SUY TU VI THAN PHAN CON NGU81THONG THUYIN NGAN NGUYIN HUY THllp.. Ki thuQrvi~t ,liau luy~n va chu d~ tll hJong sau sac trong m51 toe pheim do khOng dinh vi tri cue nha van trong dong cha
Trang 1SUY TU VI THAN PHAN CON NGU81THONG THUYIN NGAN NGUYIN HUY THllp
1 Nom 1987, voi S,!xueithi~n cuo truy~n ngan
«Toong v~ huu" tran tuan boo Van ngh~(56 ro
ngay 20/6/1987), Nguyen Huy Thi~p tro th?nh
hi~n hJqng cuo von dan Vi~t Nom Ki thuQrvi~t
,liau luy~n va chu d~ tll hJong sau sac trong m51
toe pheim do khOng dinh vi tri cue nha van trong
dong chay van hoc Vi~t Nom Nh&c d~n nhfrng
thanh t'!u deii mol van hoc Vi~t Nom sou nom
1975 khong th~ ba qua nhOng truy~n ngan day
am anh, c6 khl chua chat nhung man mac bu6n
thU'ang cuo Nguyen Huy Thi~p Hi~n tllqng
Nguyen Huy Thl~p c6 SlrCanh hllong cOng nhll
SlrChut mQnh me d6i vol nhOng ngU'al yau van
va hoc van
T~ong qua trinh sang tQOcuo minh, m51 nha
van d~u can d~n nhOng hinh tllqng nhan vQt d~
th~hi~n tutuOng chu c1~.RiengNguyen HuyThI~,
trong truy~n ng&n, khong khal quat cac ki~u nhan
vQt di~n hinh rna m51 nhan vQt cuo ong 10mQt
than phQn rlang; nha van sol theiu tQn tam can,
phal bay nhOng rung cam, dai s6ng tam Ii qua
thQt cua con ngool khl~n cho khong it c1<}cgla
phai rung minh khl ti~p cQnvan chllang Nguyen
Huy Thi~p Banv~ cach miau to con ngllai 0 nhOng
phan sau kin nhelt trong trang vi~t cua ong, nha
nghian Clru Hoang NgQc Hi~n nhQn c1lnh:«n61
v~ s,! cl6n mQt, hen kern cua con ngual, cau van
Nguyen Huy HI~p thllang man mac cam glac ta
taL Dang sou cam giac nay 10nOic10unhan tinh
MQt nol c10uam tham, IQng Ie nhllng sau sac
Ngol but trao phung cuo Nguyen Huy Thi~p vvo
trao phung vvo x6t xo" (l; tr.356) NOl c10ueiy
xueit phat tV nhOng suy tll, tran tro cuo tac gia v~
than phQn con ngllai
2 S'1phat hl~n nh(ing bi k!ch glau cheit
thO'v~ than phqn con ngool
ThuQtngOh; kichnghia g6c dung d~ chi mQt
IOQihinh klch «Bi klch phon anh khong phal bang
~,.:'f'!s,! rna bang hanh dQng cuonhan vQt chinh,
mal xung c1Qtkhong th~ di~u hoa dU'qcgiOo cal
thl~n va cai ac, cai coo co va cai thelp hen;: dien
o TRINHVI~TToAN*
ra trong mQt tinh hu6ng c,!c ki cang thOng rna nhan VQtthllang th06t ro khal n6 bang cai ch~t
bi thorn gay.nan nhOng suy tu va xuc dQng rncnh
me deSlvol cong chung" (2)
Trong van hoc hi~n c1QI,khai ni~m hi k/ch
con c1l1qcdung c1~chi mQt trQng thai cue cam hung sang tac cam hung bl k/ch.Bi~u hl~n cuo tinh bi klch10trQng huang mau thulin d~n cung C,!C,10 S,! dou c1on, meit mat, 10 cam giac bat
mon cuo con ngllai trong cUQcdai c1aybi~n<19n9
va phlrC tQP.Cam xuc bi kich boo ham S,!x6t xo, thU'OTlgtl~C, c16ngcam gan h~n vol nl~m N hao rang con ngllai c6 suc mQnh vU'qtra kh61S,!tam thoong, Vllqt Ian nOi dou khei belt chelp nhOng hl~m nguy
V~ mQt nao c16, bi kich nhll 10 h~ qua cuo khat vQng khong thanh, chinh xac han,10h~ qua cuo mau thulin glOa khat vQng va hl~n th'!c C6 nhOng bl klch c1U'qctQOnan bois,! mau thudn gi(io ca nhan voi hoan canh, song cOng c6 nhOng bl kich 10 s,! tIl mau thudn cuo chu th~
06 chfnh 10 cUQcdeiu tronh nQI tam gay gat, cang thOng, thU'ong tr,!c cuo nhan vQt Trong truy~n ng&n Nguyen Huy Thi~p c6 co hoi ki~u
bi k!ch nay Thong thllang, nhan vQt khong boo gla c6 dllqc dl~u hQ can tim trong hanh trinh khat vQng cuo minh Chuang (Con gal thuy thdn),
HQnh(Huy~n thoQ;phd phuong), NgQc(Nhiing nguol thq xe),KI~m(Quan Am chi 19),«tol" (Con gal thuy th6n), 10 nhOng nhan vQt nhll vQY· Chllang mol kl~m tim hinh b6ng «mE;'Co" nhl! mQtthlr hQnh phuc khong c6 th'!c tran dol «Con gal thuy thdn! Nang a ddu? Nang a cha ndo?
