(Luận văn) legislation to promote vietnamese seafood export to australia under cptpp from 2020 2030

luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si... This method has several advantages: through direct discussion negotiation, it is easy to come to the

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF SEAFOOD EXPORT

1.1 Some theoretical issues related to export

1.1.1 Definition and characteristics

Export is one of the important business activities of foreign trade, reflecting trade and trade relations between countries in the region and around the world Current export activities take place on a global scale, in all sectors and sectors of the economy, from production materials to consumer goods, from the smallest parts and components to the complex machinery, high-tech types, not only tangible goods but also intangible goods with increasing density

customs by the law ”(Article 28, Section 1, Chapter 2, Vietnam Commercial Law 2005)

Export activities take place in all areas both in space and time It may only last for

a short time and may also last for a long time The export market is very large and diverse, not only limited to one or two countries but also expanded throughout the world Due to the requirements of world economic integration, international trade activities, in which exports are further promoted through the participation of organizations and economic sectors such as ASEAN organizations and organizations WTO, EU bloc aims to expand cooperation with many countries, establish favorable agreements for all parties involved in trade activities

Exporting activities take place in many industries If the beginning of exports consisted only of goods in the fields of agriculture and industry, such as footwear, agricultural products, handicrafts, garments, etc., now service exports are also viewed is one of the activities that contribute greatly to the domestic economy Currently, the export products are very diverse, from consumer exports, labor exports, knowledge exports to production materials, machinery and high-tech goods

Export activities are affected by many foreign environmental factors such

as politics, law, society, geography, economy, etc Each country needs to pay attention to these factors to ensure mexport achieve favorable results, overcome barriers, difficulties and earn high profits This is an important factor throughout the export activities, from research, market orientation, object, consumption to shipping, distribution and payment activities of goods and services

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Export activities bring many economic benefits to enterprises and the State It promotes the development of businesses in terms of production scale and operational scale, enabling the country to shorten the time of industrialization and modernization thanks to foreign currency revenues and capital sources foreign investment in domestic production activities, promoting international cooperation with other countries and the process of international economic integration

In cases where an enterprise participating in export is a commercial enterprise which cannot produce its products, the export consists of two stages:

+ Purchasing to create a source of export goods for units and localities in the country

+ Negotiating and signing with foreign business, delivery and payment of money with your unit

This method has several advantages: through direct discussion negotiation, it is easy to come to the agreement and there are few unfortunate misunderstandings so:

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+ Reduce intermediary costs thus increasing profits for businesses.

+ There are many conditions to promote the independence of the business.+ Actively in the consumption of its products

However, besides the positive aspects, this method also reveals some disadvantages such as:

+ Easy to take risks + If there are no qualified and experienced import-export staff when signing contracts in a new market or making mistakes that are detrimental to

it is necessary to prompt the volume of goods and services needed for effective trading

Entrusted export

This is a form of business in which the import and export unit acts as an

intermediary instead of the production unit, signing an export contract, carrying out necessary procedures for export The manufacturer and thereby enjoy a certain amount of money called a consignment fee

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This form includes the following steps:

+ Signing a contract of entrusted export with a domestic unit

+ Signing export contracts, delivering goods and paying for goods in foreign

countries

+ Receiving export entrusted fee from domestic units

Advantages of this method:

Trustees understand the local legal market situation and practices, so they have the ability to promote their business and to avoid lessening the trustee

For trustees, there is no need to put capital into the business to create jobs for employees and also earn a considerable amount of money

However, the use of intermediaries in addition to the positive side mentioned above has significant limitations such as:

- Import-export trading companies that lose their direct link to the market often have to meet the intermediaries' requirements

