HOCVINCHINHTRJQU CGIAHGCHIMINH TING± ?³³¼NKHOAH C OETAICAPCOSPNAM2006 in • • MjjTSOBIEN00lMkljl0E0N6THONFUN6 FENDéh5NjjlTR0N6ThRKYDOIMR HANGI,2007 2 4 2 2 2 3 3 2 Trang MODAU 1 D{atvande 1 Tinhhinhngh[.]
Trang 1TING± ?³³¼NKHOAH C
OETAICAPCOSPNAM2006
MjjTSOBIEN00lMkljl0E0N6THONFUN6 FENDéh5NjjlTR0N6ThRKYDOIMR
HANGI,2007
Trang 5Congcuocdoim6id6tnucicdadienra20nam,c:icthénhtuuph:ittrienciiad6tnu‹icdangngayc é n g dinhhinhriitrenc:iclinhv u c hoatdong:cfingnghi(phfia, hi(ndaihfia,(nhailacongnghi(phfia,hi(ndaihfianongnghi(pndngthou),dfith|ho:i;ph:ittrien
"r a mot giaidoanphéttrién
Trongh a ng loatnhfmgbiéuhiénbiéndoivaph:ittric:nciiakhuvucnongthou,nongnghi(pvanongd a n -hayc o n goila“tainnong”o
Nongt h o u v i i n g v e n d f i H é Néi d a n g d u c i c d : i n h g i : i l a khuv
p c c o nhiingb i e n d o i vaphiitt r i t h i nhanhc h fi ng du6it:icdongciiaqu:itrinhcfing nghi(ph o é , h i ( n d a i h o é n o n g n g h i ( p n o n g t h o u ; q u i t t r i n h
d f i t h ) h o é ; q u é trinhp h: it t r i e n n en kinhtethitiuéngvaqu:itrinhmci ci
Trang 6iahoinh8pvcrithéxavendfiHaNoida
Trang 7gioi Haimuoinamthuchi(ndoim‹:n6()ma)tc:iclang-thucsud o i t h a y , g i a u coh o n , k h a n g trangh o n v a n h i e u sinhk h i h o n V i i
n gnongt h o n v e n d f i H a Noi d a n g g i a t o c q u : i t r i n h c h u y 6 n d o i c c c6uk
inht e nongnghi(pthiinhphi nongnghi(p;sugiaothoavat:iedongqualaigifiavhfiadfithivaviinhoénongthon;cudcdhutranhg i i i a c:icyéutoningthon -
truyenthongvadfithi-hi(nd:yitrongtrongdcisonghii ngngay;sqph:ittriénc i i a
n h f i m xahoidanghenghiep dangd oi hfiiciicnghiénciiukhoahocxahoitains:ing to
Decoc0sochfmgminhchonhandinhnay,detainghiene r m sédisauvaokhaos:itph8ntichc:icbieuhi(ncuth‹:vemotsobiendoixahoitieubiéuciiakhuv u c
ven d fi HaNfiih i ( n nayc o moilienh(nhuth£naod Oi v‹iidacdiemc:inh6nv
agiadinh;vanhoétruyenthongciiacongdong;uangluclanhdaoquan1y cuadfiingiiciinboccrsci;qu:itrinhdfithiho:i,clingnghiephfia,hi(ndathfia,ph:ittriennénkinhté
thitouring,hoinhp quocte Détaiséchitytrimro’ssuutt::iiccddoonnggcciiiiaakk
iinnhhttéétthhJJttrruuiimmgg,,cciiiiccqquu::iittrriinnhhccffiinnggnngghhii((pph
hffiiaa,,ddffiithihfia lamchonguciidtln
vendoHaNoicodiéuki(ndc:phathuytinhnangdongc i i a m i n h , t h i c h n g h i v é r i
d i é u k i ( n m 6 i , l é m b i é n d o i d i é u k ie)ns o n g , vi(claodongsinxuat,dido ngxahfii,ccmayt h i i n g t i é n , c0hoivé n6ngc a o diiisfingvatchat,vanho:ivadan
gdttnhinhthanhmotHisongviinminhcfingnghiep,dOth|
ciianguéid6nningthonvend0HéN0i.Dacbi(tdeHinghi6nciius e divaophant ic
h motsoxuhu6ngb i ‹ : n d o i vagoimoc:ickhuyénnghinhamh an chi: nhfmgkhiacanhtieucvcciiabiend fi i x5hfiinhukhoangc i i c h phdnhfiagiaunghéoquitliin
dongthitithiicdfiytinhtichcucciiabiendoixahfii n h u : c h u y e n d o i c 0 cttun
g h e n g h i ( p ; t i n h u a n g d o n g c i i a n g u é t i d 6 n ; khfiiphucvaph:ithuyvhfiatruyénthong taodachosuphéttrienkinhté-
gon6ngthGnVflngvendfiHaNoi.Tirdfitaonéntuduy,loi
2.TinhhinhnghienemuciiaDéHi
Trang 8Du6it é c ddngcuaqu:itrinhth uc hi(nduéing lfiidoimciidatnu‹ic,bfimatnongthGnnu‹ictanoichiingvanfingthonc:icviingvendfinfiiriengda
Trang 9Chodénnaydécénhiirigcéngtrinhnghiénchivésu:bié’ndcinc›ngt h e m é nitactatrongthaikydoiméticcitheké’dén.
