INTRODUCTION
Quan Son district, located in Thanh Hoa province, spans a natural area of 93,017.03 hectares and had a population of 40,526 in 2019, resulting in a density of 44 people per km² The district is divided into 13 administrative units, which include 12 communes and 1 town, with its center situated at kilometer 35 along National Highway No.
217 The district is strategically important for the economy, society, defense, and security in the mountainous area of Thanh Hoa Province [10]
Indosasa amabilis, known locally as Vau, and Dendrocalamus membranaceus, referred to as Luong, are vital tree species for poverty alleviation in Vietnam These trees provide significant benefits to local communities, particularly for low-income individuals They serve as a primary income source for farmers residing in the highland regions of Thanh Hoa province, especially in less-developed districts.
I amabilis and D membranaceus are crucial raw materials that contribute approximately 27% to the economic structure of the district, generating over 80% of the total income for local residents These plants play a significant role in the economy and society of Quan Son, serving as vital resources for poverty alleviation and environmental protection However, the business landscape for I amabilis and D membranaceus faces challenges, including a lack of buyers, fluctuating prices, and excessive exploitation Furthermore, the export of these goods is hindered by the absence of sustainable forest management certifications, such as FSC-FM, which ensures the preservation of biodiversity and supports the livelihoods of local communities while maintaining economic sustainability.
In Vietnam, only a few household groups have successfully obtained forest certificates, with a notable achievement in 2010 when a group in Quang Tri province received the FSC TM certificate for 316 hectares of forest By 2012, 300 household groups across six central provinces participated in the WB3 project to secure SFM certificates However, no groups have yet applied for certificates for I amabilis and D membranaceus species Recently, the demand for sustainable forest certificates, particularly FSC TM, has increased in both national and international markets In response, Ngoc Son Thanh Hoa Joint Stock Company has initiated a sustainable forest management plan, aiming for FSC TM certification for 637.02 hectares of I amabilis and 1,008.84 hectares of D membranaceus in Tam Lu commune, as well as 1,093.34 hectares of I amabilis and 305.81 hectares of D membranaceus in Tam Thanh commune, Quan Son district, Thanh Hoa province.
In April 2019, the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group achieved certification from the Forest Stewardship Council, meeting international forest standards The Quan Son district initiated a sustainable forest management plan targeting local households, particularly focusing on the I amabilis and D membranaceus species This plan aims to deliver significant economic, social, and environmental benefits upon implementation.
Forest certification serves as a crucial initiative that ensures verifiable mechanisms for improved forest management It acts as evidence that forests are being managed with a focus on economic, environmental, and social benefits.
Certification enables companies to mitigate risks associated with using "bad wood." By ensuring that wood is sourced from sustainably managed forests, organizations can enhance their brand image positively With only 11% of global forests certified, many certified products may include a mix of materials, such as low-risk uncertified fiber and recycled fiber.
Many forest holders are unaware of the benefits of certified forest products, despite the high demand for these products in both Vietnam and international markets Consequently, it is essential to investigate the effectiveness of forest management within the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate Group following their receipt of FSC Forest Management Certification (FSC-FM).
This thesis evaluates the effectiveness of forest management in the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group following the attainment of the FSC Forest Management certificate The goal is to ensure sustainable long-term business practices that enhance productivity and efficiency while meeting societal, economic, and environmental needs.
- To assess the growth and productivity of I amabilis and D membranaceus forest in Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group after achieving the FSC Forest Management certificate
This article evaluates the economic, social, and environmental efficiency of the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household Forest Certificate group following its achievement of FSC-FM certification It also proposes strategies to sustain and enhance effective sustainable forest management in Quan Son district, Thanh Hoa province.
- To propose maintaining solutions and developing efficiency in sustainable forest management in Quan Son district, Thanh Hoa province.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Awareness of sustainable forest management
Since 1992, the concept of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) has evolved through international dialogues such as the IPF, IFF, and UNFF, alongside numerous country-led and eco-regional initiatives These efforts aim to implement SFM in practice, including the development of criteria and indicators supported by organizations like the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), as well as other members of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests.
The International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO, 1992) defines Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) as the process of managing forests to meet specific management objectives This includes ensuring a continuous supply of desired products and services while maintaining the forest's inherent values, future productivity, and minimizing negative impacts on both the physical and social environment.
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is a strategy that harmonizes environmental, socio-cultural, and economic goals, aligning with the "Forest Principles" established at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) refers to the responsible stewardship and utilization of forests and forest lands, ensuring the preservation of biodiversity, productivity, and regeneration capacity It aims to maintain the vitality of these ecosystems while fulfilling essential ecological, economic, and social functions at local, national, and global levels, without causing harm to other ecosystems.
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is a continuous process that focuses on enhancing forest operations through a holistic planning approach This approach integrates key dimensions such as economic viability, environmental sustainability, and social and political responsibility, all of which must be upheld indefinitely SFM adheres to recognized national and international standards, including Principles, Criteria, Indicators, and Performance Standards It emphasizes multi-functional management aimed at conservation, sustainable utilization of forest resources, and rural development, while applying the precautionary principle and balancing the interests of various stakeholders.
To ensure the well-being of both current and future generations, it is essential to provide equitable benefits to all members of society Adhering to these principles not only supports sustainable forest development but also enhances economic prosperity, ultimately contributing to the broader objectives of sustainable development as outlined in AGENDA 21.
Sustainable development and sustainable management in the World
In the 1970s and 1980s, there was a growing emphasis on incorporating non-timber values into forest management through approaches like multiple-use management and integrated resource management These non-timber values primarily focused on utilitarian aspects, including recreation, tourism, and water flow control to mitigate flooding By the early 1990s, the concept of ecosystem sustainability became a central focus in forest management As we approach the 21st century, sustainable forest management (SFM) has emerged as the dominant paradigm in the field.
In the late 1980s, NGOs initiated a boycott of rainforest timber to decrease global demand, leading major cities in the Netherlands, Germany, and the United States to ban tropical wood in public construction projects In 1990, Australia enacted a law limiting timber imports from countries lacking sustainable forest management (SFM) practices The prohibition of rainforest timber trade was a recurring topic at the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) from 1988 to 1992 By the early 2000s, G8 nations committed to sourcing wood and paper products solely from legally and sustainably managed sources, a commitment that influenced policies of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the European Union (EU) Recently, the EU launched an Action Plan to implement the Law on Forestry, Governance, and Trade, emphasizing trade instruments as essential for fulfilling member countries' commitments.
According to the United Nations' Global Forest Resources document in
As of 2010, the global forest area exceeds 4 billion hectares, averaging 0.6 hectares per person, with the largest forested countries being the Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States, and China Notably, there are 10 countries and territories devoid of forests, while 54 nations have forest coverage of less than 10% of their total land area Over the past decade, deforestation has occurred at a rate of approximately 13 million hectares per year, leading to significant degradation of remaining forests in terms of biodiversity and ecological function Consequently, effective forest management has become a critical global concern, aiming to ensure a sustainable balance among economic, environmental, and social needs, as the environmental values of forests are irreplaceable for humanity.
