ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and development of 78 peanuts genotypes with different traits associated with fresh yield and quality of peanuts genotypes i
INTRODUCTION
Problem
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are a highly valued short-term industrial and food crop, originally from Central and South America, that is gaining popularity worldwide They serve as a vital food source for humans and livestock, as well as a key raw material for various processing industries Ranking second among short-day oil crops after soybeans, peanuts are significant in terms of area and yield, and they hold the 13th position among food crops, 4th for vegetable oil sources, and 3rd for protein supply Rich in nutrients, peanuts contain 40-60% lipids, 26-34% protein, and essential vitamins such as B1, B2, B3, PP, E, and F Additionally, their root system, which hosts symbiotic Rhizobium vigna bacteria, enhances soil fertility and boosts economic efficiency in intercropping systems Thus, peanuts play a crucial role in the economies and agricultural practices of many countries.
Peanut production in Vietnam is currently challenged by low nutritional quality and yield, making it less competitive in the global market, particularly against China A significant factor hindering the growth of this sector is the scarcity of high-quality seeds Consequently, research focused on selecting and breeding peanuts that exhibit high yield, superior quality, adaptability to adverse conditions, and resistance to pests and diseases has become a priority Scientists and breeders are actively working to develop new peanut varieties that meet these essential criteria.
To address the identified issue, we conducted a study on the growth, development, and yield of peanut genotypes during the autumn-winter cropping season of 2020 in Gia Lam, Hanoi.
Objective
To evaluate growth, development and yield of peanut genotypes to suggest the best genotypes for peanut production in autumn/winter season at Gia Lam, Hanoi
Identify the morphological characteristics of investigated peanut genotypes;
Evaluate the ability of growth and development of peanut genotypes in Autumn - Winter season 2020 at Gia Lam, Hanoi;
Assess the pests and diseases infection ratios of peanut genotypes in autumn – Winter season 2020 at Gia Lam, Hanoi;
Identify the components of productivity and yield of peanut varieties in Autumn-Winter crop 2020 in Gia Lam, Hanoi
Proposing some peanut genotypes with high yield for next breeding in the next years and conform with land at Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Ha Noi
LITERATURE REVIEW
Peanut production in the World
Peanuts have been cultivated for a long time, but their economic significance has only been recognized in the last century In the mid-18th century, global peanut production was limited to regional self-sufficiency However, the current demand and consumption of peanuts indicate a positive market outlook, prompting countries to invest in expanding peanut production This growth is not only in terms of cultivation area but also in productivity and overall output Presently, peanuts rank second in area and yield after soybeans, being cultivated in 115 countries across more than 27 million hectares.
Table 2.1Area, yield & productivity peanuts some number of countries in the world 2018-2019
Figure 2.1Area & productivity of peanuts in the world
According to FAO (2021), up to 2019 the area, productivity and yield in the world tend to decrease compared to 2018
In 2019, the global area dedicated to peanut cultivation reached 29.5 million hectares, reflecting a slight decrease of 0.1 million hectares from 2018 The top countries for peanut cultivation included India (4.7 million ha), China (4.5 million ha), Nigeria (3.9 million ha), the USA (0.6 million ha), Indonesia (0.3 million ha), Argentina (0.4 million ha), and Pakistan (0.1 million ha) Notably, the leading peanut-producing nations experienced a minor reduction in cultivated area, with India reporting a yield decrease of 0.5 tons per hectare, marking a 25% decline compared to the previous year.
The global average peanut yield remains low, recorded at 1.6 tons per hectare in 2019, reflecting a 5.8% decrease from 2018 Variations in peanut yield across different countries are influenced by factors such as production scale, ecological conditions, and farming practices In the USA, the yield was significantly higher at 4.4 tons per hectare, unchanged from the previous year Meanwhile, Indonesia also maintained its yield, while China (3.7-3.9 tons/ha) and Argentina (2.1-3.5 tons/ha) experienced increases compared to 2018.