-“Phattrié’nn o n g n g h ic:p,n c › n g t h o n t r o n g g i a i d o a n C N H , H DHé ViftNam”c i i a t : i c g i a NguyenV a n B i c h v a C h u T i é n Q u é n g N x
Trang 10gbiendoivaphéttriénven6ngnghi(p,nongthinvanongddnnuoctatrongq u: i trinhd o i ’ i duéiit:iedongciianénkinhtethitruitng d i n h h u 6 n g XHCN,ci
ia c:icquétrinhCNH,HDHnong nghiepn6ngthonvaquétrinhdfith)ho:i.Nhiingc:iccfingtrinhnghiénc i i u naydéucochungnhand(nh: trongcfingcuficdo
im6idatniféickhuvuc nongthon, nongnghi(pvanongddnd5conhfmgdong goprtftl6nva o thanht u u ch un g cuadatnuoc,d é n toc.TrongthfiikyCNH,H
DHnongdanvanongnghiepvanongthongifrmotvaitrohétsiicquantrpng.Trongthuchi(nnc:nkinhtéthitruéngvadfithiho:ithinguéidannongthon laidangchiunhieut h i c : I thoinh8t.Mfi tvd é léiidupcdatral a ctphéil a m g i , l a m n h uth‹:naod é tiept u c v a t a n g c u é n g s t uut i é n c h o ph:ittrienkhuvucnong
thonmotc:ich thiétthuchiéuqu:ihon?
Béncanhc:iccfingtrinhnghienelmmangtinhdaidi(ncho
cénucicconcohu6ngnghienermtaptrungvesubiendoicimOtkhuvqcnongthoncuthevétit:ubieu-
viing dongbangs 0 n g H0ngthéikydfiim6i.Trongdfictlnph:iikédennhiingcfingtrinhsau:
Trang 11-’linhnfingdcingciiangizéidcinnongthonvhngdongb ‹ i n g Bacbov
tiphént a n g xéhoi”ciiatécgia LuuHfingMinh,TapchiXahoihocso 2/1999.
-”Su:véndongciianhémxéhoidanghénghie:ptrongqudtrinhphét trié'
nkinhténongthondongbeingsc›ngthong”ciiat:icgiéLeThiMai.TapchiXahoihpcso1/1999
-”Dot h i h o a , phénting nghéokh ovhngven
dc›HaNoi-Nghiénen:ut r udngh p p f i viingw i t dciH é Noi”ciiat é c giéN g u y e n D u y Th
Trang 12-“Nhii:rigbié“ndoixéhc›tcivii ngvendoH‹iNc›idumcipIncdc›thifreer“ciiac : i c I : i c
g i é T r 6 n D a n T i m v é N g u y é n ViN h u @ , T a p c h i X a h o i h p csfi1/200 0.