In 1992, the ITTO established fundamental criteria for the sustainable management of tropical forests, urging international organizations to participate amid rampant deforestation and exploitation This initiative sparked the formation of forest associations dedicated to addressing sustainable forest management challenges.
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) has emerged as a key focus for both advanced and developing countries with forests that require sustainable practices This reflects a growing awareness among nations to protect their forests while maximizing their benefits Forest owners are increasingly recognizing their rights to access global markets and sell forest products at competitive prices The significance of forests in human life is acknowledged in various international programs, treaties, and conventions, including CITES (1973), RAMSAR (1998), UNCED (1992), and the CBD.
During the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, key forest principles were established, emphasizing that forests are interconnected with various environmental and development issues These principles advocate for the right to sustainable socioeconomic development and aim to enhance the management, conservation, and sustainable development of forests, recognizing their diverse functions and uses.
Long-term thinking has traditionally been essential in forestry across various nations, but its underlying concepts and objectives have transformed over time due to shifting societal values, economic development, and global population growth A key component of this modern long-term thinking is the emphasis on sustainability.
Nilsson (1991) and Seip (1996) identified three key concepts of sustainability in forestry: sustainable management of forest resources, sustainable development of forest resources, and forestry for sustainable development The first concept focuses on maintaining the supply of forest products without considering external factors The second addresses issues like deforestation and forest quality but fails to connect with the broader changes in the world It is important to note that these concepts should refer to the sustainable management or development of forest resource use, as a resource itself cannot be classified as sustainable or unsustainable (Zwahlen, 1995).
The third concept focuses on fulfilling human needs to enhance welfare and maximize benefits from forests, where wood production, biodiversity maintenance, and greenhouse gas sequestration serve as means to this end This aligns with the FAO's Strategic Plan for Forestry, which aims to improve human well-being through sustainable forest management According to the Canadian Standards Association, sustainable forest management (SFM) is defined as the practice of maintaining and enhancing the long-term health of forest ecosystems while providing ecological, economic, social, and cultural opportunities for current and future generations.
In the 1990s, timber users and traders initiated a movement to trade exclusively in timber sourced from protected forests, leading to the establishment of various sustainable management organizations These organizations, part of the sustainable management process, have developed diverse activities worldwide and propose sustainable management standards that encompass numerous criteria.
- Montreal for temperate natural forests, including 7 criteria
- ITTO for natural forests, including 7 criteria
- Pan-European for natural forests throughout Europe (Helsinki process) includes 6 criteria
- African Timber Initiative for African Dry Forests
- CIFOR for natural forests in general, including 8 criteria
- FSC for all forest types worldwide, including 10 principles
The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Program for the Approval of Forest Certification Processes (PEFC) are the two most prestigious and worldwide
After the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio failed to produce an agreement to stop deforestation, a group of businesses, environmentalists and community leaders came together to create the Forest Stewardship Council
In 1993, the inaugural FSC General Assembly took place in Toronto, Canada, where a group aimed to establish a voluntary, market-driven strategy to enhance global forest practices At that time, the FSC emerged as a viable alternative to product boycotts, which had proven ineffective by diminishing the value of forest land.
FSC operates in over 80 countries, promoting sustainable forest management through widely accepted certification, particularly in high-value markets like North America and Western Europe Despite stringent criteria, FSC's standards are embraced globally, from developing to advanced industrial nations, highlighting a commitment to sustainable practices in international integration The FSC's framework includes 10 principles and 56 criteria, with 36 national or regional standards approved by July 2015 As a result, 80 countries have achieved Sustainable Forest Management certification, covering nearly 182 million hectares of certified forest area.
The Forest Certification Program (PEFC) is a global, non-profit organization dedicated to promoting sustainable forest management (SFM) through independent third-party certification PEFC engages with the entire forest product supply chain to advocate for responsible forest practices, ensuring that both timber and non-timber forest products are produced in alignment with rigorous ecological, social, and environmental standards.
PEFC, or the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification, stands as the largest forest certification system globally, encompassing over 300 million hectares of certified forest area This extensive certification supports more than 18,000 companies with Chain of Custody certification.
Forest certification serves as a vital tool for monitoring and labeling timber, wood, pulp products, and non-timber forest products, ensuring that forest management quality meets established standards One prominent example of this is the PEFC Certificate.
Sustainable forest management and forest certification in Vietnam
2.3.1 Sustainable Development and sustainable forest management
FSC certification is a key tool for promoting sustainable forest management (SFM) by ensuring that forests are managed to preserve biodiversity and support local communities while maintaining economic viability In Vietnam, the government is promoting FSC certification to enhance forest management and alleviate poverty in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) This certification offers farmers new opportunities, leading to higher selling prices and expanded trade networks However, a significant challenge in obtaining an FSC group certificate is the lack of technical knowledge and skills in plantations to meet the stringent FSC requirements.
The concept of "sustainability" has been recognized globally since the early 18th century, serving as a foundation for sustainable forest management (SFM) However, it wasn't until the late 20th century that Vietnam adopted the term "forest regulation" for forestry management and business practices Today, this concept remains a traditional tool for forest management, guided by the modulation plan outlined in Decision 40/2005/QD-BNN, issued on July 7, 2005, by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, which regulates the exploitation of timber and other forest products.
SFM has been implemented in Vietnam since the 1990s The second phase (from 2006 to 2020) of the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy has been approved by the Vietnamese government
In February 1998, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, along with three international organizations, initiated a nationwide movement for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and forest certification This initiative was officially launched during a national workshop held from February 10 to 12, 1998, in Ho Chi Minh City.
In 2001, the National Forestry Strategy (NFS) 2001-2010 period identified SFM and development as the key direction At the beginning of
In 2007, the Forestry Development Strategy for 2006-2020 was launched, outlining the national approach to forest development through five major programs Among these, Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) stands out as one of the three key initiatives, aiming to achieve certification for 30% of the planted production forest area, equivalent to 8.4 million hectares.
Therefore, sustainable management is a key element in Vietnam's policies, strategies, and action plans This is reflected in the following legal documents:
The Land Law of 2003, amended in 2013, emphasizes that land use must adhere to key principles, including economic efficiency, effectiveness, environmental protection, and the safeguarding of the legitimate interests of neighboring communities.
The Law on Forest Protection and Development, 2004, specifically Article 9, mandates that forest protection and development activities must promote sustainable management that aligns with economic, social, environmental, and national defense objectives These activities should be consistent with both the socio-economic development strategy and the forestry development strategy, while adhering to national and local forest protection and development plans, as well as the forest management regulations set forth by the Prime Minister.