- Profits are shared

Counter-trade

a Concept Convection trade is one of the export transaction methods in export combined closely with imports, the seller is also the buyer, the amount of exchange with each other has equivalent value In this mode of export, the objective is to obtain an equivalent amount of goods Because of this feature, this method also has other names such as associated import and export, or barter

b Types of convection trading

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Convection trading was established long ago in the history of monetary relations,

of which the earliest was easy exchanges and clearing exchanges

Barter service: on the two sides exchanging directly with each other but goods with equivalent value, the delivery takes place almost simultaneously However, in modern bartering activities, one can use the money to pay part of the goods even more, which can attract 3-4 parties

Compensation between two parties exchanging goods with each other base on recording the value of delivered goods, until the end of the term, the two parties will compare the books, compare with the delivered value and the received value The balance is kept for payment at the request of the creditor

Counter - Purchase is a party conducting in the processing industry, finished products of raw materials

semi-This operation usually lasts from 1 to 5 years while the value of goods delivered for payment usually does not reach 100% of the value of the purchased goods

Transferring of obligations (Switch) the consignee transfers the debt of goods to

a third party

Offset transactions (trade-offs) where people exchange goods or services for services and favors (such as investment favors or help with the sale of products) that often occur in the military technology trade the cost of delivering parts and detailed assemblies within the framework of industrial cooperation

In technology transfer, it is common to conduct a buy back operation in which one party supplies the entire equipment or invents a know-how to another, while also committing to buy back products to the device or invent that technical know-how luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si

Export of goods according to the protocol

This is a form of export of goods (usually for debt assignment) signed by a

protocol between two Governments

This is one of the export forms that businesses save money on market research costs: finding customers, customers face no risk of payment

In fact, this form of export accounts for a very small proportion Usually, in the former socialist countries and in some countries, there is a close relationship and only in some state enterprises

Export at site

This is a new form of business but is growing widely, due to its advantages

The characteristic of this type of export is that goods do not need to cross the national border and are still purchased by customers Therefore, exporters do not need to penetrate foreign markets and customers find the exporters themselves

On the other hand, enterprises also do not need to carry out procedures such as customs procedures, goods insurance thus reducing the cost quite large

In the current economic conditions, the trend of temporary migration is becoming more and more popular, typically the number of people traveling abroad increases rapidly Enterprises are aware that this is a good opportunity to cooperate with tourism organizations to conduct goods service provision activities to collect foreign currencies In addition, businesses can also take advantage of this opportunity to promote their products through visitors On the other hand, with the creation of a series of export processing zones in other countries, this is also an effective form of export that is paid more attention from countries This payment is also quick and convenient

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International processing

This is a business method in which one party calls the processor of raw materials

or semi-finished products of another party (called the processing party) to process the finished product and hand it over to the ordering party remuneration (called processing fee)

This is one of the export forms that have been developing strongly and paid much attention to many countries By the benefits of it

For outsourcing party: This method helps them take advantage of cheap prices, raw materials, and labor of the processing country

For processors: This method helps them to create jobs for domestic workers or import new equipment or technology to their country, in order to build a national industry like Nam Trieu Tien, Thailand, Singapore

Forms of international outsourcing:

Regarding the ownership of raw materials, international processing may be conducted in the following forms:

The processor orders the raw or semi-finished products to the processor and after the time of manufacture and manufacture, the product will be recalled and the processing fee paid

The outsourcing party sells off raw materials to the processor and after the time of production and manufacture will buy finished products In this case, the ownership

of raw materials transfers from the processor to the processor

In addition, it is possible to apply a combination in which the supplier only delivers luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si

the main materials and the processor provides the auxiliary materials In terms of processing prices, outsourcing can be divided into two forms:

+ Cost-plus contract, in which the processing party pays with the processing party all of his actual expenses plus processing remuneration

+ Contract contract in which we determine a target value (target price) for each product, including norm costs and norm remuneration No matter how much the processor costs, the two parties will pay in accordance with that norm

The relationship between processes and the outsourcing party is determined by the processing contract Processing contracts are often specified the number of terms such as finished products, raw materials, prices, payment, delivery