Vi co; gi? Sol Ie gi? De' to; muqn mau son phcin
ra dl /I (3; tr.961 Nhan vQt c1a ro c11gan h~t Olio cUQcdol minh, ra dl trong co dan, tim kl~m trong co dan va tro v~ trong co dan HQnh
(Huy~n thoQ;phd phuong) c10tvng nuoi trong long khat vQng sou nay tro thanh«m9t nguOlxucit
Trang 2
~ -chung". LJocmu5n ay chlnh c1angva c1~pc1e.Th~
nhung, tren con c111Cmgthl!Chi~nIftvOng c16,Honh
c1aI~ch hllong vi SI!tham lam va mat tl! chutnrec
SlrCcam d6 qua Ion cuo vgt chat HQnh coi c16ng
ti~n 10 rnuc c1fchs5ng coo nhat cue minh Han
san sang «xdn toy 00, allO toy mo doc theo eai
ranh a&y bun long bong nvae bcin, thqm chf con
co cd eve phon ngvc}i"(3; tr.236) Bi kich cua
H<;mh10bi kich cua mQtcon ngllol IQc15i.Ngool
c1QcVLraghe tom nhung cOng ti~c cho anh to v~
mQt glai c109nva khat vQng c1~pc1eban c15u:
phai chang, c1eiycon nglloi roi vao bl kich nay
khong c10nthu5n chi 10 II do chu quan cua co
nhan ma mQt ph5n con thuQcv~ trach nhl~m xa
hQi, khi khong cho phep Hc;mhtoan tam, toon y
«10mvi~" va «sang tQo" ma bat han phal lcay
hoay, Veltva ki6m ti~n? Phan onh Sl! bi~n chat
c1~nc1aulong cua con nglloi, Nguy~n Huy Thi~p
c16ngthai keu gQI con ngllol hay bOo v~ nhan
tlnh, ClrUlay nhan coch cua bOn than va c16ng
10QI.Con ngllol hay glO gin bOn tlnh tat c1~pcua
minh, th06t ra khoi SI!tam t51,thl~u hi~u bl~t va
nhOngtham dvc thap hen, hay giO 16ynhan pheim
cua minh trlloc SlrCmQnhghe gam cua c16ngti~n
cDng nhll 151s5ng sung bai vgt chelt hl~n thai
Dang sou nhOng cau chuy~n lam to te tol chfnh 10
mQt n61 bu6n nhan tinh rat IQng Ie va chua x6t
cua ngllol cam but
Nguy~n Huy Thl~p luon day d(rt: «Li~u con
ngvc}ico thd hidu avqc con ngool khong, co thd
ton tr<;>ng va mdn yeu con ngvc}ikhong Tgi sao
nhCingngvc}1t5t Igi thvc}ngaau kh6? beithgnh?"