The Law on Environmental Protection, 2005, specifically Chapter IV, outlines seven articles (Articles 28 to 34) that establish regulations for the sustainable management of natural resources These articles address key areas such as the investigation, assessment, and planning for natural resource use, as well as the protection of nature and biodiversity Additionally, they emphasize the importance of preserving and developing natural landscapes and ensuring environmental protection during the survey, exploration, and exploitation of natural resources, alongside promoting clean energy development.
- Decision No 18/2007/QD-TTg dated February 5, 2007 of the Prime Minister approving the Forestry Development Strategy for the period 2006-
In 2020, the "Program for SFM and Development" was prioritized, aiming to establish, manage, protect, and sustainably utilize 16.24 million hectares of planned forestry land Achieving this ambitious goal requires new strategies in resource development, emphasizing sustainable management through training, collaboration, and research initiatives.
The Vietnamese government has issued several key legal documents to support Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and forest certification, including Circular No 38/2014/TT-BNNPTNT, which provides guidelines for sustainable forest management, and Decision No 2810/QD-BNN-TCLN, which outlines the action plan for SFM and forest certification from 2015 to 2020 Additionally, Decision No 83/2016/QD-BNN-TCLN approves a project for implementing SFM and forest certification during the same period, while Decision No 38/2016/QD-TTg introduces policies for forest protection and development Furthermore, Decision No 4061/2016/QD-BNN-TCCB establishes directives for SFM implementation, and Decision No 01/QD-BNN-TCLN sets the working regulations for the Steering Committee overseeing these initiatives Collectively, these documents create a supportive framework for advancing SFM and waste management in Vietnam.
Since 2004, the Vietnamese Government has approved a strategic orientation for sustainable development, outlined in Decision No 153/2004/QĐ-TTg, which establishes the framework for Vietnam's Agenda 21 and related action plans.
SFM in Vietnam is governed by the Law on Forest Protection and Development 2004 (No 29/2004/QH11) and is currently mandated by the Vietnam Law on Forestry 2017, which encourages forest owners to obtain voluntary certifications.
2.3.2 Activities on sustainable forest management in Vietnam
SFM has been implemented in Vietnam since the 1990s The second phase (from 2006 to 2020) of the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy has been approved by the Vietnamese government
Programs and projects on Forest Certification have been implemented:
- Project on survey and development of SFM plan in Kon-Plong district (Kontum) 2000 - 2002 funded by JICA
Organize SFM and forest certification according to household groups of WB3 afforestation project in 4 central provinces, since 2008
In 2008, the Institute of SFM and Forest Certification also carried out an independent forest assessment on planted forest management of the
The "group" model of forest certification in Yen Binh district, Yen Bai province, involves afforestation households collaborating within a shared area of planted forest to establish the Yen Bai Plantation and pursue a forest certificate.
In the years 2008 - 2016, the Vietnam Paper Corporation assessed the SFM for 11 forestry companies to reach the FSC group forest certification By
In 2014, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) authorized Smartwood-Rainforest Alliance and GFA to perform forest assessments and manage the chain of custody (FM/CoC), leading to the issuance of forest certificates to seven forestry companies under the Vietnam Paper Corporation, including Doan Hung, Xuan Dai, Thanh Hoa, Song Thao, Yen Lap, Tam Thang, and Cau Ham.
In 2011, GFA evaluated the state of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and granted forest certificates to Ben Hai Forestry Company, as well as to a group of households engaged in forest planting across the provinces of Binh Dinh, Quang Ngai, Thua Thien Hue, Quang Nam, and the Vietnam Forestry Corporation.
In Vietnam, According to the Vietnam Administration of Forestry (VNFOREST) in the results of the report: the implementation of the Project on SFM and forest certification in 2021
The SFM plan aims to implement the provisions of the 2017 Forestry Law, requiring organizational forest owners to develop and execute an SFM plan as approved Currently, there are over 500 forest owners in the country, including 167 Special-use Forest Management Boards, actively engaged in this initiative.
216 Protection Forest Management Boards, 115 forestry companies and 18 forest owners in the armed force), currently managing over 7 million hectares of the forest must develop an SFM plan [26]
Currently, 160 forest owners have approved the SFM plan (including 6 national parks under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development);
207 forest owners have completed the development of the plan and submitted it for approval; 149 forest owners are developing plans
Currently, more than 74 forest owners in 31 localities have been granted SFM certificates with a total area of 306.726 hectares, reaching 102% of the target of Project 1288 [26]
Building an SFM model towards forest certification: To promote SFM and forest certification, 2017 - 2020, localities have developed a number of models of SFM towards forest certification Such as:
METHODOLOGY
Study area
3.1.1 Natural and socio-economic conditions of the Quan Son district
Quan Son is a mountainous district in the northwest of Thanh Hoa province
Geographically located: from 21 0 06'15 "-20024'30" north latitude and
-The North borders on Quan Hoa district
- The West and South borders on Lao
- The East borders two districts including Lang Chanh and Ba Thuoc districts
Quan Son district spans an area of 92,662.45 hectares and holds a significant geographic position that influences the economy, society, national defense, and security within the mountainous regions of Thanh Hoa province.
Quan Son district experiences a mountainous climate typical of northwest Thanh Hoa province, with an average annual temperature of 23°C The region sees peak temperatures reaching 39-40°C in May and July, while the coldest months, December and January, can drop to a minimum of 2.6°C Overall, the total annual temperature ranges between 8,000 and 8,400°C.
In Quan Son district, forest resources cover 85,717.5 hectares, representing 86.24% of the total natural area as of 2020 The predominant type of forest is D membranaceus, which constitutes 90.1% of the district's forest area and serves as a vital source of raw materials for production and construction However, years of exploitation have led to the degradation of D membranaceus forests To address this issue, the district is currently implementing a project aimed at restoring these forests to enhance their productivity and sustainability.
The socio-economic landscape reveals a production value of 1.602 billion, with a growth rate exceeding 10% (at constant prices in 2010) Agriculture, forestry, and fishery contribute 690 billion, reflecting a growth of 9.52% However, a segment of the population continues to rely on traditional farming practices, resulting in low productivity and labor efficiency.
3.1.2 Natural and socio-economic conditions of the areas being provided FSC TM forest certification
3.1.2.1 Characteristics of Tam Lu commune a) Natural characteristics
Tam Lu commune is located in the southeast of Quan Son district, 12 km far from the district center The east-south of this commune borders on Son
Ha commune, located in Quan Son district and Lang Chanh district, shares its southwestern border with Tam Thanh commune and the Lao PDR, while its northern boundary is adjacent to Son Lu commune.
