INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
Through time, literature has played a crucial part in human communication because people have used it to fulfill awareness, educational, and art functions and even exchange their viewpoints towards life American Literature has attracted worldwide attention because of its enormous influence Ernest Hemingway, whose works have attracted readers all over the world, is the most influential American writer in the 20th century His works have been translated into many languages and taught at schools The Nobel Laureate of
1954 in the field of Literature, Ernest Hemingway, has made significant contributions in the literary world through his diversified writings Among many great American writers, Hemingway is well-known for his objective and terse prose style Of all the novels Hemingway published in his life, The Old Man and the Sea, which is one of the best works of literature, typically reflects his unique writing style Mellouki and Berriha (2016) denote that the prominent feature in the work is the simplicity and naturalness of the words and expressions To make the writing more interesting, he used Iceberg Theory as a special style which is expressed more on the surface without revealing the theme, because the true meaning may not be obvious in the story Besides, numerous elements made The Old Man and the Sea a masterpiece and attracted the attention worldwide
Applying Appraisal Theory developed by Martin and White ( 2005) to study written language is very popular in the field of discourse analysis It has been used as a popular framework for investigating how language is used to evaluate emotions, judge human behaviors and appreciate things or phenomena
Attitude, along with Engagement and Graduation, forms the Appraisal luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
System It plays an integral role in the expression of interpersonal meanings of the language Attitude consists of three sub- systems: Affect- expressions of feelings and emotions, Judgement- evaluations of human behaviours and Appreciation-evaluations of things and entities
The language employed by well- known writers can also be deemed valuable, authentic linguistic resources for language learners and researchers Researches relating to the linguistic resources in literary works have been carried out There have been lots of studies based on Appraisal Theory to investigate various features of discourses A significant number of studies on attitudinal resources have been conducted, with various types of discourse being investigated, ranging from American leaders‟ speeches ( Le Thi Van Tue, 2017),
Vo Thi Ngoc Hien (2014), travel advertisements (Nguyen Tiet Hanh, 2015), readers‟ opinions (Vo Thi Kim Thao, 2017), travellers‟ holiday reviews (Nguyen Thi Lien, 2017), letters of complaint (Le Thi Bao Chau, 2017), film reviews (Phan Thi Thanh Hoa, 2017), news about environment (Ngo Ai Quynh Nhu, 2017), advertising slogans (Nguyen Thi Minh Ngan, 2017), love song lyrics (Nguyen Thi Ngan, 2018), to Expressives by the Judges (Le Huu Loc,
The attitudinal resources of the language that Hemingway used in the story The Old Man and the Sea in terms of its interpersonal meaning may lead us to uncover Hemingway‟s attitude towards life Although the novel which has been studied by many other researchers from different perspectives, the value of the work has been credited by various scholars, no research has been conducted on that by applying Appraisal Theory From the above reasons, “An attitudinal analysis of the story The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway” is the focus of my study This research contributes to a specific investigation into the attitudinal resources in the story luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
Aim and objectives
This research aims at studying the attitudinal values in the story The Old Man and the Sea in the light of Appraisal theory, thereby interpreting the evaluations of the writer toward the plot of the story
To achieve the aims, these following objectives are focused on:
- To investigate the sub-types of attitudinal resources in the novel including Affect, Judgement and Appreciation;
- To find out the frequency of occurrence of these values and determine which of them are widely used in the story.
Research questions
To fulfill the aims and objectives of the study, the following research questions are focused on:
1 What sub-types of Attitude are employed in the novel “The Old Man and the Sea”?
2 What are the frequencies of their occurrence of Attitudinal resources in the novel?
Scope of the study
Attitude, along with Engagement and Graduation builds up a complete evaluation of language in any discourse Attitude involves three semantic regions relating to emotions, ethics and aesthetics It plays an important role in expressing author‟s viewpoints through plots, contents and characters of the novel In this study, I would like to investigate the Attitudinal resources in the story The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Emotional, ethical and aesthical aspects are investigated to find out how the author expresses his style in writing and understand more about the unique features of the novel luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
Significance of the study
This study focuses on analyzing Attitude, which is concerned with feelings, including emotional reactions, judgments of behavior and evaluation of things, and its effectiveness in the story
The study emphasizes the importance of Appraisal Theory as a framework The learners of English can know how to use attitudinal resources effectively and naturally in communication.
