INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L var Italica) is a nutritious vegetable from the mustard family (Brassicaceae), known for its edible flower buds and stalk It is rich in dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and K, folic acid, and minerals like potassium, with a nutritional composition of 90% water, 7% carbohydrates, and 3% protein Fresh broccoli should be dark green, with firm stalks and compact bud clusters This fast-growing annual plant reaches heights of 60–90 cm (24–35 inches) and produces dense green clusters of flower buds If not harvested, these buds develop into yellow flowers and silique fruits Broccoli thrives in moderate to cool climates and is propagated by seeds, either directly sown in the field or in plant beds for transplants The heads, or florets, are ready for harvest in 60 to 150 days, depending on the variety and weather conditions In hot and humid tropical climates, organic fertilizers are essential for enhancing crop yields and improving land use efficiency.
A survey by the Department of Crop Production (2010) revealed that 62.5% of farmers combine inorganic and organic fertilizers, while 37.5% rely solely on inorganic fertilizers, often exceeding recommended amounts As of December 2017, only 5% of the 13,423 registered fertilizer products were organic, with 93.7% being inorganic With 26 million hectares of cultivated land, the country uses 10 to 11 million tons of fertilizer annually, but nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium fertilizers have low efficiency rates of 30-45%, 40-45%, and 40-50%, respectively This inefficiency results in an estimated waste of 30,000 billion VND per year The shift towards intensive farming has led to increased chemical fertilizer and pesticide use, causing soil degradation, nutrient imbalance, and loss of soil microorganisms, while also contributing to water and soil pollution and potential genetic mutations in crops Long-term chemical fertilizer use adversely affects agricultural product quality and the environment, necessitating a transition to biological products and organic fertilizers to ensure biosecurity, food safety, and sustainable agriculture.
Organic fertilizers enrich the soil and enhance crop quality while ensuring the safety of agricultural products Their use promotes healthy plant growth, improves soil porosity, reduces environmental pollution, and guarantees high-quality outputs Although the effects of organic fertilizers on plants may be gradual, they consistently provide essential nutrients and a significant amount of humus, fostering the activity of soil organisms and microorganisms The nutrients in organic fertilizers are derived from easily decomposed organic materials, such as fiber and proteins, which positively influence plant development Additionally, EM (Effective Microorganisms) bioproducts, containing around 80 species of beneficial microorganisms, play a crucial role in this process These microorganisms, including photosynthetic bacteria and yeasts, work in synergy to support plant health and soil improvement.
EM preparations are effective in managing odors and waste, while also enhancing cultivation and animal husbandry They boost vitality and stimulate the growth of plants and animals, improve soil conditions, and reduce harmful bacteria and pests This research focuses on these applications and their benefits.
"Research on the effect of organic fertilizer type and bioproduct on the growth, development, and yield of broccoli at Gia Lam, Ha Noi”
Research objective and Requirements
Determine suitable organic fertilizer type and bioproduct for the growth, development, and yield of broccoli
Evaluation of the effect of organic fertilizer type on the growth, development, and yield of broccoli
Evaluation of the effect of bioproduct on the growth, development, and yield of broccoli.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Origin and distribution of broccoli
Broccoli, or Brassica oleracea, originated in the Mediterranean and was developed from a cabbage relative by the Etruscans, an ancient Italian civilization known for their horticultural expertise The name "broccoli" comes from the Italian word meaning "the flowering crest of a cabbage," and the Latin term for arm or branch Valued as a food since the Roman Empire, broccoli was initially called "Italian asparagus" when introduced to England in the mid-18th century Thomas Jefferson, an enthusiastic gardener, experimented with broccoli seeds from Italy in the late 1700s Although commercial cultivation began in the 1500s, broccoli gained popularity in the United States in the early 1920s, thanks to Southern Italian immigrants, including the D'Arrigo brothers, who were among the first to grow it commercially.
In 1926, California made history by sending the first broccoli train to Boston, marking the beginning of broccoli's commercialization in the United States Since then, its popularity has soared, with consumption tripling over the past 30 years due to its versatility in cooking and numerous health benefits Rich in calcium and possessing antioxidant properties, broccoli plays a role in cancer prevention (Peggy Trowbridge Filippone, 2021).
In 1992, a research lab led by a professor discovered sulforaphane, a cancer-preventing compound predominantly found in broccoli This powerful ingredient activates the body's detoxification system to eliminate carcinogens and enhances cellular protection The groundbreaking findings were featured on the front page of the New York Times and recognized by Popular Mechanics As of 2011, over 1,400 articles on sulforaphane have been published in the US National Library of Medicine (PubMed).
Amid the rising threat of global food insecurity, vegetable production is expected to increase significantly to meet the surging demand for these nutritious commodities This heightened demand is driven by a growing global population and shifting dietary preferences favoring higher vegetable consumption However, annual production levels may fluctuate due to climatic conditions, which pose a significant risk to broccoli production worldwide.
China dominates global broccoli production, contributing over 50% of the total supply and generating billions in trade revenue In the past five years, broccoli production in China has seen a consistent increase of approximately 20%, resulting in an annual output nearing ten million tons.
India significantly lags behind China in cauliflower production, utilizing approximately 6 to 7 million hectares of farmland Together, China and India contribute over 75% of the global broccoli output With the highest populations in the world, both countries face a critical demand for food production, as the per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables is notably high and must be consistently satisfied.
Poland, Italy, France, and Spain are the leading broccoli-producing countries in Europe, where a significant quantity of this vegetable is cultivated, primarily on small plots of land In North America, the production landscape is also noteworthy.
The United States and Mexico are the top producers of broccoli, with annual outputs of over 288,750 tons and 481,073 tons, respectively This is notable given that Canada ranks among the highest consumers of vegetable products Other significant broccoli-producing countries include Egypt, Pakistan, Turkey, and Algeria, each contributing to global production with substantial annual yields.
100 thousand tons and this demonstrates how important the production of these foods is to the economies of the countries
Countries such as Australia, Jordan, Ecuador, Greece, and Guatemala produce only 60,000 to 80,000 tons of broccoli annually, a figure that is considered low on a global scale and may not fully reflect their agricultural potential However, ongoing advancements in agricultural practices are expected to improve early broccoli production, even in regions where this crop is not traditionally cultivated.
