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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE HO CHI MINH ON NGOC YEN NHI TRANSFORMATION OF WESTERN ARCHITECTURAL FORMS IN SOME OFFICE BUILDINGS IN INDOCHINA F[.]

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION

UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE HO CHI MINH

-

ON NGOC YEN NHI

TRANSFORMATION OF WESTERN ARCHITECTURAL FORMS

IN SOME OFFICE BUILDINGS IN INDOCHINA

Field of study: ARCHITECTURE Code : 9.58.01.01

THE DISSERTATION SUMMARY

IN ARCHITECTURE

Ho Chi Minh City - năm 2023

The dissertation is accomplished at:

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE HCMC

The academic supervisor:

1 ASSOCIATE PROP., DR., ARCH LE VAN THUONG

2 DR., ARCH TRUONG THANH HAI

The reviewer:

1 The reviewer 1: PROP., DR., ARCH DOAN MINH KHOI

2 The reviewer 2: ASSOCIATE PROP., DR., ARCH NGUYEN THI

HANH NGUYEN

3 The reviewer 3: ASSOCIATE PROP., DR., ARCH NGO LE MINH

This dissertation was defensed at University Dissertation Asssessement

Committee organized at The University of Architecture HCMC

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

0.1 Problem Statement 1

0.2 Specific research objectives 1

0.3 Research objects and scope 2

0.4 Research method 2

0.5 Research content and process 2

0.6 Scientific significance and contributions of the research 5

0.7 Thesis structure 5

CONTENT 6

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF TRADITIONAL AND FRENCH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE AND RELATED RESEARCH ISSUES 6 1.1 TERMINOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS RELATED TO THE RESEARCH TOPIC 6

1.2 OVERVIEW OF WESTERN CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE AND FRENCH CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE 6

1.2.1 Western Classical Architecture 6

1.2.2 The influence of natural conditions on French architecture and common solutions 6

1.2.3 French Classical Architecture 7

1.2.4 Architectural styles in France during the Modern period 7

1.3 CULTURE AND INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE IN THREE INDOCHINA COUNTRIES 7

1.4 FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF OFFICE BUILDING ARCHITECTURE DURING THE FRENCH COLONIAL PERIOD IN THREE INDOCHINESE COUNTRIES 7

1.4.1 The approach of Western architecture through the path of colonial architecture in the three Indochinese countries 7

1.4.2 Primary Architectural Styles of Office buildings during the French Colonial Period in the Three Indochinese Countries 8

1.4.3 Characteristics of Public Building Architecture during the French

Colonial Period in the Three Indochinese Countries 8

1.4.3.1 Changes in the French's approach towards indigenous culture in the three Indochinese countries in architectural works 8

1.4.3.2 Adaptation to Natural Conditions in the office Building Architecture Built by the French in the Three Indochinese Countries 8

1.4.3.3 Public Building Architecture Built by Vietnamese during the French Colonial Period 9

1.5 OVERVIEW OF RELATED RESEARCH WORKS 9

1.6 RESEARCH ISSUES RAISED IN THE DISSERTATION 9

CHAPTER 2: SCIENTIFIC BASIS 9

2.1 HISTORICAL BASIS 9

2.1.1 Classical principles affecting the facade of Western classical architecture 9

2.1.2 THE COMPOSITION OF THE FACADE OF WESTERN CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE 10

2.2 LEGAL BASIS 10

2.3 THEORETICAL BASIS 10

2.4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS FROM TRADITIONAL TO COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE IN OFFICE BUILDINGS IN THE WEST 11

2.4.1 Natural Features - Geographical conditions in the West 11

2.4.2 The development of public office spaces in the West under the guidance of urban culture during the colonial period 12

2.4.3 Characteristics of office architecture during the colonial period in the three Western countries 12

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH RESULTS 13

3.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRITERIA SYSTEM TO ASSESS THE TRANSFORMATION OF CLASSICAL WESTERN ARCHITECTURAL FORMS IN SOME OFFICE BUILDINGS IN INDOCHINA 13

3.1.1 Perspective on developing the evaluation criteria system 13

3.1.2 Criteria for assessing the transformation from classical architecture to modern architecture in Office buildings in Indochina 13

3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCORING SCALE FOR THE CRITERIA SYSTEM ASSESSING THE TRANSFORMATION OF CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE IN SOME OFFICE BUILDINGS IN INDOCHINA 14

3.2.1 Perspective on developing a scoring scale for the evaluation criteria system 14

3.2.2 Scoring scale for criteria groups 14

3.2.3 Determining the Level of Form Variation in Architectural Technical Works in Office buildings in Indochina Based on the Evaluation System 15

