INTRODUCTION
R ATIONALE
Literary books are crucial for cultural exchange and entertainment, now widely accessible due to advancements in printing and the internet However, language barriers pose a significant challenge, necessitating translation for cross-cultural communication Therefore, translation practice is more essential than ever to overcome these linguistic obstacles.
Translation inherently deals with linguistic differences, spurring the development of translation theories to bridge these gaps The concept of equivalence is central to translation theory, with numerous scholars offering definitions Halliday (2001) proposes analyzing equivalence through stratification, rank, and metafunctions.
Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) considers language as a meaning-making system, comprising phonetic, phonological, lexicogrammatical, and semantic strata, each organized hierarchically Metafunctions, including ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions, describe how humans use language These metafunctions are central to understanding language use within the SFG framework.
In conversations, speakers convey content through experiential meaning, also known as representational meaning This meaning is expressed through the system of Transitivity or process type, which includes six types: material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioral, and existential The realization of a process involves its constituents: process, participants, and circumstance.
Catford's translation shifts model (1965), expanding on SFG, uses grammatical hierarchy to analyze translation equivalence Translation shifts are the main tool for analysis, with two main types: category shifts and level shifts.
In translation, "shifts" refer to alterations in structure or form within the target language to achieve equivalence with the source language Process shifts involve adopting different processes in the target language compared to the source language to maintain translational equivalence.
Awareness of lexicogrammatical shifts during translation can reveal process shifts, motivating studies in this area.
Investigation into Shifts in the Vietnamese Translation of English Processes in
“Wuthering Heights” by Emily Bronté”.
A IMS OF THE S TUDY
This study examines lexicogrammatical and existential process shifts in Duong Tuong's Vietnamese translation of Emily Brontë's *Wuthering Heights*, utilizing Catford's translation shifts and Halliday's systemic functional grammar to analyze the rendering process.
O BJECTIVES OF THE S TUDY
To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher will focus on some specific objectives:
-To find out the structure and configuration of ‘existential’ clause in the literacy work Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronté;
-To find out the types of translation shifts in translation;
-To examine how translation shifts facilitate shifts in process.
R ESEARCH Q UESTIONS
To achieve the aims and objectives mentioned above, the thesis concentrates on answering the following questions:
1.How are ‘existential’ clauses structured and existential processes represented in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronté?
2.What types of shift are involved in translating these English ‘existential’ clauses into Vietnamese?
3.In what way do translation shifts facilitate shifts in processes as embedded in English ‘existential’ clauses?
S COPE OF THE S TUDY
This study investigates translation shifts, specifically focusing on rank groups, phrases, and higher levels within lexicogrammar While acknowledging the three metafunctions of meaning, the research concentrates on the experiential aspect of ideational meaning The data sample is limited to Emily Brontë's *Wuthering Heights* and its Vietnamese translation *Đồi gió hú* by Dương Tường.
S IGNIFICANCE OF THE S TUDY
This thesis explores the transformation of existential clauses in translation, aiming to illuminate the communicative differences between English and Vietnamese in expressing existence.
O RGANIZATION OF THE S TUDY
In the thesis, there are five chapters
This study begins with an introductory chapter outlining the rationale, aims, and objectives, setting a clear direction for the research Key research questions are defined, alongside a discussion of the study's significance, highlighting its potential impact and relevance The scope of the study is carefully delineated to establish boundaries and focus, followed by an overview of the study's organization, providing a roadmap for the reader.
Chapter two synthesizes key translation theories, including Catford's translation shifts and Halliday's clause-as-representation, alongside relevant prior research It explores equivalence in translation and delves into linguistic analysis beyond individual clauses This theoretical foundation supports the study's subsequent analysis and findings.
The third chapter is devoted to a description of the methods used in this thesis, process of data collection, and examples of data analysis
Chapter four of this thesis presents and discusses research findings on 'existential' clauses and their Vietnamese translations The chapter also examines shifts that occur during translation, including changes in processes facilitated by the act of translating, complying with SEO rules.
