GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Objectives and requirements
- Studying the effect of microorganisms and Salicylic Acid on black soybean germination under artificially salted conditions
- Evaluating the effect of EM and SA on the growth, development and productivity of black soybean germination under artificially salted conditions
- The goal of this study was to determine the appropriate SA and EM treatment dose for the growth and development of germination of black soybean under artificially salted conditions
The project will yield new scientific insights into how electromagnetic (EM) fields and salicylic acid (SA) influence the growth, development, and productivity of black soybean germination in saline environments.
- The results of the study will contribute new data for future research
Research indicates that the application of Salicylic Acid and effective microorganisms significantly enhances the care of black soybean plants, providing a scientific foundation for improving both yield and crop quality.
- The experiment was performed at the department of Plant physiology - the Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture
LITERATURE REVIEW
Overview of soybean
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), a legume from the Fabaceae family, originated in China and is now cultivated worldwide Despite its brief growing season, soybean is a highly valuable upland crop known for its economic significance and ability to enhance soil quality Consequently, soybean production has garnered increasing interest and popularity in various countries, including Vietnam (Duong Hong Dat, 2012).
Historical records indicate that soybeans were introduced to Vietnam during the era of the Hung Kings, preceding the cultivation of mung beans and black beans (Ngo The Dan et al., 1999) Today, soybean farming is predominantly concentrated in the northern regions, particularly in the hilly and midland provinces of Son La, Cao Bang, Ha Bac, and the Red River Delta.
Soybean seeds are highly nutritious, with protein content ranging from 35.5% to 40%, making them the highest-quality plant-based protein source They provide approximately 4,700 calories per kilogram, offering significant energy Soybeans are particularly beneficial for individuals with diabetes, rheumatism, neurological issues, or malnutrition Black soybeans, similar in nutrition to yellow soybeans, are fat-free and rich in protein, with half a cup of canned black soybeans containing 11 grams of protein, 1 gram of carbohydrates, 7 grams of fiber, and 120 calories, all from fat.
The black type has greater concentrations of many phytonutrients, including antioxidants than the white form.
Situation of soybean production in the world and Vietnam
2.2.1 Situation of soybean production in the world
Table 2.1 Situation of soybean production in the world from 2010 – 2019
Year Area (m ha) Yield (Ton/ha) Production ratio (m ton)
Despite a decrease in land area, global soybean output has steadily increased over the years Specifically, soybean acreage continues to rise annually However, from 2010 to 2013, soybean yield experienced a decline from 2.58 tons/ha to 2.29 tons/ha, a reduction of 0.29 tons/ha compared to 2010 Overall, soybean yield showed significant increases, with a stable annual growth of approximately 0.03% from 2014 to 2017, rising from 2.60 tons/ha in 2014 to 2.86 tons/ha in 2017 By the end of the 2018-2019 period, both area and productivity showed a slight decrease compared to 2017.
Soybean is a valuable short-term crop, ranking fourth globally in nutritional and economic importance, following wheat, wet rice, and maize It serves dual purposes as both a seed and oil crop, showcasing remarkable adaptability and soil enhancement capabilities This has established soybean as a crucial commodity for numerous countries worldwide Continuous advancements in technology, intensive farming practices, and innovative research in soybean breeding have significantly increased its acreage, yield, and overall production over time.
2.2.2 Situation of soybean production in Vietnam
Soybeans were introduced to our nation during the reign of the Hung Kings, preceding the importation of mung beans and black beans (Ngo The Dan et al., 1999) This vital food plant has a rich history and primarily serves as a protein source for humans Popular soybean-based dishes, including tofu, soy sauce, and cooking oil, have become staples in everyday cuisine Additionally, soybean crops are versatile, thriving in various agro-ecological zones, and offer numerous benefits to children and the wider community.