Temporary import for re-export

This is a form of export abroad of goods that have previously been imported, unprocessed in re-export countries than the amount of foreign currency originally spent

The contract always attracts three exporting, re-exporting, and importing countries Therefore, it is called a triangular transaction or triangular transaction

Re-export can take one of the following two forms:

Re-export in the true sense of the sense, in which goods travel from the exporting country to the country of re-export and then re-export from the re-export country to the importing country Contrary to the movement of goods, the movement of money currencies originated from importing countries to re-exporting countries and quickly transferred to exporting countries

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The advantage of this form of export is that businesses can earn high profits without having to organize production, invest in machinery and equipment factories, and the ability to recover capital is also faster

The re-export business requires a keen sense of the market situation and prices, and the accuracy and rigor of trading activities Therefore, when the enterprise conducts export in this mode, it is necessary to have highly qualified staff

1.1.3 Theories related to export

1.1.3.1 Absolute advantage theory

This is the first systematic theory of international trade initiated by Adam Smith in the famous work "Wealth of peoples" first published in 1776.

In essence, Adam Smith's theory of an absolute advantage is very simple: if country A can produce X goods cheaper than country B, and country B can produce Y goods cheaper than country A, then countries should focus on producing their goods more effectively and exporting them to that country In this case, each country is considered to have absolute advantage in producing each specific item According to Adam Smith, “each country has different advantages,

so it will specialize in the production of products that we have absolute advantage and exchange with foreign countries for products that foreign countries produce more effectively all benefit "

Thus, according to A Smith's absolute advantage theory, the difference in absolute advantage between the two countries is the source of international trade Absolute advantage theory not only helps describe the direction of specialization of production and exchange between countries but also serves as a tool for countries

to increase welfare This commercial model may help explain a part of luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si

international trade, but it still does not explain the reason for international trade in all cases

1.1.3.2 Theory of relative advantage

Because the absolute advantage of countries is determined on the basis of comparing the actual labor used in different countries, the theory of absolute advantage does not explain the cause of why international trade still exists can take place when a country has an absolute advantage (or no absolute advantage) in all commodities In 1817, English economist Ricardo proposed the theory of relative advantage, helping to solve part of this fact The law of relative advantage states that: “One country will export goods that are relatively priced lower than the other country In other words, one country will export goods that it can produce with relatively higher efficiency than the other ”

Thus, the simple model of D Ricardo retains the same assumptions as to the model

of Adam Smith, however, the concept of price correlation between the two goods has been used to explain the origin of international commerce Despite important advances against Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage, David Ricardo's theory has many limitations These are also the major drawbacks of classical theories on international trade Given the assumptions in the trade model above, comparative advantage theory is difficult to stand up to practical tests, but David Ricardo's conclusion is still an important conclusion explaining the origin of trade international trade Therefore, there have been many studies extending the comparative advantage theory to more realistic assumptions, especially the increasing opportunity cost theory

1.1.3.3 Transport costs, environmental policies, and international trade

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Previous international trade theories built a cross-country trade model based on the assumption of transportation costs equal to zero However, transportation costs and costs related to trade activities in many cases greater than the value of the goods,

so analyzing the impact of shipping costs is important in international trade Due to the cost of transportation, the level of specialization in one country's production as well as the volume and benefits of trade on lower-priced goods compared to other countries are reduced Transport costs also indirectly affect international trade through the reallocation of production locations of industries in two directions, which are input resources of production processes and markets for output products The distribution of industries and international trade activities are also strongly influenced by national environmental factors

This is a new trade barrier, greatly affecting production and trade activities in developing countries Differences in environmental standards lead to different production costs across countries Countries with low environmental standards can use the environment as a production factor so that their products can compete in the world market The pollution problem will affect trade because the prices of the goods traded on international markets often do not reflect all environmental costs