Productivity: Peanut production in 2019 tends to decrease compared to
2018 World peanut productivity is 48,8 million tons, down 4,2% compared to
In 2018, China led global production with 17.6 million tons, reflecting a modest increase of 1.14% Argentina experienced a significant rise, producing 1.3 million tons, which marked a remarkable growth of 44.4% Conversely, several countries saw declines in production: India reduced its output to 6.7 million tons, down 26.8%; Indonesia's production fell to 0.3 million tons, a decrease of 25%; Pakistan's output remained at 0.8 million tons; and the USA produced 2.5 million tons, showing no increase compared to the previous year.
Peanut production is primarily concentrated in the tropics and subtropics, specifically between 40° North and 40° South (Hau et al., 1995) The global peanut industry is categorized into six key regions: America, Africa, Asia, sub-East Asia, Europe, and the Pacific While the area, production, and yield of peanuts have remained relatively stable across these regions, there are notable variations Some areas may have smaller production volumes but achieve higher yields, whereas others may cover larger areas with significantly lower yields For a comprehensive overview of peanut production by continent, refer to the accompanying data table.
Table 2.2 Production of peanuts in continents of the world (2017 – 2018)
Yield (tons/ha) quantity (million tons)
Africa has the largest cultivated area in the world, covering 15.7 million hectares in 2018, which is a 1.02 times increase from 15.3 million hectares in 2017 The continent accounts for 54% to 55% of the world's cultivated land Despite this extensive production area, Africa's agricultural yield remains significantly low, with a yield of only 8.2 quintals per hectare in 2017, which increased to 9.1 quintals per hectare in 2018, still far below the global average Additionally, the production of peanuts in Africa fluctuated between 12.60 and 14.3 million tons over the two years.
In the past two years, Asia has emerged as the largest peanut-growing region in the world, second only to Africa, contributing approximately 40% of global production From 2017 to 2018, the area dedicated to peanut cultivation in Asia experienced slight fluctuations, remaining around 11.5 million hectares However, the yield has been unstable, with a decrease to just 23.7 quintals per hectare during this period Consequently, Asian peanut production fell to 29.5 million tons, reflecting a decline in productivity.
(2017) to 27.2 million tons in 2018 (reduce 1.1 times compared to 2017) Asia's peanut production accounts for about 62% of the world's
The Americas represent approximately 5% of the global land area, contributing 10 to 11% of the world's peanut production Over the past two years, peanut cultivation in the Americas has remained stable, with over 1 million hectares dedicated to this crop Despite the relatively small cultivated area, the Americas achieved the highest peanut yield globally, reaching 36.6 quintals per hectare in 2017, although this figure is projected to decrease to 32.0 quintals per hectare by 2018 Overall, peanut production in the region reached 5.3 tons.
2017 but reduced by 1.2 times from 2017 to 2018 to 4.4 million tons (2018)
Europe and Australia have a very small area Only 0.04% to 0.05% of the world area Production accounts for 0.05% to 0.06% production of the world
The yield of peanuts in these two continents has increased and Europe has not increased significantly Australia also increased 1.1 times
In the years 2017 and 2018, the cultivated area for peanuts across various continents saw a slight increase, with the exception of the Americas and Australia Notably, peanut production achieved record levels in 2017, marked by significant gains in area, yield, and productivity.
The integration of scientific and technical advancements, along with innovative breeding practices tailored to the specific ecological conditions of each region, is essential for enhancing peanut productivity and yield, ultimately satisfying market demand.
Peanut production in the Vietnam
Peanuts are a major industrial crop in Vietnam, cultivated across various soil types and thriving in diverse climates They are grown from latitude 36° North to latitude 36° South, demonstrating adaptability to both hot-humid and hot-dry tropical conditions, as well as to the rainy and relatively humid tropics.
Before the national period in Vietnam, peanuts were a prominent industrial crop, cultivated across various soil types from latitude 36° North to 36° South Despite their adaptability to tropical climates, Vietnam's agriculture was historically underdeveloped and focused primarily on food crops, leading to low productivity and output for peanuts However, since the implementation of agricultural development policies during the country's renewal, there has been a renewed interest in restructuring crops to enhance income, resulting in increased focus on peanut cultivation.
Following the national renewal period, particularly the reforms in agricultural development policies, there has been a significant focus on restructuring crops to enhance income from cultivated areas, with an increased emphasis on the development of peanuts, as noted by Nguyen.