Situation of soybean research in the world and Vietnam
2.3.1 Situation of soybean research in the world
As of December 2010, soybean genetic resources are primarily conserved in 15 countries, including Taiwan, Australia, China, France, Nigeria, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, South Africa, Sweden, Thailand, the United States, and the former Soviet Union, totaling 45,038 seed samples (Accessions) (Tran Dinh Long, 1991).
In recent years, seed gardens have been developed at various organizations and agencies, including the Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture.
SEARCA, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), and various universities and research institutes have focused on soybean research, particularly in developing new varieties Additionally, governments and experts worldwide are investing considerable resources into studying fertilizers for soybean cultivation Researching fertilizers and plant care practices is essential for maximizing growth and achieving the highest possible yield from soybean varieties.
2.3.2 Situation of soybean research in Vietnam
Soybean has a long history in Vietnam since 1773, when Louriro and Rumphius reported the plant as being produced in Malaysia and Vietnam (Ngo The Dan et al, 1999)
Vietnam has significantly invested in soybean variety research and breeding to enhance soybean production, recognizing the importance of diverse soybean varieties in intensive farming The country's soybean diversity surpasses that of other legumes, featuring numerous local and imported varieties, as well as newly developed strains Since 1962, the Institute of Industrial Crops at the Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology has been tasked with collecting and importing soybean varieties Currently, the Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VAAS) maintains 500 seed samples, primarily cultivated soybeans from various localities, including two wild varieties from Bac Ha district in Lao Cai Additionally, the collection includes imported varieties from 35 countries, predominantly from China, Taiwan, Japan, Russia, and the United States.
The primary objectives of soybean breeding include achieving high production levels tailored to specific harvesting times for different locations Additionally, it focuses on developing traits such as pest and disease resistance, shedding and peeling resistance, and resilience to adverse climatic conditions.
This plant has the ability to produce nitrogen, which significantly influences both the quality and yield of the grain Additionally, factors such as the unique characteristics of each biological region and their specific applications are taken into account.
2.4 The current state of research on the impacts of salinity and salt tolerance on plants
2.4.1 Impact of salinity factors on plants
Salinity tolerance in plants refers to their ability to grow and thrive in salinized soil environments throughout their life cycle, with different crops exhibiting varying levels of salt resistance Soil permanent plants are generally more adept at acquiring and storing sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions due to the high sodium chloride concentration in salty soils, while also undergoing necessary physiological modifications Essential functions such as respiration, photosynthesis, and transpiration help these plants cope with water shortages However, soil salinization poses a significant threat to crop growth and development, as excessive salinity hinders water absorption and leads to physiological drought Consequently, the detrimental effects of NaCl make cultivating plants in saline soils particularly challenging.
The salinization of soil in Vietnam is significantly influenced by seawater, leading to a composition of soluble salts similar to that of the ocean (Le Van Khoa, 2003) With rising sea levels being a prominent indicator of climate change, the salinization issue is expected to intensify, especially in vulnerable coastal areas like the Mekong Delta From an agricultural standpoint, saline soil contains higher concentrations of dissolved salts, which adversely affects crop yields and quality.
2.4.2 The effect of salinity on the physiological activities of plants, and the growth and development phases
Salt is one of the most important abiotic elements regulating plant development, physiology, and yield, and it has a significant impact on crop output (Taufiq et al., 2016)
Table 2.2 Some crops have a high salt tolerance
Salinity significantly affects all stages of plant development, inhibiting growth and altering plant structure (Nawaz et al., 2010; Cakmak, 2005) It particularly delays germination, leading to a notable decrease in germination rates, root length, and sprout length (Nayer and Reza, 2008) Additionally, as salinity levels rise, key growth metrics such as main stem height, leaf count, branch number, and dry matter accumulation decline sharply (Mensah et al., 2006) Understanding the physiological aspects of salt tolerance in plants is crucial for enhancing agricultural production.
9 development of methods to increase salt tolerance in plants and the selection of varieties that can grow in saline conditions.