The concluding chapter encapsulates the research, summarizing key findings and their implications It also acknowledges limitations and proposes avenues for future research, enhancing its value and relevance in the field.
LITERATURE REVIEW
A N O VERVIEW OF P REVIOUS S TUDIES
Translation has been essential for centuries, facilitating communication and providing access to important scientific and religious texts, as noted by Munday (2008) Different linguistics have proposed various notions of translation.
Researchers have proposed various approaches to equivalences in translation, including fully and partial equivalence, formal and dynamic equivalence, and approaches based on semiotic or communicative purposes.
The concept of equivalence is also discussed by Halliday (2001), using the theory of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFL) He suggests three approaches to equivalence: stratification, rank and metafunctions
Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is a linguistic approach focused on explaining language in terms of meaning It develops grammar to enable insightful analysis of any text (Matthiessen, Teruya, & Lam, 2010) Key researchers like Eggins (1994), Bloor and Bloor (1995), and Martin, Matthiessen, and Painter (1997) have significantly contributed to introducing and summarizing the theory, providing principles, techniques, and grammatical analyses.
Hoang (2005) analyzed Vietnamese through the lens of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), identifying six processes: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential His research highlighted unique features of Vietnamese, including the semantic impact of *bị* or *được* in passive clauses The obligatory use of *lạ* in specific 'material' clauses and the optional omission of verb groups in 'relational' and 'existential' clauses were also noted.
Chueasuai (2017) employed Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) to investigate the correlation between interpersonal metafunction and power dynamics in "Fifty Shades of Grey," comparing the original English version with its Thai translation The analysis of the characters' dialogue indicated variations in the portrayal of power, stemming from the absence of certain linguistic features in Thai compared to English This research highlights how translation can alter the representation of interpersonal relationships and power structures within literary works.
Hu's 2017 study, which compared the experiential meaning in "Ode to the West Wind" and its Chinese translations, revealed that while the process is not always maintained in translation, meaning can be preserved even when one type of process is transformed into another.
Rosaa et al (2017) investigated the translations of historical texts by student and professional translators, employing Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) to analyze metafunctions The study revealed metafunctional shifts in translation, with professional translators exhibiting these shifts more frequently than students Professional translators prioritized meaning maintenance, whereas students focused on preserving the original form.
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) served as the foundational framework for Catford's (1965) translation theory, which defines equivalence across various linguistic strata Catford identifies equivalence not only in content but also in expression, encompassing phonology and phonetics, and introduces translation shifts as a valuable tool for translation analysis.
The term shift was introduced by Catford in his work published in 1965
Vinay and Darbelnet define translation shifts as deviations from formal correspondence during the translation process from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) These shifts are broadly categorized into rank shifts and category shifts, representing key adaptations made by translators.
In similar vein, Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) discuss also the concept of shift, using the term transposition, but it hadn’t been popular until their book was translated into English language
Translation shift theoryis a useful tool for analysis of lexicogrammar shifts in translation, and there have been many researchers utilizing it (Khafaji, 2006; Rezvani & Nouraey, 2014; Venckienė, 2015)
Existing research lacks investigation into shifts between English and Vietnamese languages, specifically studying the process shift from a lexicogrammar perspective This research addresses this gap by examining shifts in experiential meaning, focusing on process shifts via translation using Catford’s model of translation shift (1965/2000).
T HEORETICAL B ACKGROUND
Translation, an age-old practice, only became a focused field of study around the 20th century (Munday, 2008) The definition of "translation" remains a debated topic among linguists and translation theorists, with various scholars proposing different interpretations.
Jakobson (1959/2000) defines interlingual translation as the interpretation of verbal signs through other languages, substituting entire messages rather than separate code-units Catford (1965) describes translation as the replacement of source language text with equivalent target language text Larson (1984) views translation as a transfer of meaning from the source to the receptor language, where the form changes but the meaning remains Newmark (1988) emphasizes that translation renders the meaning of a text into another language as the author intended.
Translation is the process of transforming content between languages while preserving its meaning and the author's intended impact, making it a crucial tool for global communication and understanding.