In 1932, Vietnam's peanut cultivation covered only 3,800 hectares However, following the restoration of peace in the North, the government focused on promoting peanut farming By 1961, the area dedicated to peanut cultivation in the North had expanded to around 30,000 hectares, yielding approximately 30,000 tons of peanuts.
In recent years, Vietnam has seen a significant increase in peanut production, driven by the Party and State's focus on transforming crop structures and enhancing production towards commodity products This shift has resulted in growth in both acreage and productivity.
Table 2.3 Productivity Peanuts of Vietnamese(2010-2019)
From 2010 to 2019, the cultivated area for peanuts in the country experienced a decline, dropping from 231.4 thousand hectares to 177.0 thousand hectares Notably, in 2017, there was a temporary increase of 10.8 thousand hectares, but this was followed by a decrease to 185.7 thousand hectares in 2018.
The productivity and yield of peanuts in our country have evolved over the years, with a notable decrease in the cultivated area Despite this reduction, peanut yield experienced a slight increase, reaching its lowest point of 20.9 quintals/ha in 2010 and 2011, and peaking at 24.7 quintals/ha in 2018 However, the overall peanut productivity declined from 487.2 thousand tons in 2010 to 438.9 thousand tons in 2019, indicating that while yield improved slightly, the significant decrease in cultivated area impacted total production.
Currently, the main peanut production regions of Vietnam include 6 regions: Southeast, Red River Delta, Mekong River Delta, Northeast, Northwest, North Central Coast, South Central Coast, Central Highlands
The Central Coast boasts the largest peanut cultivation area in the country, covering 88.6 thousand hectares, which represents 42.5% of the national total In contrast, the Mekong River Delta leads in productivity, achieving an impressive yield of 37.8 quintals per hectare Notably, provinces such as Bac Giang, Thanh Hoa, and Nghe An each cultivate over 8,000 hectares of peanuts annually.
In Vietnam, several provinces such as Nam Dinh, Long An, Tay Ninh, Binh Dinh, and Tuyen Quang are achieving peanut yields significantly higher than the national average Notably, Nam Dinh leads with an impressive yield of 37.0 quintals per hectare, followed by Tay Ninh at 34.9 quintals per hectare, Long An at 31.5 quintals per hectare, Binh Dinh at 29.8 quintals per hectare, and Tuyen Quang at 26.3 quintals per hectare.
According to Vu Dinh Chinh (2008), peanuts in Vietnam can be divided into regions: Red River Delta (11 provinces), Northeast (11 provinces), Northwest (4 provinces), North Central Coast (6 provinces), South Central Coast
(6 provinces), Mekong River Delta (5 provinces) and Southeast (8 provinces)
Table 2.4: Area, yield of peanuts in some provinces and cities of Vietnam in
Peanuts are primarily cultivated in the Northern provinces, particularly in the Red River Delta, Northeast, Northwest, and North Central regions, with the North Central region having the largest area dedicated to peanut farming.
The Red River Delta region is a significant area for peanut cultivation, primarily in Hanoi, which spans 3.8 thousand hectares, and Vinh Phuc, covering 3.0 thousand hectares In 2015, Hanoi produced a peanut yield of 8.8 thousand tons, while Vinh Phuc contributed 5.7 thousand tons to the overall production.
The Northern Midlands and Mountains: peanuts are grown mainly in Ha Giang (8.6 thousand hectares), Phu Tho (4.3 thousand hectares)
The North Central Region and Central Coast is the primary area for peanut production in the country, boasting the largest cultivation area and output Key provinces for peanut farming include Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Thanh Hoa, and Quang Nam, with Nghe An leading in size, covering an impressive 16.2 thousand hectares.
The peanut yield in our country is significantly lower than in other nations due to a lack of region-specific varieties, small-scale production, unplanned growing areas, and outdated techniques To address this, peanut breeders must urgently develop new high-yield, quality varieties suited to different regions Promising new varieties, such as 1660, LVT, LO2, VD1, and LO5, have shown potential yields of 18-25 quintals per hectare and are drought-tolerant Additionally, intensive cultivation methods, including balanced NPK fertilization and optimal sowing density, have increased yields by 35-40% Successful models demonstrating yields over 3 tons per hectare have been implemented in various local farmer fields.
