The use ò conceptual metaphors in english and vietnamese idioms with human organs

HỒNG ĐỨC UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES NGUYEN DIEU MAI THE USE OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS WITH HUMAN ORGANS THANH HÓA, JUNE 2021... HỒNG ĐỨC

HỒNG ĐỨC UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

NGUYEN DIEU MAI

THE USE OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND

VIETNAMESE IDIOMS WITH HUMAN ORGANS

THANH HÓA, JUNE 2021

HỒNG ĐỨC UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

THE USE OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND

VIETNAMESE IDIOMS WITH HUMAN ORGANS

Student : Nguyễn Diệu Mai Class : K20B

Supervisor: D.R Nguyễn Thị Quyết

THANH HÓA, JUNE 2021

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To complete this graduation thesis, I am deeply indebted to many people for their valuable advice and suggestions

First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr Nguyen Thi Quyet,

my supervisor who gave me enthusiastic support, helpful advice, and considerable encouragements in the completion of the thesis

I also own a deep gratitude to the authority of Hong Duc University, especially the Foreign Language Department in general as well as the lecturers in particular for providing me with a chance to do this thesis and good environment and facilities to complete this paper

Finally, I wish to send my heartfelt gratitude to my family and friends who are always by my side and give me help and encouragement

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the use of conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese idioms with human organs Metaphor is for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish - a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language; moreover, metaphor is typically viewed as characteristic of language alone, a matter of words rather than thought or action The metaphorical idiom is a phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is inferred to another I also inspect how cultures affect the coinage of idioms in Vietnamese and English, examining how and why the metaphorical sources in idioms with the parallel implications would be different or alike Why idioms with human organs would be selected as materials for this investigation rather than others is mainly due to the prevalence of the human organs around us Many idioms unsurprisingly have been coined with the name of it, and the figurative interpretations of the idioms and the human organs themselves share many conceptual similarities, which is the prior requirement to evoke the metaphorical expressions In the present study, English idioms with the Vietnamese correspondents are included For comparing the cultural differences and similarities of these two languages, first, I try to look for some English idioms with human organs from the internet; next, their Vietnamese idioms with similar connotations are searched After inspections, only the English idioms that have the Vietnamese semantically-related counterparts remain to be discussed Those English idioms lacking Vietnamese correspondents and the ones that are too unfamiliar to most people are out of the consideration On this basis, a number of persuasions are put forward for the teaching of English idioms in classes

Student

Nguyen Dieu Mai

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

i

ABSTRACT

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

ABBREVIATION

vi

LIST OF TABLE

vii

PART I: INTRODUCTION

1

PART II: DEVELOPMENT

5

CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS……… 5

1 Definitions

5

1.1 Metaphor

5

1.2 Conceptual Metaphor

5

1.2.1 Conceptual System

7

1.2.2 Notion of Metaphor

7

1.3 Idioms

8

1.4 Metaphor in Idioms

9

2 Metaphors in previous studies

10

2.1 Research abroad

10

2.2 Research in Vietnamese

15

2.3 Lexical metaphor and grammatical metaphor

17

2.3.1 Lexical Metaphor

17

2.3.2 Grammatical Metaphor

18

2.4 Congruent and metaphorical variants

19

2.5 Linguistic metaphor

19

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY……… 21

1 Approach to the study

21

2 Identification of idioms

22

3 Identification of metaphors

22

4 Data collection and analysis

24

4.1 Data collection

24

4.1.1 Collecting English idioms

24

4.1.2 Collecting Vietnamese idioms

25

5 Data Analysis

25

6 Concluding Remarks

26

CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IDIOMS WITH HUMAN ORGANS 27

1 BODY PARTS AS CONTAINERS

27

1.1 The Factor: HEAD

27

1.2 The Factor: EYES

31

1.3 The Factor: HEART

34

2 BODY PARTS WITH POWER AND RESPECT

37

2.1 Holding Something in Hand is in Control

37

2.2 Face of a Man of Honor

41

2.3 Lifted Nose Expessing Pride

45

3 BODY PARTS AND PERSONALITY

47

3.1 Clean or Dirty Hands is a Manifestation of Personality

47

3.2 Personality is Material

48

3.3 Personality Is Eye - Shaped.

50

4 OTHER CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS

51

4.1 Conceptual Metaphors of Head

51

4.2 Eyesight is also touch

52

4.3 Eyesight is the source of awareness

53

4.4 Metaphors of Face

55

4.5 Shaking Hands Presenting Cooperation

56

PART III : CONCLUSION

59

1 Recapitulation

59

2 Limitations

60

3 Implication for teaching and learning the metaphorical features in English …

60

3.1 Applications of Teaching Idioms

61

3.1.1 Reality

61

3.1.2 Solution

62

3.2 Conceptual Metaphor and Teaching Reading Comprehension

63

4 Conclusions

65

REFERENCES……… 66 APPENDIX 1:

ABBREVIATION adv Adverb

C Countable

pl Plural prep Preposition sing Singular

U Uncountable

v Verb

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Brief description of the semantic features of the factor head.

29

Table 2: Brief description of the differences between metaphors in English and Vietnamese idioms with the factor head

31

Table 3: Frequency of the factor HEAD in English and Vietnamese…

31

Table 4: Brief description of the semantic features of the factor eyes

33

Table 5: Brief description of the differences between metaphors in English and Vietnamese idioms with the factor eyes

34

Table 6: Frequency of the factor EYES in English and Vietnamese

34

Table 7: Brief description of the semantic features of the factor heart

36

Table 8: Brief description of the differences between metaphors in English and Vietnamese idioms with the factor heart

36

Table 9: Frequency of the factor HEART in English and Vietnamese.

37

Table 10: Brief description of the semantic features of the factor hands

40

Table 11: Brief description of the differences between metaphors in English and Vietnamese idioms with the factor hands

41

Table 12: Frequency of the factor HANDS in English and Vietnamese

41

Table 13: Brief description of the semantic features of the factor face.