Structure of the thesis
The thesis consists of five chapters
Chapter 1, “Introduction” presents the rationale, aims, and objectives, research questions, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, and the organization of the study
Chapter 2, “Literature Review”, briefly reviews the literature of previous studies relating to this study This chapter also provides the theoretical background of the study
Chapter 3, “Methodology”, deals with the research methods, the description of the data, data analysis, and research procedures
Chapter 4, “Findings and Discussions”, presents the results of the data analysis, discusses Attitudinal resources employed in the novel The Old Man and the Sea
Chapter 5, “Conclusion and Implications” summarizes the results of the study It also offers implications for writing and mentions the limitations of the study and the suggestions for further research luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
LITERATURE REVIEW
Appraisal theory
Appraisal has emerged for over three decades as a framework for investigating how language is used to evaluate, to adopt stances, to construct textual personas, and to manage interpersonal positioning and relationships It is an extension of the interpersonal function of language described in Systemic Functional Linguistics by a notable linguist, M.A.K Halliday, and is developed by a group of linguists led by James Martin As Martin and White (2005: 34-35) state, Appraisal “is one of three major discourse semantic resources construing interpersonal meaning” accompanied by involvement and negotiation Appraisal is concerned with evaluation- the kinds of attitudes that are negotiated in a text, the strength of the feelings involved, and how values are sourced and readers aligned (Martin & Rose, 2007)
According to Butt, et al (2012), the Appraisal system is used to highlight the ways speakers or writers position their audience by expressing their emotions (Affect), their judgments of people‟s behavior and their appreciation of phenomena in the world through the choice of phonological and lexico- grammatical patterns of evaluative language
As White (2015) mentioned, Appraisal Theory (AT) is an effective framework for analyzing attitudes expressed and interpersonal meanings in luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si various literary works, news, legal, scientific and academic discourse It is a particular approach to describing and explaining the way language is used to evaluate, to reveal the speaker‟s attitudes and positionings This framework is used to analyze the language of evaluation and investigate how the writers or speakers express their attitudes and establish a certain authorial identity Vo Duy Duc (2017) defines „Appraisal‟ as an umbrella term used to refer to the semantic resources including words, phrases, and structures that speakers or writers employ to negotiate emotions, judgments, and valuations From the perspective of semantics, AT can be regionalized as three interacting domains – „Attitude‟,
„Engagement‟ and „Graduation‟ Among these domains, Attitude takes a central position It is concerned with our feelings, including emotional reactions, judgments of behavior, and evaluation of things; Engagement deals with sourcing attitudes and the play of voices around opinions in discourse; Graduation attends to grading phenomena whereby feelings and categories blurred (Martin & White, 2005) The three systems can be further subdivided Attitude can be separated by three types of feelings depending on the nature of the appraised, namely Affect, Judgement and Appreciation; while Engagement has two subsystems: Monoglossia, and Heteglossia; and Graduation also consists of two ranges: Force and Focus
According to Martin and White (2005), Engagement is the resource of intersubjective stance and dialogistic positioning It allocates rising attitudes and the scope of expressions around opinions in discourse The classification of meanings is aimed at identifying the particular dialogistic positionings associated with given meanings and towards describing what meaning is necessary to employ Engagement involves resources for positioning the speaker's/author's voice with respect to the various propositions and proposals luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si conveyed by a text Engagement is subdivided into two kinds: Monoglossic and Heteroglossic The distinction is based on the status of the “bare” or categorical assertion with the resources of dialogistic positioning Monoglossic makes no reference to other voices and viewpoints, which is the factuality, makes no recognition of dialogistic alternatives while Heteroglossic allows for recognition of dialogistic alternatives The overview of Appraisal Theory is presented in Figure 1
The following examples illustrate the two types of the domain Engagement luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
Table 2.1 The Monoglossic and the Heteroglossic
Monoglosic (no recognition of dialogistic alternatives)
Heteroglossic (recognition of the dialogistic alternatives)
The banks have been greedy
There is the argument though that the banks have been greedy
In my view the banks have been greedy
Callers to talkback radio see the banks have been greedy
The chairman of the consumer‟s association has stated that the banks have been greedy
There can be no denying the banks have been greedy
Everyone knows the banks have been greedy The banks haven‟t been greedy
As can be seen from Table 2.1, the example in Monoglossic type which is presented as taken-for-granted does not refer to other voices or recognize alternative positions, whereas the ones in Heteroglossic present the writer‟s views or arguments on the issue such as in my view , there is the argument though that , callers to talkback radio see, everyone knows, there can be no denying…The use of these expressions denote the background of previous utterances, alternative viewpoints, and predicted responses
In terms of Heteroglossic, it is classified into two distinctive categories, namely dialogic contraction and dialogic expansion The former relates to closing down the dialogically alternative value positions and textual voices It involves two subcategories: Disclaim which refers to refusals and concessions luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si and Proclaim which represents the proposition as highly reasonable The latter is composed of those expressions which expand the scope for dialogic alternatives This sub-type includes Entertain and Attribute Concerning Entertain, it refers to individual subjectivity, the authorial voice In terms of Attribute, it presents propositions in the subjectivity of an external voice
The second system is Graduation, which is regarded as “grading phenomena whereby feelings are amplified and categories blurred” (Martin & White, 2005:35) This means it operates across two peaks of scalability from grading basing on intensity or amount to prototypicality and the preciseness It is also a general property of values of Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation that they interpret a wide extent of positivity or negativity From this gradability, Graduation can be categorized into two main forms: Force (the strengthening or weakening) and Focus (the sharpening or softening)
Force deals with gradable assessments as to the degree of intensity and as to amount It is divided into two subtypes: Intensification and Quantification The first type contains the assessments of the degree of intensity which can operate over qualities (quantification) (e.g slightly hot, extremely hot; he drives very quickly), over processes (This slightly affected us, this greatly affected us), or over the verbal modalities of likelihood, usuality, inclination, and obligation (e.g it‟s just possible that) Besides, Quantification is the assessments applying to measuring the presence or mass of entities according to such features as their size, weight, distribution, proximity (e.g small school, large amount, a nearby village) or number (e.g a few days, many years)
In terms of Focus, when considered from an experiential perspective, Graduation is non-gradable resources Focus consists of the value of sharpening and softening As for Sharpening, it is possible to up-scale the indicated luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si prototypicality, which strongly signifies a positive attitudinal assessment (a real mother, a true friendship); while Softening is used to down-scale the instance having one marginal membership with a negative assessment (e.g they sort of play jazz, they are kind of jealous, it was an excuse of sorts) Softening values, which can be recognized under headings as „hedges‟ and „vague language‟, while the sharpening of values can be expressed by the heading of intensifiers, boosters, and amplifiers
Attitude is the major subsystem in Appraisal framework and one of three major discourse semantic resources forming interpersonal meaning This system is concerned with our feelings, including emotional reactions, judgements of behaviour, and evaluation of things Martin and White (2005) also divided Attitude into three sections of feelings: Affect, Judgment and Appreciation Affect deals with resources of construing emotional reactions; Judgment assesses behavior according to normative principles and Appreciation reveals the value of things including natural phenomena and semiosis
According to Thompson & Hunston (2000), in the general sense, Affect, Judgement, and Appreciation all encode feelings They constitute an interconnected and interactive system of evaluation They are all motivated by affectual response with judgment institutionalizing affectual positioning with respect to human behaviour and appreciation institutionalizing affectual positioning with respect to product and process The affect is the center of institutionalized feelings This interaction among the three attitudinal categories is illustrated as Figure 3 luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
Figure 2.2 Judgement and appreciation as institutionalised affect
Attitude, one of the three sub-systems of Appraisal framework, has drawn more attention for researchers than two other ones The following figure shows the sub-systems of Attitude
Figure 2.3 Typology of Attitude subsystems (Liu & Thompson, 2009) luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
Affect is concerned with semantic resources for interpreting emotional reactions, and registering positive and negative feelings, such as: happiness, sadness, confidence, anxiety, boredom or interest… Affect is also the emotional response to the person, thing, happening or state of affairs and is indicated through various lexical items as verbs of emotion, adverbs and adjectives of emotion, and nominalization It can be positive or negative; explicit or invoked; authorial or non- authorial (observed.)