Research situation peanuts genotypes
2.3.1 Research situation in the world
Peanut breeding has greatly benefited from the global collection, evaluation, and preservation of genetic resources by various organizations and countries This effort has enabled breeders to develop numerous high-yield, quality varieties with short growth periods and resistance to pests and diseases, while also adapting well to diverse conditions Additionally, external factors have played a significant role in enhancing peanut productivity and production worldwide.
The United States boasts the largest collection of peanut seed varieties, with 29,000 samples preserved in various forms, both in-situ and ex-situ Following closely is the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), which houses approximately 14,310 different peanut varieties sourced from 92 countries Australia also contributes to the diversity of peanut seeds with 12,160 samples, while India and China consistently maintain between 5,000 to 6,000 varieties each year.
Peanut breeding methods have evolved globally, primarily utilizing selective importation, sexual hybridization, and mutant hybridization Recently, China has made strides in developing resistant varieties against the leaf curl virus through gene transfer techniques, yielding promising initial results In the United States and at ICRISAT, researchers are employing cell technology and molecular marker techniques to identify peanut varieties that exhibit resistance to leaf diseases, bacterial wilt, and drought.
Peanut breeding has led to significant advancements globally, utilizing a diverse array of materials and major breeding methods Breeders focus on various goals, including the development of early ripening varieties to enhance crop resilience against natural disasters, drought-tolerant strains, pest-resistant options, and high-yield varieties Notable peanut varieties such as Ca-4, Luhua 9, Luhua 14, and Luhua 7 8130 demonstrate a yield potential exceeding 75.0 quintals per hectare Additionally, high-quality varieties like Baisha 1016, Hua 17, and Hua 10, along with disease-resistant options such as Zhonghua, contribute to the ongoing improvement of peanut cultivation.
2, Zhonghua 4, Yueyou92, All peanut cultivars grown in China are hybrids, bred at research institutes and universities (Shuren et al., 1996)
India has achieved significant advancements in breeding, notably through ICRISAT's peanut trials, which led to the isolation and development of the early ripening BSR peanut variety, now widely utilized in production (Sudhakar et al., 1995).
The International Crop Study for the Semi-Arid Tropical Region (ICRISAT) in Hyderabad, India serves as a global hub for peanut research, specializing in the collection, evaluation, storage, and distribution of peanut genetic material As of 1993, the institute has amassed an impressive collection of 13,949 peanut seed samples from 99 countries worldwide, including 4,078 from Africa, 4,609 from Asia, 53 from Europe, 3,905 from America, and 59 from Oceania Notably, 1,245 varieties of unknown origin are also preserved at ICRISAT, all of which belong to cultivated peanuts, in addition to a significant number of wild species that are also conserved at the institute.
Between 1980 and 1990, research in Georgia (USA) led to the selection and production of 16 peanut varieties, including 9 Runner types, 5 Virginia types (NC8C, NC9, NCC10C, NC11), and 2 Spanish types.
China boasts 160 research institutes, schools, and research centers dedicated to peanut research Between 1982 and 1995, Chinese scientists developed 82 new peanut varieties, notable for their high yield, short growth duration, pest resistance, alum resistance, and adaptability An extensive agricultural extension network has facilitated the adoption of these new varieties and intensive farming techniques among farmers Notably, the method of covering peanuts has been termed "The White Revolution in Peanut Production."
In Australia, a total of 12,160 seed samples were gathered from various regions, including Africa, China, North America, Asia, Europe, and Oceania The majority of these samples consisted of two primary types: continuous and alternating branching (FAO, 1991).
Since the 1980s, the Viet Xo Seed Center at the Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences has amassed a collection of 1,271 peanut seed samples, which includes 100 local varieties and 1,171 imported varieties from 40 different countries (Dan et al., 2000).
In Vietnam, breeding efforts prioritize high productivity, adaptability, pest resistance, and quality seeds suitable for oil pressing and export Significant advancements in research and the application of scientific techniques in intensive peanut farming have led to the development of new varieties that yield more than traditional local strains.