44

Table 14: Brief description of the differences between metaphors in English and Vietnamese idioms with the factor face

45

Table 15: Frequency of the factor FACE in English and Vietnamese

45

Table 16: Brief description of the semantic features of the factor nose

46

Table 17: Brief description of the differences between metaphors in English and Vietnamese idioms with the factor nose

47

Table 19: A summary of conceptual metaphors for idioms with the factors head, eyes, heart, hand, nose in idioms

57

Table 20: A summary of conceptual metaphors for English and Vietnamese idioms with human organs

58

PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.Rationale

Language is a special social phenomenon, is "the most important means of communication of human beings" (V.I Lénine) It is a system of signs, each linguistic sign always consists of two sides: sound and meaning According to F de Saussure,

it is the "expressive" (sound image) side and the "expressed" (concept) side These two sides are bonded together, not separated like two sides of a paper The relationship between sound and meaning (that is, between the expressive and the expressed) is the same natural, arbitrary, without reason In other words, the expression is the material aspect, the tonal shell of the linguistic signifier; and what

is expressed is the spiritual side, that is, its meaning The way of developing the meaning of each is meaning change This is a road that is both convenient and economical Saving is because people use the phrase of existing words immediately, that is not to create a new "expression" Convenience is that by relying on practical capital relationships to convey meaning, one can create pluralistic words that open to linguistic symbols a wonderful ability to effectively and delicately represent the objective world Thus the relationship between sound and meaning, that is, between the expressed and the expressed, is no longer a reciprocal relationship between one and the other The relationship between the representation and the expressed becomes the relationship with a cause The notation linguistic has a simple meaning, becomes polymorphic The polymorphism of a word as linguistic signifier is an ontological property, which makes it different from any of the other sign systems we have seen Based on linguistic associations, people use the comparative method to enrich the language they are using Then slowly, the apparent comparison method is upgraded

to the implicit comparison method, which is the metaphorical method in language According to linguists, metaphor is a universal means of translating in all languages It is the use of each meaning translated on the basis of similarities between

a certain attribute of what is used to say and what is meant to be said In other words, the metaphor is the transfer of names between two things that have a similar relationship Metaphor is not only an aging method of words, but also makes the meanings of each and every day more and more diverse, not only in our language system, in literature, and in our daily speech

At the present study it is found that idioms which stem from their won historical developments are culturally - determined Objects which are more common

to people's lives are often included into metaphorical expressions The figurative interpretations are tightly connected with the conceptual structures or the shape of the sources For idioms that are borrowed from the other language, modifications of metaphorical sources would be possible Conceptually - unfamiliar sources would be adjusted items accommodating identical conceptual structures in the borrowing language, and the replacements would be in the hyponymy relationship to their lending counterparts Conversely, condition that the metaphorical sources are not unfamiliar or the conceptual structures used for creating the idiom are available both lending and borrowing language, modification of vehicles is unnecessary Metaphor for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish- a matter

of extraordinary rather than ordinary language: moreover, metaphor typically viewed

as characteristic of language alone, a matter of words rather than thought or action Figurative expressions, however, are not merely bundles of word combinationsidiom

is a phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is inferred to another, making an implicit comparison In this paper, I am going to inspect how cultures affect the coinage of idioms in Vietnamese and English, examining how and why the metaphorical sources in idioms with the parallel implications would be different or alike Why idioms with human organs would be selected as materials for this investigation rather than others is mainly due to the prevalence of the human organs around us Many idioms unsurprisingly have been coined with the name of it, and the figurative interpretations of the idioms and the human organs themselves share many conceptual similarities, which is the prior requirement to evoke the metaphorical expressions In the present study, English idioms with the Vietnamese correspondents are included

This is the reason why I choose the topic “The use of conceptual metaphor

in English and Vietnamese idioms with human organs”

2 Aims of the study

This study aims at:

Investigating the conceptual metaphors mentioning organ in English and Vietnamese idioms

Finding out the similarities and differences in using conceptual etaphors in English and Vietnamese with human organs

Making implications to teaching and learning idioms and reading comprehension effectively

3 Research question

The thesis tries to explore some questions:

1 What conceptual metphors are there in English and vietnames idioms showing human organs? What are the differences and similarities between English and Vietnamese idioms with human organs?

2 How should the result of the study be applied to teaching and learning English?

4 Method of the study

In order meet the demands of objectivity, the following methods were applied

in the research:

+ Method of comparison and contrast: English and Vietnamese metaphors of idioms with human organs were compared and contrasted in parallel order to discover similarities as well as differences between them

+ Statistics: English and Vietnamese metaphors of idioms with human organs from dictionaries as well as books of collection were collected, then listed in groups classified on the base of some definite criteria to serve our next survey

+ Analysis and synthesis: To show the validity of our supposition that cultural meaning makes up English and Vietnamese metaphors of idioms with human organs,

we analysed English and Vietnamese metaphors of idioms with human organs structures, their constituents and meanings, then used the method of synthesis in grouping them according to characteristics to find out their linguistic and cultural features

5 Scope of the study

In this research, the researcher only intends to cover conceptual metaphors as a device used in idioms in both English and Vietnamese And this study will only take into account the semantic features of conceptual metaphors in idioms with human organs, not in other forms of the language phenomena

6 Significance of the study

7 Design of the story

This study is designed into:

PART I -"The Introduction", deals with the introduction of the study, in which the

statement of the problem, the aims and objectives, the scope, the research questions, the method and the significance of the study are

PART II – “Development” includes 2 chapters:

Chapter 1 - “Theoretical Background", briefly reviews the literature of prior

studies related to the problem under investigation, a statement of unsolved problems, and some theoretical knowledge

Chapter 2 - “Methodology”, review the methods that previous study of the field

applys indentifying and analyzing metaphors, and compare the data in the two languages

Chương 3 – “Findings and Discussions”, focuses on describing analyzing

conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese idioms with human organs onceptu: metaphors relate to container, power, personality and other metaphors which will be carried out

PART III: “The Conclusion”, makes a summary of the study and a brief restatement

of the findings Resulted from this, implications for learning and teaching English are provided The limitations of the study and suggestions for further research are also mentioned in this chapter

PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS

1 Definitions

1.1 Metaphor

According to Crystal in Dictionary of language and languages (1982) [7]: A semantic mapping from one conceptual domain to another, often using anomalous or deviant language According to Richards, Platt, and Weber in Longman Dictionary

of Applied Linguistics (1985) [24): A word or phrase which is used for special effect, and which does not have its usual or literal meaning Metaphor is defined as the substitution of one idea or object with another, used to assist expression or understanding The definition of metaphor is generally divided into "living" and

"dead" metaphors, which refer to metaphors which are still considered "novel" versus those which have been incorporated into normal usage The dividing line between these two is very hazy, and may depend on the culture, language, region, dialect or jargon it is found in

Metaphor is often used as a teaching tool, or to convey difficult concepts It is

found throughout languages and is considered by many to be essential to language

Metaphors, like all stylistic devices can be classified according to their degree

of unexpectedness Thus metaphors, which are absolutely unexpected, are quite unpredictable, are called genuine metaphors Those, which are commonly used in speech and therefore are sometimes even fixed in dictionaries and expressive means

of language, are trite metaphors, or dead metaphors

1.2 Conceptual Metaphor

The idea of conceptual metaphor (CM) is indebted to a seminar article by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 2003) which states that metaphor, in nature, is a cognitive phenomenon, and what strikes us on the surface is called linguistic metaphor Their idea is strikingly surprising to scholars as when it is elaborated, it shows the motivation of metaphor, and it also proves that metaphor is connected in a system, those can be considered two new points that the previous theories have not mentioned about In Lakoff and Johnson’s study (2003), they initially realize that bodily experience is the grounding for metaphorical conceptualization, later, with the contribution of many other researchers in the field, they acknowledge that metaphor may arise from the physiology of itself as in the case of anger “Initially we had only

guessed that conceptual metaphors were grounded in bodily experience They realize the system of metaphors for anger arose, across languages and cultures, from the physiology of anger itself” (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003, p.250)

However, to make clear what CM is, let us go through another definition Several scholars, such as Littlemore and Low (2006), “They are not linguistic expressions, but rather relationships” (p.12), or “The main assumption underlying

the conceptual metaphor approach is that metaphor is not primarily a phenomenon

of language, but rather a phenomenon of thought” Tendahl (2009, p 4) For Lakoff

and Johnson (2003), conceptual metaphor is a “natural part of human thought.”