Attitude was developed by Martin and White as a discourse semantic system, so the general realisations of the grammar and semantics of affect are well understood Affect is concerned with emotional response and disposition and is typically realised through mental processes of reaction and through attributive relational states (e.g I‟m sad; I‟m happy; She‟s proud of her achievements; He‟s frightened of spiders, ect), through norminalisations of qualities and processes (e.g His anger made everyone tired) Appraisal values in general and Affectual positioning in particular may be indicated by:
(1) verbs of emotion (behavioural, mental or relational process) eg She smiled at him/ She liked him/ She felt happy with him
(2) adverbs (typically Circumstances of Manner) such as happily/ sadly For example: The captain left sadly
(3) adjectives of emotion: happy/ sad; worried/ confident, angry/ pleased, keen/ uninterested, scared
For example: I‟m happy she‟s joining the group
(4) nominalization (the turning of verbs and adjectives into nouns): joy/ despair, confidence/insecurity, happiness, …
For example: His fear was obvious to all
(5) A phrase: When he got the news, he jumped up and down like a luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si young child welcoming his mom back home from the market
As reviewed by Martin and White (2005), Affect can be realized by quality, mental, and behavioral processes, modal adjuncts, and nominalizations These realizations are illustrated in Table 2.2
Table 2.2 Grammatical realizations of Affect
- describing participants Epithet a sad captain
- attributed to participants Attribute the captain was sad
- manner of processes Circumstance the captain left sadly affect as „process‟
Process his departure upset him
- af fective behavioral he missed them affect as „comment‟
- desiderative Modal Adjunct sadly, he had to go
According to Martin & White (2005), Affect is classified into four sub- types: Dis/ inclination, Un/ happiness, In/ security and Dis/satisfaction
Dis/ inclination deals with irrealis affect, which describes fear and desire
The common words through which Dis/inclination are indicated are words of behavior like tremble, shudder, suggest, demand… and words of disposition, for example, wary, keen, miss…
Previous studies on Appraisal Theory and The Old Man and the
In recent years, there have been several studies on discourse analysis with the employment of Appraisal Theory as a theoretical framework Some of them are Li, (2016), Netty et al., (2019) and Tran Van Phuoc (2019) As for the novel The Old Man and the Sea, there have been many approaches to study this well- known novel due to the enormous influence of the theme and content of the work
Li (2016) used Appraisal devices to identify Attitude resources in the English song discourse The study showed that the use of Affect and Appreciation is an essential constituent in English song discourse because this reflects the Western humanistic thought English culture is more focused on personality, so the thought and emotion of human basis is deep-rooted in luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
English culture Under the influence of English culture, Attitude resource for Affect and Appreciation are mostly used in English song discourse to emphasize not only the author‟s intense emotion but also the author‟s role as a behavior subject
Netty et al., (2019) found out three attitudinal aspects, namely Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation from written works made by Indonesian Migrants in Hong Kong The research showed that the negative attitudinal lexis outnumbered the positive attitudinal one, and the number of Affect is higher than that of Judgment and Appreciation in evaluating the language used by Indonesian migrants to their mothers The presence of the higher negative data demonstrated that there were problems faced by the writers and their parents and indicated that there are different viewpoints between the writers and their parents regarding objects, attitudes, behavior, or happening phenomena
Tran Van Phuoc (2019) applied the Theory of Language of Evaluation by Martin & White (2005) to collect and describe five Vietnamese writers‟ choices of Affectual Values to evaluate five main characters‟ feelings and emotions in five Vietnamese short stories The study aimed at identifying lexical- grammatical realizing four domains (1) Happiness, (2) Satisfaction, (3) Security, and (4) Desire in positive and negative, explicit and implicit orientations of affect from characters in short stories Besides, the article‟s writer raised some recommendations to students or future writers in expressing their positioning
In addition, there have been so far some master theses in English concerning Appraisal Theory carried out by many researchers in terms of attitudinal resources, with various types of discourse being investigated, ranging from American leaders‟ speeches (Tran Thi Thuy Tien, 2017; Le Thi Van Tue,
2017, Vo Thi Ngoc Hien, 2014), travel advertisements (Nguyen Tiet Hanh,
2015), readers‟ opinions (Vo Thi Kim Thao, 2017), travellers‟ holiday reviews luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
(Nguyen Thi Lien, 2017), letters of complaint (Le Thi Bao Chau, 2017), film reviews (Phan Thi Thanh Hoa, 2017), news about environment (Ngo Ai Quynh Nhu, 2017), advertising slogans (Nguyen Thi Minh Ngan, 2017), love song lyrics (Nguyen Thi Ngan, 2018) Also, Vo Thuy Trieu (2019) has a study on An Analysis of Language of Evaluation in the Film "Gone with the Wind" from the Perspective of Appraisal Besides, there are some comparative studies such as
An Attitudinal Study of English and Laotian Love Story by Phitsakhone Tansavath (2019) and an Attitudinal Analysis of Expressives by the Judges in The Voice UK versus The Voice Vietnam by Le Huu Loc (2019)
Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1960) was an American novelist, journalist and short-story writer His major work was produced in the mid- 1920s He won The Nobel Prize in literature in 1954 He was famous for novels like “The Sun also Rises”, “A Farwell to Arms”, “For whom the Bell Tolls” and
“The Old Man and the Sea” The studies of Hemingway‟s literary works, like that of other areas of discourse analysis, cover a broad range of subject matter and draws on a wide range of critical and analytic methods The Old Man and The Sea is well known in the world of literature Many researches have been done to the novel due to the following reasons Firstly, the novel received Nobel prize; secondly, the novel is written in a unique style, and thirdly, the novel is thick in pages (Suyitno, 2006) Moreover, the reputation of Hemingway‟s writing style and his masterpiece was investigated by many critics and researchers in terms of style and technique like Meyers (2005), Bloom (2008), Ali, and Qadir (2009), Triphathi (2016), Mellouki & Berriha (2016), Torres