Broccoli is cultivated year-round in Vietnam's cooler regions, including Da Lat, Moc Chau, and Sapa, and is primarily grown as a winter vegetable in cities like Hanoi, Hai Phong, Bac Ninh, and Hung Yen Although the cultivation area is limited, broccoli is a popular choice among urban residents for daily meals and processing It boasts a higher economic and nutritional value compared to other cruciferous vegetables (Le Ben, 2018).
Broccoli features a fibrous, branched root system that exhibits strong growth, with roots extending deep into the ground and horizontally as the plant matures During its growth stage, the root system can reach depths of 30 cm and widths of 40 cm, demonstrating drought tolerance while being sensitive to waterlogging The plant typically grows to a height of 50-70 cm, showcasing a developed leaf set, broad stem, lobed leaves, and a protective wax layer Broccoli flowers bloom in clusters on the main stem, starting from the bottom and opening in the morning over a span of 8-10 hours, with optimal pollination occurring at temperatures between 12-22°C; temperatures below 10°C inhibit pollen penetration The fruit is a pod containing two seed compartments, with seed size varying by variety, reaching maturity 3-4 weeks post-flowering The seeds are egg-shaped, measuring 1-2 mm in diameter, and can be brown or reddish-brown, with 1000 seeds weighing approximately 3 grams.
Broccoli is an excellent source of essential vitamins, including vitamin C and K, along with significant amounts of B vitamins and minerals such as folate, magnesium, and calcium It is also rich in proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, and various phytochemicals like polyphenols, which contribute to its antioxidant and anticancer properties Due to its high nutrient and fiber content, broccoli has become a popular food choice Numerous studies have highlighted its dietary and therapeutic benefits, including immune support, detoxification, and promoting eye and bone health.
Table 1.1 Nutrition composition in 100g of broccoli
Ingredient Amount Unit Ingredient Amount Unit
K.cal g mg mg mg g mg g g mg mg g
Protein Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin E Vitamin C Vitamin B6 Folate (B9) Niacin (B3) Riboflavin (B2) Thiamine (B1) Lutein zeaxanthin Pantothenic accid (B5)
63 0.639 0.117 0.071 361-1121 0.573 g μg μg mg mg mg μg mg mg mg μg mg
Broccoli seedlings thrive in strong light, which is crucial for their development As the leaves mature, their light requirements decrease However, during the flowering stage, adequate light is essential for achieving high yields Broccoli prefers long daylight hours, and under short-day conditions, its growth period extends While strong light is vital during the seedling phase, softer or weaker light is necessary when the plant is forming flowers.
Broccoli thrives in a cool climate, with optimal growth temperatures ranging from 15 to 18°C It has less cold tolerance compared to cabbage, and temperatures above 25°C or below 10°C can hinder growth, resulting in smaller leaves and flowers, as well as accelerated aging To cultivate off-season broccoli, it is essential to utilize heat or cold-tolerant varieties or to create favorable environmental conditions for the plant's development.
Broccoli thrives in moist conditions, needing ample water for optimal leaf growth and flower development Insufficient water can lead to poor leaf growth, delayed flower differentiation, and smaller flowers, ultimately diminishing yield and quality Conversely, excessive soil and air humidity can make broccoli vulnerable to pests and diseases The ideal moisture level for broccoli cultivation is between 75-85% of the field's moisture-holding capacity.
The status of production and consumption of vegetable in the world
2.2.1 The status of production and consumption of vegetable in the world
Green vegetables are vital for human health, offering a rich source of minerals and vitamins that enhance nutritional balance in daily diets They hold significant economic value and are widely exported by various countries Currently, developed nations cultivate vegetables at a ratio of 2:1 compared to food crops, whereas developing countries have a ratio of 1:2.
Table 2.1 Acreage, productivity, and yield of vegetables in the world in the period 1980-2012
Table 2.1 illustrates a consistent growth in the global area dedicated to vegetable cultivation In 1980, the total area was 8,066.84 hectares, which increased to 10,405.27 hectares by 1990, marking an increase of 2,338.43 hectares, or an average annual growth rate of 2.90% By 2000, the area expanded to 14,572.54 hectares, reflecting a significant increase of 4,167.27 hectares, with an average annual growth rate of 4.01% In 2010, the area reached 18,075.29 hectares, showing an increase of 3,502.75 hectares from 2000, and a total increase of 7,670.02 hectares since 1990, and 10,008.45 hectares since 1980 By 2012, the area further increased to 18,959.59 hectares, with an additional growth of 884.3 hectares.
The global vegetable yield has experienced fluctuations over the years, with productivity recorded at 106.11 quintals/ha in 1980, rising to 134.89 quintals/ha in 1990, marking an increase of 28.78 quintals/ha By the year 2000, vegetable productivity peaked at 146.84 quintals/ha, reflecting an increase of 11.95 quintals/ha from 1990 and a significant rise of 40.70 quintals/ha compared to 1980.
2000 to 2010, the vegetable productivity was The trend is decreasing, although the level is not much, though it is also worrying for the vegetable industry In
In 2010, global vegetable productivity was recorded at 132.88 quintals per hectare, reflecting a decline of 13.96 quintals per hectare since 2000 and a decrease of 2.01 quintals per hectare compared to 1990 However, following 2010, there was a notable upward trend in productivity, with the world vegetable yield rising to 142.33 quintals per hectare in 2012, marking an increase of 9.45 quintals per hectare from 2010.
In 2012, global vegetable yield peaked at 269,851.84 tons, reflecting a significant productivity increase This marked an increase of 55,868.66 tons since 2000 and a remarkable rise of 129,495.15 tons overall.
According to FAO (2011), vegetable development is uneven across continents, as shown in Table 2.2
Table 2.2 Acreage, productivity, and yield of vegetables of the continents
Asia Africa Europe America Oceania Southeast Asia
Vegetable production across continents shows significant fluctuations, with Asia leading as the largest vegetable-growing region globally In 2010, Asia cultivated 14,110,820 hectares, representing 78.01% of the world's total vegetable area Africa follows as the second-largest producer, with a vegetable-growing area of 2,747,520 hectares, which is 19.47% of Asia's area In contrast, Oceania has the smallest vegetable-growing area, totaling just 32,970 hectares, or 0.23% of Asia's vegetable area.