(p.247) To make it clear of what shape it is, Kövecses (2010) described it as having two conceptual domains and between those two domains, one (the target) is understood in terms of another (the source) Although they are the two seemingly different ways, of giving definition, their ideas summit in the point that conceptual metaphor is distinguished from linguistic metaphor and we are indebted to them for multi-dimensional understanding of conceptual metaphor that we draw out from their definition The source of conceptual metaphor, according to Lakoff and Johnson (2003, p.154-155), is “grounded in correlations within our experience These experiential correlations may be of two types: experiential co-occurrence and experiential similarity.” The classical source and target domains in English such as LOVE IS A JOURNEY, LIFE IS A JOURNEY etc were generated by Lakoff and Johnson (2003) They are manifested through many metaphorical expressions From them, it is seen that the relationship between linguistic metaphors is created by conceptual ones Let us look at the examples of linguistic metaphors revealing the

conceptualization LOVE IS A JOURNEY from Lakoff and Johnson Metaphors we

live by (cited in Kövecses, 2010, p.6) below:

Look how far we’ve come We’re at the crossroads We’ll just have to go our separate ways We can’t turn back now I don’t think this relationship is going

anywhere

Where are we?

In short, it can be seen that CM is understood from its grounding, its structure and meaning as follows: It is the hidden statement or thought underlying one or several linguistic metaphors; it is structured through two domains, the target domain (what is being described) and the source domain (what is borrowed to describe); it

expresses human thought and is manifested through the form A IS B (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003)

1.2.1 Conceptual System

A conceptual system is the interrelated collection of single concepts The world may be conceptualized in different ways by different people or communities, leading to various worldviews Johansen (2007) [27] However, usually we do not realize the existence of such conceptual systems

1.2.2 Notion of Metaphor

Metaphor, according to Halliday, is a verbal transference; a variation in the expression of meanings which involves a non – literal use of a word In particular, metaphor is an irregularity of content that consists on the use of a word in a sense different from its proper one and related to it in terms of similarity

A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way

that isn’t literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison

Here are the basics:

+ A metaphor states that one thing is another thing

+ It equates those two things not because they actually are the same, but for the sake

Metaphor Definition and Examples:

Those are the uses of metaphor, and this is the official definition:

+ A word or phrase for one thing that is used to refer to another thing in order to show

or suggest that they are similar

+ An object, activity, or idea that is used as a symbol of something else

Metaphors are a form of figurative language, which refers to words or expressions that mean something different from their literal definition In the case of metaphors, the literal interpretation would often be pretty silly

For example, imagine what these metaphors would look like if you took them

at face value:

Love is a battlefield

Bob is a couch potato

Baby, you’re a firework

I am titanium

Metaphors show up in literature, poetry, music, and writing, but also in speech

If you hear someone say “metaphorically speaking,” it probably means that you shouldn’t take what they said as the truth, but as more of an idea For example, it’s finals period and after exams, students are saying things like “That test was murder.” It’s a fair guess they’re still alive if they’re making comments about the test, so this

is an example of speaking metaphorically or figuratively

Metaphors can make your words come to life (or in the case of the exam, to death) Often, you can use a metaphor to make your subject more relatable to the reader or to make a complex thought easier to understand They can also be a tremendous help when you want to enhance your writing with imagery As a common figure of speech, metaphors turn up everywhere from novels and films to presidential speeches and even popular songs When they’re especially good, they’re hard to miss

1.3 Idioms

A traditional definition of idiom is: “An idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of its parts” in the book “Semantics” by Palmer (1990, P.94)

Cruse (1996, p.38) defines “An idiom is an expression the meaning of which

can not be inferred from the meanings of its parts”

“An idiom is a number of words which, taken together, mean something different from the individual words of the idiom when they stand alone”

According to Fromklin et al in the book “An Introduction to Language” (1988, p.1985), idioms are defined as “fixed phrases, consisting of more than one word, with meanings that cannot be inferred from the meanings of the individual words Idioms, grammatically as well as semantically, have very special haracteristics They must be entered into one’s mental dictionary as single items, with their meaning specified, and one must learn the special restrictions on their use in sentences” In

addition, a definition of idioms is that idioms are phrases and sentences that do not mean exactly what they say Even if you know themeaning of every word in the see

or hear, you may not understand the idiom because you do not understand the culture behind it

The definition of idioms in Vietnamese is given out in “Kể Chuyện Thành Ngữ, Tục Ngữ” by Hoàng Văn Hành (2002, p.25): idioms are some set expressions which are stable in their forms and structures, complete and figurative in their meaning, used widely in daily communication

According to Nguyen Thien Giap: "Idioms are phrases that in their syntactic and semantic structure have special properties, only found in that phrase In other words, an idiom is a phrase whose meaning is not made up of the meanings of the words that make it up [first]

According to Hoang Tat Thang: "Idioms are fixed phrases available in a language that carry a nominal function such as words used to name things, phenomena, states, actions, properties and have symbolic properties " [14]

In Vietnamese, Hồ Lê offers the define of idiom as follow; “An idiom is a

word combination which has stable structure and figurative meaning and is used

to describe an image, a phenomenon, a characteristic, or a state”

1.4 Metaphor in Idioms

Metaphors in Idioms Metaphors in idioms are idioms built on the basis of describing an event, a phenomenon with the phrase, but expressed a metaphorical sense In terms of nature, a metaphor is also a comparison, but this is an implicit comparison, the word compared is not present Surface structure of the idiom does not reflect the practical meaning That is the reasonable basis to identify a definition

of "preliminary level" and then it is recognized and understood the practical meaning

metaphorical meaning), not the real tears of crocodile and in English: Spill the beans (That metaphor is: To reveal the secret) rather than spill the beans