Meyers ( 2005) depicts that the technique and style of Hemingway‟s books had a profound effect on modern European writers He offered a way of seeing and recording experience which matched his contemporaries‟ belief that luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si art is a means of telling the truth He also demonstrates that a heroic piece of narrative in „The Old Man and the Sea‟ told with a simplicity which shows that
Mr Hemingway is essentially an imaginative writer, and his imagination has never displayed itself more powerfully than in this simple and tragic story
According to Bloom (2008), an important feature of this novel is the narrative focus He claims that the technique of uninterrupted narrative focus on a single character is exploited to the best advantage in Hemingway‟s novel The Old Man and the Sea Besides, the story is completely dramatized Hemingway presents the old man, the boy, and the sea at the beginning of the novel and allows the story to unfold itself Besides, ALi and Qadir (2009) carried out a study of the heroic actions of the Old Man and an end to which he is destined
―Free Will and Fate in The Old Man and The Sea The given title is an attempt to evaluate the main viewpoints of the text This is an elaborate study toward a better understanding of the modern fictional novella The study also investigates two main interrelated themes throughout The Old Man and the Sea They are Free Will as an instinctive feature and the redetermined Fate of an individual
Triphathi (2016) explores the theme of the human relationship with reference to Santiago and Manolin and their interdependence on each other The study focuses on how they both share a bonding that keeps them struggle better in life The representation of a distinct relationship Santiago and Manolin share has been most appropriately explicated by the author Mellouki and Berriha
(2016) shared similar viewpoints and further explained by analyzing four main characters with their relationships in the novels, and the figures of used in a various works of Ernest Hemingway In this study the researcher used qualitative approach and used Formalism criticism to analyze the figures of speech used
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methods
Various approaches involving qualitative, quantitative, analytic, synthetic, descriptive, and inductive techniques of data interpretation are applied during the study process
The qualitative approach was employed to analyze and describe the attitudinal resources from the text of the story Then, the quantitative approach assisted in finding out the frequency of occurrence of Affect, Judgment, Appreciation, and their sub-classes The quantitative analysis was applied to figure out the function of the Attitudinal resources employed in the data
Besides, the analytic and synthetic techniques were put to use harmoniously for the scrutinization process The analytic practice was to pinpoint and separate certain aspects to focus For example, the Attitudinal resources were investigated in terms of typology – Affect, Judgment or Appreciation, polarity – positive or negative, strategy – inscribed/explicit or invoked/implicit The synthetic practice was exploited to consider the interdependence of these elemental parts, i.e., how they work together as a whole
The study finds a use for the descriptive and inductive techniques In particular, descriptive method served to provide a detailed description of the data regarding Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation The inductive technique proved helpful in synthesizing the findings and proposed the explanation and luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si reached a conclusion.
Description of data
The main data is taken from the novel itself The Old Man and the Sea was first published in Great Britain in 1952 by Jonathan Cape and by Arrow Books in 2004 The novel is constructed of 97 pages The novel The Old Man and the Sea itself starts on page 3 and ends on page 99 A novel is a structure which is built by elements A novel is a sum up of elements such as plot, characters, theme, narration etc All of the elements cohere together to build the world of the novel The more the elements are attached naturally the more beautiful the story of the novel will be This is shown exactly in The Old Man and The Sea Hemingway is famous also for his unique writing style He has made many reformations in writing technique, for example in stressing on the usage of the dialogue rather than stressing on the narration He uses stream of consciousness or flash back in his work and he also uses simple sentences by avoiding complex expressions Hemingway has brought a simple and fresh way of writing English The main data taken is in the form of dialogues, events, and narrative expression in the novel
The novel is about Santiago, who is the protagonist of the novella; Manolin, a Cuban teenager; the marlin; and the sea as a central character in the novella The majority of the story happens on the sea, and Santiago is constantly identified with it and its creatures In light of his experiences in Cuba, Hemingway made the character of an old fisherman alone in a boat, the old man gets an extraordinary marlin, just to have it annihilated by sharks The old man, who had been a champion arm-wrestler and an effective fisherman, was similar to Hemingway, striving for a comeback Alone, he sailed in his skiff toward an epic three-day epic battle with an elusive marlin When he succeeded in harpooning the big fish it struggled and thrashed and tows him further out to sea, luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si farther than Santiago had ever been Finally, he managed to drag it alongside the skiff It was a huge fish and would bring a lot of money in the market But, on the return trip back to the harbor, sharp-toothed sharks ripped his prize to bloody pieces so that all that was left is a worthless skeleton In the end, Santiago had nothing to show for this struggle but fish bones In battling the sharks, the old man displayed boldness and grace under pressure, trusting “A man can be destroyed, but not defeated” In this study, the Atttitudinal aspect of the main characters including Affect, Judgment and Appreciation is explored.