1.1.3.4 Theory of national-level competitiveness

In the 1977 "Comprehensive Competitiveness Report", the World Economic Forum (WEF) defined a country's competitiveness as "the capacity of an economy

to achieve and maintain high growth based on relatively sustainable policies, institutions, and other economic characteristics ” According to the WEF, eight factors groups determine the overall competitiveness of the economy, including: luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si

- Opening level: the openness of a country is measured by the degree of integration into the world economy, the degree of liberalization of international trade and investment (including tariff and non-tariff barriers) tariffs, export incentives, exchange rate policies, foreign direct investment, investment incentives

at all levels, etc.) of those countries during the evaluation period

-Government: the role, extent and extent of government intervention and the quality of services provided by the government, the impact of fiscal policy (including government spending, taxation systems, levels of taxes, government subsidies, civil servant capacity in the public sector, the influence of interest groups on government policies, transparency in government regulations)

- Finance: the role of intermediary financial markets, thrifty behavior and the effectiveness of financial intermediaries in the flow of savings into effective investments (investment and savings, credit ratio for the private sector, financial risk)

- Infrastructure: quantity and quality of transport systems, telecommunication networks, electricity supply, wharves, the degree of synchronization of infrastructure and distribution conditions are physical infrastructure floors help improve the investment efficiency of the economy

- Technology: the level of research and development (R&D), the technological level of a country (endogenous technology capacity, the capacity to receive new technologies)

- Administration: includes indicators of competition strategy, product development, quality control, financial activities, human resources and marketing capabilities of enterprises

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- Labor: efficiency and flexibility of the domestic labor market

- Institutions: the correctness of legal and social institutions forms the basis for supporting a modern, competitive market economy, including laws and levels of protection of property rights

However, growth is a necessary condition but not enough for sustainable development - an indicator covers broader targets The WEF approach makes it difficult to select short-term policy priorities, and it also has subjective factors, as more than half of the indicators are based on the sample of interviews in countries conducting the evaluation

M Porter's theory of competitive advantage approaches from the perspective of governance Follow

M Porter, only the productivity index is meaningful for the concept of a nation's competitiveness because this is the basic factor that determines the improvement of

a country's living standards in the long run M Porter has given four basic attributes of a country to create and maintain a competitive advantage:

- Conditions of production factors: production factors are divided into two groups, which are basic factors (including natural resources, climate, geographical location, untrained labor force or simple training, funding) and advanced factors (including infrastructure, telecommunication, modern digital, high-quality human resources)

- Demand conditions: are shown directly in the market's capacity for their products M Porter emphasizes the emphasis on domestic demand, not demand of the international market The domestic market with highly demanding and complex luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si

products will be a motivation for companies to constantly improve their products if they want to survive and develop This is a decisive factor for the company's ability

to innovate and respond to foreign market factors, which will help it stand firm in the international market

- Supporting industries and related industries: the competitiveness of a company, an industry or an entire country depends on supporting industries and related industries because The company cannot be separated from other companies

in production and business activities The relationship, interaction between companies in the industry with other industries will promote the strength and competitiveness of enterprises in the industry

- Strategy, structure and level of internal competition in the industry: the level

of competition of the domestic industry will determine the company's competitiveness in the international market

The national competition theory of M Porter considers that a country's competitiveness depends on the competitiveness of the industry and more specifically the competition of enterprises in the industry No one country is more capable than another, only one enterprise in this country is more competitive than another This is an accurate view However, M Porter's theory also has limitations when emphasizing the role of domestic demand in the competitiveness of enterprises in the international market Japan is a typical case to test Porter's theory, natural input materials must be imported but the manufacturing industry such as steel is also extremely developed, Mazda is not famous in the domestic market but very successful in the overseas market even in the US market

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Through the theory of international trade, we can draw the following remarks:

- International trade is an indispensable and objective process

- All countries participating in international trade have benefits, including developing, underdeveloped and developed countries