-“Biéndi mitesinghergiaditihnongthc›nviingphuc é n HaNc›i”cuatacgié
DoVGQu6n, LutinvT h a c syXahtiihoc,HaNfii2006
thidenotrcithiinhm o t y é u t o ti ch c u c t r o n g s u phétt r i é n c i i a nongt h o n ?
ho:i,cfingnghi(phfia dangI:icdongdensubit:ndoivaph:ittriencuanongthonvendonhu:ndingc a o miicsongvevt chatvatinht h a n ; phénhfiagiaunghéo;v$ndenguciiningdanb(thuhfiidatsénxudt;dicuconlac;th2tnghi(p;nghéodfii;finhiemm o i truéng;ciict(nanxahoi;khfiiphuc,béove:véphéthuyc:iegiétr]vanhoétruyénthong
Tomlai,titvi(che’thongc:iec0ngtrinhnghienc i i u nhuviiatrinhbay,chi ingtfiinh½th:1ycodidmchung,noibatvaxuyens u o t lacécnhakhoahpcdaph:ich
kinhté-xahfiiciiakhuvucnongthonVi(tNamnfiichungvanongthonviingvendfinéiiriengtrongthéi
kydoim6icoth8camnh0nquatimgngayvéiinhiéugocdokh:ienhau.Subi‹:ndbivex
ahfiiduciccéc congtrinh ng hi én e r m ph:ichoaratimgb o ph n , nhomx a hfiihaylinhvucriengIetrongtimggiaidoan.Trongt6tcac:icc6pdonghienciiritrén:titn6ngthonnucictan‹iichung,chodennongthonviingdongbringsongHfingva
cuthechitiethonlanongthonvendtiHaNoi,chfingtfiidéunhilrithtiy
(diiithaynhiéu,diigi:intiephaytruetiép)c:icnhakhoahocdeucoxuhUéingdi
Trang 13gthon viingvendfinfiiriéngdakhiicxavéinguéidannong
Trang 14thaydoitol6n,nh4tlavédéisongv(atch6tvéviinhfia,tinhng dong,tinhtichcucciiangu6id6
n
Tuynhien,trongc:iccfingtrinhnghienciiunay,hlunhirchuadisauk héos:itmotc:ichcuthevacoc:iinhinh(thong,chinh
thi:ditatrénc:icgiécdfitit:pcn ciialythuyetkhidisaunghienc i i u phantichs v biendoive” m a tx5hoi”duéiitiicdongcuac:icchinhs:ich,qu:itrinhtrongth6ikydfiimoi.Dovy,chiingtfiithi6tnghidaylav8ndécanphéitieptucduoc1itmrohon.Dacbi(t,v:indenghienciiunaycoynghiaquantrong,cothedong
Trang 15xhydqiigv:iph:ittriénxah(oinongthonvendfitheohu‹ing
4 Phuongph:ipnghiénciiu
Détaidatiénhanhthuthpc:ictai1i(ucolie:nquan:C:icb:tocéovétinhhinhph:ittriénkinhtf:-xah0icuamotsodiaphuong
(huy(envaxathuficviingvendoHéNoi)tronghéngchucnamtrcllaidtty.Dac
bi(tdétaidachit
trongvi(ckhaithac ’dduunnggmot
v; k)yéub:tocéodetainghienciiukhoahpc;c:icInpham,séch,biro,tapchi Daylanguondiili(uthongtinrhtquantrongtrong qu:itrinhnghienciiuph6ntichcuadetai
xah f i i ) H o n theni ia , ngayt r o n g t i m g n oi dung
biend o i xahoinayl a i duocbieuhi(nvacoc:icht i c : p c(nrJtkh:icnhau,
Trang 16mgn g u é i d i cutrcived o i v6is u biend o i x a ho ic i i a c : i c d ) a phuongvendO; moiquangiiiabiendoixahoiciviingniingthonvendfivmikhuvucnongthonthu6
ntfiyvakhuviJcnoithanh;haysubiéndfiitrongsuphancfinglaodongvégi6itrongm
oigiadinhva cfingdong,v.v.