Unlike normal units of vocabulary, idiom is a unit of quadratic identifier, that

is not the content of expressions towards what is referred to in the literal meaning of words to create expressions, which implies infer something from them For example, the idiom: "Cá nằm trên thớt" (fish on cutting boards) in Vietnamese: not described

as a real fish is on cutting boards said the book lying on the table, which indicates the danger comes to the status of the survival or the expression "Open One's Heart" in English: not open your heart someone, which implies show compassion to someone not as lucky as in the following example: The pictures in the papers of the poor Somali children starving to death made us open our hearts to them Donations poured in for them from all over the country Thus, the idiom is a product of the process and concept of it not merely a matter of language Gibbs (1997) [16] asserted that "the idiom does not exist as independent units of meaning in the systematic vocabulary that they are essentially parts of the system of metaphorical concepts." Explain this, Gibbs said that metaphor of idioms and explicit meaning contact each other through the mechanism of vote giving metaphor, metonymy transformation and knowledge background If idiom is said to be is the metaphoric concept, the senses of many idioms can be deduced by making voters received the cognitive schema between sources and target ideas When having done this then we can describe more and more obvious metaphor of the many idioms in almost all languages This will be very useful for learning a foreign language because idioms are always difficult units for most learners of language

2 Metaphors in previous studies

2.1 Research abroad

In many studies on language, metaphor has been studied under different angles The first person to systematically study metaphors was Aristotle, the Greek philosopher In Poetics, he argues that metaphor is the application to one thing a name that belongs to another thing He introduced the theory of substitution theory, where the metaphor is seen as a simplified comparison by removing the comparison word "as", "is"

Example, metaphor (1) Men is a wolf, is an abridgement from comparison: Men

are like a wolf

Unlike Aristotle, some philosophers have a decorative form of language and they do not pay much attention to the uses of metaphor For example, Plato (the Greek philosopher - 2500 BC) was a fiercely critical critic of the use of metaphor, saying that metaphor "only describes something as it is" This view has also been supported for a long time by the philosophers Samuel Parker (1666), John Lock (1690)

In the early nineteenth century, writers and researchers took a different view

of metaphor They want to dig deeper, apply metaphor to real life, try to come up with the correct theories about metaphor (Sigmund Freud, Milton Erickson) But it wasn't until the twentieth century that there really was an explosion of metaphorical theories Ivan A Richards (English writer, 1936), one of the founder of modern literary criticism, emphasized the importance of metaphor In his lecture on rhetoric (The Philosophy of Rhetoric, 1965), he argues that metaphor consists of two parts, the first part is the vehicle for comparison, the second part is the object compare (tenor - subject or subject or the compared) We will see clearly in the following

Example: (2) All the world's a stage (Tất cả thế giới là một sân khấu)

In the above example, the world is the subject or the compared, and a stage is the comparison

According to him, metaphor is not only in the words used but also in the relationship between the contexts created by the basis of comparison, the subject, the object of comparison He also pointed out the role of metaphors in making comparisons rather than merely reflecting comparisons, especially emphasizing the differences between them Richards' theory of metaphor shows that metaphors appear not only in a single word but are present and related to every unit of the lexical level

Metaphor is not a name of an object but a representation, it is like a meaningful discourse, not a word If Richards studied metaphor on the lexical level, Black turned

to the study of metaphor at the sentence level He came up with a new theory of metaphor, which is The interaction theory This theory holds that the object of comparison and what is for comparison have a series of similarities Black's theory

of interaction gave a very new view of the 5 metaphor that manifests itself in three fields:

1 Thought is accepted as a metaphor

2 Metaphor can also create similarities, comparisons between everything is presented in three domains

3 Metaphor is created in the interaction between two categories and in which the metaphor is used

The focus of this theory is on novel metaphors, creative literary metaphors Black's views have the support of John (1981), Ricoeur (1987), and Ortony (1993) But it was not until Lakoff and John's (1980) cognitive theory of metaphors appeared that metaphors were studied more deeply and practically This theory is an extension of Black's theory of interactions (1962) This theory shows that our ordinary conceptual system that we think and act, is essentially metaphorical in nature According to them, the human concept system is structured metaphorically,

in other words, popular cultural concepts This gives metaphors an important role in determining how we approach the world and how we think and act In this view, metaphor is defined as the association between a source category and a host category Let us consider the following example:

For later (3) Life is a journey (Cuộc đời là một chuyến đi)

This metaphor includes a source domain, journey, and a target domain, life There is an intersecting relationship between these two categories because the characteristics of the trip and the features of life have in common (Lakoff and Turmer 1989) Therefore, some traits of the trip are used to emphasize some features of life According to the authors of the theory of metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Lakoff and Tuner, 1990, Lakoff, 1993) the human concept system has its roots mainly from the human experience but is placed in a more abstract category The two men distinguished conceptual metaphor from common expressions (conceptual metaphor still has connotations), such as expression: At the crossroad of life: At the crossroads life, Dead - end in life: The end of life Possibly parts of the metaphor: Life is a journey - Life is a journey Acquiring the views of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) with Kaplan (1990), Force ville (1994, 1996), Rohrer (2000) But the theory of metaphor

by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) is very controversial For example, Indurkhya (1982), Kennedy (2000) criticize it for failing to explain the hidden creation of metaphors and taking an overly formulated, rigid view of metaphor Green and Kennedy (1997), Chiappe (1998), Maasen and Wengart (2000) argue that human experiences are only

a small part of metaphor

Theories of substitution (Aristotle), interaction theory (Black, 1962), valence theory of metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) reflect different views on the nature and role of metaphors In a comprehensive way, although there are such differences, the above theories give the basic principles and concepts, necessary tools in the study

of metaphor In addition, in the research on metaphor also appears many other views

on metaphor For example, Mary Hass (1966) conceives of metaphor as a systematic association, an association very similar to and close to scientific models Nelson Gootman (1968) again emphasizes the systematic nature of metaphors In 1987, Kittay used the theory of semantic fields to develop the concepts of Black (1962) and Gootman (1968) to new heights

He argues that metaphor has shifted the semantic structure from a category, an original semantic field to the topic semantic field, which leads to a new structure in the subject's fields Gibbs (1979) gives the most general description of metaphors Accordingly, metaphor is an expression that has two knowledge fields, in which one concept is understood based on another Based on the view of Giggs (1979), Fauconnier (1996) argues that these two categories are regarded as the source category and the host category, where the source is the fact part in question, the target

is the part used for comes to reality In fact, these two categories even explain each other

If Backman (1991) and Tepper (1993) were based on Aristotle's first theory, then Tepper relied on the concept of semantics to come up with a more modern theory of substitution (The substitution theory): metaphor is used to change meaning of a word, metaphorically (figuratively), a metaphor is a way of making a word with a negative meaning expressed with a better one This is a modern theory of metaphors that emphasizes the interaction between two categories, two concepts