Recent advancements in peanut breeding have led to the development of new varieties through various methods, including importation, sexual reproduction, mutation, and natural selection The Institute of Food Plants has officially recognized two new peanut varieties, L26 and L27, while the Oil Research Institute has approved the trial production of variety VD8 (L9803-7) Additionally, research by Nguyen Thi Thu Giang in 2008 identified the L24 variety as having superior drought tolerance compared to LO8, L23, and local peanuts in Dak Can, using biochemical and physiological criteria during seed germination and seedling stages Furthermore, Nguyen Thien Luong and colleagues assessed drought tolerance through the drought susceptibility index and grain yield reduction, contributing to the understanding of peanut resilience.
In 2009, researchers identified several peanut varieties with strong drought tolerance, including L14, L15, L12, LO8, and ICG96318 Alongside traditional breeding methods, there is a growing interest in applying biotechnology to enhance peanut breeding Luu Minh Cuc from the Institute of Agricultural Genetics (2007) evaluated 170 lines using microsatellites on TMV2, marking a significant step towards discovering and utilizing genes associated with desirable traits such as yield, quality, and tolerance in Vietnamese peanuts.
Peanuts are a traditional crop for Vietnamese farmers, with research on breeding and farming techniques initiated by research units since 1962 However, focused efforts on breeding and the development of peanut production have only recently gained attention.
Since 1996, a nationwide research network on peanuts has been established through state and sectoral research projects Key institutions include the Bean Research and Development Center, which leads in the Northern and North Central regions, the South Central Coast Agricultural Science and Technology Institute serving the South Central Coast and Central Highlands, and the Southern Institute of Agricultural Science along with the Institute of Vegetable Oils, Aromatherapy, and Cosmetics, which focus on the Southeast and Mekong River Delta regions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental materials
The experimental materials will be 78 peanut genotypes with different origin as shown in table 3.1
Table 3.1: The investigated peanut genotypesnt
No Genotype Origin No Genotype Origin
No Genotype Origin No Genotype Origin
Note: 1 - Legumes Research & Development Center, 2 - Department of Industrial & Medicinal Plant Science, 3 - Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4 - Thai Binh Seed Joint Stock Company.
Experimental design
Location: The experiment will be conducted at the experimental field,Department of Industrial and Medicinal Plant Science, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture
Time: From August 2020 to December 2020
Crop management
Weed cleaning will be practiced before turning the small beds with sizes of 1m in width, 1.5 m in length and 30 cm in height
On sowing day, mature sundried pods will be shelled to collect seeds, which will be planted at a rate of two seeds per hole The planting will occur on beds with a spacing of 40 cm between rows and 10 cm between hills, with seeds placed at a depth of 3-5 cm.
Plant density will be 25 plant/m 2
+ Song Fianh microbiological fertilizer: 1,5 tons/ha
+ CaO (eggshell powder): 500 kg/ha
+ Basal: 100% microorganism fertilizer + 100% P2O5 + 50% of lime + Top dressing:
• At 4-5 full leaves stage (before flowering): 50% N + 50% K2O
Distance: 40cm x 10cm (1 plant/hole)
Soil was mix and cleaned weeds first time when the plant had 2-3 true leaves, combined with fertilizer application The second time was before flowering
Watering: Ensure adequate moisture for plants to grow and develop well Depending on the weather and reasonable irrigation measures, pay attention to avoid flooding, if drought is to irrigate
Pests and diseases prevention: Regularly check fields for pest and diseases prevention and prevention in time.
Research content
The experiment will utilize a genotype collection method without replication, with each genotype established in a single plot measuring 2 m² The total area designated for the experiment will be 156 m², excluding protection strips.
3.4.2.1 Germination time and rate indicators
Ni: Is the number of plants growing on the I th
Xi: Is the I th day of tracking
∑n: Total number of plants growing
Germination time (days): from sowing to 50% of total sowing seed germinated;
Germination rate (%) = total germinated seed/ total sowing seed x 100% Flowering (days): from sowing to 50% of total plant flowered (at least one flower occuring on the plant);
The total duration from sowing to harvest is measured in days, specifically at 90, 110, and 130 days post-sowing At each of these intervals, three plants per plot will be sampled to assess the maturity rate If the ratio of mature pods to the total number of pods on the sampled plants reaches 80%, the harvest time will be established.