Despite Asia having the largest vegetable growing area globally, its vegetable productivity ranks third among the continents In 2010, Asia's vegetable yield was 145.54 quintals per hectare, surpassing the world average of 12.66 quintals per hectare Europe leads in vegetable yield with 168.03 quintals per hectare, which is 35.15 quintals per hectare above the world average and 22.49 quintals per hectare higher than Asia's yield Conversely, Africa has the lowest vegetable yield at only 61.39 quintals per hectare, representing 46.2% of the global vegetable yield and 42.18% of Asia's yield.
Asia leads global vegetable production with an impressive 205,368,870 tons, representing 85.51% of the total output worldwide Following Asia, Africa ranks second with a production of 16,867,030 tons, which accounts for 7.02% of global vegetable production and 8.21% of Asia's output Despite Oceania having the second-highest vegetable yield per area, its overall production is the lowest at 551,130 hectares, contributing only 0.23% to the world's vegetable supply and 0.27% to Asia's vegetable production.
In 2010, Southeast Asia cultivated a significant vegetable growing area of 1,812,370 hectares, representing 12.84% of Asia's vegetable area and 10.03% of the global vegetable area The region's vegetable yield matched the world average at 130.3 quintals per hectare, resulting in a total output of 23,615,180 tons, which accounted for 11.5% of Asia's vegetable production and 9.83% of the world's total vegetable output.
2.2.2 The status of production and consumption of vegetable in Vietnam
Vegetables have been cultivated in our country since the early 10th century, with significant reviews of their distribution conducted by Le Quy Don between 1721 and 1783 A trial planting of white vegetables and potatoes took place in 1029 However, the long-standing self-sufficient economy has led to fragmented vegetable production in the country.
Table 2.3 Acreage, productivity, and yield of vegetables in Vietnam in the period 1980-2012
Number Year Acreage ( thousand hectares )
Recent data indicates a significant increase in vegetable cultivation in our country, as illustrated in Table 2.3 The area dedicated to vegetable farming rose from 220,000 hectares in 1980 to 261,100 hectares in 1990, reflecting an increase of 41,100 hectares over the decade.
By 2000, the vegetable growing area in our country reached a record 452,900 hectares, marking an increase of 191,800 hectares since 1990 and 232,900 hectares since 1980 However, over the past five years, the area dedicated to vegetable cultivation has experienced significant fluctuations.
2006, the whole country planted 536,914 ha, an increase of 84,014 ha compared to 2000, however, 2 years later, the vegetable area decreased slightly, and in
2010 the new vegetable growing area increased again to reach 553,500 ha
The vegetable productivity in our country has shown fluctuations similar to global trends, starting at 98.84 quintals/ha in 1980, rising to 112.35 quintals/ha in 1990, and peaking at 124.36 quintals/ha in 2000 However, from 2006 to 2010, productivity varied significantly, with a low of 117.06 quintals/ha in 2008 and a slight increase to 121.64 quintals/ha in 2010, which was still 1.83 quintals/ha lower than in 2007 and 2.72 quintals/ha below the 2000 level.
The yield of vegetables in our country has seen remarkable growth over the years, rising from 2,164,800.0 tons in 1980 to 2,933,458.5 tons in 1990, marking an increase of 768,658.5 tons, or an average of 76,865.85 tons per year By 2000, vegetable yield soared to 5,632,264.4 tons, reflecting a substantial increase of 2,698,805.9 tons compared to 1990, averaging 269,880.59 tons annually The highest yield was recorded in 2010, reaching 6,732,774.0 tons, which was an increase of 1,100,509.6 tons from 2000, averaging 110,050.96 tons per year, although this growth rate was lower than that observed between 1990 and 2000.
Current status of organic fertilizer use in Vietnam
* Regarding to the production of organic fertilizers:
Organic fertilizers include two groups: traditional organic fertilizers and industrial organic fertilizers
Traditional organic fertilizers are sourced from animal waste and by-products of agriculture, including husbandry, agro-forestry, and fishery processing They also encompass green manure, organic waste, and processed peat, typically produced through traditional annealing methods These fertilizers can be categorized into five main subgroups: manure, compost, peat, green manure, and other organic fertilizers.
Industrial organic fertilizers are derived from various organic sources, enhancing the quality of the original raw materials Currently, these fertilizers are categorized into four main types: organic fertilizers, mineral organic fertilizers, biological organic fertilizers, and microbial organic fertilizers.
In March 2018, data presented at the Conference on Development of Organic Fertilizers revealed that Vietnam produces 11 million tons of fertilizer annually, with over 90% (approximately 10 million tons) being inorganic, while organic fertilizers constitute less than 10% As of December 2017, the Plant Protection Department reported 713 organic fertilizer products, including 32 organic, 268 organic mineral, 169 bio-organic, 239 microbial organic, and 5 organic soil improvement products, making up only 5% of the total 14,318 fertilizer products In contrast, inorganic fertilizers dominate with 93.7% (13,423 products) and biological fertilizers represent 1.3% (182 products) Currently, 180 enterprises are licensed to produce organic fertilizers in Vietnam, accounting for 24.5% of the total production permits issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Industry and Trade, which totals 735 permits.
The total capacity of organic fertilizer production facilities reaches 2.5 million tons per year, representing 8.5% of the overall capacity of domestic fertilizer production, which stands at 29.5 million tons annually This capacity is nearly one-tenth of the production capability of inorganic fertilizers, which is 26.7 million tons per year.
In the country, the production, trade, and usage of inorganic fertilizer products exceed those of organic fertilizers by more than 19 times (Cuc bao ve thuc vat, 2018).
In Vietnam, organic fertilizers are currently produced domestically by two methods: traditional composting and industrial production
The traditional composting method is primarily utilized at the household level, relying on waste and crop by-products sourced from livestock and farming This process involves thoroughly mixing organic by-products with added mineral elements and microbial products, which are then composted in a pile This method helps maintain the temperature within the compost pile, promoting the breakdown of organic matter, accelerating mineralization, and eliminating disease-causing organisms that can affect humans, livestock, and plants.