Translation is inherently challenging due to the lack of perfect equivalence between languages, as Nida (1964/2000) notes that no two languages are identical in meaning or arrangement Jakobson (1959/2000) illustrates this with the example of "cheese" in English and Russian, concluding that full equivalence between code-units is rare, a view supported by Meetham and Hudson (1972).
Language texts vary in equivalence, ranging from full to partial, across context, semantics, grammar, and lexis This equivalence occurs at different ranks, including word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, and sentence-for-sentence correspondence.
In "A Linguistic Theory of Translation," Catford (1965) differentiates textual equivalence, a TL text equivalent to the SL text, determined by a bilingual informant, from formal correspondence.
In translation studies, a formal correspondent refers to a target language (TL) category that occupies a similar position in the TL economy as the source language (SL) category does in the SL This concept, introduced by Catford, emphasizes the importance of maintaining equivalent functions and roles between linguistic units in the source and target languages during translation Identifying formal correspondents is crucial for achieving accurate and effective communication across languages.
Munday highlights the distinction between textual equivalence, specific to a source text (ST) and target text (TT) pair, and formal equivalence, a broader system-based concept Nida and Taber advocate for meaning reproduction over strict linguistic adherence, permitting significant formal departures Consequently, lexicogrammatical changes are often necessary to accurately convey the source text's message, leading Catford to introduce the concept of translation shifts.
Nida proposes formal equivalence, which focuses on preserving content, and dynamic equivalence, which prioritizes the impact on readers Newmark suggests communicative translation to achieve a similar effect.
“equivalent effect (to produce the same effect or one as close as possible) on the reader ship” (p.48) and semantic translation which prioritize semantic meaning
Halliday (2001) posits metafunctions as crucial for equivalence analysis, prioritizing ideational meaning Ideational equivalence is paramount; a text failing to match its source ideationally is not a valid translation (Halliday, 2001, p 16).
From the perspective of the equivalence regarding to metafunction, we now move to the introduction of systemic functional grammar
Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is a linguistic approach focused on understanding language use in communicative contexts SFG considers language a resource shaped by its usage, explaining language form through expressed meaning This perspective emphasizes the relationship between language structure and its function in communication.
Firth laid the groundwork for a social perspective on linguistic description in the 1930s and 1940s Halliday, his student, expanded on this concept, initially calling it Scale and Category Grammar, which evolved into Systemic Linguistics The framework was further refined and named Functional Grammar to emphasize its grammatical aspects, with significant contributions from Jim Martin and Christian Mathiessen in recent years.
Hoang (2005) posits that language models comprise distinct strata, typically phonetics, syntax, and semantics, each organized into ranks, patterns, and systems Ranks denote varied units within a stratum, such as clauses, groups, words, and morphemes in lexicogrammar Patterns illustrate the combination of units into larger structures, while systems highlight the available choices for units in each position.
Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is organized into five strata: context, semantics, lexicogrammar, phonology, and phonetics.
Figure 2.1: Stratification in English language
(Derived from Halliday and Matthiesen 2004)
Phonetics and phonology, as expression strata, connect to speech sounds, while lexicogrammar and semantics deal with wording and meaning Semantics enable language users to make sense of experience and conduct social interactions, which are transformed into wording via lexicogrammar The context stratum involves the situational environment, participant relationships, and interaction methods These strata relate through realization, where each stratum is realized by the one below it.
S UMMARY OF THE C HAPTER
This chapter introduces the theory of translation and Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) as a framework for analyzing experiential meaning in verbal texts, covering representations below and beyond the clause It also presents Catford's translation shift theory and provides an overview of previous studies related to these theories.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
R ESEARCH A PPROACHES
This research employs a mixed-methods approach, prioritizing qualitative analysis to examine translation shifts at the clause level, focusing on the processes within the target language (TL) clauses and the relationship between translation and process shifts Complementing this, quantitative analysis is used to enumerate the occurrences of each type of shift and process, providing a numerical perspective on the observed phenomena.