3.3 TRANSFORMATIONS OF BEAUX-ARTS ARCHITECTURE FORM IN SOME OFFICE BUILDINGS IN THREE COUNTRIES OF INDOCHINA 16

3.3.1 Objective evaluation of Office buildings during the French colonial period in three countries of indochina 16

3.3.2 The transformation laws of Western architecture in Office buildings based on inheritance principles and adaptation to local climate 17

3.3.2.1 Space 17

3.3.2.2 Connection with nature 18

3.3.2.3 Publicity 18

3.3.2.4 Landscape in architectural construction 18

CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH RESULTS 19

4.1 DISCUSSION ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EVALUATION SYSTEM FOR OFFICE BUILDINGS DURING THE FRENCH COLONIAL PERIOD IN INDOCHINA 19

4.2 DISCUSSION ON THE LAWS OF TRANSFORMING FEATURES OF WESTERN ARCHITECTURE IN OFFICE BUILDINGS IN INDOCHINA IN THE THESIS 20 4.3 UTILIZING RESEARCH FINDINGS TO DISCUSS THE INHERITANCE

OF DISTINCT ARCHITECTURAL VALUES IN OFFICE BUILDINGS

DURING THE FRENCH COLONIAL PERIOD IN INDOCHINA THROUGH RENOVATION AND NEW CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS 21

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 22

INTRODUCTION

0.1 Problem Statement

Architectural forms emerging during the colonial period in the Indochina are often described as being a "fusion" of Eastern and Western cultures However, this term remains constrained in elucidating the meanings and unifying connections in various architectural styles This thesis, based on existing studies in the field of Eastern Colonial Architecture, perceives

"fusion" not merely as a concept of "combination", but as an assembly of the transformative process from Traditional Architectureto Eastern Colonial Architecture This includes significant features that establish the distinctive visage of Eastern Colonial Architecture in the East, such as architectural style, art, engineering, and adaptation to natural conditions This study aims to supplement theoretical foundations about the essence

of Eastern Colonial Architecture by exploring the transformative process

of Traditional Architecture in several Office buildings in the Indochina Furthermore, the thesis builds bases for shedding light on some combined characteristics of Eastern and Western cultures in Eastern Colonial Architecture This will provide clearer insights into the transformations

of Traditional Architecture when e xisting in the Eastern region at various levels, and accurately assess the East-West fusion in architecture Simultaneously, it seeks to identify general laws in the process of Traditional Architecture transformation when penetrating the Indochina

in several Office buildings during the colonial era

0.2 Specific research objectives:

(1) Overview of the origins of French colonial architecture in Indochina,

an overview of manifestations, formal characteristics, and distinctive architectural values achieved by office architecture; (2) Compare, make judgments, and objectively evaluate the transformation of Western architecture (WA) in several colonial-era offices in Indochinese countries

according to a comprehensive rating system; (3) Laws in the transformation process of WA into colonial architecture in office architecture

0.3 Research objects and scope:

(1) Research objects: The existing Office buildings from the French colonial era in Indochina and factors influencing the transformation of

WA into colonial architecture (2) Research scope: (a) In the major cities

of three Indochinese countries: Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia; (b) During the period of French invasion

0.4 Research method:

Comparative reference, scientific observation, historical-logical, systematic analysis-synthesis, field survey

0.5 Research content and process:

(1) Step 1: With the aim of "Supplementing a part of the theoretical basis

on the nature of colonial architecture through the exploration of the transformation process of characteristics of WA into colonial architecture

in Indochina", the thesis has used the historical-logical method and the analysis - synthesis - systematization method to research an overview of the formation and development process of WA, the origin of French architecture, and the development context of office architecture through periods in Indochina Expected research result: Gain a general view of the origins of French colonial architecture and the approach to Indochina

of WA through the path of colonial architecture

(2) Step 2: From the research results of step 1, aiming to have a more general view of colonial-era office architecture in Indochina, the thesis continues to use the analysis - synthesis - systematization method, historical - logical method to understand the features of colonial architecture during the French colonial period in three Indochinese countries From these research results, the thesis summarizes the unique values of colonial architecture on the platform of classic HL-LM architecture Expected research result: Understand the origins, theoretical basis, design characteristics, and unique architectural values achieved by the office architecture during the French colonial period in Indochinese

countries (3) Step 3: The analysis - synthesis - systematization method will be used at this step to understand the research works that have the nature of summarizing and inheriting each other on issues related to the formation and development of colonial architecture in Indochina Step 3 will identify the contributions and outstanding issues in these studies From there, pose research issues in the thesis Expected research result: Identify the research issues that need to be solved in the thesis