Various annealing methods, including hot, cold, and advanced incubation techniques, significantly influence the composition and activity of microorganisms responsible for decomposing organic matter into humus This, in turn, affects the quality and volume of compost produced The shift towards concentrated livestock production and mechanized cultivation has led to a decline in organic fertilizer generated through traditional composting methods, while the reliance on industrially produced organic fertilizers has been on the rise in recent years (Sieu, 2021).
Applying organic fertilizers enhances soil fertility and porosity, allowing plants to absorb essential minerals released through microbial decomposition Utilizing a variety of organic fertilizers enriches the soil with diverse minerals, leading to the production of delicious, high-quality fruit, particularly in fruit trees Organic manures improve quality more effectively than inorganic fertilizers, as the organic matter stimulates heterotrophic bacteria, promoting further decomposition It is recommended to use animal manures for foundational productivity, with additional nitrogen or phosphorus added as necessary to achieve nutrient balance.
Currently, there are five types of organic fertilizers commonly used in farming:
Vermicompost, or worm manure, is an organic fertilizer derived from the digestion of organic matter such as cow dung, pig manure, chicken manure, and other organic waste by worms This nutrient-rich compost enhances soil quality and is suitable for a variety of crops Its highly active composition and granular structure, surrounded by a beneficial gel, improve water and nutrient retention, prevent soil erosion, and maintain moisture Additionally, vermicompost contains numerous worm cocoons that, under favorable conditions, hatch and contribute to soil health.
Muck, a mixture of animal waste including cattle manure, urine, and organic debris, can be composted using traditional methods or probiotics Common fertilizers like cow dung, pig manure, and goat manure enrich the soil with essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium These fertilizers enhance soil quality by increasing humus content, improving fertility and porosity, stabilizing soil structure, promoting root development, and reducing water evaporation, which helps prevent erosion and drought.
Chicken manure is a highly nutritious organic fertilizer, particularly rich in potassium, making it suitable for nearly all crops Its nutrients enhance plant resistance and reduce diseases affecting plants and roots Additionally, chicken manure improves soil quality by aiding in desalination, de-acidification, and moisture retention, while also enriching the soil with organic matter and beneficial microorganisms However, fresh chicken manure poses risks due to pathogens and unpleasant odors, which can harm both the environment and plants Therefore, it is crucial to use properly treated chicken manure, ensuring harmful organisms are eliminated Utilizing biological products like Trichoderma during the composting process can help mitigate odors, speed up decomposition, and control harmful fungi.
Fish fertilizer is rich in vitamins, proteins, and minerals that promote healthy plant growth, particularly in fruit crops It not only supplies essential nutrients but also improves soil quality, enhances soil structure, and combats aridity while detoxifying the soil Additionally, fish fertilizer boosts plant resistance, maintains soil moisture, stimulates flowering, and increases fruit set, leading to more uniform fruit development Utilizing by-products from fish processing, such as heads, gills, and stomachs, also helps reduce environmental waste, making fish fertilizer a valuable organic option for gardeners.
Cow manure has been a staple in agriculture since the advent of wet-rice farming, serving as the most favored organic fertilizer for crops Its excellent moisture retention properties help combat drought, while the organic matter it contains stabilizes soil pH and retains essential minerals By enriching the soil with organic matter, cow manure enhances water retention, preserves fertilizer efficacy, and minimizes evaporation and leaching during application.
Reducing the use of NPK fertilizers enhances soil fertility by promoting the conversion of organic matter into humus, which significantly improves the soil's health and its physiological and biochemical properties.
2.3.2 The dosage and method of Application
Methods to use organic fertilizers effectively:
Composting is essential for transforming natural organic fertilizers like manure, compost, and peat into safe and effective soil amendments Using fresh fertilizers can lead to detrimental effects, including undissolved nutrients that plants cannot utilize In anaerobic conditions, such as wetlands, fresh manure can generate harmful substances that negatively impact plant roots Additionally, fresh manure may contain harmful microorganisms, including roundworm eggs and bacteria that cause intestinal diseases, as well as various plant pathogens.
The researches of organic fertilizer on crops
Nguyen Huu La and his team found that the application of microbial organic fertilizers on concentrated Shan tea led to a significant increase in tea yield Their research indicated that a formula consisting of 4 tons per hectare of microbial fertilizer combined with 300 kg of NPK per hectare was effective in enhancing production.
Applying 20 tons of organic fertilizer per hectare along with 300 kg of NPK per hectare resulted in a yield of 17.50 to 17.60 tons per hectare, representing an increase of 16.66 to 17.33% compared to the control group, which only received 300 kg of NPK per hectare Additionally, sensory tasting evaluations indicated that the quality of the tea produced was superior to that of the control formula (Thu Hien, 2021).
Animal manures have been utilized as fertilizers for centuries, providing essential nutrients and trace elements for crops Chicken manure, in particular, is rich in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and other nutrients that enhance soil properties Organic matter in these fertilizers, along with organic acids, improves nutrient effectiveness by acidifying them In China, manure serves as a vital nutrient source for agriculture (Zhiyong Zhang & et al., 2020) Field experiments conducted in 2017 and 2018 demonstrated that organic manures outperformed NPK fertilizer in improving okra yield Notably, okra growth and yield were significantly higher in 2018 than in 2017, with various treatments increasing pod yield by 9.7% for control, 35.3% for rabbit manure, 57.9% for cow dung, 36.2% for poultry manure, 39.2% for green manure, 45.5% for pig manure, and 3.2% for NPK fertilizer compared to the previous year (Adekiya & et al., 2020).
A study was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) doses on yield, quality, and nutrient content in broccoli heads Treatments consisted of 0,
Nitrogen application rates of 150, 300, 450, and 600 kg N ha−1 significantly enhanced broccoli yield, as well as the average weight of both main and secondary heads and their diameter, compared to the control group The highest total yield recorded was 34,631 kg ha−1.