The study employed a mixed-method approach, combining comparative and descriptive techniques to analyze the data The comparative method highlighted similarities and differences in the results, while the descriptive method offered detailed insights into sample analysis This approach also explored the interdependence between shifts in lexico-grammar and shifts in process, providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
D ATA C OLLECTION
The literary work which serves as the sample for this study is Wuthering
Heights by Emily Bronté available online at https://www.pdfdrive.com/wuthering-heights-planet-pdf-d7009947.html Figure 3.1 is the capture of a page of this website
PDFDRIVE is an extensive online ebook resource, boasting over 86 million ebooks available at no cost, and it encompasses a diverse array of subjects, including education, biography, environment, and art.
is the Vietnamese translation of Emily Brontë's *Wuthering Heights*, translated by Duong Tuong and published by Literature Publishing House in 2016.* Duong Tuong is a renowned Vietnamese writer, poet, and translator, celebrated for translating over 50 works, including *Gone with the Wind* and Shakespeare's *The Tempest*.* Literature Publishing House, a prestigious publisher in Vietnam, has been established for nearly a century.
In Emily Brontë's *Wuthering Heights*, 140 existential clauses were identified based on Halliday and Matthiessen's (2004) description of the existential process Initially, both relational and existential clauses were considered for analysis due to their significant process changes in translation However, the scope was narrowed to existential clauses only, due to the constraints of a master's thesis The final sample size was limited to 140 clauses, as that was the total number of existential clauses found in the text.
Emily Brontë's *Wuthering Heights*, a classic of English literature since its 1847 publication, is celebrated for its intricate plot The novel intricately weaves a tale of romance and revenge centered on Heathcliff and the Earnshaw and Linton families *Wuthering Heights* is known for its complex characters and exploration of mental and physical struggles.
Literary discourse was chosen for this research due to its ample opportunities for lexico-grammatical shifts in translation, ensuring equivalent effect through clauses as representation, while the appealing content and plentiful samples of literary works enhance the research process.
D ATA A NALYSIS
Languages, intricate systems with multiple layers, are analyzed at the simple clause level, as clauses integrate metafunctions (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004) The data samples underwent a detailed, multi-step analysis process.
In Wuthering Heights, 140 existential clauses were identified and categorized based on Halliday & Matthiessen's theory The transitivity system elements—process, participants, and circumstances—were analyzed within a Functional Grammar framework.
[64 WH, p.229] After that, we identified the translation clauses of the ‘existential’ ones in
Doi Gio Hu In the same way, we analyzed the translation clauses in both lexical- grammar and experiential meaning
Còn có những buồng khác nữa chứ
Catford's theory was instrumental in identifying shifts during the translation process The sample was categorized based on the types of shifts involved A comparison of English and Vietnamese clauses revealed the relationship between translation and process shifts.
S UMMARY OF THE C HAPTER
This study employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating qualitative, quantitative, descriptive, and comparative methods to comprehensively analyze the research topic Data collection and analysis procedures are meticulously outlined to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings The research design integrates these methodologies to provide a holistic understanding of the subject matter.
Adverbial group (AG) Verbal group (VG) Nominal group (NG)
Pr: existential Existent luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
P REAMBLE OF E NGLISH E XISTENTIAL C LAUSES
4.1.1 The Structure of ‘Existential’ Clause
Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) identify three key parts of an 'existential' clause: the adverbial "there," a verbal process, and an existent, which can be any phenomenon represented by a nominal group or embedded clause Optional circumstantial elements, such as nominal or adverbial groups and prepositional phrases, may also be present.