Data analysis
The system of Attitude in AT was used as the theoretical framework for the data analysis With the corpora, the Attitudinal resources in the novel were positioned, sorted out regarding typology (Affect, Judgment, Appreciation, and their sub-categories), polarity (positive or negative), and strategy (inscribed/explicit or invoked/implicit) Every value will be analyzed line by line from the data They were underlined, bold and labelled as the proper types of each Attitudinal values The author used the Navigation functions to find the frequency of the same words in the novel After using the searching results and reading the texts carefully with some words bearing two values, the researcher employed the counting functions of Word to find out the frequency The data were imported to the computer with the software Microsoft Office Word and Excel The statistics were shown in tables and figures With the assistance of this tool, the frequency, as well as the proportion of each class, would be precisely calculated The data exported from the computer were summarized, presented in tables, and described using descriptive techniques
The analysis of sample data is demonstrated in the following extracts
“-” is the abbreviation of negative ;
“+” is the abbreviation of positive luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
He was an old man (- Judgment, Normality, Explicit) who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish (-Judgment, Tenacity,Implicit) In the first forty days a boy had been with him But after forty days without a fish the boy's parents had told him that the old man (- Judgment, Normality, Explicit) was now definitely and finally salao (- Judgment, normality, explicit) , which is the worst form of unlucky (- Judgment, normality, explicit) and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good (+ Appreciation, Quality) fish the first week It made the boy sad (- Observed Affect, Unhappiness) to see the old (…) man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat (-Appreciation, Reaction, Explicit) The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck (- Appreciation, Composition, Explicit) The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars scars, from handling heavy fish on the cords But none of these scars were fresh They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert (- Appreciation, Composition, Implicit)
Everything about him was old (- Appreciation, Valuation), except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful (+Affect, happiness, observed) and undefeated (+ Judgment, tenacity, Explicit)
"Santiago," the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff was hauled up "I could (+ Judgment, Capacity, Exp licit) go with you again We've made some money
The old man (- Judgment, Normality, Explicit) had taught the boy to fish luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si and the boy loved (+ Affect, Happiness, Observed) him
"No," the old man (- Judgment, Normality, Explicit) said "You're with a lucky boat (+ Appreciation, Valuation) Stay with them."
"But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks."(+Judgment, Tenacity,
"I remember," the old man said "I know you did not leave me because you doubted." (- Affect, Insecurity, Observed)
Research procedures
The study was conducted through these following steps:
- Choosing the suitable research topic after revising the previous studies; it involves selecting the relevant materials such as books, thesis, and research related to the topic;
- Applying the framework and qualitative approach to identify and describe the attitudinal resources in the corpus;
+ Counting the total number of each sub-type of Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation;
+ Calculating the percentage of each sub-category and presenting them in tables or charts;
+ Investigating which Attitude value occurs most frequently and then ranking them in order;
+ Proving some examples recently analyzed and extracted from the novel as examples for the process of analysis in the study;
+ Discussing the ways the writer used Attitudinal resources to convey his messages toward life
- Suggesting some implications for writing and making speeches luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
Reliability and validity of the study
Reliability and Validity are the two critical criteria for ensuring the quality of the data The reliability is secured because the data were gathered from the well-known novel Besides, the theoretical frameworks for attitudinal analysis were established and developed by prestigious experts in the fields In terms of validity, the data met the essential requirement criteria The data for the research proved original
To sum up, Chapter 3 presents the theoretical framework for the processes of data collection and data analysis Besides, research methods, research procedures, and the validity and reliability of the study are also clarified in this section The following chapter, Chapter 4, concerns itself with the presentation and discussion of the research findings luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Affect
As mentioned in Chapter 2, Affect deals with the way people express their feelings toward the content of the texts or messages It is the emotional response to the person, thing, happening or state of affairs Four sub-types of emotions of
Affect consist of Un/Happiness, Dis/Inclination, In/Security, and Dis/Satisfaction (Martin & White, 2005: 48-51) Un/Happiness involves emotions of “affairs of the heart”- sadness, hate, happiness and love; In/Security covers feelings of confidence and anxiety in connection with our vicinity;
Dis/Satisfaction shares the feelings of attainment and disappointment about the engaging activities, including our parts as either participants or observers; and
Dis/Inclination concerns purposes with respect to an irrrealis motivation In addition, these types can be identified through a variety of lexical items such as verbs, adjectives, adverbs of emotions, norminalization and clause Figure 4.1 displays the distribution of the Affectual instances found in the novel The Old Man and the Sea
Figure 4.1 Attitudinal Resources of Affect in the data
UN/ HAPPINESS IN/SECURITY DIS/ INCLINATION DIS/SATISFACTION luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
It can be seen from Figure 4.2 that all types of Affectual values are shown in the novel Remarkably, In/Security, Dis/ Inclination and Un/Happiness values occupy more than 95% of the whole Affectual values, and In/Security item make up the biggest proportion with 38% The following items, in the decreasing order, are Dis/Inclination and Un/Happiness, with the frequency of occurrence of 29.4 % and 28% respectively The writer has a tendency to use these two Affectual values more frequently than Dis/ Satisfaction, which occupies the lowest proportion with 4.6% This finding suggests that the writer shows more confidence or anxiety about the upcoming incidents
The most common type of the Affectual instances found in the novel is
In/Security Most of the In/Security items are used to express certainty and comfort about the states of the old man The writer employs affectual items with the words comfortable, sure, confident, afraid, believe, start, doubt, wonder, desperate, fear, stagger, no panic… to express the unsafe, disquiet matters and unstable feelings of something that has just been carried out
The demonstration of the common use of In/Security in the data is presented in the following examples:
(4.1) The sack cushioned the line and he had found a way of leaning forward against the bow so that he was almost comfortable
(4.2) On each calm placid turn the fish made he was gaining line and he was sure that in two turns more he would have a chance to get the harpoon in
(4.3) “How did you sleep old man?" the boy asked He was waking up now although it was still hard for him to leave his sleep
"Very well, Manolin," the old man said "I feel confident today."
