unit's position.
In Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), five key strata are identified: context, semantics, lexicogrammar, phonology, and phonetics.
Figure 2.1: Stratification in English language
(Derived from Halliday and Matthiesen 2004)
Phonetic and phonology strata are essential for understanding speech sounds and expression Language operates on two main strata: lexicogrammar and semantics, which help us make sense of our experiences and facilitate social interactions The semantics stratum focuses on the meaning behind our interactions, while the lexicogrammar stratum transforms these experiences into words Additionally, the context stratum encompasses the ongoing dynamics of conversations, including participant relationships and interaction methods The relationship between these strata, known as realization, indicates that a higher stratum is expressed through the lower one (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004) Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) specifically addresses lexicogrammar, situated between semantics and phonology, and emphasizes semantics by viewing grammar as a resource for expressing meaning (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004).
According to the 2004 study, prioritizing the "view from above" in semantics implies that the organizing principle is based on a system, where grammar is understood as a network of interconnected meaningful choices.
S UMMARY OF THE C HAPTER
This chapter outlines the theory of translation and the theoretical concepts of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), which provide a framework for analyzing experiential meaning in verbal texts It introduces representations both below and beyond the clause and discusses Catford's translation shift theory Additionally, the chapter offers a brief overview of previous studies related to the theories being examined.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
R ESEARCH A PPROACHES
This thesis employs both qualitative and quantitative methods, with a primary focus on the qualitative approach The qualitative analysis aims to examine the translation shifts of clauses, the processes involved in target language (TL) clauses, and the relationship between translation shifts and process shifts Meanwhile, the quantitative method is used to tally the occurrences of each type of shift and process.
The analysis utilized a combination of comparative and descriptive methods The comparative method identified similarities and differences in the results, while the descriptive method offered a detailed examination of the sample analysis and the interdependence between shifts in lexico-grammar and process shifts.
D ATA C OLLECTION
The literary work which serves as the sample for this study is Wuthering
Heights by Emily Bronté available online at https://www.pdfdrive.com/wuthering-heights-planet-pdf-d7009947.html Figure 3.1 is the capture of a page of this website
PDFDRIVE is a free ebook store offering over 86 million ebooks across various categories, including education, biography, environment, and art.
The Vietnamese translation of "Wuthering Heights," titled "Doi Gio Hu," was translated by Duong Tuong and published by Literature Publishing House in 2016 Duong Tuong, a notable writer, poet, and translator, has translated over 50 works, including "Gone with the Wind" by Margaret Mitchell and "The Tempest" by Shakespeare Established nearly a century ago, Literature Publishing House is recognized as one of the most prestigious publishers in Vietnam.
The study focuses on 140 'existential' clauses from Emily Bronté's Wuthering Heights, identified based on the existential process framework by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) Initially, both relational and 'existential' clauses were to be analyzed due to their significant impact on process changes in translation However, the scope of the work was adjusted to concentrate solely on 'existential' clauses, as the extensive analysis required was not feasible for a master's thesis Ultimately, the research is limited to the 140 'existential' clauses present in the text, despite an initial goal of collecting around 150.
"Wuthering Heights," written by Emily Brontë in the mid-19th century and published in 1847, is celebrated for its intricate plot and enduring popularity This classic of English literature explores a complex tale of romance and revenge involving Heathcliff and the Earnshaw and Linton families, vividly illustrating the psychological and physical traits of its characters.
We chose to focus our research on literary discourse instead of other genres because literary translation offers significant opportunities for lexico-grammatical shifts that achieve equivalent effects in translation Additionally, the engaging content and abundant examples found in literary works enhance our enjoyment throughout the research process.
D ATA A NALYSIS
Languages are complex systems with various levels of structure This thesis focuses on analyzing data at the simple clause level, as Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) assert that metafunctions are embedded within clauses The analysis was conducted through a series of systematic steps.
We identified 140 'existential' clauses from Wuthering Heights, which were categorized into groups based on the theory of Halliday & Matthiessen Additionally, we analyzed the elements of the transitivity system, including processes, participants, and circumstances, in accordance with the Functional Grammar framework An example of this analysis is provided.
[64 WH, p.229] After that, we identified the translation clauses of the ‘existential’ ones in
Doi Gio Hu In the same way, we analyzed the translation clauses in both lexical- grammar and experiential meaning
Còn có những buồng khác nữa chứ
We identified the types of shifts that occur during the translation process, guided by Catford's theory Our analysis involved categorizing samples into groups based on the types of shifts present Ultimately, we compared the translation processes of English and Vietnamese clauses, revealing the relationships between translation shifts and process shifts.