Table 4.1.The structure of an ordinary ‘existential’ clause
Adverbial group (AG) Verbal group (VG)
Nominal group (NG) or Embedded Clause
The below part shows the analysis of several ‘existential’ clauses in the sample: luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
There will be no saving him
[25 WH, p 114] According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), if the circumstantial element is theme of the clause, then the AG there may be omitted as the illustration below:
Table 4.2 The structure of ‘existential’ clause with circumstance as theme
AG/PP/NG VG NG
Circumstance (Cir) Pr: existential Existent
In the sample, there are a few of them structured like that:
Above the chimney were sundry villainous old guns, and a couple of horse-pistols
As has been mentioned, there are circumstantial elements and these are placed at the beginning or at the end of the clause
4.1.1.1 Circumstance at the Beginning of the Clause
Table 4.3 The structure of ‘existential’ clause with circumstance at initial position luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
AG/PP/NG AG VG NG
The example (3) illustrates for the structure above
The day she was buried there came a fall of snow
4.1.1.2 Circumstance at the End of the Clause
Table 4.4 The structure of an ‘existential’ clause with circumstance at end position
AG VG NG AG/PP/NG
This structure is very popular in the data as in (4), and (5):
There is no happiness in the world
[41 WH, p 166] There is a special case where the circumstance elements appear twice both at the beginning and at the end of the clause Instance (6) helps illuminate this
(7) luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
NG AG VG NG PP
The day after there was a justice-meeting at the next town
Cir Pr:existential Existent Cir
It is worth to take a look at structure of nominal group as it expresses most the content in the clause
4.1.2 The Structure of Nominal Group
In a nominal group, the core is called Thing There are also optional elements modifying for it, they may precede or follow the thing
It is a sequence of words having distinct experiential function and preceding the Thing
Table 4.5 The experiential structure of a nominal group
Deictic Numerative Epithet Classifier Thing
Determine Numeral Adjective Adjective Noun
The deictic elements are used to signify levels of definiteness or knownness of the thing in nominal groups
(9)There’s the coachman and the two gardeners [45 WH, p 185]
The numerative elements show the quantity or the order of the thing in nominal group
(10) There is no missis [21 WH, p 99]
(11) There were some persons [[sitting at cards]] [40 WH, p 157] luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
The epithet elements modify for the thing by giving some quality for it
(12) There’re good books enough [9 WH, p 32]
(13) There was some mortal feud [[unavenged between us]] [3 WH, p 16]
The classifier elements indicate a particular subclass of thing in nominal group Unfortunately, these elements are not found in our sample data
It can be one or more than one embedded items which may be prepositional phrase, non-finite or finite clauses
A prepositional phrase follows the thing and modifies for it
(14) There’s a letter for you [73 WH, p 252]
(15) There was no pleasure in it [110 WH, p 397]
A non-finite clause functions as an embedded clause for the nominal group (16)There was scarcely time [[to experience a thrill of horror]]
[27 WH, p 117] (17)There is no need [[to be frantic!]] [38 WH, p 150]
It is a clause, but downranked, and it functions as modifier for the nominal group in front of it
(18) There is ONE [[who won’t shrink from my company]]
(19) There are those [[who speak to having met him near the church, and on the moor, and even within this house]]
[136 WH, p 537] luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
D ISCUSSION OF F INDINGS
This article discusses shifts in the translation of 'existential' clauses, analyzing these changes using Catford's model of translation shift (1965/2000) It further examines shifts in the translation process resulting from lexico-grammatical changes, or what Catford terms 'departures from formal correspondence.'
Figure 4.1: Occurrences of translation shifts by type
Analysis of translation shifts reveals that structure shifts are the most frequent, occurring 93 times, followed by unit shifts at 44 times and class shifts at 27 times, with no intra-system shifts observed.
This research focuses on clauses as the primary unit of analysis, examining translation shifts at the clause level and its components, specifically above the group or phrase level, thus excluding changes occurring below these levels.
Structure shift Class shift Unit shift intra-system shift luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
Catford (1965) defines structure shifts as alterations in grammatical structure during translation, where elements maintain their rank but differ in arrangement This type of shift is the most frequent among category shifts at all ranks in translation.