Modern studies of metaphors have shown that metaphor is not only a rhetorical and formal means but certainly has something to do with people's way of thinking and understanding about the world Transliteration seems to be one of the most accepted criteria of metaphor, but Seafle (1979) questioned this translation According to him, as long as the interaction between the two categories persists, the meaning of one of the two categories remains intact Sadock (1979), Rumelhart (1979) and Recanati (2001) also question whether there is a unique distinction in form between metaphors and literal expressions Based on Goodman (1968) and Searle (1979), Sperber, Wilson (1986) objected to distinctions of forms of (figurative) metaphorical language Instead they consider metaphor, comparison, metonymy

used as a single unification phenomenon It can be said that the metaphor has attracted the attention of many researchers Of all the rhetoric, metaphor is most commonly used, because metaphors often animate ordinary language In addition, the metaphor also creates new meanings that allow the writer to express moods, thoughts, experiences things that are not easy to have exact words Therefore, they are essential in all aspects of linguistic performance Indeed, metaphor is an effective rhetorical measure, which helps people "say more or less, especially the metaphor is very accessible to the listener Metaphor is the sign of great ideas: "the greatest thing

so far is the grasp of the hidden" (Poetics – Aristotle)

According to Wikipedia, metaphor: "The [first subject] is a [second subject]."

Lakoff’s, in “The contemporary theory of metaphor” (1992) [31], metaphor is to be understood as any mapping between normally separate conceptual domains

According to Galperin (1971) [13], a metaphor is a relationship between the dictionary and contextual logical meanings based on the affinity or similarity of certain properties of two corresponding concepts

According to the linguistic dictionary of Jean Dubois (1984) definition 1:

"metaphor is to use a specific noun to refer to an abstract concept without the presence

of words, phrases to indicate comparison Or, more broadly, metaphor is the use of all words which can be replaced by another word that has similarities after all the words used for comparison have been removed

With the function of communication in language, metaphors are not a special way of using words to adorn them as empty words On the contrary, metaphor turns into the true taste and emotion of linguistic life in many types of texts Sexuality is

no longer limited to the use of visual words, comparisons, but rather, metaphor entering the world of colorful wording of ideas Metaphor is not only an effective mode of language, but also a way of creative thinking based on a unique function of language

If Embler (1966) asserts that language develops through social conditions and in turn language influences social behavior, metaphor plays an important role in this function Therefore, metaphor is almost ubiquitous in verbal activity Perhaps for the reason Halliday (1976, p.324) observes: “It seems that, in most types of writing, binding and writing, we tend to operate somewhere between two extremes: bare compatibility debauchery and excess metaphor Something completely compatible

seems too flat, while something completely detachable is fake, fabricated According

to Halliday, metaphor is the linguistic phenomenon between these two extremes Jean Robrieux (2000) divided metaphors into two categories: metaphore in praesentia and metaphore in absentia: a) absent metaphor: close to comparison; b) hidden: the comparable and the compared both appear in the same statement

2.2 Research in Vietnamese

In Vietnamese, unique identities are also the identities of words.” [University:

6, 13] Metaphors also contribute significantly to creating that unique identity of Vietnamese In Vietnamese, metaphors also receive a lot of attention by scholars and there are many research papers on it So far, in Vietnamese Linguistics, metaphors are often considered:

According to Cu Dinh Tu, in terms of content rhetorical metaphors are similar to rhetorical comparisons, must associate and draw similarities between two objects of different types (image basis) form a rhetorical metaphor and rhetorical comparison is

a similarity), about the form of metaphorical metaphor Words differ from rhetorical comparisons in that they show only one object, used to represent, When the object to which it is intended is expressed is hidden, the listener must find the object himself The image is hidden in the sentence Rhetorical metaphor functions as an expressive tool to express feelings and is also a tool to express deep awareness about the object

In short, a rhetorical metaphor is a temporary way of using a name to denote this object to represent the other object on the basis of the association relationship of strokes similarities between two objects [1, 280]

Nguyen Duc Ton (2007), [70] Metaphor is a way of replacing names or substituting qualities, attributes of the first subject to a second object based on comparing the common qualities, attributes between them

According to Dinh Trong Lac the scheme of rhetorical means in Vietnamese is outlined as follows:

In the metaphor there are small media such as ẩn dụ bổ sung, ẩn dụ tượng trưng, cải danh, nhân hóa, vật hóa, phúng dụ, hình dung ngữ

In metonymy there are minor means such as cải dung, uyển ngữ, nhã ngữ, tượng trưng, dẫn ngữ, tập kiểu

According to Do Huu Chau: “A metaphor is a phonetic form h, x and y are symbolic meanings A is the name of x (x is the main symbolic meaning of.) A) The metaphor method is the method that takes the main name A of x to name y (to represent y), if x and y are the same” [6, 156] The things named (x, y) have no objective relationship, they belong to completely different categories The name change takes place depending on depends on people's subjective perception of the similarity between them Metaphor is not a random phenomenon but a linguistic phenomenon language, is both the result of the actual approach of the nation and the result of the rules governing the creation of new meanings for words For example: When saying "head cards", "bottleneck", "boat bed", "crater", "core of the problem", not is that these things have the same shape as the main thing but because of correlation their position relative to other things (as compared to the whole article, relative to the bottle, relative to the boat, the mountain, etc.), as well as the relative position of events said object relative to the whole body or to a tree [6, 159]

There is a similar relationship between them:

Metaphor Formal

metaphor

Location metaphor

Metaphor of way

Functional metaphor

Result metaphor

Based on the

resemblance

between things

Based on position similarity

between things

Based on the similarity of implementation

activities, phenomenon

Based on the functional similarity of things

Based on the similarity of the impact of

From the perspective of systemic functional linguistics (SFL), lexical metaphors are recognized as a resource for enacting interpersonal meaning in discourse Within the appraisal framework, they constitute a means for „provoking‟ an attitudinal interpretation While the interpersonal function of lexical metaphors is well recognized in SFL, there have been relatively few studies that focus specifically on their deployment in the construction of recurring rhetorical strategies in discourse This is explored in this study in the context of media editorials It is found that there are patterns in the choices of lexical metaphor, in the values they provoke and the experiential entities these values couple with The reinforcement of these evaluative couplings in the flow of text functions to promote values similar to the provoked ones

The analyses also show that lexical metaphors propose bonds of affiliation to a putative readership and therefore foster the readers of the newspaper

Saragih (2006) also states that lexical metaphor can be classified into five concepts namely; noun-noun, noun-verb, noun-adjective, sounds concept and social concept

2.3.2 Grammatical Metaphor

Another aspect of metaphor is Grammatical Metaphor This notion is described

by Halliday (1985) in chapter 10 with the title of this chapter, "Beyond the Clause: Metaphorical Modes of Expression" Halliday's approach relies on the fact that there are different choices of grammatical structures, congruent and incongruent ones Grammatical metaphor is conceived as an incongruent realization of a given semantic configuration in the lexicogrammar (Halliday, 1985)