(4) Step 4: The thesis will employ an analytical - synthetic - systematic method to establish a scientific basis for implementing specific research content Additionally, the field survey method and scientific observation will be employed at this step, in combination with the comparative method From the survey results of Office buildings in Southeast Asia, the thesis will process the information collected by performing statistics, classification, and selection of office building types during the French colonial period in Southeast Asia that represent each architectural style and historical progression for research By analyzing and synthesizing the distinctive features of office architecture in Southeast Asia during the French colonial period and the manifestations of architecture in response

to local conditions of the colonized countries, the thesis continues to compare the Office buildings among three Southeast Asian countries with the origins of these manifestations in classic Greek and Roman architecture

Expected research results: Establish legal, theoretical, and historical bases, and factors influencing the morphological transformation from the Greek-Roman classic architecture to the French colonial architecture in Office buildings in Southeast Asia Statistically represent Office buildings in Southeast Asia and identify factors influencing the morphological transformation of the Greek-Roman classic architecture in some Office buildings in Southeast Asia

(5) Step 5: Based on the theoretical and historical scientific basis in step

4, the thesis applies theoretical principles in the transformation of the distinctive values of Greek-Roman classic architecture to French colonial architecture in colonial Office buildings in Southeast Asia to construct an

evaluation system The thesis uses the historical-logical method, comparative method, and analytical - synthetic - systematic method to summarize results, encapsulating the value of each element forming a comprehensive evaluation system

Expected research results: Establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system to assess the morphological transformation of Greek-Roman classic architecture in some Office buildings in Southeast Asia

(6) Step 6: With the comprehensive evaluation system established in step

5, the thesis uses the comparative method combined with the analytical - synthetic - systematic method, to objectively compare and evaluate some representative Office buildings in Southeast Asia and among the three Southeast Asian countries Then, make an assessment of the morphological transformation of Greek-Roman classic architecture Expected research results: Objective assessment of the morphological transformation of Greek-Roman classic architecture in some Office buildings in Southeast Asia

(7) Step 7: Based on the scientific basis presented and the research results obtained in step 6, the thesis uses the comparative method to determine the correlation between the constituent elements of the office architecture

in Southeast Asia and identify its connection with the manifestations in the transformation process of Western classic architecture The thesis continues to use the analytical - synthetic - systematic method, applying the scientific basis presented and paying special attention to the principles

of inheritance and adaptation to local conditions in the comprehensive evaluation system, to derive the general laws in the morphological transformation process of Greek-Roman classic architecture in some Office buildings in Southeast Asia

Expected research results: The laws in the morphological transformation process of Greek-Roman classic architecture in some Office buildings in

Southeast Asia based on the principles of inheritance and adaptation to local conditions

Table 0.01: Scientific research methods used in each step of the research

Historical- Synthetic- Systematic

Analytical-Field Survey

0.6 Scientific significance and contributions of the research

(1) The research complements the scientific basis from the study of French colonial architecture in Laos and Cambodia, thereby providing a more objective view on the arguments and conclusions from past research

on French colonial architecture in Vietnam

(2) The work strongly affirms the importance of Western classical architecture, contributing to the scientific basis for related aspects of future studies

(3) The research clarifies the characteristic values that adapt to the local environment in the process of transforming traditional architecture in the official constructions in Indochina, offering valuable references in promoting the values to inherit and learn from French colonial architecture

(4) The formation of a comprehensive evaluation system, clarifying the process of transformation of traditional architectural forms, will be an essential tool for making proposals, recommendations for new construction or direction, preservation in valuable French colonial architecture landscapes and heritage in Indochina in general and Vietnam

in particular

0.7 Thesis structure

(1) Introduction; (2) The main content consists of 4 chapters; (3) Conclusions and recommendations In addition, the thesis includes appendices

CONTENT

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF TRADITIONAL AND FRENCH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE AND RELATED RESEARCH ISSUES

1.1 TERMINOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS RELATED TO THE RESEARCH TOPIC

Transformation: refers to the selective assimilation leading to changes in the properties of objects and their evolution into higher, more adaptive forms, or into new substances

History of WA: represents a historical progression of human architecture from prehistoric times to the modern period, mainly taking place in what

is now Europe

Colonial architecture: refers to the architectural style from the protectorate countries introduced into settlement areas or colonies in remote locations

Public office: is an organized ensemble equipped with means and individuals appointed by the authorities to perform their duties

1.2 OVERVIEW OF WESTERN CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE AND FRENCH CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE

1.2.1 Western Classical Architecture

Greek-Roman architecture, which is the cradle of global classical ideology In research works, it is recognized that the ancient architecture

of the world has been preserved and promoted right in France France has continuously innovated, learned, inherited classical architectural style combined with modern style to create a distinct style After invading the colonial countries in Asia and Africa, the constructions built by the French in these places strongly bear the imprint of the "motherland"

1.2.2 The influence of natural conditions on French architecture and common solutions

(1) Northern architecture: having temperate climate, buildings in this area usually have a sturdy structure to withstand cold and stormy snow; (2)

Central architecture: enjoying a comfortable, temperate climate, the structure and architectural features are softer than the North; (3) Southern architecture: having a warmer and hotter climate than the North and Central, suitable materials and structures are commonly used to counter the scorching summer weather

1.2.3 French Classical Architecture

(1) Monumental solid structure; (2) Absolute symmetry; (3) Columnar style; (4) Strict adherence to the laws and principles of classical architecture; (5) Luxurious interior; (6) Mythological decorative theme

of Greek-Roman

1.2.4 Architectural styles in France during the Modern period

Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Decorative Gothic, Art Nouveau, Art Deco

1.3 CULTURE AND INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURE IN THREE INDOCHINA COUNTRIES

Traditional Eastern architecture is mostly influenced by the architectural style of China, the oldest civilization in East Asia Traditional Eastern architectural works usually use wood as the main material to construct the load-bearing structure for the building and use the weight from the tile roof of the building to create stability

1.4 FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF OFFICE BUILDING ARCHITECTURE DURING THE FRENCH COLONIAL PERIOD IN THREE INDOCHINESE COUNTRIES 1.4.1 The approach of WA through the path of colonial architecture

in the three Indochinese countries

In the first wave of colonial exploitation, cultural and scientific-technical factors gradually approached Indochina, the French re-planned the urban areas of Indochina in their style, infrastructure along with the emergence

of large and small urban centers The second wave of colonial exploitation policy, the urban system in Indochina continued to be perfected based on the premises that the first wave of colonial exploitation policy had previously implemented Indochina had a denser urban system, but the French paid more attention to the cultural and social context of the colonies

1.4.2 Primary Architectural Styles of Office buildings during the French Colonial Period in the Three Indochinese Countries

(1) Vietnam: Mimicry, military camp, neoclassical, French local, Art Deco, Art Nouveaux, Eastern architecture (2) Laos: Mimicry, military camp, Neoclassical, Eastern architecture (3) Cambodia: Neoclassical, Art Deco, Baroque

1.4.3 Characteristics of Public Building Architecture during the French Colonial Period in the Three Indochinese Countries

1.4.3.1 Changes in the French's approach towards indigenous culture in the three Indochinese countries in architectural works

Initially, the French carried out pacification and colonial exploitation by implementing assimilation policies and destroying historical monuments However, they later recognized these were mistakes In the 20th century, with the advent of socialist policies, French authorities demonstrated their respect for Indochinese cultural traditions, heralding a unique architectural style in the three Indochinese countries

1.4.3.2 Adaptation to Natural Conditions in the Public Building Architecture Built by the French in the Three Indochinese Countries

Stemming from the French's common perception of respecting local culture, the aspect of adaptation to local culture and environment in the works built by the French in the three Indochinese countries is also a significant characteristic This feature is critical to establish a unique

appearance for Indochinese architecture, such as architectural style, art, technique, and adaptation to natural-climatic conditions

1.4.3.3 Public Building Architecture Built by Vietnamese during the French Colonial Period

The first generation of Vietnamese architects was born from the Indochinese College of Fine Arts As a result, the direct influences on the works in Indochina in general and Office buildings, in particular, were not only from French architects well-trained in France but also from the team of Vietnamese architects trained by France at the Indochinese College of Fine Arts The architectural system was creatively designed to suit the climate in Indochina, and Vietnam played a more critical role

1.5 Overview of Related Research Works

The thesis asserts that there is no overlap in research objectives between the subject and previous research works

1.6 Research Issues Raised in the dissertation

(1) Classify Office buildings during the French Colonial Period in Indochina; (2) clarify the characteristics and differences of office architecture during the colonial period in major cities in the three Indochinese countries; (3) establish a comprehensive assessment system for the transformation of architectural form; (4) clarify the laws that emerge during the transformation process

CHAPTER 2 SCIENTIFIC BASIS 2.1 HISTORICAL BASIS

2.1.1 Classical principles affecting the facade of Western classical architecture

The classical principles of Western classical architecture have been constructed and tested throughout a historical process If these principles are found together