In the sample data, there exists a variety of structure shifts as shown in Table 4.6
Table 4.6.Structure shifts in the translation of English clauses
(20) There were some mortal feud
(AG+VG+NG+[[VG+AG]])
Giữa chúng tôi có một mối tư thù [[chưa thanh toán xong]]
(21) There is no chance of a change at present
Thời tiết không có cơ màu gì thay đổi ngay được đâu
(22) There was such anguish in the gush of grief
Cơn sầu não trào ra theo luồng gió tuyết lồng lộn ấy
(NG+NG) luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
Không còn mợ chủ nữa
Nếu có những người như thế
Rối tinh rối mù lên
Hầu như chẳng có nguyên nhân gì
(AG+VG+NG) Đêm không trăng
Còn có những buồn khác nữa chứ
Có kẻ đứng nghe trộm
(31) luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
There is no happiness in the world
Trên đời này không có hạnh phúc
(32) There are several other handsome, rich young men in the world
Trên đời còn có nhiều chàng trai trẻ khác cũng đẹp, lại giàu có
For clarity, the subsequent analysis will be based on the sample data presented in the preceding table; refer to the table for source information.
(23) There is no missis (AG+VG+NG) Không còn mợ chủ nữa (VG+NG)
(24) If there be any (AG+VG+NG) Nếu có những người như thế (VG+NG)
(28) There are other rooms (AG+VG+NG) Còn có những buồn khác nữa chữ (VG+NG)
English clauses often contain three components (AG+VG+NG), while their Vietnamese translations typically have only two (VG+NG), notably omitting the AG "there." This omission is common when translating existential clauses from English to Vietnamese, as evidenced in the provided data.
AG there were not found
It is also noticed that there are other equivalent types of structures, besides (VG+NG) For example:
(25) There’s a mess (AG+VG+NG)
Rối tinh rối mù lên (NG+VG) luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
The elimination of the adverbial group signals a structural shift The Vietnamese structure reverses the position of other components, changing from VG+NG to NG+VG.
(27) There was no moon (AG+VG+NG) Đêm không trăng (NG+VG+NG)
Vietnamese clauses often follow a "NG+VG+NG" structure, differing from other languages Analysis of Vietnamese clauses reveals diverse structures equivalent to source language clauses.
(26) There is scarcely cause (AG+VG+AG+NG)
Hầu như chẳng có nguyên nhân gì (AG+VG+NG)
(30) There is no happiness in the world (AG+VG+NG+AG)
Trên đời này không có hạnh phúc (AG+VG+NG)
The position of Adjunct Groups (AGs) within a clause can shift, impacting sentence structure and emphasis For instance, an AG can move from the middle of a clause to its beginning, or from the end to the initial position, altering the flow and focus of information.
Halliday's definition of class, crucial in translation studies, refers to groupings within a unit based on their function in a higher-level structure Class shifts, a type of translation shift, occur when translation equivalents belong to different classes than their source language counterparts These shifts often necessitate alterations to source language components to fit the target language structure Essentially, class shifts involve changes in word category during translation, impacting the overall structure and meaning.
To put it another way, nominal groups, verbal groups, adveribial groups and prepositional phrase are, in some cases, interchangeable (Catford, 1965, pp 78-
Some examples denoting class shifts are sketched out in Table 4.7 luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
Table 4.7 Class shifts in the translation of English clauses
English clauses Vietnamese translation Class shift
(33) there is no chance of a change at present
[4 WH, p 17] thời tiết không có cơ màu gì thay đổi ngay được đâu
(34) There was no reply to my question
Không ai trả lời câu hỏi của tôi
Có mấy người đang ngồi đánh bài
(36) There was a bare possibility of overtaking them
[54 WH, p 209] may ra còn có thể kịp họ
(37) There shall be an explanation as soon as [[I can give it]]
Tôi sẽ giải thích ngay chừng nào có thể
(38) There seldom passed much talk between them
Chả mấy khi hai cha con nói chuyện gì nhiều với nhau
NG VG luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
(39) there was the doleful cry
Tiếng kêu ảo não vẫn tiếp tục rên rĩ
(40) There’s the very prime of the morning [[gone long before that time]]
Phần tốt đẹp nhất của buổi sáng đã qua lâu trước lúc đó
(41) there were so many hillocks and banks [[to climb and pass]]
Nhưng rồi lại tiếp tục phải trèo, phải qua không biết bao nhiêu gò và bờ nữa
(30) there is no chance of a change at present thời tiết không có cơ màu gì thay đổi ngay được đâu
The examples illustrate shifts in class items, where elements from nominal groups transfer to verbal groups This is evident in instances such as "no chance (NG) không có cơ màu (VG)" and "a change (NG) thay đổi (VG)" Similarly, "reply (NG) trả lời (VG)" demonstrates this transformation.