Salicylic Acid is a kind of acid (SA)
2.5.1 The function of Salicylic Acid is as follows:
Salicylic Acid (SA) is a vital plant hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating plant immunity and influencing various responses, including abiotic stress tolerance, growth, and soil microbiota interactions Research shows that SA is involved in numerous metabolic and physiological activities in both plants and animals It enhances plant resistance to abiotic stresses such as heat, salt, drought, and low temperatures, while also signaling protective responses against diseases and promoting resistance development in plants.
2.5.2 The current state of Salicylic Acid (SA) research around the globe
There have been several research conducted all throughout the globe that demonstratio that SA has anti-stress properties Mohammad Ail Karimian
A study conducted in 2015 evaluated the impact of salicylic acid (SA) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of peanuts under drought conditions The findings revealed that applying 0.3 mM SA positively influenced both the yield and quality of peanuts during periods of water scarcity.
Salicylic acid (SA) enhances leaf area and dry weight in maize and soybean (Khan et al., 2003) For wheat, soaking seeds in SA prior to planting promotes germination and seedling growth Low concentrations of SA significantly increase dry matter accumulation, while higher concentrations can have an inhibitory effect (Faridudin et al., 2003).
2.5.3 The current state of Salicylic Acid (SA) research in Vietnam
Salicylic Acid (SA) is a phytohormone known for its diverse effects on plant growth While numerous studies have explored the impact of SA on crop production and quality, research focusing on its effects in Vietnam remains limited.
The study by La Viet Hong and colleagues (2018) focused on the effects of salicylic acid (SA) on the yield and quality of mung beans, a highly productive crop Their research examined how aluminum influences the germination ratio and various physiological and biochemical parameters during the sprouting stage of mung beans, highlighting the significant role of exogenous SA in this process.
SA at a dosage of 0.01 milligrams per milliliter (mL), the researchers discovered that mung bean sprouts had improved germination ratio, length, fresh and dry weight, peroxidase activity, and proline content
Applying Salicylic Acid (SA) at concentrations of 0.25mM and 0.50mM to cucumber seedlings under artificial drought conditions significantly mitigated the adverse effects of drought on plant growth Growth indicators revealed that SA treatment increased plant height by 1.2 times and enhanced the number of leaves, leaf area, and LAI index by 1.66 leaves/plant and 13.3 cm² leaves/plant, respectively Additionally, dry matter accumulation in leaves and roots increased by 1.7 and 4.5 times Chlorophyll a and b content rose from 0.01 to 0.06 mg, while carotenoid levels decreased by 0.01 mg under drought conditions with SA Furthermore, SA treatment reduced proline and MDA levels compared to the control, although it did not significantly affect H2O2 content or the chlorophyll fluorescence index (Fv/Fm) Notably, the 0.5mM SA concentration proved to be more effective than the 0.25mM concentration.
11 concentration, out of the two SA concentrations tested (Nguyen Thi Phuong Dung et al., 2016).
Effective Microorganisms
Effective microorganisms (EM) are beneficial microbial mixtures designed to enhance environmental safety and economic efficiency for users They improve feed utilization, bolster disease prevention in animals, and enhance food quality by accelerating the decomposition of organic matter Globally, EM treatments have been applied to various crops, with some, like Sumagrow from North America, reportedly increasing yields by up to 200% while addressing soil issues such as salinity Probiotics contribute to nutrient breakdown for plant growth, maintaining ecological balance, and improving soil conditions They enhance soil fertility and combat diseases and pests, while also strengthening the resilience of plants and animals in challenging environments This study investigates the individual and combined effects of EM and salicylic acid (SA) on growth and phytoremediation potential under artificially saline conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
- Substances include: Salicylic Acid (SA), NaCl, Effective microorganisms (EM)
- Instruments and chemicals in the laboratory of the Department of Plant Physiology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture
Experiment site and research time
- Experiment site: Faculty of Agronomy in Vietnam National University of Agriculture
- Research time: The experiment will be conducted from
Research Contents
- Studying the effect of microorganisms and Salicylic Acid on black soybean germination under artificially salted conditions
Methods
The experiment involved soaking and incubating black soybean seeds across 20 treatments with three replications Uniformly sized seeds were washed, soaked in soapy water for 10 minutes, and rinsed before being placed in 20ml solution containers for soaking After a 4-hour soak, the seeds were incubated in a plastic box with aeration holes at a temperature of 25±2°C, with germination ratios recorded every 5 days The seeds were kept in a plastic box lined with two layers of absorbent paper, sealed tightly, and equipped with an air mesh lid, receiving water twice daily as per treatment Germination was assessed daily for five days, with seeds considered germinated when both the plumule and radicle exceeded 2 cm in length.