Grammatical metaphor is the expression of a meaning through a grammatical form which originally evolved to express a different kind of meaning The expression of the meaning is metaphorical in relation to a different way of expressing the "same" meaning which would be more congruent (Thomson, 1996) Consider the following example:

lexicon-(3) John's writing of a letter to his sister surprised me

In the example (3), John's writing of a letter to his sister refers to a process taking

place at a particular time in reality According to Halliday, processes are normally expressed by means of a conjugated verb and a number of participants taking part in the activity, with the verb and its participants together constituting a full clause In

this view, the most straightforward encoding of the process referred to in John's

writing of a letter to his sister is a full clause, such as:

(4) John wrote a letter to his sister (last week )

Thus, what is exactly metaphorical, in the example (3)? In Halliday view, it is the fact that a process (the verb "write" and its participants, John + a letter + to his sister) is not realized by means of a clause, but rather by means of another type of form, such as a nominalized phrase, as in the example In this sense, grammatical metaphor again involves a type of metaphorical movement: from a process as clause (the default encoding of a process) to a process as noun phrase Grammatical metaphor is thus based on the variation between something common, standard, default (i.e a process realized as a clause) and something which is extended from that

(i.e a process realized by some other form, e.g a noun phrase) However, in the case

of grammatical metaphor, the two aspects involve in the movement or metaphorical extension no longer refer to lexemes and lexical meanings (as with lexical metaphor) Rather, they refer to grammatical forms, or grammatical means of expression, such

as a clause and a nominal group These two aspects - (i) the metaphorical movement and (ii) the variation between grammatical forms explain the two parts of the notion

“grammatical metaphor"

In his "Introduction to Functional Grammar", Halliday pointed out that grammatical metaphor includes two types: Metaphor of Mood (including Modality) and Metaphor of Transitivity Semantically, these are respectively Interpersonal Metaphor and Ideational Metaphor

2.4 Congruent and metaphorical variants

First, strictly speaking we should not talk as if a particular way of expressing a meaning were either metaphorical or congruent in absolute terms

Second, we have mentioned metaphorical and congruent ways of expressing the

In 1980, Lakoff and Johnson first published their seminal book Metaphors we live by (revised 2003) which has been applied to the study of many different languages In this work, Lakoff and Johnson give a new perspective on metaphor They take the position that metaphor is a part of language usage and is therefore part of cognition Further, metaphor is not merely cognitive; it is also a linguistic, sociocultural, neural, and bodily phenomenon (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, 2003) This view is shared by other scholars (Gibb, 1998; Kövecses, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2010; Charteris Black, 2002; Picken, 2007) The difference with previous approaches is that, in the CL perspective, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another According to Lakoff and Johnson (2003), metaphor constitutes one of the basic

strands of CL, and one which is mentioned in most CL studies in CL It is different from previous approaches to metaphor in that it suggests that metaphor is defined on conceptual grounds Metaphors are understood in association with a system of many other metaphors: together, they form what is called a conceptual metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003)

According to Gibbs (1998), cognitive linguistics has stressed the vital importance of conceptual metaphors as one of two fundamental types of cognitive models in which people comprehend abstract concepts In fact, conceptual metaphors are considered as means of viewing one concept in terms of another concept, of finding coherence across unrelated events, and of providing conceptual schemata through which humans can understand the objective world (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980)

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

The main aim of this study is on metaphors in English and Vietnamese idioms, therefore, we wanted to clarify the cultural values underlying the conceptual metaphor The data is limited to metaphors in idiomatic sentences specifically in terms of human parts First, we try to answer questions regarding the availability of conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese, through the expression of linguistic metaphors Second, we look at linguistic metaphors that convey similar concepts at two angles After examining different concepts to point out factors that can determine similarities and differences between concepts concepts to meet the requirements set forth, approaches and methods as well as metaphors such as data collection, description, interpretation and comparison of metaphors in the two languages are applied as in the the next part

1 Approach to the study

The major approaches that are used in the study are deductive and inductive

To be more specific, they are applied as follows: Firstly, deductive approach helps us

to have the theoretical foundation for the study which is based on the literature synthesized in the works of scholars whose ideas are fundamental for the research The scholars we are indebted to in adapting their ideas of metaphorical concepts and comparative study: Lakoff and Johnson (2003) for their initial ideas of conceptualization and conceptual metaphors, Lakoff (2006), Thắng (2008, 2012) for their comprehensive ideas of the mapping from one domain to another, Palmer (1996), Cruse (2004, 2005), Jackendoff (1983), Steen (2010), Châu (1981),(1984),

Cơ (2007) for the identification and analysis of metaphors; Hòa (2005), (2008), Lạc (1996), Lạc and Hòa (2002), Ân (2004), Lân (2011), for exhaustive definitions and types of metaphor in general, and the comprehensible mentioning of cognitive approach to metaphors etc Those help us in deducing a graduation thesis for our dissertation From the theoretical foundation, we draw out a framework of study for this research which is based on cognitive approach to metaphors Secondly, inductive approach is important in carrying out this research, with this approach, we could get the vital data for the study and describe, analyze, interpret and synthesize it to draw out comments and evaluation on the perspectives that we are concerned with, i.e linguistic metaphors and conceptual metaphors and the values underlying them This helps us in counting metaphors and put them into proportion in considering linguistic metaphors embedded in a conceptual metaphor

2 Identification of idioms

In my thesis, I have taken 500 idioms indicating human organs which includes

250 English idioms ([27] Makkai, Boatner and Gates (1972), A Dictionary of

American Idioms, NTC Publishing Group, USA [28] Seidl, Jennifer & McMordie,

W (1988), English Idioms, Oxford University Press [29] Spears, R.A & Kirkpatrick,

B (1998), Essential English Idioms, NTC Publishing Group, USA) and 250 Vietnamese idioms ([38] Hoàng Văn Hành (2008), Thành ngữ học tiếng Việt, Nxb

Khoa học xã hội [44] Trần Quang Mân (2002), Thành ngữ và tục ngữ Việt nam chọn lọc, Nxb Trẻ TP Hồ Chí Minh.) to compare the idioms that are used a lot in English

and Vietnamese In my research, I have given in Table 15 the following details About the head, in English there are 56 idioms, but in Vietnamese there are 50 idioms, in the nepping of Eyes, there are 46 idiomsin English and in Vietnamese, there are 58 idioms The heart, it is used a lot of in English, this thesis I give 43 idioms, but in Vietnamese there is no idiom about the heart part The factor of hands, there are 50 idioms in English and 50 idioms in Vietnamese, the hands are used a lot in 2 languages In Face, idioms are used less in English (37 idioms) than in Vietnamese (85 idioms) Finally, the Nose department includes 18 idioms in English and 7 idioms

in Vietnamese

The use of idioms clearly shows the culture and characteristics of each language and becomes more vivid in cultural communication