S UMMARY OF THE C HAPTER
This chapter outlines various research methods employed in the study, including qualitative, quantitative, descriptive, and comparative approaches Additionally, it details the processes of data collection, data analysis, and the overall research procedures.
Adverbial group (AG) Verbal group (VG) Nominal group (NG)
Pr: existential Existent luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
P REAMBLE OF E NGLISH E XISTENTIAL C LAUSES
4.1.1 The Structure of ‘Existential’ Clause
Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) describe an 'existential' clause consisting of three main components: the adverbial group "there," which lacks a functional label in the transitivity system; a verbal group representing the process; and an existent, which can be expressed as a nominal group or an embedded clause, encompassing various phenomena Additionally, optional elements may serve as circumstances, which can take the form of nominal or adverbial groups, or prepositional phrases.
Table 4.1.The structure of an ordinary ‘existential’ clause
Adverbial group (AG) Verbal group (VG)
Nominal group (NG) or Embedded Clause
The below part shows the analysis of several ‘existential’ clauses in the sample: luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
There will be no saving him
[25 WH, p 114] According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), if the circumstantial element is theme of the clause, then the AG there may be omitted as the illustration below:
Table 4.2 The structure of ‘existential’ clause with circumstance as theme
AG/PP/NG VG NG
Circumstance (Cir) Pr: existential Existent
In the sample, there are a few of them structured like that:
Above the chimney were sundry villainous old guns, and a couple of horse-pistols
As has been mentioned, there are circumstantial elements and these are placed at the beginning or at the end of the clause
4.1.1.1 Circumstance at the Beginning of the Clause
Table 4.3 The structure of ‘existential’ clause with circumstance at initial position luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
AG/PP/NG AG VG NG
The example (3) illustrates for the structure above
The day she was buried there came a fall of snow
4.1.1.2 Circumstance at the End of the Clause
Table 4.4 The structure of an ‘existential’ clause with circumstance at end position
AG VG NG AG/PP/NG
This structure is very popular in the data as in (4), and (5):
There is no happiness in the world
[41 WH, p 166] There is a special case where the circumstance elements appear twice both at the beginning and at the end of the clause Instance (6) helps illuminate this
(7) luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
NG AG VG NG PP
The day after there was a justice-meeting at the next town
Cir Pr:existential Existent Cir
It is worth to take a look at structure of nominal group as it expresses most the content in the clause
4.1.2 The Structure of Nominal Group
In a nominal group, the core is called Thing There are also optional elements modifying for it, they may precede or follow the thing
It is a sequence of words having distinct experiential function and preceding the Thing
Table 4.5 The experiential structure of a nominal group
Deictic Numerative Epithet Classifier Thing
Determine Numeral Adjective Adjective Noun
The deictic elements are used to signify levels of definiteness or knownness of the thing in nominal groups
(9)There’s the coachman and the two gardeners [45 WH, p 185]
The numerative elements show the quantity or the order of the thing in nominal group
(10) There is no missis [21 WH, p 99]
(11) There were some persons [[sitting at cards]] [40 WH, p 157] luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
The epithet elements modify for the thing by giving some quality for it
(12) There’re good books enough [9 WH, p 32]
(13) There was some mortal feud [[unavenged between us]] [3 WH, p 16]
The classifier elements indicate a particular subclass of thing in nominal group Unfortunately, these elements are not found in our sample data
It can be one or more than one embedded items which may be prepositional phrase, non-finite or finite clauses
A prepositional phrase follows the thing and modifies for it
(14) There’s a letter for you [73 WH, p 252]
(15) There was no pleasure in it [110 WH, p 397]
A non-finite clause functions as an embedded clause for the nominal group (16)There was scarcely time [[to experience a thrill of horror]]
[27 WH, p 117] (17)There is no need [[to be frantic!]] [38 WH, p 150]
It is a clause, but downranked, and it functions as modifier for the nominal group in front of it
(18) There is ONE [[who won’t shrink from my company]]
(19) There are those [[who speak to having met him near the church, and on the moor, and even within this house]]
[136 WH, p 537] luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
D ISCUSSION OF F INDINGS
This article discusses the findings related to the translation of 'existential' clauses, utilizing Catford's (1965/2000) model of translation shifts It highlights the prescription of shifts that have occurred and examines how changes in lexico-grammar lead to shifts in process, reflecting Catford's concept of 'departures from formal correspondence.'