- The absolute advantages and relative advantages of each commodity determine the country's export and import structure

- The advantages of each country are not only available conditions but also created

by the people, businesses and the support and encouragement of the state

1.2 A number of theoretical issues about seafood exports

1.2.1 The role and characteristics of seafood export for the exporting country

1.2.1.1 Role

Seafood exports are a significant part of commodity exports of most countries in the world However, due to differences in advantages (capital, labor, technology, natural conditions, government policies), the proportion of seafood exports in total exports of different countries Seafood exports have the following specific roles:

crisis situation, exporting to that market is very difficult because people will not want to spend on high-value, even average products , so the export value will not

be high

b Geographical factors, climate

The market is also affected by geographical factors, natural climate It is this factor that the market of a different country or region has different requirements

c Political-legal factors

This factor is reflected in national governments' incentives or restrictions on goods imported into this country This will make it easier for businesses to penetrate the market, at the same time, expand their markets or prevent suppliers from entering the market through the tax barrier system customs, protection, quotas, etc

of culture in the broad or narrow sense, but one thing, cultural factors are formed

on natural conditions , ethnic history, religion, etc Therefore, markets of the same type of product enter different countries

1.2.1.2 Micro factor

• Geographical factors and climate

The market is also affected by geographical factors and natural climate It is this factor that the market of a different country or region has different requirements, luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si

requiring the products to be appropriate For example, products that work well in temperate climates may be damaged in tropical climates, or require refrigeration or storage grease Perishable products due to the impact of hot and humid climate are more likely to fall in love when stored in high temperatures and humidity markets

 Product quality

Seafood quality as a factor to promote export development includes: goods produced must ensure quality standards Exported seafood products must ensure quality according to international standards, depending on the markets targeted by enterprises There are so many commodity agricultural products that retain market share, market position and ensure consumer reliability

 Quality factor of service and service

In order to develop agricultural exports, the factor of service quality and superior service of suppliers compared to competitors is an equally important issue There are two aspects related to this field: Firstly, services to prepare products to be marketed, including the organization and diversification of forms

of export services for aquatic products, the organization of forms of advertising services, packaging, the form of product packaging to meet customer requirements, creating unique features in the service provided; Second, services

to establish, strengthen and expand long-term partnerships with customers and markets Service is of outstanding quality when the actions and promises of the supplier bring customers more value-added than the suppliers in the same field

 Brand quality factor

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Trademark issues have become indispensable to ensure business efficiency

in modern economic conditions Most of the exported goods in the international market are associated with the brand, creating a reputation and a reputation for the goods it serves to strengthen the trust of customers This is extremely important for seafood goods when product quality cannot be verified before consumption

• Factors that belong to support policies

In order to develop seafood exports, apart from the decisive factors that belong

to the enterprises themselves, the basic content is how to improve their competitiveness and business efficiency On the other hand, it is highly dependent on solutions from the industry and the Government In the field of research on exported seafood, the government's support policies are directly related to: use of land elements, use of agricultural production inputs production, prices of intermediate goods used in production and processing of goods, prices of export goods, capital support, etc Specifically, including the main policies suchas:

- Direct support policy: capital, credit, tax, production subsidies, goods export, land policies, agricultural product subsidies and inputs of agricultural production

- Indirect support policies to guide production units, localities and industries to

strongly develop production and export of agricultural commodities: policies for training human resources, policies on science and technology, State administrative reform policy

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Some other factors related to the Government's impact on product development and processing of export agricultural products are:

+ Planning, production planning, land planning, raw material area development planning, policies to change the structure of economic sectors, and apply advanced production organization models

+ Forecasting the market, prices, market demand for consumption, forecasting the development of science and technology in the field of seafood production and processing

The Government's policies and macroeconomic impacts are the basis for our country's production and export of agricultural goods to make sure future steps in the international market In summary, the above factors create a system for the determination, implementation of specific policies and solutions to develop seafood export in the process of industrialization and modernization