(4.4) "But I fear the Indians of Cleveland."
(4.5) I wonder if he has any plans or if he is just as desperate as I sin? luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
(4.6) He had stayed so close that the old man was afraid he would cut the line with his tail which was sharp as a scythe and almost of that size and shape
The feelings of security came from the comfort and proper position, the certainty of something in the future The old man made a strong determination to proceed with his hard fishing trip although there were a lot of uncertainties about the lonely trip The old man did not surrender the difficulties of his old age, the loneliness of the journey when he decided to head towards the sea to catch the truly big fish
The second type of Affect employed in the novel is Dis/Inclination 44 instances of the total Affect resources, comprising 29.4%, are identified as Dis/Inclination All of the items employed here are used to express desire with the words wish, want, dream, hope, expect and would like The word whose remarkable frequency of occurrence is wish with different intended meanings The Old Man longed for the help of the boy while he was alone catching a huge marlin and really longed for the ability to do something The writer also uses the word “ wish” twenty times to express a strong desire for something that cannot or probably will not happen These expressions can be illustrated in the following examples
(4.7)"I wish I had the boy”, the old man said aloud
The old man really needed the boy during his journey If there were the boy, the hardship that the man endured would be less remarkable This reveals that the man did not want to fight alone, he needed the boy‟s help in the fight against the huge fish and let the boy see his feat after many unlucky days The boy seemed to be his best companion who would offer the old man the great help in life
Other words like want, hope, dream, would like… which are also used luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si to express desire, expectation about something in the future These expressions are about the strong yearning for something good may happen For example:
(4.8) I want to be out before it is light
(4.9) The breeze was fresh now and he sailed on well He watched only the forward part of the fish and some of his hope returned
(4.10) But tonight the smell of the land breeze came very early and he knew it was too early in his dream and went on dreaming to see the white peaks of the Islands rising from the sea and then he dreamed of the different harbours and roadsteads of the Canary Islands
(4.11) "I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing," the old man said
The old man always longed for the assistance from the boy In addition, he expected to reach the luck, the ideal prospect in his journey The word
“dream” appeared twenty-one times Especially, in 4.10, the old man showed the dream of having chances to reach new destinations and conquer challenges of his life
The third type of the Affect values found in the novel The Old Man and the Sea is the ones of Un/ Happiness Ernest Hemingway uses affectual items with the words like, love, cheerful, happy, excited … so as to express the old man‟s love, interest, happiness towards the boy, the fish and the sea
(4.12) He liked to think of the fish and what he could do to a shark if he were swimming free
(4.13) He was very fond of flying fish as they were his principal friends on the ocean
(4.14) Everything about him was old, except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
(4.15) Thank you You make me happy
(4.16) They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy
However, he also employs the items of Unhappiness with the words sad, worry, sorry … to show the sorrow and care about the Old Man‟s failure
(4.17) I am sorry that I went too far out I ruined us both
(4.18) It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast
(4.19) There is only the boy to worry, of course But I am sure he would have confidence
Judgment
Being the second sub-system of Attitude, Judgment conveys the assessment attitudes towards human behaviors and performance ability In other words, under Judgment, language is employed to admire or criticize, praise or condemn personal behaviors
The Judgment resources fall into two broad categories – Social Esteem and Social Sanction, which are sub-divided into five sub-classes As stated by Martin & White (2005), Social Esteem, encompassing Normality, Capacity, and Tenacity, plays a critical part in forming social networks, while Social Sanction, incorporating Veracity and Propriety, deals with the evaluation of human behaviors based on legal, moral or religious norms
The Judgment resources were implicitly and explicitly utilized to manifest positive and negative meanings The following sections take charge of the
Table 4.3 provides information about the distribution of sub-types of
Judgment resources found in the data
Table 4.3 Social Esteem and Social Sanction in “The Old Man and the Sea”
As shown in Table 4.2, the resources of Social Esteem dominate the luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si ones of Social Sanction It implies that Ernest Hemingway tends to show his admiration and criticism based on socially typical standards In particular, the values of Capacity and Tenacity were employed more often than the others in the data Indeed, more than one third of the Judgment resources found in the corpora were of the Capacity value, amounting to more than 40 % Tenacity and Normality, the second and third most popular Judgement sub-type applied, constituted 26.5% and 22.7% respectively Social Sanction, comprising Veracity and Propriety values were also found; however, they altogether made up just under 10% of the total number of Judgment resources researched, which shows probability and obligation at minor proportion
It can be seen that the Judgment resources were employed mainly to offer evaluations on the ability, opportunity, or possibility of each character in the novel Positive Judgments for Capacity, which can be indicated by the uses of the words can, could, strong, powerful with the high frequency of occurrence, other positive words intelligent, successful are also used to show the old man‟s intelligence, are aimed at admiring the old man‟s ability in the fight against the hardship in the fishing trip, and catching the giant marlin Besides, there are some negative judgments for Capacity, which the writer or the character- The Old Man used to criticize himself for his inability to gaining and protecting his labor accomplishment To denote this kind of assessment, the writer went for words or phrases as can not, could not, stupid, slow, sick , etc as in the following examples
(4.40) "I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing.”
(4.41) "But are you strong enough now for a truly big fish?"