On the fifth day, the final germination ratio and both fresh and dried weights were measured For the dry weight assessment, the fresh shoots and roots were dried in an oven at 115 degrees Celsius for 12 hours prior to weighing.
Make sure the seeds have enough light to germinate properly
Check and maintain proper humidity levels during germination Adding water twice a day at 8a.m and 16p.m
Limiting fungal invasion from the outside, if you notice mold, replace it with another layer of paper
Count the germination ratio after 24hr, 48hr, 72hr, 96hr, 120hr each day After 5 days, measure the length of the cotyledons and cotyledons
Weigh the fresh and dried weights of the radicle, caulicle (from root collar to cotyledons), and cotyledons (cotyledons to growing apex).
Managing collected data
Mean values were taken from the measurements of three replicates The standard deviations of the means were calculated Analyses were completed using Microsoft Excel version 2013
Monitoring indicators
Germination ratio (%) = 100 x Total number of seeds sprouted/Total number of seeds sown (Seeds are considered germinated when sprouts appear about 2mm long) Fresh weight of seedling and rootstock (g/plant)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of artificially salty condition on the black soybean germination
Seed germination is the process by which a plant grows from a seed, leading to the formation of a seedling Successful germination depends on both internal and external factors, including temperature, water content, oxygen levels, and potentially light conditions Different plant species require specific environmental conditions for optimal germination, which are often influenced by the seed's native habitat Additionally, the cultivation environment of the seeds affects their germination response in future growth periods This stage is crucial for seedling establishment and is a key determinant of successful crop production (Almansouri et al., 2001; Finch Savage and Bassel, 2016).
Agricultural production in our nation has declined due to urbanization and climate change, particularly from saltwater intrusion Water and salinity stress significantly impact plant growth and yield, with salinity hindering seed germination by creating osmotic pressure that limits water absorption and through the toxic effects of sodium and chloride ions To counteract the adverse effects of saltwater intrusion on crop yields, especially black soybean, farmers should implement rational irrigation practices and utilize cultivars with high salinity tolerance.
17 yields in particular The following table provides an evaluation of the effects of of artificially salty condition to the black soybean germination
Figure 4.1 The experiments of germination Table 4.1 Effect of artificially salty condition on the black soybean germination
Research by Mensah et al (2006) and Nawel et al (2015) indicates that seed varieties exhibiting salt tolerance demonstrate better sprouting capabilities in saline conditions.
The control treatment achieved the highest germination ratio, whereas saline conditions led to a significantly lower germination ratio, falling below 97 percent Notably, the NaCl0.2M treatment recorded the lowest germination ratio at 36.08 percent within the first 24 hours, while the NaCl0.05M treatment exhibited the highest ratio, closely followed by NaCl0.01M.
The NaCl 0.15M treatment initially exhibited a low germination ratio of 47.50 percent within the first 24 hours, ranking second lowest after the NaCl 0.2M treatment However, it demonstrated the highest germination ratio among the salt concentrations for black soybeans from 72 to 120 hours, increasing from 94.38% to 96.38%.