The total area of forest land in the commune is 6.073,43 hectares, in which forest area now accounts for 98.3% commune's forest land The area of
D membranaceus forest is 1.178,3 hectares, accounting for 99,3% plantation forest area of the commune, area of I amabilis species on production forest land is 1.129,2 hectares [11] b) Socio-economic characteristics
The commune's economic growth rate remains stable, with a total production value of 17.596 million VND Notably, the forestry sector contributes significantly, with a total forestry land area of 5,693.93 hectares, including 1,869.19 hectares dedicated to D membranaceus plantations.
Tam Lu commune is home to 662 households and a population of 2,987, predominantly consisting of the Thai ethnic group, which makes up 96% of the population, while the Kinh and Muong ethnic groups account for the remaining 4% The strong consensus in customs and production organization among the Thai people has led to many households forming groups to manage and benefit from allocated forest land This collaborative approach enhances management efficiency, addresses employment needs, and optimizes investment resources, making forestry production a vital aspect of the socio-economic life in Tam Lu commune.
3.1.2.2 Characteristics of Tam Thanh commune a) Natural conditions
Tam Thanh is a remote border commune located in the high mountainous region of Quan Son district, approximately 20 km from the district center It is bordered to the north by Son Dien commune, to the south by Yen Khuong commune (Lang Chanh district), to the east by Tam Lu commune, and to the west by Muong Pao commune (Lao) The commune covers a total area of 9,935.73 hectares, with 9,517.2 hectares designated as forestry land and 216.69 hectares as agricultural land.
The commune encompasses a total forested area of 9,140.5 hectares, with D membranaceus plantations covering 509.9 hectares, representing 96.86% of the total forest area Additionally, the I amabilis forest occupies 1,749.5 hectares of production forest land.
The commune's economic growth rate remains stable, with a total production value of 17.596 million The total forest land area spans 7,994.73 hectares, of which 4,459.5 hectares are dedicated to the cultivation of I amabilis and D membranaceus.
The community consists of 797 households and a population of 3,813 individuals, predominantly from the Thai ethnic group, which makes up 90% of the population, while the Kinh and Muong ethnic groups account for the remaining 10% The Thai ethnic group exhibits a strong consensus in customs and production organization, particularly in the context of government-allocated forest land Many households, often related, collaborate in managing and utilizing these forest areas to improve management efficiency, address employment needs, and leverage investment resources.
3.1.3 General assessment of disadvantages and advantages in forestry production and sustainable forest management of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group
The total area managed by Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group is 3.045 hectares, which is allocated in 2 communes:
- Tam Lu commune: 1.645,9 hectares with 1.008,9 hectares of D membranaceus plantation and 637 hectares of I amabilis forest on production forest land managed by 35 households and is distributed in 6 8 villages in communes [13]
Tam Thanh commune spans 1,399.2 hectares, featuring 1,098.3 hectares of I amabilis plantation forest on production forest land, alongside 300.8 hectares of D membranaceus plantation forest This area is managed by 34 households and is distributed across 8 villages within the commune.
Figure 3.1 Vegetation map of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest
(Source: Le Thi Huyen Trang, 2021) 3.1.3.1 Advantages
Quan Son district benefits from its strategic geographic location along Highway 217 and the border belt road, which enhances its potential for trade and investment The presence of Na Meo National Border Gate further facilitates the exchange of goods and encourages the adoption of advanced science and technology, particularly through the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group.
The favorable natural conditions in Quan Son district support the cultivation and development of native species such as I amabilis and D membranaceus This advantage enhances production and boosts the business efficiency of the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group.
The Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest certificate group primarily consists of local residents who have been involved in the management and cultivation of I amabilis and D membranaceus for several decades This long-standing connection is a significant asset for the sustainable forest management (SFM) efforts of the group, while also contributing to the preservation of local cultural values.
Data collection and data analysis
Through a comprehensive synthesis and analysis of existing materials related to the study site and research subject, I will identify and extract relevant information to ensure reliable assessments and propose effective methods for ensuring scientific validity and feasibility.
The general method is implemented in 3 stages: (1) preparation and general analysis stage; (2) experiment investigation and information collection stage; (3) Specific analysis, synthesis of data, and thesis finalist
3.2.2.1 To assess the growth and productivity of Indosasa amabilis and Dendrocalamus membranaceus forest in Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group after achieving FSC-FM
Data collection involves gathering information, including historical data, materials, maps, and reports on sustainable forest management This process is specifically focused on the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group, as documented by the Institute of Tropical Forest Research and Development.
Plot establishment : Selected 06 in total 14 villages with an area that have applied for forest certification to establish 12 plots with a plot of 500 m 2 each
(25 x 20 m), plots distributed according to each village (Details in table 3.1)
Table 3.1 Number of plots in each commune
Investigating forest’s status, setting up sample plots within the study site according to Circular No 33/2018/TT-BNNPTNT dated November 16 th ,
In 2018, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development established guidelines for forest surveys, inventory, and monitoring of forest transitions These guidelines include comprehensive evaluations on sample plots, assessing factors such as species and age, the number of species, species age groups, diameter at breast height (D1.3), and tree height.
The standard size of a sample plot is 500 m 2 The amount of sample plots established at the study site is 12 plots for 2 species: I amabilis and D membranaceus
Criteria for assessing the growth and productivity of I amabilis and D membranaceus: o The average size of the tree o Diameter; length o Weight o Harvest productivity per year
Data processing in forestry involves the use of statistical methods, SPSS software, and Microsoft Excel for data synthesis, calculation, analysis, description, and comparison The data synthesis follows the guidelines outlined in Circular No 33/2018/TT-BNNPTNT, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on November 16, 2018.
3.2.2.2 To assess the economic, social, and environmental efficiency in Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group after achieving FSC-FM a) The interview method: The interview method was used when assessing the economic, social, and environmental efficiency after achieving FSC-FM in Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group For each tree species, the number of people interviewed was 60, including 2 people on the management Board of the group, 50 household members in the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group and 8 households not participating in the forest certificate
Table 3.2 Number of interviewers in each commune
Number of interview questionnaires for I amabilis
Number of interview questionnaires for D membranaceus
I Management Board of the group 2 2
Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest
III Households not participating in forest certificate
The details for each group are as below:
The Management Board conducted interviews with local communities in Tam Lu and Tam Thanh communes, engaging two individuals from each tree species The collected information focused on the economic, social, and environmental impacts experienced by households involved in the FSC-FM initiative compared to those that were not In total, four individuals were interviewed to gather these insights.
In Ngoc Son, Thanh Hoa, a household forest certificate group is conducting interviews with representatives from 100 households across various communes, focusing on 50 households per tree species The gathered information will assess the economic, social, and environmental efficiency of the forest, along with productivity, pricing, and residents' awareness of sustainable forest management and certification practices.
In Thanh Hoa province, an interview study was conducted with 16 households that have not participated in forest certification, with 8 households selected from each commune The research aimed to gather essential information regarding their productivity, pricing, awareness and understanding of forest certification, the level of support for sustainable forest management, and their willingness to participate in such initiatives.