(4.42) He worked back to where he could feel with his foot the coils of line that he could not see luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
(4.43) They were strange shoulders, still powerful although very old and the neck was still strong too and the creases did not show so much when the old man was asleep and his head fallen forward
(4.44) The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks,
(4.45) The dentuso is cruel and able and strong and intelligent But I was more intelligent than he was
(4.46) “You're stupid”, he told himself
(4.47) The old man felt faint and sick and he could not see well
The occurrence of Tenacity values ranks second in all types of Social Esteem This value is used to describe the determination and strong intention, desire, request, or willingness of the main characters Being markers of Tenacity, will and would have been used many times to show “strong intention or assertion” of the old man toward his determination to carry out a hard fishing trip, modal would in some cases indicates the conditional mood or the consequence of an imagined event or situation, or offers opinions or hope Some illustrations are as follows
(4.48) I’ll work out where the schools of bonito and albacore are and maybe there will be a big one with them
(4.49) "I'll get the cast net and go for sardines Will you sit in the sun in the doorway?"
Other Judgments for evaluating human behaviours, marked as Tenacity, can be indicated through the use of words careful, carefully, constantly, without caution, timid, tired to show the man‟s belief, carefulness and constancy in every step of catching a big fish as well to reveal the fatigue after long days of tracking and fighting against the big marlin
(4.50) "He hasn't much faith." luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
"No," the old man [- Judgment, Normality, Explicit] said "But we have
Haven't we?" "Yes," the boy said
(4.51) He had come up so fast and absolutely without caution that he broke the surface of the blue water and was in the sun
(4.52) The old man looked at the fish constantly to make sure it was true (4.53) He chewed it carefully and then spat out the skin
(4.54) He started to work his way back to the stern on his hands and knees, being careful not to jerk against the fish
Normality deals with usuality and speciality of the human behaviors Words of this type of Judgment are used to evaluate how special the characters in the novel are The most frequent word old is used to evaluate the man‟s age, his experience and the hardship The term “lucky ” and “unlucky ” are more used to assess the old man‟s fortune in his fishing trips, from which the old man always longed for catching a big fish for his life after “eighty-four days without taking a fish” Besides, the Normality resources were also realized by the words usually, lucky, unlucky, naturally, frequently, normal in the following examples:
(4.55) He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish
(4.56) Only I have no luck any more But who knows? Maybe today
Every day is a new day It is better to be lucky
(4.57) Usually when he smelled the land breeze he woke up and dressed to go and wake the boy
(4.58) “It is a strong full-blooded fish, " he thought "I was lucky to get him instead of dolphin
V eracity and propriety are two sub-types of social sanction, in which their positive and negative evaluations deal with the praised or condemned luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si behaviours Veracity is concerned with the judgment of truth, honesty, whereas Propriety entails the sense of moral values and principles As can be seem from Table 4.2, the number of the Propriety values accounts more than that of Veracity ones Ernest Hemingway showed his evaluations of the kindness of the boy who was always willing to help the old man with anything he needed, the boy‟s obedience when the son‟s father did not allow him to go fishing with the old man, the sea which is personified with human characteristics such as the kindness and cruelty The central character was judged as a kind and thoughtful man Some of typical words or phrases employed are true, wrong for Veracity; should, must, need, politely, a sin, cruel, kind for Propriety as the following examples:
(4.59) "It was papa made me leave I am a boy and I must obey him." (4.60) I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong."
Older fishermen looked at him with sadness but maintained politeness as they discussed their recent fishing trips, mentioning the depths at which they had cast their lines, the stable good weather, and the various sights they had observed during their outings.
(4.62) "That's very kind of you," the old man said
(4.63) Perhaps it was a sin to kill the fish
Birds like the sea swallows are crafted with delicate beauty despite the ocean's harsh nature Their fragile, fine forms highlight their grace and kindness, yet they are sometimes overwhelmed by the sea's brutality These small, soaring birds with melancholic voices are too delicate for the unforgiving ocean, illustrating the contrast between their fragile elegance and the sea’s cruel unpredictability.
Judgment, similar to Affect, can be positive when expressing admiration or praise, or negative when used for criticism or condemnation The frequency of positive and negative Judgment resources is illustrated in the accompanying chart, highlighting their varied usage in different contexts.
Figure 4.3 Frequency of positive and negative items of Judgment
As indicated in Figure 4.3, the occurrence of positive Judgment items is
The data reveal that positive judgment values account for 57% of assessments, reflecting a tendency to use admiration and praise more frequently than criticism, which comprises 43% Specifically, out of 746 instances, 432 were positive evaluations of people's behaviors and qualities, indicating a generally favorable portrayal For example, despite describing Mr Santiago as an old and unlucky man, the text highlights his experience and skill as a fisherman, emphasizing his ability to undertake challenging offshore fishing trips with hope and determination These examples illustrate the consistent use of positive judgment values in the analysis, underscoring an optimistic tone in the portrayal of individuals.
(4.65) He worked skillfully with the one hand and put his foot on the coils to hold them as he drew his knots tight
(4.66) He adjusted the sack and carefully worked the line so that it came across a new part of his shoulders and, holding it anchored with his shoulders,
The thesis titled "Positive and Negative Aspects" explores various viewpoints, providing a comprehensive understanding of the topic The author demonstrates a keen sense of observation, as seen when he carefully feels the pull of the fish and monitors the progress of the skiff through the water For those interested in downloading the latest master's thesis, it is available at luanvanfull@gmail.com.
(4.67) Only I have no luck any more But who knows? Maybe today Every day is a new day It is better to be lucky
Appreciation
Appreciation is the final sub-system of Attitude, playing a crucial role in evaluating objects, products, performances, and natural phenomena (Martin & White, 2005) Like Affect and Judgment, Appreciation helps analyze emotional responses and aesthetic assessments, and it is classified into categories such as Reaction, Composition, and others Understanding Appreciation enhances the ability to effectively assess and convey value in various contexts.
Valuation Appreciation is related to the evaluation of inanimate objects
Appreciative appraisal involves assessment of the form, appearance, impact, significance, quality of human artifacts or natural objects by reference to aesthetics and other systems of social values (Martin & White, 2005)
Appreciation can be expressed through the appraiser's reaction to an object, reflecting its impact and quality Additionally, the appraiser may analyze the object's composition, considering aspects such as balance and complexity Furthermore, valuation involves assessing the significance and benefits of the object The distribution of these three types of appreciation is illustrated in a relevant figure, highlighting their interconnected roles in evaluating an object’s overall worth.