24hr 48hr 72hr 96hr 120hr
Chart 4.1.The germination ratio under artificially salty condition of black soybean
The concentration of salt significantly impacts the germination ratio, with higher salt levels resulting in lower germination rates Specifically, black soybean seeds exhibit a notably reduced germination ratio under saline conditions compared to normal conditions Among the various treatments, the 0.15M NaCl treatment yielded the most consistent results, demonstrating a significant effect on seed germination as indicated in Table 4.1 Therefore, we recommend using the 0.15M NaCl treatment for future experiments involving SA and EM.
Figure 4.2 The germination ratio under artificially salty condition
Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) to the black soybean germination
Table 4.2 shows that among four treatments of SA, the SA 1mM treatment had the highest germination ratio in the first 24 hours, followed by
SA 0.5mM After 48 hours, all treatments had a success ratio of more than 90 percent
Table 4.2 Effect of SA to the black soybean germination
The treatment with SA 0.75mM initially yielded the lowest germination rate of 71.50 percent within the first 24 hours However, this rate increased significantly to 92.21 percent after 48 hours, peaking at 96.79 percent by 72 hours, and remained stable at 97.57 percent until 120 hours.
Seeds treated with salicylic acid (SA) exhibit faster germination compared to those germinated under artificial saline conditions The optimal germination ratio was achieved with a treatment of 0.75 mM SA.
24hr 48hr 72hr 96hr 120hr
Chart 4.2 Effect of SA on the germination ratio
Figure 4.3 Effect of Salicylic Acid on the germination ratio
A: SA 0.25mM; B: SA 0.5mM; C: SA 0.75mM; D: SA 1mM
Effect of Effective Microorganisms (EM) on the black soybean germination
The data indicates that after 24 hours, the EM1 and EM2 treatments achieved the highest germination ratio at 75.00%, while the EM4 treatment recorded the lowest at 57.50% Initially, the EM3 treatment had a lower germination ratio of 66.25%, but after 48 hours, it surpassed the others with a peak ratio of 87.50%, maintaining this level up to 120 hours Although EM1 led in germination during the first 24 hours, it exhibited the lowest ratio among the four treatments from 72 to 120 hours, ranging between 86.25% and 87.50%.
Table 4.3 Effect of EM on the black soybean germination
After 96 hours, all treatments had a germination ratio greater than 80% There were no significant differences in the germination ratios of EM 2, 3, 4 When compared to EM 2, 3, 4 treatments and EM 1 treatment, this demonstration the beneficial effect of EM 2, 3, and 4 on boosting the germination ratio of black soybean
24hr 48hr 72hr 96hr 120hr
Chart 4.3 Effect of EM on the germination ratio
Figure 4.4 Effect of EM on the germination
Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) to the black soybean germination under
Recent studies indicate that salicylic acid (SA) plays a crucial role in regulating various responses, such as abiotic stress tolerance, plant growth, and soil microbiota This article examines the impact of different concentrations of SA on black soybean germination under varying saline conditions.
Table 4.4 Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) to the black soybean germination under artificially salty conditions
Table 4.4 reveals that treating seeds with 0.5mM salicylic acid (SA) resulted in the lowest germination ratio of 52.67 percent within the first 24 hours when combined with 0.15M sodium chloride (NaCl) This was followed by a germination ratio of 59.33 percent with 0.2M NaCl and 65.67 percent with 0.1M NaCl.
In a study examining the effects of different treatments on germination, it was found that during the 48-120 hour period, two treatments of SA 0.5mM combined with salt concentrations of 0.15M and 0.1M did not differ significantly from the remaining salt treatments Notably, the combination of SA 0.5mM and NaCl 0.1M consistently yielded the highest germination ratio throughout the testing period.
When used in salt treatments, SA 0.75mM produced results that were comparable to those obtained when using 0.5mM SA However, there was a
In the first 24 hours, a notable difference was observed between the two treatments, with seeds soaked in three different salt concentrations combined with 0.75 mM salicylic acid (SA) achieving a higher germination ratio, ranging from 56.67% to 77.22%.