The germination rate (%): Calculate the number of seeds sprouting/number of seeds sown
Some factors we have to calculate are: time to flowering, growth time, growth dynamics of main stem height, ability to form nodules…
=> Method to do : Before spitting 15 minutes of watering, soak the water, remove the plant gently, rinse the roots in the water bowl and count the nodules
At the 3 full leaves, flowering and pod mature stages, 3 sample plants will be taken to determine following parameters
- Main stem height (cm): from cotyledon node to tip of the main stem;
- Primary branch height (cm): from cotyledon node to tip of the first branch;
To assess nodule number and dry weight per plant, the soil is wetted with fresh water 15 minutes prior to sampling to prevent nodule loss The sample plant is then collected, and the roots are separated and washed with tap water Nodules are carefully detached from the roots and counted to determine the total nodule number per plant Subsequently, the nodules are oven-dried at 80°C for 48 hours until a constant weight is achieved, allowing for the determination of nodule dry weight.
- Leaf area (LA) and leaf area index (LAI):
The leaf area will be assessed using the fresh weight method First, the total fresh weight of all plant leaves will be measured as X (g) Next, a sample of 1 dm² of leaves will be cut and weighed, resulting in Y (g) The leaf area (LA) will then be calculated based on these measurements.
LAI = Leaf area (m 2 /plant) × plant density (plant/m 2 )
- Dry matter accumulation (g): Stems, leaves and roots of each genotype will be oven-dried at 80°C for 48 hours to constant weight Then, total plant dry weight will be weight
- SPAD: Using SPAD 502 Plus meter, at the 3rd leaf position from the top, measure 3 leaflets and calculate the average
3.4.2.4 Pests and diseases infection rate:
Pests and diseases infection rate were evaluated according to QCVN 01- 57: 2011/BNNPTNN (National Technical Regulation on Testing for Value of
Cultivation and Use of Peanut varieties)
- Brown spot disease: Investigate 10 plants according to the 5-point diagonal rule at the time before harvest, the rate of pests and diseases in%:
+ Very light - level 1: 5 - 25% of the affected area
+ Heavy - level 7:> 25 - 50% of the affected area
+ Very heavy - level 9:> 50% of the affected area
- Rust: Investigate the rate of diseased plants of 10 plants/plot according to the 5-point diagonal rule at the time before harvest:
+ Very light - level 1: 5 - 25% of the affected area
+ Heavy - level 7:> 25 - 50% of the affected area
+ Very heavy - level 9:> 50% of the affected area
- Root collar disease: is calculated by the number of diseased plants/number of plants investigated (Investigate all plants in the plot)
- Green wilt disease (%): Number of diseased / surveyed plants
+ Mild - score 1: 50% of diseased plants
- Fruit rot disease (%): Number of fruit rot plants/surveyed plants (10 plants/plot survey) according to the 5-point diagonal rule
+ Mild - score 1: 50% of diseased plants
- The level of infection with some pests is calculated according to the percentage and classification of damage The main pests are: gray worms, leaf worms, fruit pests
3.4.2.5 Morphological characteristics indicators (according to QCVN 01-67: 2011/BNNPTNN (National Technical Regulation on Testing for Value of
Cultivation and Use of Peanut varieties))
None or very shallow: 1, Shallow: 3, Medium: 5, Depth: 7, Very deep: 9
+ Very smooth: 1, Smooth: 3, Medium: 5, Coarse: 7, Very coarse: 9
+ None: 1, Unknown: 3, Average: 5, Clear: 7, Very Clear: 9
- Color of mature uncured testa :
Creamy White: 1, Flesh: 2, Pink: 3, Red: 4, Brown: 5, Purple: 6, Dark Purple: 7
The data collected during the experiment was synthesized and processed statistically according by EXCEL 2016 program.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Morphological characteristics of the peanuts genotypes in aurtum -
Peanuts, like other plants, undergo various growth and development stages, each lasting a specific duration influenced by genetic traits and environmental conditions Understanding the growth patterns of different lines and varieties is essential for selecting the most suitable options for diverse ecological regions.
4.1.1 Mophological characteristic of peanuts genotypes
Morphology refers to the externally identifiable features of plant varieties, influenced by their genetic traits and environmental factors In breeding, these morphological characteristics are crucial for selecting and developing varieties that meet specific purposes and align with the ecological conditions of their growing areas Additionally, morphology serves as a key indicator for breed identification, aiding in research and breeding efforts Understanding these characteristics allows for more effective care and management, ultimately maximizing the yield potential of the varieties.