Figure 3.2 Interviewing households participating in forest certification b) Analysis and Synthesis method: Microsoft Excel and SPSS 20.0 were used to analyze the data c) SWOT Analysis method
SWOT analysis is a strategic tool used to evaluate the internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as the external opportunities and threats, that influence the operations of the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group following their receipt of FSC-FM certification This method aids in formulating strategic goals and assessing the economic, social, and environmental efficiency of the group.
3.2.2.3 To propose maintaining solutions and developing efficiency in sustainable forest management in Quan Son district, Thanh Hoa province Expertise method: The expertise method is applied in this study Synthesizing data, and consulting experts in the sustainable forest management field in assessing and proposing methods for maintaining and developing the efficiency of management in Quan Son district, Thanh Hoa province was implemented
Strengths of households group after receiving
Opportunity of households group after receiving FSC-FM
Threats of households group after receiving
Weakness of households group after receiving FSC-FM
The scientific significance of this study lies in evaluating the effectiveness of forest management practices following the attainment of the FSC Forest Management certificate in the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa households forest Certificate group This assessment aims to ensure sustainable long-term business operations that enhance productivity and efficiency while addressing societal, economic, and environmental needs Additionally, it focuses on maintaining and improving management effectiveness in Quan Son district, Thanh Hoa province.
Practical significance: The results of the research will help:
The dataset highlights the growth and productivity of I amabilis and D membranaceus forests within the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa households forest, following the acquisition of the FSC Forest Management certificate.
This article evaluates the effectiveness of sustainable forest management in terms of economic, social, and environmental efficiency following the acquisition of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Forest Management certificate by households in the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa forest certificate group.
A proposal on solutions for maintaining and developing the efficiency of sustainable forest management in Quan Son district, Thanh Hoa province.
RESULTS
The situation of forest management of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household
4.1.1 Growing and developing history of Indosasa amabilis, Endrocalamus membranaceus forest in the project area
In Quan Son district, particularly within the two communes of the project area, the cultivation of I amabilis and D membranaceus has been practiced for several decades Since 1980, local awareness of the economic value of these species has grown, leading to small-scale cultivation primarily to meet household needs However, over the past twenty years, the development of forestry production and increasing market demand for I amabilis and D membranaceus products have encouraged farmers to adopt more active cultivation methods This shift has expanded the market for these materials to various countries worldwide.
The unique topography, land, and climate of Quan Son district create an ideal environment for the growth and development of D membranaceus, making it a prime location for its cultivation.
Since 1998, when the district carries out the allocation of land for households to manage and stabilize production, the households enhance plantation of intensive farming with strong species called D membranaceus
Thanh Hoa is actively increasing its forest plantation area, with current forest cover reaching 14.2% of the total land area in the district Notably, the D membranaceus plantation certified by the Ngoc Son Thanh Hoa group spans 3,045 hectares, accounting for 11% of the D membranaceus plantation area in Quan Son district.
In Quan Son district, D membranaceus is now recognized as a specialty tree that plays a crucial role in poverty reduction Despite previous attempts to cultivate other species like acacia and eucalyptus, these alternatives have proven less economically viable than D membranaceus Consequently, this species has been prioritized as a key economic plantation in the district.
In 2018, the area of D membranaceus plantation in the district is
The total area is 12,155.9 hectares, with Tam Thanh commune covering 300.8 hectares across the forest areas of 8 communes, while Tam Lu commune encompasses 1,008.8 hectares within the forest areas of 6 communes.
* Harvesting and consuming D membranaceus of the households in the project area
The products sourced from the forest plantation of D membranaceus in the project area include both shoots and mature trees, with a primary focus on harvesting mature specimens for commercial purposes While the collection of shoots occurs, it is limited in scale, as local residents typically gather only small quantities to meet daily demands within the district The harvesting of mature trees is conducted equitably among the local community.
During the shooting season from June to August each year, the local community in Quan Son pauses their regular activities to venture into the forest for the purpose of harvesting D membranaceus This practice not only aids in the collection of the plant but also helps to mitigate negative impacts on the growth of the shoots.
After harvesting D membranaceus, the trees are either transported to pre-harvesting sites for processing or sold whole to local collectors Currently, the average selling price of D membranaceus in the district is noteworthy.
18.000 VND/tree or 800-900 VND/kg
Figure 4.1 Some enterprises produce chopsticks and toothpicks in 2 communes Tam Lu and Tam Thanh
(Source: Le Thi Huyen Trang, 2018)
In 2018, more than 20 enterprises have been established in the district, in which some of them are produced in the local area in various forms such as toothpicks, chopsticks, …
D membranaceus is not only collected by many enterprises but also used to make materials for the purpose of producing a variety of products such as handicrafts, furniture, products of construction… b) The situation of distribution, growing, and using I amabilis in the project area of Quan Son district
* Situation of distribution and growing
The climate conditions in Quan Son district have long been ideal for the growth of I amabilis, resulting in numerous single-species forests Historically, I amabilis was harvested on a small scale to meet local consumption needs However, over the past three decades, its economic value has been recognized, leading to a shift in focus towards both harvesting and fostering growth activities This has contributed to the enrichment and expansion of I amabilis forests, significantly increasing their standing volume and enhancing economic efficiency.
Currently, the I amabilis forest covers 7,127.5 hectares in the district, primarily consisting of a single species on production forest land Local residents have begun cultivating I amabilis through cutting, but the growth area remains limited and is scattered across households There is a lack of official research assessing the cultivation efficiency of I amabilis in the district.
The total area of I amabilis on production forest land within the project area is 1,735.3 hectares, divided between two communes: Tam Thanh commune, covering 1,098.3 hectares with an average density of 7,167 trees per hectare across eight communes, and Tam Lu commune, encompassing 637 hectares with an average density of 8,250 trees per hectare across six communes.
* Harvesting and consuming I amabilis of households in the project area
The products are harvested from I amabilis forest including shoots and mature trees, of which:
I amabilis shoots, which weigh between 1.2 to 1.5 kg each, are utilized in food preparation and have an average harvest productivity of 1 ton per hectare These shoots are primarily consumed locally to meet the food demands of the community, while also being sold to collectors for distribution in other markets across various districts.
Mature I amabilis trees, aged 3 to 4 years, yield an average harvest productivity of 21 tons per hectare annually in Quan Son district After harvesting, these trees are typically processed on-site and sold to traders and enterprises, which utilize the wood for construction, as well as for producing chopsticks, paper, and handicrafts.
The annual harvest productivity of I amabilis in Quan Son district primarily comes from pure plantation areas within production forest land The district yields an average of about 70,000 tons of I amabilis each year, generating an income of approximately 147 billion VND for the local community.