Figure 4.1: Occurrences of translation shifts by type
The analysis reveals that three out of four translation types are present, with structure shifts occurring most frequently at 93 instances In contrast, class shifts and unit shifts were observed 27 and 44 times, respectively Notably, there were no occurrences of intra-system shifts.
This research focuses on clauses as the primary unit of analysis, emphasizing that translation shifts are applied exclusively to clauses and their components, rather than to groups or phrases Consequently, any alterations pertaining to elements below these groups and phrases are not addressed in this thesis.
Structure shift Class shift Unit shift intra-system shift luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
According to Catford (1965), structure shift refers to the translation of words, groups, clauses, or sentences from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) while maintaining the same rank but differing in structure This type of shift is the most prevalent among category shifts across all ranks in translation.
In the sample data, there exists a variety of structure shifts as shown in Table 4.6
Table 4.6.Structure shifts in the translation of English clauses
(20) There were some mortal feud [[unavenged between us]]
(AG+VG+NG+[[VG+AG]])
Giữa chúng tôi có một mối tư thù [[chưa thanh toán xong]]
(21) There is no chance of a change at present
Thời tiết không có cơ màu gì thay đổi ngay được đâu
(22) There was such anguish in the gush of grief
Cơn sầu não trào ra theo luồng gió tuyết lồng lộn ấy
(NG+NG) luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
Không còn mợ chủ nữa
Nếu có những người như thế
Rối tinh rối mù lên
Hầu như chẳng có nguyên nhân gì
(AG+VG+NG) Đêm không trăng
Còn có những buồn khác nữa chứ
Có kẻ đứng nghe trộm
(31) luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
There is no happiness in the world
Trên đời này không có hạnh phúc
(32) There are several other handsome, rich young men in the world
Trên đời còn có nhiều chàng trai trẻ khác cũng đẹp, lại giàu có
The analysis below will utilize the sample presented in the table above For any clarifications regarding the source of the analysis, please refer to the table.
(23) There is no missis (AG+VG+NG) Không còn mợ chủ nữa (VG+NG)
(24) If there be any (AG+VG+NG) Nếu có những người như thế (VG+NG)
(28) There are other rooms (AG+VG+NG) Còn có những buồn khác nữa chữ (VG+NG)
In the examples provided, English clauses consist of three components: AG (Agent), VG (Verb), and NG (Noun Group), while their Vietnamese counterparts typically contain only two components: VG and NG This comparison highlights the omission of the AG "there" in the translation process Such omissions are common when translating existential clauses from English to Vietnamese, as demonstrated in the sample data.
AG there were not found
It is also noticed that there are other equivalent types of structures, besides (VG+NG) For example:
(25) There’s a mess (AG+VG+NG)
Rối tinh rối mù lên (NG+VG) luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
The elimination of the adverbial group indicates a structural shift, while the remaining components are rearranged, reflecting the Vietnamese structure of noun group plus verb group (NG+VG).
(27) There was no moon (AG+VG+NG) Đêm không trăng (NG+VG+NG)
The Vietnamese sentence structure follows the pattern "NG+VG+NG," which differs from the previously mentioned structures According to Appendix 2 of the thesis, there are various other structures in Vietnamese clauses that are considered equivalent to the source language (SL) clauses.
(26) There is scarcely cause (AG+VG+AG+NG)
Hầu như chẳng có nguyên nhân gì (AG+VG+NG)
(30) There is no happiness in the world (AG+VG+NG+AG)
Trên đời này không có hạnh phúc (AG+VG+NG)
The position of adverbial groups (AGs) in clauses is shifting, as demonstrated in examples (26) and (30) In these instances, the AGs transition from the middle to the beginning and from the end to the first position, respectively.
Halliday (as cited in Catford, 1965) describes class as a grouping of members defined by their function within a higher unit Class shifts happen when the categories of translation equivalents differ from those in the source language (SL) These shifts necessitate adjustments in certain SL components to fit the new structure, highlighting the relationship between class shifts and changes in word categories.