The study evaluated the effects of four organic fertilizer doses (0, 40, 60, and 80 tons/ha) and three inorganic fertilizer doses (0, 30, and 60 kg/ha) on broccoli yield The combination of 60 kg of inorganic fertilizer and 60 tons of organic manure per hectare resulted in the highest overall broccoli yield of 40.05 tons/ha Additionally, the highest yield of main heads, measuring 3.16 tons/ha, was achieved with the maximum inorganic fertilizer dose of 60 kg/ha paired with the highest organic manure dose of 80 tons/ha.
The study evaluated the effects of four rates of organic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers (NP0, NP1, NP2, and NP3) on broccoli raab Results indicated that as organic fertilization rates increased, the weight of primary inflorescences also increased linearly NP2 and NP3 exhibited the largest diameter but the lowest dry matter content in primary inflorescences Notably, NO3 levels were approximately five times higher in NP1 compared to NP0, with no significant differences between NP2 and NP3 Additionally, NP0 and NP1 had 34% higher SO4 content than NP2 and NP3, while Cl content peaked in NP0 The average oxalate content was 59.9 mg kg−1, showing no variation across treatments Both 30 and 60 days post-transplanting, NP0 plants had the lowest Sufficient Index (SI), which increased linearly with higher organic fertilization Furthermore, above-ground biomass and marketable yield also rose with increased fertilization levels, highlighting the significant impact of organic fertilization on broccoli raab characteristics from early growth stages.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Time and Location
- Time: The experiment conducted in the Winter-Spring crop 2021-2022, from August 2021 to February 2022
- Experiment site: The experiment conducted at the field of faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture.
Research Content
- Study on the effect of organic fertilizers and bioproducts on the growth parameters of broccoli
- Study on the effects of organic fertilizers and bioproducts on physiological parameters of broccoli
- Study on the effect of organic fertilizers and bioproducts on the yield of broccoli
- Study on the effect of organic fertilizers and bioproducts on pest and disease situation on broccoli.
Research Methods
The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design (RCBD) and repeated 3 times Experimental plot area was 5 m 2 Block I, Block
II and Block III were the number of replications The density of 20 plants/m 2
The factorial experiment was 2 factor experiment, factor 1 was organic fertilizer type (D1 was cow manure; D2 was vermicompost; D3 was chicken manure), factor 2 was bioproduct (B0 was not using bioproduct, B1was Emuniv, B2 was
Emic) Thus, experiment includes 9 treatments (D1B0, D1B1, D1B2, D2B0,
Figure 3.4 The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Agronomy
-Amount of organic fertilizer and amount of bioproduct for a plant:
Amount of fertilizer (g) for one plant
- Land preparation, bed raised: Plowed and harrowed thorough, picked up weeds, planted beds
+ Amount of manure: Cow manure, Vermicompost , Chicken manure
* Fertilize according to the tree
The weight of nitrogen (N) was 140 kg, and in one hectare, 20,000 broccoli plants were cultivated, resulting in an inferred nitrogen requirement of 7 g per plant The nitrogen content in chicken manure is 1.6%, while cow manure and vermicompost contain 1.57% nitrogen Consequently, to provide 7 g of nitrogen per plant, 438 g of chicken manure, 446 g of cow manure, and 446 g of vermicompost are required.
To create a bed that is 120 cm wide and 15 cm high (10 cm high during the dry season), plant three rows of crops spaced 30 cm apart and 35 cm between rows It is best to plant in the afternoon and ensure to water the bed thoroughly after planting to maintain adequate moisture for healthy root development.
Covering flowers is essential in broccoli cultivation to protect flower buds from high temperatures and direct sunlight Without this protection, the buds can darken and turn brown, diminishing their quality and value Therefore, covering the flowers enhances the overall quality of broccoli.
After approximately 45-50 days of planting, the appearance of smaller, crossing middle leaves indicates the emergence of the growth point At this stage, the flower bud will measure about 4-5 cm in diameter, signaling the time to cover the flowers During this process, it is advisable to remove the lower leaves to effectively cover the flowers.
Broccoli thrives in moist conditions but cannot withstand waterlogging, which can harm its roots To ensure healthy growth, it is essential to water broccoli every two days with clean, unpolluted water, such as groundwater or spring water Avoid using wastewater or water from stagnant ponds, as these can negatively impact the vegetables.
+ After sowing, it was necessary to check to completely fill the seeds
Regularly visiting and monitoring the tree is essential to track its growth and identify any pests that could potentially harm it, allowing for effective control measures to be implemented.
To protect blooming broccoli flowers from insect damage and excess moisture, it is essential to cover them carefully Once the flowers reach a substantial size, remove the outer leaves and use one-third of the outermost leaf to shield the flowers If the protective leaves wilt, they should be replaced promptly to prevent flower rot.
Figure 3.5 Some pictures of worms eating leaves in the experiment carried out at the Faculty of Agronomy
After approximately 80-95 days of care, broccoli plants will begin to flower It's crucial to monitor the maturity of the flowers to ensure timely harvesting If the plant is still healthy, leave some leaves when cutting to allow for continued growth and the possibility of a second harvest.
Figure 3.6 Some pictures of harvested in the experiment carried out at the
Faculty of Agronomy 3.4.3 Experiment parameter
3.4.3.1 The parameter of growth and development
- Time from sowing to plant growth (days): determined from the time of sowing until 50% of the plants on the plot grow two cotyledons spread across the ground
- Time from germination to flowering (days): Counted from seed germination until 50% of the plants on the plot have at least 1 flower
- Growth time (days): from sowing to fruit and seed ripening
- Growth in height: Main body height (cm): measured from 2 nodes cotyledons to the vegetative apex Measure tree height when plants have 2 -
3 true leaves, measure once every 7 days, monitor 5 plants/line, variety
- Plant height (cm): measured from 2 cotyledons to the growing tip
- Number of leaves/main stem (leaves):
- Number of level 1 branches/main stem: count the number of branches growing from the main trunk of 5 trees/plot when harvested
- Measure chlorophyll content index (SPAD) in leaves; leaf area index (LAI)
+ SPAD index: Measured by SPAD 502, measured every 7 days from the beginning to the end of the experiment
The leaf area index (LAI), expressed in square meters of leaves per plant, is determined using the rapid weighing method This involves cutting leaves evenly on a 1 dm² glass plate, weighing the mass of this area, and then measuring the total weight of the fresh leaves to calculate the LAI using a specific formula.