Results of sustainable forest management in Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa
The primary objective is to achieve sustainable and effective long-term business practices that enhance productivity and efficiency while addressing societal, economic, ecological, and cultural needs This approach aims to maximize the high value of forest resources, ensuring that the production of forest products is both non-detrimental and beneficial for preserving these resources for future generations.
The household group's activity plan focuses on three key objectives: enhancing awareness and skills in Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and Forest Certification among forest owners, establishing a monitoring organization, and creating mechanisms and policies to promote SFM and Forest Certification This group comprises a representative board from the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest certification group, two representatives from the commune, 69 households, and a total of 637 participating member households.
Figure 4.4 Structure of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest
The Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certification group has successfully met the criteria for the International Forest Certification under FSC-FM On April 5, 2019, the Forest Stewardship Council officially issued the International Sustainable Forest Management Certificate (FSC) to this group, covering all products of D membranaceus and I amabilis.
The certificate is valid for all D membranaceus and I amabilis products from the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certification group, allowing for commercial use in the global market This certification is effective from April 5, 2019, to April 4, 2024, with annual re-evaluations as per FSC regulations Therefore, all products derived from D membranaceus are certified for international trade.
REPRESENTATIVE BOARD OF NGOC SON THANH HOA FOREST CERTIFICATION GROUP
REPRESENTATIVE BOARD OF NGOC SON THANH HOA FOREST CERTIFICATION GROUP – TAM THANH COMMUNE
1 membranaceus and I amabilis of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest
Certification group and Ngoc Son Thanh Hoa Joint Stock Company are qualified in terms of legality and quality for worldwide circulation, including markets such as EU, US, Japan
4.2.2 Growth and productivity of D membranaceus and I amabilis of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa forest Certification group after receiving FSC Forest Management Certification
The study area experiences an average temperature ranging from 22 to 26 °C, with annual rainfall between 1,200 and 1,900 mm and an average air humidity of 85 to 86% The D membranaceus and I amabilis forests are situated at elevations between 70 m and 390 m, with slopes varying from 50° to 350° These favorable natural conditions in the Tam Thanh and Tam Lu communes contribute to the growth and development of D membranaceus and I amabilis.
The investigation of six plots of D Membranaceus forest revealed that three plots had an average of 209 groups per hectare, planted by households in compliance with regulations, yielding an average volume of 52.4 tons per hectare However, two plots exhibited a maximum density of 510 groups per hectare, significantly exceeding the standard of 300 groups per hectare, resulting in a volume of 110.52 tons per hectare This discrepancy is attributed to past unregulated planting and lack of tree maintenance Additionally, one plot recorded a minimum of 100 groups per hectare, which is 50% lower than the standard, leading to a volume of only 22.3 tons per hectare, largely due to the challenging sloping terrain that hinders tree growth Overall, D Membranaceus has an average group density of 209 groups per hectare.
The forest contains an average of 1,790 trees per hectare, with 10 to 16 trees typically present Notably, trees aged 1 and 2 exhibit a high capacity for shoot production, indicating the significant growth potential of D membranaceus.
Applying technical measures according to the Forest Management Plan and FSC standards has high efficiency in planting, tending, and exploiting D Membranaceus
Table 4.4 Stand characteristics of D Membranaceus in the study area
The average number of trees
Number of trees (tree/ha) 3.650 1.103 1.790
Number of trees aged 1 (tree/ha) 1.220 245 680
Number of trees aged 2 (tree/ha) 1.315 350 639
Number of trees aged 3 (tree/ha) 780 137 355
Number of trees >= 4 (tree/ha) 1.480 50 170
Number of Shoots (Shoots/ha/year) 1.280 310 682
The survey of six I amabilis forest plots revealed that plot No 05 in Ban Kham, Tam Thanh commune is currently degraded, with decreased yield and quality due to unsuitable topographical conditions, specifically a slope greater than 30 degrees To enhance the growth of I amabilis trees and improve soil holding capacity while reducing erosion, there has been an increase in fertilizer application One plot has a tree density of 7,487 trees per hectare, planted and managed by households in compliance with regulations, yielding a reserve of 16.2 tons per hectare Notably, there is one special plot with the maximum density of I amabilis trees.
The study reveals a high tree density of 13,079 trees per hectare, but a low biomass reserve of 24.85 tons per hectare, indicating the need for thinning measures One plot exhibits a significantly low density of 2,305 trees per hectare and a reserve of only 8.5 tons per hectare The area's hilly and steep topography contributes to soil degradation and erosion, impacting the quality of the I amabilis stand, as detailed in Table 4.5 However, survey results indicate that the I amabilis forest demonstrates good growth and high production, aligning with the findings of Pham Van Dien et al.
Table 4.5 Stand characteristics of I amabilis in the study area
Average no trees (tree/cluster) 4.538 586 2.909
Number of trees (tree/ha) 4.259 983 2.758
Number of trees aged 1 (tree/ha) 5.904 1.029 3.521 Number of trees aged 2 (tree/ha) 8.039 2.892 5.100
Number of trees aged 3 (tree/ha) 8,6 2,3 5,7
Number of trees >= 4 (tree/ha) 10,2 3,4 8,3
Number of Shoots (Shoots/ha/year) 24,85 8,5 16,2
* Growth of I amabilis and D membranaceus forests of Ngoc Son -
Thanh Hoa household forest Certification Group
The total forest area of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group is 3.045 hectares, distributed in 2 communes including Tam
Lu commune with a forest area of 1.645,9 hectares (637,02 hectares of I amabilis and 1.008,84 hectares of D membranaceus); Tam Thanh commune with a forest area of 1.399,2 hectares (1.098,3 hectares of I amabilis and
300,8 hectares of D membranaceus) In recent times, households apply actively the technical methods of sustainable cultivation so forest productivity constantly increases
- Average growth of the number of trees of D membranaceus forest is
- Average growth of the number of trees in I amabilis forest is 2.700 trees/hectare/year
Figure 4.5 Average annual growth on D membranaceus forest of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group (2016-2021)
Figure 4.6 Average annual growth on I amabilis forest of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group (2016-2021)
Table 4.6 Annual growth volume of D membranaceus forest (year/hectare) of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group (2016-2021)
Annual growth/ hectare (thousand trees/ hectare)
(Source: Le Thi Huyen Trang, 2021)
Table 4.7 Annual growth volume on I amabilis forest (year/hectare) of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest
Annual growth/ hectare (thousand trees/ hectare
(Source: Le Thi Huyen Trang, 2021)
In recent years, households have adopted sustainable production practices and low-impact exploitation in the development of SFM plans This approach has resulted in a continuous increase in the average annual growth of I amabilis and D membranaceus forests, leading to higher annual yields and significant economic benefits for these households.
