eric dollard - introduction to dielectric & magnetic discharges in electrical windings, electrical oscillation

CDUCTION TO DIELECTRIC & MAGNETIC IARGES IN ELECTRICAL WINDING CAPACITANCE CAPACITANCE INADEQUATELY EXPLAINED LINES OF FORCE AS REPRESENTATION OF DIELECTRICITY THE LAWS OF LINES OF F

I) INTRODUCTION TO DIELECTRIC & MAGNETIC

DISCHARGES IN ELECTRICAL WINDINGS

by Eric Dollard, © 1982

IL) ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS IN ANTENNAE

AND INDUCTION COILS

CDUCTION TO DIELECTRIC & MAGNETIC

IARGES IN ELECTRICAL WINDING

CAPACITANCE

CAPACITANCE INADEQUATELY EXPLAINED

LINES OF FORCE AS REPRESENTATION OF DIELECTRICITY

THE LAWS OF LINES OF FORCE

FARADAY'S LINES OF FORCE THEORY

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LINES OF FORCE

MASS ASSOCIATED WITH LINES OF FORCE IN MOTION

INDUCTANCE AS AN ANALOGY TO CAPACITANCE

MECHANISM OF STORING ENERGY MAGNETICALLY

INSTANT ENERGY RELEASE AS INFINITY

ANOTHER FORM OF ENERGY APPEARS

ENERGY STORAGE SPATIALLY DIFFERENT THAN MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAG VOLTAGE IS TO DIELECTRICITY AS CURRENT IS TO MAGNETISM

AGAIN THE LIMITS ZERO AND INFINITY

INSTANT ENERGY RELEASE AS INFINITY

ENERGY RETURNS TO MAGNETIC ORM

CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE AS A REPRESENTATION OF

PULSATION OF ENERGY

ENERGY INTO MATTER

MISCONCEPTION OF PRESENT TE=ORY OF CAPACITANCE

FREE SPACE INDUCTANCE IS INFINITE

QUESTION AS TO THE VELOCITY OF DIELECTRIC FLUX

ATHERFORCE

1 CAPACITANCE

of dielectric fields unnecessarily complicated."

Steinmetz continues, "There is obviously no more sense in

of magnetism But the latter conception, together with the notion

representation of the magnetic field by lines of force."

All the lines of magnetic force are closed upon themselves,

form closed loops in electromagnetic radiation

seen from these laws that any line of force cannot just end in

space

Farady felt strongly that action at a distance is not possible

Almost everyone is familiar with the patterns formed by iron filings

and orientate themselves along the lines of force existing around

thru a strong magnetic field and listening to the coil output in

Thompson performed further experiments involving the ionization of

ATHERFORCE

6 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LINES OF FORCE

infinity Consider the effect of the lines of force on A

repulsion

the medium represents the magnetic reaction to growth in intensity

no magnetic field is associated with certain experiments performed

by Tesla involving the movement of energy with no accompanying

magnetic field

Much of the mystery surrounding the workings of capacity

' can be cleared by close examination of inductance and how it

orientate themselves in closed loops surrounding the axis of

A given current strength will hold a loop of force at a given dis-

tance from conductor passing current hence no energy movement

the loops are then pushed — at a corresponding velocity

ATHERFORCE:

ceases changing in magnitude thereby becoming constant, no EMF

it reverses polarity and thereby reverses power so it now moves out

represents stored energy

Many interesting features of inductance manifest themselves

in the two limiting cases of trapping the energy or releasing

resistance, when it is switched off the inductance drains its

energy into this resistance that converts it into the form of

Since the collapse of field produces EMF this EMF will tend to

of energy

ATHERFORCE-11 INSTANT ENERGY RELEASE AS INFINITY

when the current path is interrupted, thereby causing infinite

the current vanished instantly the field collapses at a velocity

because the field is attempting to maintain current by producing

destroy inadequately protected apparatus

Through the rapid discharge of inductance a new force field appears

is also represented by lines of force but these are of a different

manifestation of current flow but of an electric compression

* The energy utilized by an average household in the course of one day

13 DIELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE SPATIALLY DIFFERENT THAN MAGNETIC

ENERGY STORAGE

Unlike magnetism the energy is forced or compressed inwards

internal space and along axis, rather than pushed outward broadside

repellent certain amounts of broadside or transverse motion can be

is that the smaller the space bounded by the conducting structure

in association with dielectricity can be thought of as working

in series

With inductance the reaction to change of field is the production

voltage increases a reaction current flows into capacitance and

flows and the capacitance stores the energy which produced the field

If the voltage decreases then the reaction current reverses and energy

ATHERFORCE:

flows out of the dielectric field

vanish

of energy storage

velocity of field it jumps to infinity in its attempt to produce

finite voltage #88 zero resistance If considerable energy had

the resulting explosion has almost inconceivable violence and can

discharges of great speed and energy represent one of the most

unpleasant experiences the electrical engineer encounters in practice

The powerful currents produced by the sudden expansion of a dielectr

capacitance dumps all its energy back into the magnetic field and

pitch may or may not contain overtones depending on the extent of

conductors bounding the energies

FIELD

The ratio of magnetic storage ability to that of the dielectric

as the magnetic energy storage is outward and the dielectric storage

is inward the total or double energy field pulsates in shape or size

displaying oscillations and pulsation occurs at the frequency of

oscillation

ATHERFORCE-19 ENERGY INTO MATTER

The misconception that capacitance is the result of accumulating

the free space capacitance of an object is the sum mutual capacity of it

+ofs all the conducting objects of the universe

21 FREE SPACE INDUCTANCE IS INFINITE

Phenomena and Oscillation," points out that the inductance of any

unit length of an isolated filimentary conductor must be infinite

Because no image currents exist to contain the magnetic field

inductance which is called electromagnetic radiation

his efforts to dielectric phenomena and made numerous remarkable điscoveri

my contention that the phenomena of dielectricity is wide open for

of force concept associated with a phenomena measured in the units called farads after Farady, whose insight into forces and fields has led

to the possibility of visualization of the electrical phenomena

ATHERFORCE

dine

IMPORTANT REFERENCE MATERIAL

"Blementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves, and

"Theory and Calculation of Transient Electric Phenomena

Velocity of Propagation of Electric Field

23 QUESTION AS TO THE VELOCITY OF DIELECTRIC FLUX

It has been stated that all magnetic lines of force must

state of dielectric flux lines before the field has had time to

could be concluded that either the lines of force propagate instantly

or always exist and are modified by the electric force, or voltage

It is possible that additional or conjugate space exists within

of force within this conjugate space may not obey the laws of

normally conceived space

ATHERFORCE

f= T ampere turns per cm

4af10-! lines of magnetic

force per em?

per cm

Dielectric density : D=x«A lines of dielectric force per cm?*, or coulombs per

| Dimensions! ; Formula - i i No of No of No of |

| Quantit ¿di y Sym- bol Rationalized on Defining Equation Eexnonents of § { cs emu oe NO ef | cgs esu ws No of ca ng No of | |

i - Eat xi inks mis emu |

by ; v mo ge se Lit 1) Ú¡—1, OF em see 10? 4 em sec 10? 1 ;

fi Acs jeration a HY nec? am Lert 1 0J—2| 0) em sec? HD: em,sec? 10? 1 :

3) Force r newton Fo = fa TỶ oC dyne 108 Í dyne 10 1

o} Energy iv joule li xưa 2 1IJ—2| 0 erg 107 erg 10? 1

1UÌ Power P watt P= W/T 2, 1;-3) O erg, sec 107 erg/sec 107 1

tii Charge Q.q couluinh Ƒ_ = Q1/(4xeoL3) ov Of 0| 1 abcoulomb 107! statcoulomb 10¢ 100c