Nghiénciiuvébiéndoixahoilamotchiadehe:tsitekhfikhanciiakhoahpcxahfiikhitiénhénhdo
luéng,dJnhluongc:icchibiro.Dongthiti,laiduocx:icdinhtrongm o t Shoring thoigiantirongd oi dai(20namt h q c hi(nd ué in g loidoim‹iidatnu‹ic).Thucten
Trang 171.1.1 Khéiniémbiéndotxéhéi
Khinoidenbiend0ixah6ilanfiidensitva(ndo(ngxahfiititmottrangth:iixahfiinaysangmottrangthéixahoikh:ic.Tr:E ngth:iixa
hfiitinhtaichim a n g t i n h c h a t t u o n g d o i v6in g h i a l a xétt ro ng m o t k h o a n
g t h é i g i a n c u t h é nhatdinh,thucchatsu
biend di x5hfiilaphobién.Trongkhoahocx5hOi,cuthelaxahOihoc,trangth:iixah0itinhthuéngducichiéuthongquakh:iini(m:trt tirx5hfii
Déhiéuriibénc h 6 t vacécnoidungciiasu
biéndoixah8icanphéitréléinhfmgcluhfiidai loatnhusau:d6itunngciiasubiéndoix$hoilagi?Tirelac:iigib]biend o i ? Sqbiendoi dfidiénranhuthenao?Duéii t:icdongciiac:ieyéutovadiéuki(nnao?Biéndoitheoc:ichnao?
Ciichth ii c h a y c c chebiénd o i xahoico therdtk h : i e nhau.V e mat l y ' thuyetcothephanbietsqbiendotxahoimangtinh“dfitbién”,biéndoimangtinhc:ichmangv a biéndoi dandin,tirtitmangtinh ch:ittiénho:itimgbu‹ic.Biendoix5h
Trang 18Biendoixahoitheoconduringtiénh o: i lasubiéndoitheoquylu5ttqnhieu,diénratuantutitth6pdencao,titdon giéndenphiictaptimggiaidoanchi n chapdénmiickhficothequansétducictrongkhoéngt hé i gianngilnmotvatnil mmadien ratrongmfitthiti giandaihéngchucnam,thtJmchihangt r a m namvahangngannam.
Khéiniembiéndoixahoiduocsitdungcidtlylachiingtfiimuonthtlut‹im,tonghp plaivesubiendoiciiamotsohi(ntuongxahfiidu‹ii
langkinhciiaxahdihpc.Cotht:noibdtkymotsubiendoinaocithénhphtlnvacautriicciiaxa
hfiideudupe
goila“subiéndoixahfii”.Biendoix5hoidienraoquymo,c4utrilcvathanhphanciiaxahfiinhuthietchéxahoi,vanho:i,giaicap,nhfim,vithfix5hoi,vai
troxEh0i,manglu‹iixahfii.Vi du,tiucicnam1986civiingn6ngthonvendoc‹iratnhieucéchpp t:iexavada
thénhviénciiahppt:ic vaduocgpilé“xavién”.H i ( n nay,khongn h i i n g s o l u o n g h p p t i r e x E d a g i é m b e t m a b a n c h s t c é a h p p t é cxéciingthaydfiivacoratitnongdttnl é“xavién”.Dongthéi,civiingnongthonven
d f i d5xuathi(nnhfmgthénhp h 6 n x a hfiim ‹ 5 i nhuciicdoanhnhtin, ci i c tiéuchia,ciicc:inbficongchiicvanhfmgnguéilamdichvudactrungchoxahfiithénhthi
xahdiviingn on gthonvendfi:sitbiénd o i xahoiseditheohu‹5ngnao?
Tiiciiccautréléidoivoi c :i c c 6 u hfiin a y c o thegciiranhfmgs u y nghiv e gia iph:ipthiicdJyvakiemchénhfmgt:icddngvanhfmghu6ngbiendfiinhltd|
nhn ao dfiovfingn 6 n g thinv e n d f i
Trang 19ongcuachinhsécht6icau triicxahoivédéisongxahoi.