Through the process of monitoring the experimental, peanut varieties, we obtained the results in Table 4.9
Table 4.1 Mophological characteristic of peanuts genotypes
Note: (1)-score 1: None or very shallow- 9: Very deep
Fruit morphology plays a crucial role in distinguishing between peanut varieties and is essential for preventing varietal confusion during sowing It serves as the primary criterion in the selection and breeding process aimed at developing high-yield peanut varieties that cater to consumer preferences Key aspects of fruit shape include constriction, surface texture, prominence of break, and shape of break, which are evaluated through sensory analysis Among 78 tested peanut varieties, only four—G08, G22, G23, and D05—exhibited a pronounced waist (grade 7), while control varieties L27 and G45 displayed very shallow waists (grade 1), making them difficult to assess Additionally, varieties such as L14, D06, L18, G01, G02, G10, G05, G14, G15, G23, G26, G37, G40, G43, G61, G64, G66, G67, G69, G106, G112, G121, G124, G126, G129, G122, G13, MD7, GI1, GI2, CT3, P34, H1, and H4 were classified with medium waists (grade 5), while the remaining lines and varieties were categorized with shallow waists (grade 3).
Tractors in genus G103 exhibit the smoothest texture (level 1), followed by varieties G41, G45, G102, G104, G112, G129, G123, P34, and D01, which have smooth veins (grade 3) In contrast, varieties G16, G41, G45, G104, G112, G123, P34, GT2, and D01 display very rough veins (grade 9) Additionally, varieties TD207, GI3, G02, G07, G10, G15, G31, G40, G43, G44, G60, G66, G106, G121, G128, G13H, G122, G101, CT7, D02, D04, and D06 have a crude surface texture (level 7) The control variety L27 and other varieties possess a medium tendon texture (level 5).
All lines and varieties exhibit a prominence of break shape classified as grade 2, such as G103, G105, and G129, which lack prominence of break (grade 1) Lines D05 and varieties G128 and L18 display a very clear fruit bill (level 9), while line D06 and varieties G103, G23, and G44 show a clear fruit beak (level 7) Varieties with medium prominence of break (grade 5) include G02, G07, G105, G11, G124, G127, G14, G16, G40, G43, G45, G60, G61, G68, and MD7 Additionally, control varieties and other cultivars have an unknown fruit bill (level 3).
Morphology is also a basic characteristic to distinguish strains Based on Table 4,12, shows that different varieties of peanuts have different seed colors Series D01, D05 and genus G01, G03, G07, G11, G14, G15, G22, G26, G37,
The G61, G62, G67, G68, G102, G103, G105, G121, G125, G126, G128, and MD7 varieties feature ball-shaped fruits (level 1), while the remaining varieties produce cylindrical fruits (category 2) Notably, the D04 and red varieties G05, G121, G65, and G27 are classified as grade 4, while the D04T and CT3 lines, along with the H4 dark purple variety, fall under grade 7 The G07 and G112 varieties, along with the milky white G123, are categorized as grade 1 Additionally, the D07 line and varieties G02T, G13Đ, G41, L18, and MD7 exhibit a pink silk cover (grade 2), whereas other lines and cultivars are classified as white pink (grade 3) Among the red peanut lines, G65 stands out with the largest and most uniform seeds, while G27 has the smallest seeds In the pink-white seed category, the G106 variety is easily identifiable due to its larger and longer seeds compared to others.
Table 4.2 Color of mature uncured testa of peanuts genotypes
Genotypes Color Genotypes Color Genotypes Color
Genotypes Color Genotypes Color Genotypes Color
Note:Creamy White: 1 Flesh: 2 Pink: 3 Red: 4 Brown: 5 Purple: 6 Dark Purple: 7
Most of all varieties have a characteristic brown color In which the varieties G123, G122, CT2, G07 were white, the varieties G05, G65, G27, D04, G112 were red The remaining varieties are brown
4.1.2 Germination rate, growth duration of groundnut genotypes
Seed quality plays a crucial role in determining both germination strength and rate, making the study of germination ability in various strains and varieties essential for assessing seed quality Seeds that exhibit a high germination rate and strong germination ability are indicative of good quality A higher germination rate not only lowers seed costs but also ensures optimal density and enhances the economic efficiency of production.