Another major type of class shifts we found in the sample happens at the rank of clauses and transfers from embedded clauses to main clauses For example:
(36) There was the doleful cry [[moaning on]]
Tiếng kêu ảo não vẫn tiếp tục rên rĩ luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
In analyzing the English data, we observe a main clause, "there was the doleful cry," alongside an embedded clause, "moaning on," which modifies the nominal group "the doleful cry." However, the Vietnamese translation presents a single clause where the verb group (VG) mirrors the VG of the English embedded unit, signifying that the embedded clause in English is transformed into the main clause in Vietnamese.
(37) There’s the very prime of the morning [[gone long before that time]] Phần tốt đẹp nhất của buổi sáng đã qua lâu trước lúc đó
In instance (37), a class shift occurs as an embedded clause transforms into a main clause Specifically, the embedded clause gone long before that time, which originally post-modified a nominal group, evolves into the primary clause.
Beyond the class shifts already discussed, transformations also occur from prepositional phrases to verbal groups, and from nominal groups to adverbial groups.
(32) There were some persons [[sitting at cards]]
Có mấy người đang ngồi đánh bài The instance above shows that the prepositional phrase at cards is recognized as the verbal group đánh bài
(33) There was a bare possibility of overtaking them
May ra còn có thể kịp họ
The nominal group possibility is translated as the adverbial group may ra
Catford (1965) defines unit-shift as rank changes where a source language (SL) unit's translation equivalent appears at a different rank in the target language (TL), representing a departure from formal correspondence.
Table 4.8 Unit shifts in the translation of English clauses
English clauses Vietnamese translation Unit shift
(42) There was no reply to my question
Không ai trả lời câu hỏi của tôi
(43) There is a talk about you at
[117 WH, p 445] thế mà ở Gimmerton họ đặt chuyện về bà
(44) there were no signs of his coming
Chả có dấu hiệu gì là cụ trở về
(45) There’s a little cake for each of you
Có bánh gato nhỏ, mỗi em được một cái đấy
There’s the very prime of the morning [[gone long before that time]]
Phần tốt đẹp nhất của buổi sáng đã qua lâu trước lúc đó
Gió cuồng, sấm dữ CL NG luan van tot nghiep download luanvanfull moi nhat z z @gmail.com Luan van thac si
There was a violent wind, as well as thunder
||There was a great fire, ||and that was all the light in the huge apartment||
Một đống lửa to là toàn bộ ánh sáng trong căn phòng to tướng
(50) there were so many hillocks and banks [[to climb and pass]]
Nhưng rồi lại tiếp tục phải trèo, phải qua không biết bao nhiêu gò và bờ nữa
There was the doleful cry
Tiếng kêu ảo não vẫn tiếp tục rên rĩ
(42) There was no reply to my question Không ai trả lời câu hỏi của tôi
(45) There’s a little cake for each of you
S UMMARY OF THE C HAPTER
This chapter elucidates the structure of existential clauses and their components within Wuthering Heights, further analyzing translation shifts and the effects of lexicogrammatical shifts on process shifts, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the text's linguistic nuances.
This study identifies and analyzes existential clauses, revealing variations in circumstantial elements and the complex structure of nominal groups acting as existents, which include diverse modifiers Furthermore, the research examines translation shifts, with structure shifts occurring most frequently, followed by unit and class shifts Finally, the study demonstrates how translation shifts can necessitate process shifts, with each type of category shift influencing the process in unique ways.