%) when compared with 0.5mM SA( 52.67-65.67% )
We may prioritize employing SA at a concentration of 0.75mM to treat black soybean seeds under the aforementioned saline circumstances, which we will do in the next trials
24hr 48hr 72hr 96hr 120hr
Chart 4.4 Effect of SA 0.5mM on the germination ratio under artificially salty conditions
Chart 4.5 Effect of SA 0.75mM on the germination ratio under artificially salty conditions
Figure 4.5 Effect of SA on the germination under artificially salty conditions
A: SA 0.5 mM +NaCl 0.1M; B: SA 0.5 mM +NaCl 0.15M; C: SA 0.5 mM +NaCl 0.2M; D:
SA 0.75 mM +NaCl 0.1M; E: SA 0.75 mM +NaCl 0.15M; F: SA 0.75 mM +NaCl 0.2M
Effect of Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the germination under
Salinity significantly impacts plant growth and crop yield, posing a major abiotic stress Traditional approaches to developing salt-tolerant crops are often expensive and complex Consequently, utilizing plant growth-promoting microbes (EM) presents a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to enhance salt stress tolerance in plants This study aims to explore the effects of EM on black soybean germination As shown in Table 4.5, the control treatment exhibited the lowest germination rate at 39.88 percent within the first 24 hours, compared to the salt treatments that incorporated EM.
27 period, NaCl 0.15M + EM 2 treatment had the greatest germination ratio (61.0 percent), followed by NaCl 0.15M + EM 1 (56.25 percent), NaCl 0.15M + EM 3 (58.50 percent), and the lowest was the treatment NaCl 0.15M + EM 4 (46.17%)
Table 4.5 Effect of EM to the germination under artificially salty conditions
In the initial 24 hours, the treatment of NaCl 0.15M + EM 3 exhibited the lowest germination ratio However, by 48 hours, it achieved the highest germination ratio of 86.00 percent, which increased to 94.50 percent at 120 hours This was followed by the treatments NaCl 0.15M + EM 1 with 88.50 percent, NaCl 0.15M + EM 2 at 86.00 percent, and NaCl 0.15M + EM 4 with 82.17 percent.
G er m in at ion r at io ( % )
NaCl 0.15M NaCl 0.15M + EM 1 NaCl 0.15M + EM 2 NaCl 0.15M + EM 3 NaCl 0.15M + EM 4
Chart 4.6 Effect of EM on the germination under artificially salty condition
In summary, the combination of 0.15M NaCl treatment with EM 3 resulted in a high and consistent germination rate in the experiment Therefore, EM3 is recommended for evaluating the germination of black soybean in saline conditions.
Figure4.6 Effect of EM on the germination ratio under artificially salty condition
A: NaCl 0.15M + EM 1; B: NaCl 0.15M + EM 2; C: NaCl 0.15M + EM 3; D: NaCl 0.15M + EM 4
Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) and Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the
The germination of black soybean was significantly reduced in treated seeds under SA 0.75 mM + EM treatments (table 4.6) when we compare with control treatment
With regard to the first 24 hours, the outcomes of the SA coupled with
In the study of EM treatments, the SA 0.75 mM + EM 4 treatment yielded the lowest germination rate at 35.00 percent, while the SA 0.75 mM + EM 2 treatment achieved the highest at 67.50 percent Notably, although the SA 0.75 mM + EM 3 treatment had a germination ratio of only 63.83 percent after 24 hours, it demonstrated significant improvement over time, reaching germination rates between 85.00 and 96.25 percent after 48 to 120 hours In contrast, the SA 0.75 mM + EM 1 and SA 0.75 mM + EM 4 treatments showed the slowest growth, with both treatments recording germination results below 89 percent after 120 hours.
Table 4.6 Effect of SA and EM on the black soybean germination
The combination of SA 0.75mM with 4 EM treatments produces poorer germination results than using SA 0.75mM alone In contrast, the joint application of SA 0.75mM and EM3 yields positive outcomes, indicating that EM3 effectively enhances germination rates compared to other EMs.