1.2.3 Criteria for evaluating a country's seafood export activities

1.2.3 Export turnover

Export turnover is the total export value (the proceeds earned) of all exports of a country in a given period (usually quarter or year), which is then converted into a uniform a certain kind of currency The higher the export turnover, the more developed a country's economy is In contrast, the lower the export turnover, the more backward the country's economy is

The export turnover of an agricultural commodity is calculated by the following

formula:

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Inside:

TR: Revenue (export turnover)

P: The price of a unit of product i

Q: Number of products i exported

N: Number of product groups to be exported

From the above formula, we can see: there are two ways to increase export turnover, one is to increase export output, or increase export prices The export turnover criterion is the most important and easily determined criterion to assess the competitiveness of export goods Whether or not the competitiveness of such goods is improved depends on the quality, the organization of the consumption process, the restructuring strategy in the direction of gradually increasing the proportion of export of goods of high economic value, especially processed agricultural products of increasing quality

The criteria for evaluating a country's seafood exports include: An increase in seafood export turnover; the growth rate of seafood export value; Structure of exported aquatic products; Export seafood prices; Quality of exported aquatic products; Design and appearance of exported aquatic products

1.2.4 Experiences and lessons on seafood exports of countries

CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIAN MARKET AND CPTPP

AGREEMENT

2.1 Overview on Australian market

Australia is a developed economy in the G20 group, with a population of about 24 million people, gross domestic product GDP of about 1,390 billion USD, per capita income equivalent to purchasing power parity of about 50,000 USD / person /year , is a market with quite large purchasing power and has great potential for fishery products

Australia's economy is highly dependent on the exploitation of natural resources and minerals In the past year, investment in the mining sector has decreased sharply, affecting significantly to the economy The reduced investment makes unemployment increase The reason for this is attributed to the change of the Australian Government last year that made new investors worried when investing

in this country

As a result of the prolonged campaign and governmental changes, a number of major economic policies under the Labor government were disrupted, such as carbon tax and resource tax reforms, the implementation of the Bandwidth Project worth over 30 billion Australian dollars Australia is facing difficulties affecting the sustainability and stability of the economy such as (i) a high level of dependence on mineral exports, leading to the risk of reduced growth due to falling raw material prices ; (ii) the Australian dollar is high In order to improve the economy's capacity, the Inter-Government Government advocates major luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si

orientations: (i) reform the business environment through simplifying procedures and easing regulations for businesses; (ii) recover the manufacturing industry; (iii) boost trade

•Regarding fiscal policy, the Inter-Party Government advocated changing the tax

system to raise the additional US $ 2.4 billion for the budget; eliminate carbon taxes (CT) and resource rental taxes (MRRT); corporate tax reduction from 30% to 28.5%; advocating to keep the goods and services tax (GST) unchanged; cutting government spending through reducing the size of the public administration system; increase public investment in infrastructure

Regarding monetary policy, the RBA said lowering the interest rate is to stimulate wage growth by reducing unemployment and not to cope with the economic situation Since May 2019, the RBA has signaled that interest rates will fall to a record low if the unemployment rate does not fall below 5% Currently, Australia's unemployment rate has increased to 5.2%, partly because of the record labor force participation rate This is the 13th lowering interest rates since 1990 - the time when RBA lowered interest rates for 5 consecutive months

Regarding trade and investment, the Inter-Party government is determined

to make a breakthrough in negotiating free trade agreements (FTAs) with partners, declaring its goal of signing FTA with China in 12 months; at the same time, promoting FTA negotiations with Japan, Korea, the Gulf countries and the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement with Indonesia, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), the Trade and Economic Agreement Pacific Pacific (PACER plus) However, the biggest barrier to signing luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si

an FTA, especially with China and Indonesia, is the major internal disagreement within the Inter-Party about foreign investment in Australia, with the view of the Nationalist Party being tightening foreign investment in the field agricultural sector