12| Dieiectric constant of :

free space «0 farad;m eo = 1/ (woe?) ~3-1 2| 3 1 4rc3/107

14 relative « numeric tr “ c/&o 0| of OO} OF i

Charye density

{5 volume p coulornb/m2 p=Q/o =3l 0 Ol lị abcoulomb/cm*| 10°77 J statcoulomb/em#| ¢/106 100c

to! surface pe coulomb/m? pe @ Q/A ~2| O Of If abecoulomb/cm?| 10°-§ jstatcoulomb/em?| c/101 100c

17Ì line ps coulomb/m pt = Q/L —1| Oj; O} 1f abcoulomb/cm 107% | statcoulomb/cm đ/10 100c

18} Electric intensity F volt/m E = F/Q = —V/L 1 I1Ị—2|—1 abvoit/em 1049 statvolt/em 104/¢ 1/(100c)

19] Electric tlux density D coulomb/m? D =‹E =W/ =2 0 0| 1 4x/108 4zc/102 100c

20) Electric flux v coulomb vy = De Oo} of OF 1 4e 7/10 4x10c 100c

21| Electrie potential V volt V = —E 2Ð 1Ì—2|—tÌ abvolt 108 statvolt 1048//¢ 1/(100c)

122) EMF Vy volt Vo = —du/dt 2) 1|—2|—1 abvolt :o8 statvolt 108/c 1/(100c)

23} Capacitance Cc farad C =Q/V —2|I—1| 2| 2 abfarad 10* statfarad c1/108 (100c)1

124] Current I.é ampere I= Q/T oj o|—1) 1 abampere 10”! statampere 10¢ 100¢

{25} Current density J ampere/m2 J=i/A —2); 0|—=l1{| 1% abampere/cm? i078 | statampere/cm? | c/101* 100c

27| Resistivity ? ohm-m p = RA/L 4| 1Í—1|—2 abohm-cm ioe statohm-cm 107 /c® § 1/(100c)*

238| Conductance G mho GŒ = 1/R —2i—1; 1| 2 abmho 10 statmho c2/10% (100c)?

¡29| Conductivity ơ mho/m ơ “= l/p =“J/Ƒ —3|—1l ff 2 abmho/cm ion! statmho/cm 1/101 (100c)1

'30) Electric pol:.rization P | coulomhb/in! P= — ek =~ —2| Of OF 1iabceulorah/cm?!! 10-5 ‡statcoulornb/cm?l ¢/108 100c

l3q| Eleetric susceptibility xe } farad/m xe = P/E meo(e — 1)|—3|—1| 2| 23 ị 1 4xc1/10†

32| Electric dipole mo- Ị

{4 ment „ma | coulomb-m me = OL 1Ì 0 ol 1 ! ; Statcoulomb-cm 10%

331 Electricenergydensity| we Jonle “m4 we = [IE/2 —1; 1Í—2| Of erg/emd | ! 4 erg ‘cm! 10 I

- ˆ naocera scent 7 SR ag 8 ACR 8 kn rt 8a 0390

TABLE OF UNITS, SYMBOLS, AND DIMENSIONS

| | t j ‘ | Dimensional | Ị

Ị ! sữg | | Fermula { No of j | No of | No of

jot (Quantity | Sym- | Unit ' Defining Enuation miponents of ( cogs emu ooo cgs esu cou des

¬ | Đếi | Rationalized | :——— ’ : No of Í No, of No of

v4| Permeability of ‘free ' ì h | ' 1 i i

i space | “6g henry, m | wo = tay LOT | 1| | ol—2 L107 41x í j `

;:35[ Dertneabili: v ¡J4 Nenrysm i p = 8/H yo o-2 ? ( i

:áa rel::Lt¡ ve ue numeric be = 4/do uF 0| a a ị 1 ì :

$7} Magnetre poÏe i? weber | p = 1(Ư — bo) 2) loth} pole 1s te | } !