(3; tr.120) Trong xa hQi, nhOngcau hoi ay khong
c6 gi moi nhung van chlla h~ c6 cau tra 101thoa
c1ang Hanh trinh c11tim y nghTa drch th\fC cua
cUQcs5ng c6 khi qua khac nghl~t, tllOC di cua
nglloi to nhl~u thlr va cOng c1eiyngllol to d~n
ch5n th&m sau cua n6i co don «Teitcd a~u aeiy
con ngvc}1v~nol tqn eung y thvc co nhan ehfnh
no Con ngvc}i tv co Igi nhll con sou, c61 kldn,
thue thu trong ph&n sinh Iinhwa be m<;>n, vuaco
aem, vua beit IlIe, no chop aol mdt pheip phong
10 au trong tam han no va tv hoi minh: la al? al
aau? thd noo? lam gi? tidn adn aau? boo gio
thonh tllU?bao glo kdt thue?"(3; tr.193)
Con nglloi kh5n kh6 b! deiy vao hoan canh
bli'_kich,bi tho h6a khong phal la dl~u moi me
trong van hQcVi~t Nom (Chi Pheo, anh Pha, chi
Dgu cua dong van hQc hi~n thl!c phe phan·la
nhOng c1i~nhinh) Tuy nhien, con nglloi bl klch
trong truy~n ngan Nguy~n Huy Thi~p con la h~ quacuenhOng quan ni~m, nhOng hu tvc IQchgu, 16i thai D6 10 ki~u con nglloi luon mang khat vQng thay c16i, vuot ra khol nhOng I~ th61cue
hoon cdnh, hOQckhong mu5n thay c16ivi b]tr6i bUQCboi YthlrC cOc1acam r~ trong d5u Nguy~n Huy Thi~p khong chi nhln thay nguyen nhan 0
xa hQi, mo con nhin thay nguyen nhan 0 chfnh
co nhan con ngllai Trong xa hQI, ngQ nhgn da tro thanh mQt net tam II tham can e5 ad. Nhan vgt trong truy~n cua Nguy~n Huy Thi~p ngQnhgn v~ Sl! hen y~u cua ~hfnh minh, ngQ nhgn v~ SlrC mQnhcua ke khac Y thvc an phgn cua con ngllol ti~u nong, mQt t5t d~p 10glO cho n6 tranh khol nhOng trQng thai tinh than n51 lO9n, trgt tl! xa hQIdo d6 thllong dllqC dam bao Nhllng ngllqc
IQI, vol y thvc tl~u nong va SI! ngQ nhgn v~ cai
gi d6 ngoai minh qua Ion lao, v~ mQt bon than minh qua nho be, mal mal khong 10dQng co, dQng l\fc, ma trallQl, 10dQ i, svc tri keo d51 vol SI! phat tri~n
NhOng truy~n ngan cua Nguy~n Huy Thl~p khong ngung suy tll v~y nghTa cua cUQcs5ng, cua tinh yeu, cua cal ch~t, ong khong boo glo tim ra 101gial dap trQn v~n cho nhOng cau hoi d6 C6 Ie chlnh vi vgy nhang nhan vQt trong truy~n ngan cua ong luon luon co don «nhll m9t hanh tlnh, nhll ng<;>n glo". HQ luon luon day dvt boi cau hoi: «Ll~u con nglloi co hliu allqc con ngllol khong, cothi ton tr<;>ng va yeu mdn con ngllol khong Tgl sao nhCing ngvc}1 to'tIgi thll&ng aau kh6, beft hgnh?" (3; tr.120) Dol I(lc hQ cOng mu5n buong trol tat ca, pho mQc telt co d~ mong c6 mQt cUQc s5ng thanh than, cal thanh than nh~ dQ cua nglloi dol, bOI
vi «day al dvt Igi mai ma lam gi". Nhllng hQ khong th~ bl~n d6i con ngllol minh, tral tim minh, tam h6n minh
Trong truy~n ngan Nguy~n Huy Thl~p thoong c6 kl~u nhan vgt co don a hQ, S\f dau tranh, mau thuan trong ythvc luon thlJCmgtrl!C, c6 khl gay gat, dan VQtkhon nguoi HQ hool nghl cac gla tri cOva eOng khong thgt S\f ro rang tin cae gia tr! minh dang theo du6i, va k~t qua 10cam thelYvo nghTa, co don thQm chi di bi~t trong mat mQI nglloi «Nglloi dllng oi ngvc}1dllng, m9t tr/~ungvc}/tol ggp trong aol co ai 10 mau cua mau tOi?La thit eua thlt tOi? Co ai sa s5ng vi
_T'~P_C_h_iG_I_ao_d_~_c_s_6_2_9_5 (k_A_1_._10_/2_0_1_2) ~
Trang 3toi va chit vi to;?C6ai khong? C6 ai/a hoong
cli cua tol? COng /a thdn tv cua tol? AI/a tam
ph(Jc vo! to;? La h; vc;mgcua tol? COng /a clja
ngv c cua toi?' (3;tr.97)
C6 Ie ngh~ nghi~p khong lam cho con ngU'ol
sang trQng len rnachlnh con ngU'oi mol teo nen
coc gia tri coo mlnh Khl xa hQI thl~u di nhang
chuein rmrc gla tr] hoQc con ngU'ol ral vao khung
khoang ni~m tin thl sl! hoal nghl 10 Ie teit y~u
Khong phal xciu, cOng khong phal t6t;vuacam
ghet, sq hai vua cam phyc qua 10 mQt trQ,ng
thai tam II ph(rc tQP, dol nghlch thQt kh6 cdt
nghTa phoi chang, hlnh tU'qng Twang Chi 10
hlnh anh sinh dQng, an dy v~ bi klch d6, cOng
10tam51!sau kin cua nha van, ba 15nvlen quan
trU'ong boo Twang Chi hat: Lan th(r nheit:«Hat
co ngqi cong danh cli",Ian th(r hal: ccHatv~sl.f
nhdn nhvc", Ian th(r ba: c<Hateo ngqi tl~n b<;le
ai" Co ngqi Nhan nhyc N~u van chU'ang chi
d~ nhan nhyc, d~ co ngqi cong danh tl~n bQc
thl d6 10 th(r van chU'ong«tho bi", nhU' mQt s,!