Currently, Australia is one of Vietnam's important trading partners in the Asia-Pacific region The trade between the two countries has grown steadily in recent years In 2017, Vietnam-Australia import-export turnover reached US $ 6.46 billion, up 22.2% compared to 2016, the highest increase in the past 7 years, of which Vietnam's exports to Australia reached 3.3 billion USD, up 15.1% compared to 2016 In 2019, the two-way turnover between Vietnam and Australia reached nearly 8 billion USD, up 3% compared to the same period last year In recent years, the business community Australian businesses are increasingly interested in the Vietnamese market and vice versa

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Australian consumers set very high-quality standards for goods These standards are supported by a range of consumer protection regulations in all states Importers and retailers also have this view and will not accept that products do not meet their quality control standards

The timing of Australia's purchase does not coincide with the purchase of countries

in the Northern Hemisphere, which makes many foreign suppliers willing to offer

"off-season" prices for shipments sold in Australia

Recent consumer research Unpacking the consumer seafood experience sheds light

on recent trends among Australian seafood consumers (Intuitive Solutions 2019) The survey sampled 2,002 adult grocery buyers in 2019 and is an update on similar research from 2016 According to the results of the survey, 78% of Australians had consumed seafood in the previous 12 months, largely unchanged from 77% in

2016 The results of the survey showed these seafood consumers fall into one of three categories: frequent eaters, regular eaters and infrequent eaters The survey results showed that frequent eaters (those that consume seafood once a week or more) accounting for only 33% of consumers but accounted for 77% of consumption

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• Australia importers

Australian importers often want to pay lower prices than importers in the US and Europe but require certain goods of uniform quality and timely delivery They also often order smaller quantities than importers in many other markets The reason that Australian consumers have this rigorous view is:

- Strong competition in import and retail, areas with relatively low net profit;

- The opening of the import policy of Australia;

- A large number of suppliers from neighboring countries try to sell goods into the Australian market

Most Australian importers are often slow to change to new suppliers They often create close relationships with familiar suppliers to ensure business continuity and rarely change suppliers abruptly When doing business with a new customer, Australian importers often place two or three test orders to ensure suppliers meet quality standards When qualified, the following orders will be placed via email or fax and the order quantity may increase

Australian importers will not accept that their suppliers break their commitment not to sell goods to other importers Sneaking in on Australian importers will be a serious mistake when doing business in this small market because they will soon discover what is happening

Another important point is that Australian importers do not like to bargain They are willing to negotiate a reasonable price but do not bargain for a discount of 20%

or more

If foreign suppliers offer unrealistic prices, Australian importers will usually not consider offers Therefore, when quoting Australian importers, the most important luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si

thing is to offer the "most reasonable" price This price should usually be lower than the offer price for buyers in the US and Europe with a bargaining rate of no more than 3% to 5%

The last thing to note about Australian importers is their views with the new suppliers As noted above, most importers do not want to stop doing business with existing suppliers because of concerns about the difficulties they face when seeking to build business relationships with suppliers New level On the other hand, the first thing that attracts Australian importers is the competitive price They will hesitate to do business with suppliers who do not show confidence in delivering quality goods, on-time delivery and regular contact

Competitive characteristics of the market

The general rule of the Australian retailer is not to import a product unless it is at least 15% cheaper than similar products available on the domestic market

The comparative advantage of price advantages of Australian retailers is reflected

in the approach of large importers A new supplier must offer a price that is relatively lower than that offered by domestic and foreign suppliers that have been

in business with Australia for a long time Before an Australian importer considers

or moves into a new supplier, the basic condition is that the price difference of new suppliers must be at least 5% lower than the FOB price

Therefore, new overseas suppliers will find that Australian importers are very focused on the price competition of the offered products The first offering price must be very attractive to attract the attention of Australian companies