1 | ¡ : r | ' i = maxwell/4r | } i |

138i Magnetic moment m | wender-m ¡HH mm +L 4Í 1Í—=li—I Pole-cm pO dyed ‡

s13; Magnetic intensity 4 amipereym or Ho= UiLor F/p —ì1| U|—~ i ! oer¿ted cr te, toa} ¡

: | ; newton’ weber | dbert/cr+ J ’

140: Magnetic flux density 3B weber mm! SG = pl @ o/A Oo ol 1| -1 Zauss or Loe - ‘

} i ; ‡ Ỉ maxwel! em?

itl; Magnetic flux % weber , @ 2 BA wi yT a i —1|—!1 maxwell 108 4

idl Magnetic potential Ư ampere Ư =ử —= (1L 0| 0j—1| 1 saibert fre id

43! MA} # ampere J = Đj 0 TI1[ 1 gilbert tr/10

4 Intensity uf magneti-| 3] weber/m:3 i = B-— Ba = m/L1| OF 1/—1|—1 polescm? or 104/49 3

zation Ị gauss/4x {

| Ina Inductance é | h 7 : :

'45 enry = 2 1| Of—2 abhenry 10° O8/c® | q ?

146} mubbaÍ Af henry Mey fl = W/I? 2 1| Ú| —2 „bhenzy 10 | oes Piles

147| Reiuctance R ampere/ weber R= Fie —2|—1| 01 2

jay Reluctivity „ meter/henry ym l/s —I1|—I1| 01 2

|49| Permeance e weber/amp # = 1/đ 2| tf 0ị—2 j

‘50; Permittivity “ henry/ meter u “= 1/⁄y ) 1| 01—2 | :

\Si| EMF Ve volt Ve = —d¢/dt 2| 1Ì—3|—1 abvolt 108 | statvolt 10#/e 4 1/(100¢)

152] Poynting’s vector SP watts/m! P= 0| w-—-3) 0 ¿bwatt/cm? i01 | statwatt/cm? 108 1

i831 Magnetic energy den- - |

be sity ; wm joule / m4 um “= 1B/2 —1| 1/-21 © erg/cm! 10 erg/cméa 10 1

:S4 Magretic susccpti- ( Xm enry/in xu = M/H 1 1; O}—2 henry/m 107/4e

i bility = pe(ur — 1)

wo ~ 46/10? henrys/meter orc = 2.998 X 168 meters/sec, co = !/pec? = 101/(4wc3) = 8.854 X 107!3 farad/meter

Porc a 3 Xx 108 maters/sec, so > 1/(G6e109) farad/meter

- c! = 8.988 < 10809 X10

electrical characteristics to the electrical oscillations in antennas

and inductance coils Experimental methods are also given for de-

termining the constants of antennas and experimental results

showing the effect of imperfect diclectrics upon antenna resistance

The theory of circuits having uniformly distributed charac- teristics such as cables, telephone lines, and transmission lines

has been applied to antennas by a number of authors The

results of the theory do not seem to have been clearly brought

out, and in fact erroneous results have at times been derived

and given prominence in the literature As an illustration,

in one article the conclusion has been drawn that the familiar

method of determining the capacity and inductance of antennas

by the insertion of two known loading coils leads to results which

are in very great error In the following treatment it Is shown

that this is not true and that the method ts very valuable,

Another point concerning which there scems to be consider- able uncertainty is that of the effective values of the capacity,

inductance and resistance of antennas In this paper expres-

sions are obtained for these quantities giving the values which

would be suitable for an artificial antenna to represent the actual

antenna at a given frequency

The theory is applied also to the case of inductance coils with distributed capacity in which case an exphination of a

well-known experimental result is obtained

Experimental methods are given for determining the con- stants of antennas the first of which is the familiar method

previousiy mentioned, It is shown that this methéd m reality’

gives values of capacity and induectince of the saternn close to

the low frequency or static values and may be corrected so as to

give these values very accurately The second method con-

cerns the determination of the cfective values of the capacity,

inductance, and resistance of the antenna

In the portion which deals with the resistance of antennas,

a series of experimental results are given which expiun the

linear rise in resistance of antennas as the wave length is in-

erensed It is shown that this characteristic feature of antennas

resistunee curves is caused by the presence of imperfect dichee-

antenna, which causes it to behave as an absorbing condenser

300

ATHERFORCE