LAI= ((A1* Number of trees/m 2 of land))/A2*100
A1 was the weight of whole fresh leaves (g)
A2 was the mass of 1 dm 2 of fresh leaves (g)
At the onset of flowering in the experiment, dry matter weight (g/m²) was assessed by sampling all three plants The entire leaf stem was cut, and the leaves, stem, and roots were separated before being dried at 80°C until a constant weight was achieved The dry weights of the stems, leaves, and roots were then measured individually.
- Crop yield = Yield/Area (tons/ha)
- Actual yield (tons/ha): Harvest broccoli from all plants on the plot, weigh, and convert to tons/ha
3.4.3.4 Degree of pest and disease infection
40% of leaf area, infected fruit surface
Monitor the level of disease caused by leafminers by calculating the percentage of damaged plants:
Disease rate = Number of damaged plants/plot
Total number of plants/plot x 100(%)Total number of plants/plot
Data analysis
Data obtained during the experiment were collected, analyzed, and statistically processed by the method of analysis of variance (ANOVA) program IRRSTAT 5.0 and Excel.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the growth time of
Different fertilizer formulations and preparations significantly influence the time it takes for broccoli, planted as 20-day-old seedlings, to reach maturity When provided with adequate and balanced nutrients, the growth and development of broccoli are optimized, leading to favorable conditions for harvest All seedlings were planted on November 6, 2021, under the same site, variety, and soil type used in the experiment.
The results of monitoring the effects of organic fertilizers and biological products on the growth time of broccoli are presented in Table 4.1
Table 4.1 Effect of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the growth time of broccoli
Number of days until flowering (days)
Number of days until first harvest (days)
Through Table 4.1 we can see:
The flowering dates of seedlings varied by treatment, with differences ranging from 1 to 3 days The earliest flowering occurred in treatment D3B1, which flowered 72 days after planting, followed by treatments D1B1, D3B0, and D3B2 at 73 days Treatments D1B2 and D2B1 flowered at 74 days, while D1B0, D2B0, and D2B2 reached final flowering at 75 days For the first harvest, treatments D1B1, D3B0, and D3B1 produced the first batch of broccoli 80 days after planting, with other treatments harvesting a day later Thus, D1B1, D3B0, and D3B1 were the most effective for early flowering and first harvest.
The growth time from seedling to final harvest varied among treatments, with treatment D2B0 exhibiting the longest duration of 99 days Following closely were treatments D1B0, D1B2, D2B1, D2B2, and D3B0, each with a growth period of 98 days In contrast, treatments D1B1, D3B1, and D3B2 recorded the shortest growth time of 97 days Thus, treatment D2B0 resulted in the longest growth time.
The harvesting time varied among the treatments, with D2B0 and D2B2 formulations taking the longest at 95 days D2B1 followed closely with a harvesting time of 94 days, while D1B2 was harvested after 93 days Both D1B0 and D3B0 treatments had a harvesting time of 92 days The shortest harvesting time of 90 days was observed in treatments D1B1, D3B1, and D3B2 Thus, D2B0 and D2B2 exhibited the longest harvesting duration.
Effects of type organic fertilizers and bioproduct on growth
ON GROWTH INDICATOR OF BROCCOLI
For optimal growth in height and leaf production, trees require a specific amount of suitable nutrients Plant height serves as a key agro-biological characteristic, indicating the growth rate and overall development of the crop, and is essential for assessing whether the crop meets harvest standards The height of the plant is influenced by nutrient availability and seasonal factors, with nutrient absorption being critical during specific periods Additionally, the composition and quantity of various organic fertilizers and bioproducts vary, making it important to monitor changes in plant height immediately after planting.
4.2.1 Effects of type organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the height of broccoli
4.2.1.1 Interaction effects of type organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the height of broccoli
The results of monitoring the interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the height of broccoli were presented in Table 4.2
Table 4.2 Interaction effects of type organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the height of broccoli
Treatment 1TST 2TST 3TST 4TST 5TST 6TST 95NST D1 B0 7.82 10.30 12.94 15.99 19.96 23.44 29.87 ab
Note: Values with the same letter in the same column of the same experimental indicate no significant difference, different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference in 95% confidence
NST: the day after planting
TST: the week after planting
In Stage 1TST of the experiment, the plant heights varied significantly among treatments The D3B0 treatment exhibited the tallest height at 8.20 cm, while the D1B0 treatment measured 7.82 cm, which is 0.38 cm shorter The shortest height recorded was 6.34 cm for the D1B2 treatment.
In Stage 2TST, tree heights varied compared to Stage 1TST, with Treatment D3B0 achieving the maximum height of 10.97 cm, followed closely by D3B1 at 10.88 cm, while D2B2 recorded the lowest height at 9.87 cm In Stage 3TST, D3B0 maintained its lead with an average height of 13.31 cm, followed by D1B1 at 13.16 cm, and D2B1 had the lowest height at only 11.76 cm.
In the 4TST and 5TST stages, significant differences in average tree height were observed across treatments The treatment D1B0 exhibited the highest variation at 4TST, with an average height of 15.99 cm At the 5TST stage, D3B0 recorded the tallest average height of 20.25 cm, while D3B1 consistently showed stable growth, achieving average heights of 15.90 cm and 20.00 cm in the 4TST and 5TST stages, respectively Conversely, the lowest average heights were noted for treatments D2B1 and D2B2, measuring 13.92 cm and 18.25 cm, respectively.
In Stage 6TST, the average height of the tree shows significant variation as it develops strong stems and leaves in preparation for the first harvest Notably, treatment D3B1 achieved the highest height at 23.87 cm, marking an increase of 13.87 cm from the previous 5TST stage Following closely was treatment D1B0 at 23.44 cm, while treatment D2B2 recorded the lowest height at 21.90 cm.
At Stage 95NST, a significant difference was observed at the 95% confidence level among the treatments listed in Table 4.2 During this stage, the plants are ready for harvest, indicating a slowdown in growth and development The tallest tree measured 30.37 cm in the D3B0 treatment, while the shortest was 28.06 cm in the D2B2 treatment.