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It should be noted that the majority of retailers in Australia often do business under the refund or exchange policy if the goods have quality problems and so importers will understand the need for stable quality

2.1.2 Demand for seafood

Australia has about 3,000 species of fish but only 10% are commercially caught The Australian seafood industry is worth about 2 billion AUD / year with about 11,600 workers (7,300 direct and 4,300 indirect)

Every year Australia consumes about 1 million tons of seafood However, Australia's domestic production only meets 30% of the demand, it must import 70% from abroad, including types such as canned fish (28%), fillet fish (21.1%), shrimp (13.6%), squid-octopus (8.7%), others (7.3%) The main import sources include New Zealand (fish, mussels), China (shrimp, squid), Thailand (tuna), Vietnam (basa fish, seabass, shrimp) Importing trends are increasing according to population size and seafood consumption tastes

Table 4 Apparent consumption of seafood, Australia from 2009 to 2019

Year

Apparent consumption

(total)

Apparent consumption (per person)

Percentage of consumption from imports (tonnes) (kg per person) (%)

However, the average consumption is still missing 40% compared to the recommendations of the health organizations of this country Therefore, the demand for seafood in Australia will increase even more and is a potential market for Vietnam's seafood exports

Every year, Australia has to import about 1.4-1.5 billion USD of seafood and Vietnam is Australia's fourth-largest seafood supplier after Thailand, New Zealand ,China and accounts for about 11% of the market share

Seafood imports play an important role in Australian seafood consumption and are required to fill the gap between seafood consumption and local seafood supply

2.1.3 Quality control

Product standards are also an important factor in the Australian market

The Australian Standards Authority (Standards Australia www.standards.com.au) and many state governments have developed a range of mandatory and non-luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si

mandatory standards for a wide range of goods For mandatory standards, products cannot be sold without the certification of the relevant authority; For optional standards, these standards should be met before marketing the product

The importance of standards to foreign suppliers varies widely, depending on the product sector

Packaging material

The bags used to package plant-based shipments must be new, clean and durable, ensuring no drop in the contents Reusable bags used in transporting goods must be quarantined and destroyed or re-exported All wood, including crates, pads, pallets and pallets, must also be inspected unless certified to be treated against the spread

of insects by an appropriate method approved by the authorities biosecurity of the Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry

Packaging materials of plant origin are banned from import except for the following types: wood-wool, sawdust, shredded paper, machined paper, crushed oak bark, peat Other acceptable packaging materials include perlite, vermiculite and synthetic materials All grain straw is banned from import and cannot be used

as packaging material

Goods packed in bulk containers delivered to the place of delivery are not subject

to quarantine if the composition of parquet and lined timber has been treated by an accepted method To avoid packaging inspection, alternative materials such as cardboard, new jute or metal may be used When using baskets, boxes or pallets, these items should be handled with an appropriate method approved by the Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry's biosecurity authorities

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It is important to note that the container should be clean, free of soil and free from animal and plant contaminants such as grain, flour, meat, bones, and skin Packaging materials made of straw, rice husks and similar plant materials are prohibited from import and cannot be used for packaging

The Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Biosafety Department has expanded the implementation of international standard animal and plant quarantine measures (ISPM 15) for all packaging materials and lined with wooden goods to support, protect or transport goods by air when imported into Australia

Compliance is required, either complying with the packaging following ISPM 15

or providing evidence proving the type of packaging that has been processed (packaging declaration /processing certificate) If the aforementioned conditions are not met, the wood packaging material will be treated, destroyed or re-exported

at the importer's expense Foreign suppliers need to submit an air transport packaging declaration according to ISPM 15

Fish products (including caviar, fish eggs and other marine life)

Fish products, excluding salmon (salmonoids), can be imported from any country; Products containing milk or eggs (eggs in the form of powders or pellets) may require quarantine Trout products are imported but must be pre-licensed and subject to special quarantine conditions