Assess the economic, social, and environmental efficiency in Ngoc Son -
The survey results of a total of 50 households growing I amabilis and
50 households growing D membranaceus in 02 communes Tam Thanh and
Tam Lu in the period 2018 - 2021
Show that, the average exploitation reserves of I amabilis and D membranaceus increase respectively: from 15,09 tons in 2018 to 23,91 tons in
2021, an increase of 58,4% of I amabilis reserves; in 2018 has 21,55 tons to 28,68 tons in 2021, an increase of 33.08% of D membranaceus reserves The price of I amabilis and D membranaceus products increased from 1,5 and
In 2021, the prices of I amabilis and D membranaceus products rose significantly, reaching 1.8 million and 1.1 million dong, respectively This represents an increase of 20% and 22.2% compared to their prices in 2018, as detailed in Table 4.8 and illustrated in the accompanying chart.
Table 4.8 Statistics of harvesting reserves and average income of I amabilis and D membranaceus (2018-2021)
Product price (million dong/tons) Income (million dong
Figure 4.7 Harvesting reserves and income from I amabilis
Figure 4.8 Harvesting reserves and income from D membranaceus
Among the households surveyed, 10% reported an income of less than 20 million VNĐ from I amabilis, while 15 households earned between 20 million VNĐ and higher.
30 million with 30%, the income level was from 30 - 45 million has 23 households account for 46 %, the remaining 14 % with 7 households income more than 45 million/year (detailed in Table 4.9);
Among 50 households cultivating D membranaceus, 3 households earn less than 20 million VNĐ, representing 6% of the total Meanwhile, 19 households generate an income between 20 and 30 million VNĐ, accounting for 38% Additionally, 23 households fall within the income range of 30 to 45 million VNĐ, which is 46% of the total Finally, 5 households, or 10%, have incomes exceeding 45 million VNĐ, as detailed in Table 4.9.
In 2021, the cultivation of I amabilis and D membranaceus significantly contributed to the economic development of many households, generating annual incomes ranging from 30 to 45 million However, the market remains unstable, with the prices of I amabilis and D membranaceus products holding forest certificates fluctuating according to market conditions.
2021, the price of I amabilis and D membranaceus products is 1,8 million/tons of I amabilis and 1,1 million/tons of D membranaceus
Table 4.9 Household Income Statistics from production I amabilis and
Figure 4.9 Household income data from production I amabilis
Figure 4.10 Household income data from production D membranaceus
The data presented in Table 4.10 and Figures 4.11 and 4.12 indicate a significant increase in the number of households cultivating I amabilis and D membranaceus, with total incomes exceeding 130 million VND per year in 2021, representing over 16 and 10 times the figures from 2018 Additionally, the proportion of households earning less than 100 million VND per year has notably decreased from 50% in 2020 to 41.02% in 2018 for these species This trend highlights the substantial income growth and improvement for the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group following the adoption of FSC-FM certification Currently, the prices for certified I amabilis and D membranaceus are experiencing a gradual increase.
2018 to 2021, with I amabilis increasing from 20% to 22,2% with the selling price from 1,5 million VND/ton to 1,8 million VND/tons; For D membranaceus, it increased from 0,9 million VND/tons to 1,1 million
The COVID-19 pandemic, ongoing since 2020, has significantly disrupted timber exports, leading to stagnation in production and delivery for wood processing enterprises According to the Viet Nam Timber and Forest Product Association (VIFOREST), the suspension of operations at local wood processing facilities due to the pandemic is adversely affecting export levels.
Table 4.10 Income of households after receiving FSC-FM
Figure 4.11 Income of households planted I amabilis
Figure 4.12 Income of households planted D membranaceus
The FSC-FM certification has significantly enhanced the economic and business efficiency of the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest group, leading to increased income for local residents in Tam Thanh and Tam Lu communes This recognition has fostered trust in the forest management practices of these household groups, enabling them to access professional and sustainable market opportunities at both national and global levels.
The expected, the total volume of products from I amabilis, D membranaceus exploitation of the households will be collected by Ngoc Son
The Thanh Hoa company plays a crucial role in ensuring stable and effective consumption of the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group in the coming years However, products such as I amabilis and D membranaceus from this household group have not yet achieved stable pricing Currently, these products are only purchased by a single private enterprise, which also retains the forest certificates for the household group As a result, the activities and costs associated with the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate group are heavily reliant on this company.
In 2021, households within the group gained three years of experience in Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and forest certification processes To enhance the efficient and sustainable development of I amabilis and D membranaceus forests, these households, after obtaining FSC certification, must maintain independent management and actively select their consumption markets, rather than relying on companies To support this initiative, local governments should implement policies that promote the strengths and potentials of these households, ultimately improving the economic value of I amabilis and D membranaceus and contributing to their stable livelihoods.
The results of the data synthetic in Table 4.12 show that the social effect of I amabilis and D membranaceus after receiving FSC-FM in Quan
The Son district has shown significant growth in employment from 2018 to 2021, with the total number of employees rising from 1,272 to 1,525 This increase includes individuals living near forests who derive their income from production activities related to I amabilis and D membranaceus Notably, the number of main laborers in household groups grew from 630 to 721, while hired laborers increased from 642 to 804, as detailed in Table 4.11.
Table 4.11 Labor of the household group in 2019-2021
Main laborers of the household group (People)
(Source: Tam Lu and Tam Thanh Commune People's Committee, 2021)
The activities of growing, caring, protecting, and harvesting I amabilis,
D membranaceus forest groups bring positive impacts on local people in the commune such as:
The initiative has significantly addressed employment challenges for the local community, providing jobs for nearly 1,400 workers with an average annual income of 27 million VND per person By creating job opportunities for residents near the forest, it has enhanced income levels, contributed to hunger eradication and poverty reduction, and facilitated the development of local infrastructure This effort plays a crucial role in regional economic growth and gradually improves both the material living conditions and the overall well-being of the community.
The labor force has achieved a notable balance between males and females, with women comprising 36.7% of the total workforce They are primarily engaged in roles that align with their skills, including caregiving and initial product processing.
The promotion of production results in active development and services has significantly enhanced household incomes, benefiting not only specific groups but also various individuals within the community.
The households in the group have significantly enhanced local technical infrastructures, including improved rural transport and irrigation systems, as well as expanded agroforestry extension services They actively engage in voluntary activities within districts and communes, contributing to rural development, supporting the underprivileged, constructing houses of gratitude, and fostering friendly relations with Laos.
- Protecting experiences of indigenous people in forestry production in general and I amabilis and D membranaceus cultivation in particular
After 3 years after receiving FSC-FM to international standards, household members have improved their awareness, capacity, and qualifications for forestry Every year, the group of household members organizes 2 to 3 group meetings to consolidate skills and improve skills in the process of planting and caring for I amabilis and D membranaceus trees
(activities of the group in figure 3.13)
Figure 4.13 Meeting Group in Tam Lu commune in 2020
(Source: Le Thi Huyen Trang, 2020)
SWOT Analysis
- Has approached and met the requirements the international requirements on SFM and was granted the
The FSC-FM certification has been successfully obtained for 3.045 hectares of I amabilis and D membranaceus plantations As a result, products derived from these species within the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa households forest certification group comply with international legal and quality standards, making them suitable for global markets, including the EU, US, and Japan.