4.2.1.2 Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli plant height
The results of monitoring the separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the height of broccoli are presented in Table 4.3
Table 4.3 Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli plant height
Note: Values with the same letter in the same column of the same experimental indicate no significant difference, different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference in 95% confidence
NST: the day after planting
Through data table 4.3 we see:
The study on the effects of organic fertilizers and probiotics on broccoli height revealed significant differences The Emuniv preparation (B1) resulted in the tallest plants, reaching 30.16 cm, closely followed by chicken manure (D3) at 30.17 cm In contrast, the lowest height indices were observed with factors B2 and D2, measuring 29.11 cm and 28.85 cm, respectively Overall, the highest plant height was achieved with the combination of fertilizer D3 and biological product B1.
4.2.2 Effects of type organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the number of leaves of broccoli
4.2.2.1 Interaction effects of type organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the number of leaves of broccoli
The results of monitoring the interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the number of leaves of broccoli were presented in Table 4.4
Table 4.4 Interaction effects of type organic fertilizers and bioproduct on the number of leaves of broccoli
Treatment 1TST 2TST 3TST 4TST 5TST 6TST 95NST D1 B0 4.00 8.00 11.38 13.74 15.91 17.91 19.66 a
Note: Values with the same letter in the same column of the same experimental indicate no significant difference, different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference in 95% confidence
NST: the day after planting
TST: the week after planting
Through data table 4.4 we see:
Stage 1 TST: The number of leaves on the tree was relatively similar In the leading treatment on the average number of leaves was D2B1 with 4.09 number of leaves After that, the remaining treatment were maintained relatively evenly at 4.00 number leaves
Stage 2 TST: The number of leaves at this stage begins to differ markedly
The treatments D1B1 and D1B2 exhibited the highest average number of leaves, both reaching a count of 9.00 In contrast, the treatment D3B2 recorded the lowest average with only 7.78 leaves Thus, D1B1 and D1B2 stand out for their superior leaf count at this stage.
Stage 3 TST to 4 TST: At this growth stage, there was no change in the average number of leaves of broccoli The first place belongs to treatment D1B1 with 12.00 and 14.48 leaves, respectively at 3 TST and 4 TST The lowest average number of 3 TST and 4 TST was the treatment D2B2 with 9.89 and 12.00 number leaves, respectively So in these two stages, the average number of leaves of treatment D1B1 was the highest with 12.00 and 14.48 number of leaves
Stage 5 TST and 6 TST: The average number of leaves at this stage was different In stage 5 TST treatment D1B1 with 16.52 first number of leaves, but in stage 6 TST, D1B0 ranked first with 17.91 number of leaves The lowest average number of leaves was in treatment D2B2 with 13.68 and 14.97 leaves in both 5 TST and 6 TST stages
Stage 95 NST: Through Table 4.4, we find that the same letters in the same column of the same experimental factor indicate difference has no meaning
4.2.2.2 Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli plant number of leaves
The results of monitoring the separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on number of leaves of broccoli were presented in Table 4.5
Table 4.5 Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli plant number of leaves
Values sharing the same letter within the same column of a given experimental factor indicate no significant difference, while differing letters in the same column signify a significant difference at a 95% confidence level.
NST: the day after planting
Through data table 4.5 we see:
In the 95NST stage, the application of organic fertilizers and bioproducts on broccoli resulted in similar effects on the number of leaves, as indicated by the identical letters in the same column of the experimental factor, suggesting that the differences observed are not statistically significant.
4.2.3 Effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on leaf length, leaf width, and stem diameter of broccoli
Broccoli's yield and quality are significantly influenced by its well-developed leaf structure, including parameters such as leaf length, number of leaves, and stem diameter These factors are closely linked to the plant's photosynthetic capacity and the accumulation of organic matter.
Leaves are crucial for photosynthesis, which occurs in all green parts of the plant but is most intense in the leaves By examining the leaves, one can assess the health and growth of the plant The trunk serves as the primary conduit for transporting minerals from the soil and distributing synthesized organic matter from the leaves to other parts of the tree This conduction system regulates the upper and lower sections of the tree, ensuring optimal growth and development.
Effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on Physiological
Physiological indicators play a crucial role in determining plant growth and yield, reflecting the plants' capacity to accumulate essential nutrients These indicators are influenced by various factors, including environmental conditions and the growth stage of the plants Notably, the data regarding these physiological indicators evolves throughout the tree's growth period.
4.3.1 Effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on SPAD
The SPAD was a measure of the chlorophyll content in plant leaves Chlorophyll was an important organic substance indispensable in the photosynthesis reaction of plants
4.3.1.1 Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on SPAD
The results of monitoring the interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on SPAD of broccoli were presented in Table 4.8
Table 4.8 Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on SPAD
Note: Values with the same letter in the same column of the same experimental indicate no significant difference, different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference in 95% confidence
Through data table 4.8 we see:
At the 95% confidence level, a significant difference was observed between the treatments in Table 4.8 The SPADL1 measurement revealed that treatment D2B0 had the highest index at 89.56, while treatment D1B1 recorded the lowest at 81.50 In the SPADL2 measurement, treatment D2B0 again achieved the highest index of 94.66, compared to the lowest index of 84.36 for treatment D1B1 Overall, treatment D2B0 exhibited the highest SPAD index across both measurements.
4.3.1.2 Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli plant SPAD
The results of monitoring the separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on SPAD of broccoli were presented in Table 4.9
Table 4.9 Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli plant SPAD
Note: Values with the same letter in the same column of the same experimental indicate no significant difference, different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference in 95% confidence
Through data table 4.9 we see:
The analysis of the impact of organic fertilizers and bioproducts on the SPAD values of broccoli revealed that the results were statistically similar, as indicated by the identical letters in the same column of the experimental factor, suggesting no significant difference between the treatments.