nhan nhyc «clehen": «Chva boo gi& chang hat
meltbal hat tho bi nhv th6 Bal hat ehi toan «fiy
a" vo; /<;11 «hu6y do" Bal hat oong ngv&i" (3;
tr.312) va«C6 ehc5eon b&tchv6c ti6ng ch6 sua,
tling ga elle toe, tl6ng de keu nlia Ba; hat clong
ngv&;"(3; tr.313) Nguy~n Huy Thl~p vl~t v~ s6
phQn bi kich cua con ngU'ol reit am dnh, day
cheit tha N61 nhU' Nguy~n Dang DI~p, tac gld
da d~ cho «ngu5n mQch tra tlnh rln tren nhang
tho do tr5n tyc cua cUQcdol, tQO nen mQt th(r
hU'ongrleng, phang pheit nhvng khong th~ thl~u"
(4) Va nhovQy «van Nguy~n Huy Thl~p me hoQc
ngU'ol khac, va cac cay but khac kh6 long bot
chU'oc ong 001 khd nang tQO nen S,! cheo leo,
chenh venh glO'o cac C,!Cdal IQP, glO'a cac rna
ngon ngO khac nhau, glaa tfnh tro chai va nhOng
y tU'ong sau xa khl suy tU'v~ dol s6ng" (4) '
3 Cho d6n hom nay, S,!tranh IUQnv~ Nguy~n
Huy Thl~p van chlTa d6n h51 k6t DI~u dang quy
a Nguy~n Huy Thl~p 10 long dOng cam DOng
cam nhln vao S,!thQt d~ trlnh bay hi~n th'!c dung
theo nhOng gl mlnh theiy, nhang gl mlnh nghi
Toe pheim cua ong da cho ta theiy r&ng «CuQc
s6ng nhU' mQt dong song, c6 co S,! trong veo
tinh khi~t d~n ngo ngang cuo nlTOC,c6 co roc
", rU'ol dang trol" (4) Va tu d6 « ong glup chung
ta hl~u han v~ nlToc, v~ rae bong mQt cal nhln
tinh tao va sou sac Tu d6 ong th(rc tirih mQt
khao khat, be rae di tose gQP S,! trong treo cue dong song" (4) NhOng suy hr, tran tro mong dQm y6u to tra tlnh cue nha van v~ them phQn
va tlnh yeu, thi~n vocc,sang va t6i, coothlTqng
va theip hen, nglToi va quy ben trong con nglToi khi~n chung to c6 th~ k~t IUQnr&ng Nguy~n Huy Thi~p da vl6t dU'qc nhOng ang van «gien d] va trung thi/c v~ con ngU'ol" 0
(1)Ph~m XullnNguyen (stru t~m va bien so~n).Di tim Nguy~n Huy Tbi~p.NXBVdn h6a thOngtin, H 200 I.
(2)LeBa Han - Tdn DinhSu Tftdi~n thu~t ngtl'van hQc, H 2007, tr.18
(3)Nguyen Huy Thiep T*p truy~n nglin NXBH¢i
nhO vdn, H 2005.
(4) Nguyen DAng Diep "Cuon theo chi~u vAn Nguyen Huy Thiep" T~pchi Vdn htlc, 18/5/2009.
SUMMARY
Nguyen Huy Thi~p'sstories inceasantly concem for the meaning of life, the characters In his short stories usually feel lonely He always wonders: Can people understand people? Why are the good usually miser-able and unhappy? And he always shows his pOint: tragedy is a result of an unsuccesful desire, or It Isthe contradiction between desire and reality The article mentioned Nguyen Huy Thi~p'sconcem for the above matter.
Vallro cua due due
(Tiip theo trong 9)
Tai li~utham khao
1.Dang COng slm Viet Nam VAn ki~n D\ii Mi d\ii bi~u toan qu6c I'n thti'XI Nxb Chfnhtrtqu6c gia
-S!l th~t, H 2011, tr 41.
2.Dang COng san Viet Nam.VAn ki~n D\ii Mi d\ii bi~u toan qu6c I'n thti' XI NxbChfnh trj qu6C gia
-S!l tMt, H 2011, tr 216.
SUMMARY
Ethnics and moral education play on extremely important role for the development of human beings
as well as society in general and in Vietnam in par-ticular It is proven in Ho Chi Minh thought and the actual situation of history Vietnamese communist Party orientation of education and training in the new situation also clearly confirmed thisproblem However, moral education has not been met the requirement
in new situation at present time inalmost universities Therefore, the article focuses on reaffirming the role of moral education In university, and pointing out the solutions to improve the effectiveness for moral edu-cation inpresent day Vietnamese universities.