Thucchllt,b i e n d o i véi tinhc : i c h l é initdang c i i a vand o n g l a phuon
gthiictontaiciiavanvat;biendoixahoikhfingt:ichrciikhfiibatkymoth(thongxah0inao.Nfiic:ichkhéc,c:icthucthexahfii,c:iehientupngxahoilufincttrongtrangth:iibiendoikhongngimg.Biendoixahfiiciviingnongthonvendfidienratrongkhungcénhdoim‹iikinhté-
xahoiciviingnay,varonghon,trongkhungcénhd8imoid6tnuoctheohu6ngd
oiméikinhtékehoachtaptrungsangccchethitruimgvacfingnghi(pho:i,hi(ndaiho:i.
1.1.2 Kh:iini(mviingnongthonvendo
Trongmot ‘cfin trinh
nghienemuxahi hocgandttyd5coi khuvpcnongthonvenddlaviingd (m chobucrcchuyentirnongt h o n sangthénhth),notphan:inh
nGngthGn:
netnhat nhfmganhhuéingc i i a quittrinhd fi thihfiad o i v6i
dfidupehieulakhuvucnfingthonkeeduv c i i t h é n h p h o V i i n g n f i n g t h o n v e
n d f i l a notv i r a c o hoatd o n g d a c trimgch o nGngthonviiacoc:ichoatd)ngmangtinhchatdfith;i.Viingnongthonvendfikhhngtontaidoclapmanamt r o n
g motmienlienthongnongthon-
vendfi-dfith|.Ciicmoiquanh(tuongI : i c l6nnhauc i i a cécbopht)nhppthitnhh(thongnongthon-vendfi-
dfithidifclcthehi(ncichfinongthdnvavendfilanotcungclipthuéiigxuyen,laudailuongthuc,thucpham,nguon
nguyénli(u vangufinlaodongchodoth],nguciclai dfithitaorathitrottingde
tiéuthqc:icsénphhmnongnghi(p,taocchoivificlamvanot
cichocacdi›ngdiddntitnéingt h o n rathanhthi,vacungcttpcécsénphJmp h u c
v u chos:inxutttnongnghi(p(NguyenHimMinh2005).Nhic:utouringhpptrongquétrinhddt hiho:i ,c:icchinhsachquyhoachvaph:ittrienddthisébienviingnong
Trang 20thanvend6thénhdfithivadfith]hoémotphannongthonthénhviingvendfiméi(laquintavaDrescher2002)
Vivay,khficothéx:icd[nhdupcranhgidiciiaviingnongthonvendfithongquac:ictiéuc h u m cuthe.Thfingth ué ln g, ngifoi t a xécd{mhfanhgiéiciiaviingn o n g t h o n ve nd fi dnavaoc:ie chinhs: ic h quyhoachd f i thivac:iebi(nphiipquanlyhhchinh.Trongnghienciiunaychiingtoixécduihtatcac:icxa,thitrthufickhuvucngoaithitnhHPNoilavilngnongthonvendfi
1.1.3 Kh:iiniémdfith'ihoa
Doth|hé›alacjuiitrinhthaydoi
suphanbodtincutrongxahfiivad o n gthiiikéotheosqbiendoivéHisongciiaconnguiii.Doth]ho:iducichiéulésudicutirn o n g t h o n v a o thénht h ] , l a s q t8ptrungn g a y
c a n g n h i e u c u d6nc u songt r o n g nhfmgv i i n g U h t h o d f i thi.Xé t v e g fi c donhn kh6u h o c d f i th) hfiaciiam o t q u o c g i a d u c i c d o l u 6 n g b a n g t i I ( cu da
nd o th)t r o n g t o n g s oddn.Veina)txahfii,dfith|
hfiadupchiéulaquétrinhtochiiclaimoitruitngcirtrficiiaconnguoi.Doth|
hfiakhfingchithaydoisuphtinbodancuvanhfmgyéut o v t ch 6t , ma c o n tainc h u y e
n h f i a n h i i n g k h u o n i n : i u c u a déis o n g xahfii,phobienHisongdfith|
t‹iic:ieviingnongt h o n , vatoanbfixaht)i.Nhuv8y,q u é trinh d f i th]hfiak h o