- Effective in practical implementation: helping forest owners determine a management plan for a sustainable business cycle in terms of Economy - Society -
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) has gained recognition for its long-term effectiveness, delivering practical and sustainable benefits at every phase of implementation.
- Awareness-raising: people have gradually increased
The FSC-FM certified products of I amabilis and D membranaceus have yet to penetrate the market due to unstable output sources Currently, the purchasing price for these species remains aligned with market rates The anticipated success in obtaining the Forest Management Certificate has not materialized, as certified products from I amabilis and D membranaceus are still unavailable Consequently, traders engage in direct negotiations without legal constraints, leading to further instability in product output.
The Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa households forest certification group has met its targets, yet the desired results remain unachieved Since receiving the certification, the timber purchasing unit, Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa Joint Stock Company, has not fulfilled its commitment to consume the products from the certification group However, there has been a noticeable improvement in awareness regarding forest protection and development, leading to a gradual reduction in outdated farming practices and violations of forest management This has contributed to a stabilization of production and enhanced public understanding of forest management and protection.
Awareness and initiatives for forest and environmental protection have notably risen among forest owners and local authorities This heightened consciousness, combined with the community's experience in cultivating I amabilis and D membranaceus, has led to a consistent increase in household harvest outputs through the adoption of scientific and technological advancements.
Survey results indicate a strong consensus among individuals and local authorities regarding the adoption of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and forest certification Additionally, households that have not yet engaged in SFM and forest certification express a keen interest in participating and obtaining forest certificates.
The mountainous district, characterized by its sparse population and low educational levels, faces challenges in management and forest protection due to a small segment of the ethnic minority that continues to engage in traditional farming practices and free migration.
The local area currently lacks training courses focused on advancing technology related to seeds, afforestation, and market information This gap hinders local residents from accessing scientific advancements and high-yield seed varieties that align with market demands, ultimately affecting their ability to select optimal outputs for production.
- With 69 households representing 637 afforestation households in Tam Thanh and Tam Lu communes The number of participating households is large, so the management of the household group faces many difficulties
- Create opportunities for good market access, and bring competitive advantages: I amabilis and D
- Building linkages to enhance market access for certified
I amabilis and D membranaceus Developing market membranaceus products of Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa household forest Certificate Group have the opportunity to compete in national and international markets, the value increases more when there isn't forest certificate
To meet customer demands, the market for certified wood products is experiencing significant growth both domestically and internationally Products sourced from I amabilis and D membranaceus have been certified to comply with advanced market access requirements.
- Achieving socio-economic - environmental goals:
Participate in SFM and receive FSC-FM household groups have brought important meanings to economic development, forest protection in a sustainable way, and ensuring sustainable livelihoods for local people
- Implementing SFM and forest certification has helped forest owners improve management systems and methods, and improve their professional and technical skills
To enhance sustainable forest management (SFM), it is essential to reorganize the management structure, standardize documentation of management records, and refine the silvicultural system Additionally, fostering connections between household groups, private enterprises, and the wood and furniture industries will promote effective production and processing.
We aim to provide certified products of I amabilis and D membranaceus, ensuring reliable production stability Our commitment lies in harmonizing forest environmental protection with the social benefits for stakeholders.
To ensure sustainable development, the Ngoc Son - Thanh Hoa households forest Certificate Group actively maintains and promotes the effectiveness of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) This group adheres strictly to international standards, which is essential for retaining their annual forest certification.
Effective orientation policies are essential for identifying goals and benefits associated with forest resources, promoting long-term sustainable development The integration of science and technology in the protection and management of forests is crucial to ensure the legal sourcing of I amabilis and D membranaceus in Quan Son district, Thanh Hoa province.
Propose maintaining solutions and developing the efficiency in
To enhance local awareness and engagement in sustainable forestry development, it is essential to organize comprehensive propaganda and training courses tailored to diverse demographics, including various ages, occupations, genders, and ethnicities These initiatives should focus on building forestry models that promote sustainable practices Additionally, addressing the current gap in training related to seed techniques, afforestation, and market information is crucial By providing access to scientific advancements and high-yielding varieties, local communities can better navigate the consumer market, ultimately supporting the successful promotion of I amabilis and D membranaceus products following FSC-FM certification.
To ensure sustainable development of I amabilis and D membranaceus stream products, it is essential to establish a connected linkage chain that encompasses all production stages, from raw material preparation to consumption This integrated approach will yield significant multi-value benefits Therefore, promoting a collaborative model in the production and trade of these products is crucial Additionally, obtaining certification for responsible forest management is vital for success, as it supports sustainable sourcing, manufacturing, and selling of eco-friendly materials and products.
Effective product promotion strategies are crucial for forest product production and trading enterprises to successfully market I amabilis and D membranaceus products certified by the household group By implementing targeted promotional tactics, these products can achieve greater visibility and accessibility in the market.
D membranaceus products have been after achieving FSC-FM with legal raw materials, good quality, and confirmed brands
To enhance and expand partnerships, it is essential to strengthen organizational capacity through customer relationship development The FSC-FM representative board collaborates with companies purchasing certified I.amabilis and D membranaceus products to effectively promote these items in the market Additionally, partnering with the Vietnam Timber and Forest Products Association (VIFORES) facilitates connections between businesses seeking markets and sources for certified I.amabilis and D membranaceus products.
Currently, the output of certified raw materials has not met the purchasing needs of enterprises local and exported to international markets
The I.amabilis and D membranaceus plantation forests in the certified Ngoc Son forest of Thanh Hoa have transitioned from traditional extensive planting methods to a more scientific and technological approach This involves selecting suitable species that adapt well to the topography and yield high productivity, while closely monitoring growth and implementing low-impact harvesting processes To enhance forest care, integrated pest management (IPM) techniques are employed to manage pests and diseases ecologically, thereby increasing productivity, safeguarding the environment, minimizing chemical toxicity, and reducing investment costs Pesticides are utilized only when absolutely necessary, and after afforestation, chemical packaging is collected and treated in accordance with regulations.
The article emphasizes the importance of providing short-term training in technical skills and forest management for community members and local residents It highlights the need for agricultural and forestry expansion training to equip locals with essential techniques for sustainable practices.
Effective forest management and protection require educating local communities about the importance of preserving forests By creating job opportunities and enhancing the living standards of those residing near forested areas, we can alleviate the pressure on these vital ecosystems Additionally, strengthening patrols within the forest is essential to ensure its protection and sustainability.