24hr 48hr 72hr 96hr 120hr
G er m in at ion r at io (%)
Chart 4.7 Effect of SA and EM on the germination ratio
Figure 4.7 Effect of SA and EM on the germination
A: SA 0.75 mM + EM 1; B: SA 0.75 mM + EM 2; C: SA 0.75 mM + EM 3; D:
4.7 Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) and Effective Microorganisms (EM) to the germination under artificially salty conditions
In Table 4.7, it can be seen that in the first 24 hours, when combining 0.15M NaCl, 0.75mM SA, and 4 types of EM, the germination results were
The germination ratio of the treatments combining NaCl, SA, and EM 1, 2, 3 was higher than that of the control treatment SA 0.75mM, which had a germination rate of 71.25 percent In comparison to the NaCl treatment at 0.15M, which recorded a germination rate of 47.50 percent, the three combined treatments exhibited a germination ratio fluctuating over 48%.
Table 4.7 Effect of SA and EM on the germination under artificially salty conditions
According to the results of this experiment, the treatment containing EM 2 produced the highest germination ratios in four types of microorganisms from
The germination rates of black soybean varied significantly, with the highest rates observed between 48 to 120 hours, ranging from 81.25% to 91.25% In contrast, the treatments with NaCl 0.15M combined with EM 3 and SA 0.75mM yielded germination rates of 80.33% to 85.33%, while the combination of NaCl 0.15M, EM 1, and SA 0.75mM resulted in the lowest germination ratio, ranging from 68.67% to 83.75%.
Under 0.15M salinity conditions, the combination of SA 0.75mM and EM 2, 3, 4 led to a statistically significant difference in germination percentage Notably, the treatment with EM 2 and 3 alongside SA 0.75mM showed a marked enhancement in the salt tolerance of the seeds compared to the other EM treatments.
24hr 48hr 72hr 96hr 120hr
G er m in at ion r at io ( % )
SA 0.75 mM NaCl0.15M NaCl0.15M + EM 1 + SA 0.75 mM NaCl0.15M + EM 2 + SA 0.75 mM NaCl0.15M + EM 3 + SA 0.75 mM
Chart 4.8 Effect of SA and EM on the germination ratio under artificially salty conditions
Figure 4.8 Effect of SA and EM on the germination under artificially salty conditions
A: SA 0.75 Mm; B: NaCl 0.15M; C: NaCl 0.15M + EM 1 + SA 0.75 mM; D: NaCl 0.15M + EM 2 + SA 0.75 mM; E: NaCl 0.15M + EM 3 + SA 0.75 mM; F: NaCl 0.15M + EM 4 + SA 0.75 mM
Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) and Effective Microorganisms (EM) on weight
Fresh weights: The statistics indicate that when treatment are treated with
The application of EM and its combination with SA resulted in an increase in fresh weight, ranging from 4.05 to 4.22g In contrast, treatments involving SA and EM mixed with salt yielded lower fresh weights of 3.81 to 3.87g The lowest fresh weight was observed in the salt treatment, measuring between 3.33 and 3.59g.
Table 4.8 Effect of EM and SA on weight of black soybeans
A: H2O; B: NaCl 0.05M; C: NaCl 0.1M; D: NaCl 0.15M; E: NaCl 0.2M; F: SA 0.25mM; G: SA 0.5mM; H: SA 0.75mM; I: SA 1mM
After 5 days of germination, seeds treated with SA and EM combined with SA exhibited the highest weight, ranging from 4.69 to 5.60g In contrast, seeds subjected to high salt concentrations (0.2M) recorded the lowest weight at 3.89g Other treatments showed weights varying from 4.2g to above 4.2g.
The treatments utilizing a combination of Effective Microorganisms (EM) and Salicylic Acid (SA) achieved the highest dry weight, ranging from 1.57 to 1.71g In comparison, treatments with only SA and those with EM combined with salt showed lower dry weights, between 1.57 and 1.63g Notably, there was no significant difference observed in the dry weight of the treatments that included salt.