4.3.2 Effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on LAI
The leaf area index (LAI) was the ratio of the total area of green leaves (m 2 ) to the area of the field (m 2 )
4.3.2.1 Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on LAI
The results of monitoring the interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on LAI of broccoli were presented in Table 4.10
Table 4.10 Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on LAI
Note: Values with the same letter in the same column of the same experimental indicate no significant difference, different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference in 95% confidence
Through data table 4.10 we see:
At the 95% confidence level, significant differences were observed between treatments, with treatment D3B2 exhibiting the highest Leaf Area Index (LAI1) of 2.78 m² leaves/m² land, while treatment D2B1 had the lowest at 1.48 m² leaves/m² land For LAI2, treatment D1B1 recorded the highest value of 3.15 m² leaves/m² land, compared to the lowest value of 1.85 m² leaves/m² land in treatment D3B0 Notably, I M VÅGEN et al (2004) reported that broccoli growth is positively correlated with nitrogen fertilizer application, showing a 3.9-fold increase in LAI at 120 kg N ha⁻¹ and a 4.6-fold increase at 240 kg N ha⁻¹ Additionally, suboptimal nitrogen levels combined with low temperatures significantly hinder leaf area development in broccoli, surpassing all treatments in the current study.
4.3.2.2 Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli plant LAI
The results of monitoring the separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on LAI of broccoli were presented in Table 4.11
Table 4.11 Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli plant LAI
Note: Values with the same letter in the same column of the same experimental indicate no significant difference, different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference in 95% confidence
Through data table 4.11 we see:
The study revealed significant differences in the effects of organic fertilizers and bioproducts on Leaf Area Index (LAI) Treatment D1 yielded the highest LAI1 for fertilizers at 2.37 m² leaves/m² land, while treatment D3 recorded the lowest at 2.08 m² leaves/m² land For bioproducts, B2 achieved the highest LAI1 at 2.58 m² leaves/m² land, in contrast to B1, which had the lowest at 1.92 m² leaves/m² land In terms of LAI2, treatment D1 again led with 2.81 m² leaves/m² land, whereas treatment D2 had the lowest at 2.42 m² leaves/m² land Among bioproducts, B2 reached the highest LAI2 at 2.74 m² leaves/m² land, while B0 recorded the lowest at 2.38 m² leaves/m² land Thus, treatments D1 and B2 were identified as the most effective for both LAI1 and LAI2.
Effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on productivity
4.4.1 Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on flower weight
The results of monitoring the interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on flower weight of broccoli were presented in Table 4.12
Table 4.12 Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on flower weight
Note: Values with the same letter in the same column of the same experimental indicate no significant difference, different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference in 95% confidence
Through data table 4.12 we see:
At the 95% confidence level, a significant difference was observed among the treatments listed in Table 4.12 Treatment D3B2 exhibited the highest flower weight at 736.66 g, followed closely by treatment D1B2 with 728.00 g In contrast, treatment D2B1 recorded the lowest flower weight at 555.00 g, confirming that treatment D3B2 produced the largest flowers.
4.4.2 Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli plant flower weight
The results of monitoring the separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on flower weight of broccoli were presented in Table 4.13
Table 4.13 Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli plant flower weight
Note: Values with the same letter in the same column of the same experimental indicate no significant difference, different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference in 95% confidence
Through data table 4.13 we see:
The separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproducts on flowers weight showed significant differences Flower volume was highest in fertilizer factor D3 with 682.66 g and lowest in fertilizer factor was D2 with 598.77 g
With bioproduct, the highest flower weight was B2 with 668.44 g and the lowest flower weight was in B1 with 637.22 g bioproduct So the treatment for the best flower weight was D3 and B2
4.4.3 Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on actual yield
The results of monitoring the interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on actual yield of broccoli were presented in Table 4.14
Table 4.14 Interaction effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on actual yield Treatment Actual yield (tons/ha)
Note: Values with the same letter in the same column of the same experimental indicate no significant difference, different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference in 95% confidence
Through data table 4.14 we see:
At the 95% confidence level, there was a significant difference in yields among the treatments, as shown in Table 4.14 The D3B2 treatment achieved the highest yield of 23.57 tons/ha, followed closely by the D1B2 treatment at 23.29 tons/ha In contrast, the D2B1 treatment recorded the lowest yield of 17.76 tons/ha Therefore, the D3B2 treatment is identified as the optimal choice for maximum actual yield Notably, Funda Yoldas et al (2008) reported a higher yield of 34.63 tons/ha from a nitrogen application of 300 kg N ha−1, surpassing all treatments in the current study.
4.4.4 Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli plant actual yield
The results of monitoring the separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on actual yield of broccoli were presented in Table 4.15
Table 4.15 Separate effects of organic fertilizers and bioproduct on broccoli plant actual yield Treatment Actual yield (tons/ha)
Note: Values with the same letter in the same column of the same experimental indicate no significant difference, different letters in the same column indicate a significant difference in 95% confidence
Through data table 4.15 we see:
The study revealed significant differences in actual yield between organic fertilizers and bioproducts The highest net yield from the fertilizer experiment was recorded at 21.84 tons/ha for treatment D3, while the lowest was 19.17 tons/ha for treatment D2 In the bioproduct experiment, the highest actual yield was achieved with B2 at 21.38 tons/ha, compared to the lowest yield of 20.39 tons/ha for B1 Therefore, the treatments D3 and B2 produced the highest individual actual yields.
Effect of organic fertilizers and biological products on the
Pests and diseases significantly affect the yield and quality of broccoli crops, with varying impacts across different cultivars based on their tolerance levels Common diseases at the seedling stage include Blackleg, Black rot, Downy mildew, Damping Off, and Club root Additionally, pests such as gray worms, green worms, and silkworms pose threats to broccoli plants However, monitoring has shown that there were no major disease outbreaks in broccoli grown in the field during the growing period.
The results of monitoring the effects of organic fertilizer and bioproduct treatment on the infection level of broccoli were presented in Table 4.16
Table 4.16 Effect of organic fertilizers and biological products on the harmfulness of diamondback moth
Treatment The degree of damage of
Through data table 4.16 we see:
The rate of pests and diseases on broccoli plants through the treatments was not high Leaf-eating caterpillars in treatment D2B1 were the highest with 40% and the treatment D1B0, D1B1,D1B2, D2B0,D2B2,D3B0,D3B1 and D3B2 was 20%.