Figure 4.5 Values of Appreciation in the data
Table 4.5 clearly shows that all Appreciation values are present throughout the novel The accompanying column chart highlights that Reaction is the most prominent category, exhibiting the highest occurrence rate, followed by Composition as the second most frequent Notably, nearly two-fifths of the total instances pertain to Reaction, underscoring its dominance in the overall data.
Appreciation resources is Reaction, with 41.1% This is followed by Composition, constituting 37.2%, and Valuation is the least common with
Appreciation resources in the article highlight the author's and characters' deep affection, perception, and understanding of their environment, especially focusing on the sea, the marlin, and the sharks Key appreciation themes include evaluating the old man's appearance, his fishing activities, and the marlin's beauty and strength, emphasizing their significance within the narrative These appreciation elements serve to underscore the emotional connection and admiration for nature's majesty and the characters' resilience.
Reaction is concerned with emotive or desiderative affection It deals with
Impact refers to sensory qualities such as movement, dullness, dryness, and flatness, indicating how engaging or stimulating an item is perceived In contrast, quality assessments are based on descriptors like good, well, better, and best, which evaluate the overall excellence or worth of the product Understanding the distinction between Impact and Quality helps in accurately analyzing consumer preferences and product performance Properly aligning these factors enhances SEO by using targeted keywords related to sensory experience and product evaluation.
Appreciation in this context encompasses the reaction and valuation of various elements related to fishing and marine life, such as consuming shark liver oil daily, observing tuna and porpoises circling the boat, and appreciating the flesh of fish and the interaction with birds and weather conditions These subjects highlight the significance of nature's beauty and the importance of respecting marine ecosystems, emphasizing that such experiences are valuable, wonderful, and moving The appreciation process involves steady and quick assessment, recognizing the good and excellent aspects of these natural phenomena, and acknowledging their gentle and impressive qualities.
He rowed steadily with ease, maintaining a comfortable pace across the calm, flat ocean surface, interrupted only by occasional swirls of current.
This fish is truly impressive, and its high-quality flesh could command a strong price in the market It responds eagerly to bait, striking like a seasoned angler and fighting with determination Its calm yet powerful struggle makes it a prized catch for anglers seeking both challenge and quality.
(4.74) "Light brisa," he said "Better weather for me than for you, fish."
The fish was gracefully approaching on his circle, appearing calm and beautiful A flying fish is excellent to eat raw, requiring no cutting, making it a delicious and effortless delicacy It would be wonderful to experience this moment with a radio, enhancing the overall ambiance of the fishing experience.
(4.78) Then he was on his knees and then he rose slowly to his feet He was ceding line but more slowly all the time
Composition resources were associated with answering the questions of
Assessing balance involves determining whether the content hangs together cohesively, while evaluating complexity focuses on how easy or difficult it is to follow Balance can be characterized by shapes such as interminable, wedge-shaped, or pyramid-shaped structures, reflecting how well ideas are organized Variations in size and clarity—ranging from huge to small, light to unclear—also indicate the level of balance and clarity within the content Complexity is rated based on whether the material is simple or requires greater effort to understand, with descriptors like easier versus hard or difficult helping to gauge how accessible the content is for the reader.
(4.79) They were wedge-shaped strips and he cut them from next to the back bone down to the edge of the belly
The protagonist struggles with his desire for simplicity, imagining how easy life would be if he could just make the line fast Despite experiencing pain, exhaustion, and a sense of pride, he humbles himself by showing compassion to a struggling fish As he gently guides the fish, it moves calmly alongside the boat, its silver and purple markings shimmering in the water, symbolizing a moment of connection and peace amidst his internal turmoil.
The novel's valuation resources evaluate whether the appraised elements are significant, beneficial, or harmful The author emphasizes the importance of meaningful conversations between the man and the boy during fishing, highlighting their emotional connection The value of the fish is portrayed as the reward of a hard-fought battle, symbolizing perseverance and effort Additionally, the novel describes the depth of the sea, sudden wells, and the wrinkles of the old man to underscore life's challenges and wisdom Words like "deep," "necessary," "true," "practical," and "the highest price" reinforce these themes, illustrating their significance in the narrative.
(4.82) After all I abused it much in the night when it was necessary to free and untie the various lines
(4.83) "They must have taken a quarter of him and of the best meat," he said aloud
(4.84) There was no stringiness in it and he knew that it would bring the highest price in the market
(4.85) There is no sense in being anything but practical though, he thought
The frequent appearance of Reaction values highlights the writer’s strong focus on character activities and performance in the novel Key moments that capture the writer’s interest include the old man’s movements when leading the boat to the sea and his battle with the marlin, as well as the vivid descriptions of the fish’s majestic presence Additionally, the narrative emphasizes the influence of weather conditions, and the imagery of birds and the sea, reflecting the writer’s deep fascination with nature and the protagonist’s struggles Optimizing these elements for SEO can enhance the article's visibility and engagement.
Composition, as an Appreciation sub-type, focuses on balancing and illustrating the complexity of processes, objects, or states of affairs It ranks second among data sources, highlighting its importance in evaluating how parts or elements relate within a whole An illustrative example is an old man off the shore, battling a school of sharks to protect his catch, symbolizing the intricate relationship between effort and challenge This approach emphasizes the evaluation of processes through the relationships and complexities inherent in various scenarios.
Valuation is a key component of the Appreciation domain, encompassing the significance, benefits, or potential harm of various objects and performances It involves assessing factors such as importance and utility, often highlighted through adjectives like "best," "highest price," and "necessary," which emphasize the value of actions like catching fish For instance, catching a great fish in the market can bring substantial financial gain, providing genuine benefits for the individual, such as the old man.