n g c h i diénra v é mat‘monnhu dinsd,mcironglanhtho,tiingtruéngvesénxu:it,maconthéhi(ncé
vematchiltluong,ningcaotiéuchu6nsfing,lémphongphfihonc:ickhuonm4uviinhfiavanhuc:iux5hoi(NguyénHimMinh2005)
1.2 Motsolythuyéttiépcanvébiéndoixahoi
Mpisqv)tdt:ubién
doikhfingngimgvaxahoiv6itatc:ic:icthénhph8n,c:icmoilienhe,quanh8phiictap
ciianociingliéntucvn dong,biendoidudit:icdfingciiac:icyentodachiéuvadacdpdo.Trénthuctésqbiendoixahfii
vilngnongthonvendhganliénvoiquétrinhkhbngthed:tonguocladoth|
ho:i,cfingnghie(pho:iviihieudathoanongthondangdiénrav‹iinh|
pdfingaycangnhanho nucicta.Di6udocéinghialac:ichinht h i i c vanfiidungci
Trang 22x a hfii.C f i n nhtinm a n h v a i t r o dacbi(tquant r p n g c u a duringH i , chién luncvachinh s : i c h ph:it t r i e n k i n h t c xahoiciiadat
nuocnfiichungvaciianongthonvadfithinfiirieng.Dongthii,ctlnchittrpngt6ic:icmoilienh(,quanh(nhieuchi‹:uphiic
tapciiac:icqu:itrinhxahoidangdienracithanhthi,nongthonvaviinggi:ipranhgifranongt h o n vadfithi.Dovy , nhfmgbiendoixahi civiingnongthonvendodienradu‹iic:ictécdongtithaiphia:motlaqu:itrinhcfingnghi(pho:ivahi(ndath
o:iningt h d n v a hai1 é qu:it ri n h c f i n g nghi(phoé,h i (n d a i ho:it h a n h t h ) C
l i n gc6ntinh motthanhphotrungtdmchinhtri,kinht‹:,vanhoé,xahoicuacénucic.
dénnhfmgt:icdongdacthiitirsuph:ittrienciiathiidfiHaNoi-Sqbit:ndoixahfiicivii ngnongthonvendfi,ciingnhuoc:icviingkh:ict h e hi(n
d a c bi(trii trongs u biendoicccaukinht e viiihinht h i r c r o netnhht
“nghénghi(pciibienmdt;trongcautrii
cxahfiivoihinhthiicriir(tnhatlab6tbinhdangxahoivéphdnhoiigiaunghéo;biendoixahfiithé
hi(ntrongbiendotc6utriicgiadinhvaquanh(gifrac:iethénhvia:ngiadinhvédacbi(tlasubiendoitrongnhfinthfrc,théidfivahanhviciia
c:icc:inhdn,c:ienhfimxahfii.Ngoairacothequans:itth6ysitbiéndoixahfiitrongcéclinhvqcvtinhoii,céchtochiicd‹:iisongcongdongv‹iinhfmghinhthiicsinhhoatt8pthengaycangphongphii,dadangdanxeng i frac i i i c i i c : i i mcii,c a i tru
yt:nt h 6 n g v a c : i i hi(nd a i C6thekh:iiq u é t nhfmgn0idungneutrentrongm
otsododu‹iiday
Trang 23Gia dinhBIEN
DOI XA HOIKINH TE-
Cci cau kinh tc:
DO THI HOA
2.2.J.Cftiingfiinduyvt l[ehsit
C:ichtiepctinduyv4tl|chsirnhtfiimanhvaitroc:icyéutovatchtitmé
Tuyénngfinc i i a Digcrigs é n nam1 8 4 8 KarlMarxd a chiram o t qu ylu(t c c i bciiasubiend o i xa hfi
it r o n g chedotubénl a sirbiend o i 1qclirongsa n xuatkéotheosqbiendoiquanh(sénxuatvabiendoixahoi;c:iecu6cc:ichmanglientuctrongcfingcusénxutttlttt yeudandensitbiendoixahfii
Chiinghiaduyvatl|chsitchorangyéuto
kinhtexe’tchociinglayc:utoquyetd)nhsutontaivabiendoixahfii.Moisubiendoixahoidéubatngufi nt i f m ttut h u d n g i frathuongt é n g kientriicvahathugc c sci.Spbiénd o i ciha
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