SA, combined EM treatments and the dry mass treatments of the combined SA
The salted treatment led to contamination of the EM with salt, causing a lack of development in the beans Consequently, the weight of the beans remained constant, showing minimal differences between the treatments.
The correlation between water and moisture content with germination ratio
Table 4.9 Water and moisture content of black soybean
Water content after soaking 4hr (%)
The data in Table 4.9 highlights the relationship between water, moisture content, and germination ratio After four hours of soaking, all recipe groups absorbed over 40% water, with treatments using EM and SA 0.75M achieving the highest absorption rates of 49.94 to 51.75 percent After 120 hours, humidity levels remained stable, ranging from 63.08 to 71.61 percent Notably, the SA 0.5mM treatment yielded the highest humidity increase at 71.61 percent, followed by SA 0.75mM at 69.69 percent Additionally, the SA treatment group demonstrated the best germination ratio, with SA 0.75mM achieving 97.60 percent, closely trailing the control treatment at 98.00 percent.
The treatments using EM, although having high water content and moisture content, had a lower germination ratio than the treatments not using
EM, in which, the treatment combined 4 types of EM with SA 0.75mM and NaCl 0.15M gave the lowest germination ratio, ranging from 82.50 - 91.25%
In conclusion, black soybean seeds maintain their sprouting ability when soaked in artificial salt conditions, with EM treatments demonstrating superior moisture absorption and retention compared to non-EM treatments Furthermore, treating seeds with SA 0.75M alongside EM strains significantly improves their water absorption and moisture retention during germination, leading to a higher germination ratio correlated with increased water content and moisture levels.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
1 The results show that the effect of SA on black soybean germination in artificially saline environments in Gia Lam - Hanoi give better results than the non- use SA
2 Different concentrations of EM and SA use at different stages have impact on plant growth and development during the period of germination Salinity inhibited the germination of black soybeans and decreased their weight The investigation on black soybean germination in artificial salt treatments ranging from 0.05 M to 0.2 M revealed that the percentage of seeds germinated under saline circumstances was much lower than under normal conditions, reaching only 36.08 percent - 61.00 percent in the first 24 hours The concentration of salt has an effect on the germination ratio: the greater the concentration of salt, the slower the germination
3 Among four treatments of SA, the SA 1mM treatment had the highest germination ratio in the first 24 hours, followed by SA 0.5mM, SA 0.25mM, SA 0.75mM After 48 hours, all treatments had a success ratio of more than 90 percent The SA 0.75mM treatment had the highest germination ratio with 97.57% In the results of the treatments using EM for particle treatment, the treatment mixed with EM 2, 3 produced a high and steady germination ratio when compared to the other EMs used
4 Salinity has been shown to reduce the germination ratio and weight of black soybean in the germination experiments above, the concentration of salt has an effect on the germination ratio However, when combined with SA preparations, salinity has been shown to help increase the tolerance of black soybean to salinity and increase the germination capacity of black soybean under saline conditions The EM 2, 3 treatment can be preferred over the other EM
Research indicates that specific treatments significantly enhance the germination of black soybean, with EM 2,3 demonstrating a higher and more stable germination ratio when used alone or in combination with SA under saline conditions Additionally, increased water moisture levels correlate positively with improved germination rates.
5 Thus, EM 2, 3 and SA 0.75M treatments should be used when assessing the germination of black soybean under salty circumstances.
Recommendations
Salicylic Acid (SA) can enhance germination rates and support plant growth in artificially saline environments Ongoing research is essential to evaluate the effects of varying concentrations of EM and Salicylic Acid on the productivity components of black soybean.
Future research should focus on the effects of EM and Salicylic Acid under artificial saline conditions on the growth and development of black soybean germination It is essential to confirm the individual and combined impacts of microorganisms and Salicylic Acid on this process Additionally, this research could lead to valuable recommendations for manufacturing practices.