To put it another way, nominal groups, verbal groups, adveribial groups and prepositional phrase are, in some cases, interchangeable (Catford, 1965, pp 78-
Some examples denoting class shifts are sketched out in Table 4.7 luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
Table 4.7 Class shifts in the translation of English clauses
English clauses Vietnamese translation Class shift
(33) there is no chance of a change at present
[4 WH, p 17] thời tiết không có cơ màu gì thay đổi ngay được đâu
(34) There was no reply to my question
Không ai trả lời câu hỏi của tôi
(35) There were some persons [[sitting at cards]]
Có mấy người đang ngồi đánh bài
(36) There was a bare possibility of overtaking them
[54 WH, p 209] may ra còn có thể kịp họ
(37) There shall be an explanation as soon as [[I can give it]]
Tôi sẽ giải thích ngay chừng nào có thể
(38) There seldom passed much talk between them
Chả mấy khi hai cha con nói chuyện gì nhiều với nhau
NG VG luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
(39) there was the doleful cry
Tiếng kêu ảo não vẫn tiếp tục rên rĩ
(40) There’s the very prime of the morning [[gone long before that time]]
Phần tốt đẹp nhất của buổi sáng đã qua lâu trước lúc đó
(41) there were so many hillocks and banks [[to climb and pass]]
Nhưng rồi lại tiếp tục phải trèo, phải qua không biết bao nhiêu gò và bờ nữa
(30) there is no chance of a change at present thời tiết không có cơ màu gì thay đổi ngay được đâu
The examples illustrate a transformation of class items, where elements from nominal groups are shifted to verbal groups For instance, "no chance" changes to "không có cơ màu," and "a change" becomes "thay đổi." Similarly, in the case of "reply," it transitions from a nominal group to a verbal group as "trả lời."
Another major type of class shifts we found in the sample happens at the rank of clauses and transfers from embedded clauses to main clauses For example:
(36) There was the doleful cry [[moaning on]]
Tiếng kêu ảo não vẫn tiếp tục rên rĩ luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
The English sentence "there was the doleful cry" contains a main clause and an embedded clause "moaning on," which modifies the nominal group In contrast, the Vietnamese translation presents a single clause, where the verb group "vẫn tiếp tục rên rĩ" corresponds to the embedded clause in English This indicates that the embedded clause in the English version has been integrated into the main clause in the Vietnamese translation.
(37) There’s the very prime of the morning [[gone long before that time]] Phần tốt đẹp nhất của buổi sáng đã qua lâu trước lúc đó
Instance (37) mirrors the previous case, featuring a class shift from an embedded clause to a main clause The embedded clause, which served as a post-modifier for the preceding nominal group, has been removed long before that time, transforming into the main clause.
In addition to the previously mentioned class shifts, other types can occur, such as transitions from prepositional phrases to verbal groups and from nominal groups to adverbial groups, as illustrated below.
(32) There were some persons [[sitting at cards]]
Có mấy người đang ngồi đánh bài The instance above shows that the prepositional phrase at cards is recognized as the verbal group đánh bài
(33) There was a bare possibility of overtaking them
May ra còn có thể kịp họ
The nominal group possibility is translated as the adverbial group may ra
Catford (1965) defines unit-shift as the changes in rank that occur when the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the source language (SL) corresponds to a unit at a different rank in the target language (TL).
Table 4.8 Unit shifts in the translation of English clauses
English clauses Vietnamese translation Unit shift
(42) There was no reply to my question
Không ai trả lời câu hỏi của tôi
(43) There is a talk about you at Gimmerton
[117 WH, p 445] thế mà ở Gimmerton họ đặt chuyện về bà
(44) there were no signs of his coming
Chả có dấu hiệu gì là cụ trở về
(45) There’s a little cake for each of you
Có bánh gato nhỏ, mỗi em được một cái đấy
There’s the very prime of the morning [[gone long before that time]]
Phần tốt đẹp nhất của buổi sáng đã qua lâu trước lúc đó
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There was a violent wind, as well as thunder
||There was a great fire, ||and that was all the light in the huge apartment||
Một đống lửa to là toàn bộ ánh sáng trong căn phòng to tướng
(50) there were so many hillocks and banks [[to climb and pass]]
Nhưng rồi lại tiếp tục phải trèo, phải qua không biết bao nhiêu gò và bờ nữa
There was the doleful cry
Tiếng kêu ảo não vẫn tiếp tục rên rĩ
(42) There was no reply to my question Không ai trả lời câu hỏi của tôi
(45) There’s a little cake for each of you
S UMMARY OF THE C HAPTER
This chapter explores the structure of existential clauses and their components in Wuthering Heights, highlighting the findings from the application of translation shift tools It discusses the impact of lexicogrammar shifts on process shifts within the text.
The study identifies various types of 'existential' clauses as proposed by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), highlighting the diverse positions of their circumstantial elements It analyzes the structures of nominal groups functioning as existents, revealing a range of modifiers including deictic, numerative, epithet, prepositional phrases, and non-finite clauses Additionally, the research investigates translation shifts, particularly category shifts, and finds that structure shifts are the most prevalent, followed by unit and class shifts Ultimately, these translation shifts can lead to changes in processes, with each category shift facilitating distinct process alterations.