3 Identification of metaphors

Researchers show their own way in defining metaphor, but most of them meet

in the idea that in recognizing metaphor

Richards, Platt, and Weber in Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics (1985) [24): A word or phrase which is used for special effect, and which does not have its usual or literal meaning Metaphor is defined as the substitution of one idea

or object with another, used to assist expression or understanding

Leezenberg (2001: 135) shared the same view in focusing on the anomaly of language expressions in recognizing metaphor "falsity or anomaly as a criterion that allows for the recognition of metaphor." The anomaly can only emergent from the context, and cotext, therefore, he denotes the role of context in defining metaphor at the level of language, and that it should be considered through the "level of the utterance in its total context." Steen (2007) introduced two criteria for recognizing metaphor as (1) the contrast of lexical item in the context which is not relevant with

verbal communication and (2) "The speech activity sense of the relevant expressions can be said to be motivated by the more basic sense via a cross-domain mapping where the target is speech activity and the source is a different domain." Totally agree with this approach to metaphor identification, Picken (2007) adds to the idea that, beyond this, background knowledge plays an important role in recognizing metaphors, and he gives an example to illustrate that there is no the tension of the language in the context, there is nothing unusual in the expression of the language

From the above remark, we understand that, we should first determine, in most cases, through the inconsistency coherent in the superficial sense, the absurdity in the linguistic sense in the idioms can be a latent case of metaphor, we should read and understand the metaphorical idioms, this will help researchers are on the right track and can view metaphors more systematically As can be seen, the way we define metaphor will depend on the expressive meaning in the context and the general meaning of the discourse that the author creates

As Charteris-Black said: It should be noted that from linguistic criteria, a

metaphor is a word or phrase that causes tension by (1) re-transforming, the use of abstract terms for more specific words; (2) personification, the use of an inanimate term to refer to something inanimate; (3) depersonification, the use of an inanimate term to refer to something inanimate

(Charteris-Black, 2004: 21)

From a cognitive perspective, metaphors are created by changing conceptual systems The criteria are specified as follows: a metaphor is the result of a change in the usage of a word or phrase from the context or in which it is expected to occur with another context or in which it is expected to occur to another context or domain where

it is not expected to occur, thereby causing semantic tension

The above are the hints for realizing a metaphor, providing the background to define a metaphor in general However, in a particular case of metaphor, one needs

to use knowledge from different perspectives in dealing with it The combination of the criteria (i.e linguistic, pragmatic, and cognitive) is necessary which one needs to bear in mind to help him/her point out and best understand a metaphor Authors have' their own ways to deal with metaphor to meet their research goalsfully cover the process of defining and understanding metaphor

The difference between metaphors in traditional grammar built from the time

of Aristotle (384-322 BC) and metaphors in cognitive linguistics will show that

metaphorical theory of cognitive linguistics says that metaphor is the most important feature of human thinking people The vast majority of basic human concepts such

as time, events, causality, mind, ego, morality, are expressed by metaphors, also known as conceptual metaphors

Comparison: Traditional grammar

(1) Metaphor is a matter of language expression, not of thinking (2) Metaphor is a form of non-canonical use of language (3) Metaphor represents equivalence (4) Metaphor has no real value, because according to traditional semantic theory, the meaning is expressed in the word (literal), while metaphor does not

Cognitive linguistics: (1) Scientific metaphor is not a kind of linguistic structure but

a kind of conceptual structure (2) Metaphor is a canonical type of linguistic expression (3) Metaphor does not show equivalence, but rather interregional reference, i.e source region reference (source 16domain) to the target domain, thereby explaining the target area (4) Meaning is not only expressed through words,

so metaphors can still have real value

In which metaphors are related to human body parts and are classified based

on the nature of the similarity between human body parts and things, the metaphors are similar in form, position, function, feature, attribute, or property Some substances are used relatively

4 Data collection and analysis

In this section, we will show how data is collected, so key terms are idioms including words referring to the human body part presented clear and the way the data is stored is also presented

4.1 Data collection

To get sufficient data for the study, English and Vietnamese metaphors of idioms with human organs from the following sources were collected:

4.1.1 Collecting English idioms

Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms by Cowie , A.P ; Essential English Idioms by Spears , R.A & Kirkpatrick , B , Similes & Metaphor by Nandy , Milon ; Mastering English Idioms by Phạm Vũ Lira Hạ ; Pocket English Idioms by Seidl ,

Jennifer & McMordie , W ; English Idioms by Seidl , Jennifer & McMordie , W.;

Essential English Idioms by Dixon , R.J] : Oxford Idioms Dictionary for Learners of English by Cowie , A.P: Longman American Idioms by Urbom: A Dictionary of

American Idioms by Makkai , Boatner and Gates and Idioms for Everyday Use by

Broukal , Milida

4.1.2 Collecting Vietnamese idioms

Thành Ngữ Tiếng Việt by Nguyễn Lực, Lương Văn Đang; Từ điển giải thích thành ngữ tiếng Việt by Nguyễn Như Ý et al; Từ Điển Thành Ngữ và Tục Ngữ Việt Nam by Nguyễn Lân: Từ Điển Thành Ngữ và Tục Ngữ Việt Nam by Vũ Dung, Vũ

Thúy Anh & Vũ Quang Hào

Second, the interpretation is made from the presence of linguistic expressions

in the representation of conceptual metaphors in the two languages, and at the same time, the comparison of metaphors in idioms refers to the word set department It has been significantly realized that metaphors are not easy to explain In their studies, many researchers Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Green and Kennedy (1997) have proposed metaphorical interpretations It is the fact that metaphorical interpretations are somewhat characteristically dependent on the prominence of meaning that the reader can perceive It is for complex and condensed metaphorical expressions in the use of language With all their complexity and complexity, they don't prevent people from getting to know each other, they merely make people happy with the diversity

of languages and never a real barrier to lines of communication Cameron and Low (1999: 88, quoted in Charteris - Black, 2004: 34 - 35) have a three-step process in analyzing metaphors: Metaphorical analysis usually proceeds by collecting examples linguistic metaphor example…generalize from them into conceptual metaphors that serve as examples, and use the results to suggest ways of understanding or thought patterns that build or constrain people's beliefs and actions

The metaphors in our research were interpreted based on how I felt about the lyrics in which they appeared Conceptual metaphors are considered based on linguistic metaphors that help to suggest thought patterns, social conditions, and cultural values in the two languages

Third, from the results of comparison, construction, comment, cultural values, etc given Aspects of availability, adequacy and visibility are covered at this stage of the study They are built as follows: Usability: Refers to the occurrence of certain linguistic metaphors in a conceptual metaphor in data Scale: Refers to the amount of

a given source domain that maps to the destination domain The goal of the plan: the source audience accounts for 80% and 20% comes from other sources Manifestability: Links to outstanding results have been identified through research

In our thesis, as stated for research purposes, we focus on the similarities and differences in conceptual metaphors

6 Concluding Remarks

I have presented common methods in metaphor and conceptual metaphor studies The main concepts in our research such as metaphor, conceptual metaphor, terms for human body parts, are also clarified Agree that the application of our research is a compromise between cognitive theory of metaphor as the leading theory for analysis, comparative studies such as data processing and analysis The data processing framework of the study is also presented I believe that this combination will help us to achieve satisfactorily the goals we have set for our research

CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND

VIETNAMESE IDIOMS WITH HUMAN ORGANS

In this chapter, I focus on describing and analyzing the conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese idioms with human organs Conceptual metaphors relate to the container, power and personality

1 BODY PARTS AS CONTAINERS

1.1 The Factor: HEAD

In English, there are 56 idioms accounting for 52.83% but in Vietnamese, there are 50 idioms accounting for only 42.17% Perhap one of conceptual metaphors used the most popular in English idioms is "The head as a container"

For examples:

(1) Try to keep a civil tongue in your head [giữ một cái lưỡi lịch sự trong đầu] We

want him on our side (Cậu nhã nhặn một tí đi Chúng mình cần nó về phe mình) [43]

(2) He's talking out of the back of his head [nói chuyện từ phía sau đầu]-you can't get a flight to Australia for less than 500 pounds these days

(Nó đang nói vớ vẫn ấy mà Làm sao có thể mua vé máy bay đi Úc chưa tới 500 bảng vào thời buổi này.) [43]

(3) Parents of young children have to have eyes in the back of their heads [có mắt ở

đường sau đầu] (Cha mẹ có con nhỏ cần luôn luôn chú ý đến con mình) [43] (4) He

took the car out in this weather - He must be out of his head [ở ngoài đầu]! (Lái xe

vào lúc thời tiết thế này! Thằng đó điên chắc!) [43]

(5) He's taken into his head [mang vào trong đầu] to become really jealous (Hắn cho

rằng phải đánh ghen thật dữ dội.) [43]

(6) Don't go putting ideas into his head [nhét ý tưởng vào trong đầu] We haven't got

the money for a car (Đừng dụ dỗ nó làm gì Bọn tao không có tiền mua xe hơi đâu) [43]

(7) We need a new shopping centre in our neighbourhood like we need a hole in the

head [cần một lỗ ở trong đầu]! (Chúng tôi chẳng cần đến cái trung tâm mua sắm ở

gần nhà làm gì cả.) [43]

(8) Anna was pissed out of her head [tè ra ngoài đầu] - she couldn't event walk

(Anna say đến mức đi không nổi) [43]

(9) I can't change my mind now, she'll think I've gone soft in the head [mềm ở trong

đầu] (Tôi không thể đổi ý được; làm vậy cô ta cho rằng tôi là đồ ngu) [43]

We know that the box used to contain objects Similar to the box, the head is seen

as a place to contain all kinds of ideas and thinking The idiom "to have one's head

full of something" (first filled in something) to convey the image of a box filled with

something that occupied the entire space inside the box there Likewise, if we think too much about a person or an object, all the meaning and flow of our thinking will focus on people or things that The result is in our heads no longer have space to that

of other people or things Now our mind completely about a second thought to dominate According to structural analysis metaphorical concepts that Lakoff and Johnson (1980) [30] presented in the book "We live by metaphor," we have two domain concepts in turn are head and container For the container, we can put things inside, add more items to the front or the back, crammed in, take things out Corresponding domain concept boxes, in the domain concept head, we can insert ideas into the head someone (put ideas into somebody's head), add more eyes in the back of the head (have eyes in the back of your head), drink beer or wine drunk enough to flow off the top (pissed out of your head) So we can see that once identified

as a metaphor "head is a container" links with background knowledge we can infer that the above idiom In the Vietnamese language, I have little idea where the metaphor "a medium head." Through the survey, I could not find the elements contained in Vietnamese "head" which are created from the metaphorical idea "what the object is contained." But the metaphor, this idea occurs in the fixed combination

of Vietnamese language as: " in head "," in brain ", " in mind ", "brainwashing " Seeking solutions significant differences between the English and Vietnamese with conceptual metaphor "is the first media," we find the root cause lies in the structure

of expressions in two languages Metaphorical concept style "pipe" that we analyze

in the world usually comes from only appear to factor expressions in English with the metaphorical concept "is the first media account for a large number The Vietnamese language is established primarily for the song structure, in which expression from the accounts of large numbers (Nguyen Thien Giap, 1998) [59] Due to the structure and function animal short of this, very few Vietnamese idioms using prepositions, whereas in English, contain expressions of prepositions

Table 1: Brief description of the semantic features of the factor head

HEAD

- [C] the part of the body above the neck where the eyes, nose, mouth, ears, and brain

…

Ex: - Put this hat on to keep your head warm

- He banged his head on the car as he was getting in

- She nodded/shook her head (= showed her agreement/disagreement)

- [C] the mind or brain

- [S] the size of a person’s or animal’s head, used as a measurement of distance or height

E.g.: I did a quick head count (= calculated

how many people there were)

They own a hundred head of cattle (= 100 animals)

- [S] a measure of length or height equal to the size of a head

E.g.: Her horse won by a head

Paul is a head taller than Andrew

- [C] the mind and mental abilities

E.g.: You need a clear head to

be able to drive safely

What put that (idea) into your head?

(= What made you think that?)

- [C] someone in charge of or leading an organization, group, etc…

E.g.:

- [C] phần cơ thể phía trên cổ, nơi có mắt, mũi, miệng, tai và não…

- [C] trí óc hoặc bộ não

- [S] kích thước của đầu người hoặc động vật, được sử dụng làm phép đo khoảng cách hoặc chiều cao

- [S] một số đo chiều dài hoặc chiều cao bằng kích thước của đầu

- [C] trí óc và khả năng tinh thần

the head of the History department the head chef

his first season as head coach

- [S] the top part or beginning of something:

E.g.: the head of the queue

the head of the page

- [C/U] a position or part at the top, front, or beginning:

E.g.: [U] They were early enough to get a

place at the head of the line

[U] As the guest of honor, he sat at the head

of the table (= the more important end)

- [C/U] The head of a plant is the top part where a flower or leaves grow

E.g: I bought two heads of lettuce

- [C] someone who leads or is in charge of an organization or group, or this position of leadership:

- [S] the top or highest part of sth

- [S] the place where a river begins

- [C] ai đó phụ trách hoặc lãnh đạo một tổ chức, nhóm, v.v.…

- [S] phần trên cùng hoặc phần đầu của cái

gì đó:

- [C / U] một vị trí hoặc một phần ở trên cùng, phía trước hoặc phần đầu:

- [C / U] Phần đầu của cây là phần trên cùng nơi hoa hoặc lá mọc

- [U] mặt của đồng xu

có hình ảnh cái đầu của một người