The germination of a seed is the initial phase of its life, initiating the entire growth and development process of peanuts During this stage, seeds transition from dormancy to active life through water absorption, which activates enzymes The duration of water absorption is significantly influenced by factors such as seed vitality, moisture content, humidity, and environmental temperature (Thanh Nhan et al., 1996).
Peanut sprouting time ranges from 5-7 days under optimal conditions, but can extend to 15-20 days when conditions are poor This duration is influenced by planting density and has a direct impact on future yields The germination rates and timing for the clones and varieties involved in the experiment are detailed in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3 Germination rate, growth duration of groundnut genotypes
Time from sowing to…( day) Growth time Germination Flowing Fruits
Time from sowing to…( day) Growth time Germination Flowing Fruits
Time from sowing to…( day) Growth time Germination Flowing Fruits
Time from sowing to…( day) Growth time Germination Flowing Fruits
The data indicates a significant variation in germination rates among the tested lines and varieties, ranging from 8% to 94% The highest germination rate was observed in G67, while G122, G66, and GI2 exhibited the lowest rates The control variety, L27, achieved a germination rate of 34% Notably, most seeds had germination rates below 50%, with G122, G66, and GI2 suffering from low rates attributed to unfavorable weather conditions, heavy rainfall, and poor seed quality, which resulted in seed deterioration and difficulty in sprouting.
Peanut varieties exhibit a sprouting time ranging from 6 to 10 days after sowing The quickest varieties, including the control variety L27, as well as G08, G44, G67, G112, D05, and line D02, sprout in just 6 days In contrast, the CT3, TD207, and CT7 varieties take the longest, requiring up to 10 days to sprout.
The period from sowing to flowering is crucial for peanut growth, marking the time until 50% of the plants bloom, also referred to as the seedling period This phase is vital as it involves the differentiation of flower buds, significantly influencing the total number of flowers, branches, and leaves, which ultimately affects peanut yield Monitoring indicates that the earliest flowering varieties, G61 and G23, bloom in 39 days, while control lines L27, L18, and L14 flower in 46, 46, and 45 days, respectively In contrast, G08, G27, G64, CT2, and CT3 take the longest, flowering between 49 to 50 days, while other varieties range from 40 to 49 days.
The full pod stage is crucial for peanut yield, marking the transition from fruit formation to the accumulation of dry matter in the seeds The time from sowing to fruit maturity varies among varieties, ranging from 101 to 108 days Control varieties such as L27 and L14 mature in 105 days, while L18 takes 107 days Other varieties like G05, G31, G13H, H1, GI1, G124, G66, and G08 mature in 102 to 103 days, with the longest maturation period observed in G60, G65, and the D04 strain, which takes 108 days.
The total growth duration of various genotypes, monitored experimentally, ranged from 117 to 120 days The longest growth time of 120 days was observed in the varieties CT2, CT3, H3, GI3, GI1, G125, G10, G62, and G69 In contrast, the control variety L27 and the varieties L18, G05, G08, G16, G26, G37, G44, and G61 exhibited the shortest growth time of 117 days Additionally, the varieties G03, G11, G13, G27, G36, G43, G64, G70, CT9, and P34 had a growth duration of 118 days, which is shorter than the 119 days recorded for the varieties L14, G01, G07, G14, G23, G38, G45, H2, H4, and D04 series.
4.1.3 Growth main stem and dynamic of primary branches of groudnuts genotypes
Main stem height is crucial for the transport of nutrients and substances between roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds, as highlighted by Vu Dinh Chinh et al (2011) It serves as an indicator of dry matter accumulation and overall vegetative growth.
The level of infection with some major diseases of peanut genotypes
Pests and diseases are critical factors that significantly diminish peanut yields Various causes contribute to these issues, including unfavorable weather, the use of susceptible seeds, and the presence of pest and disease residues in the field Additionally, technical measures such as potassium fertilization, planting density, and seasonal timing can create favorable conditions for pest and disease development Therefore, assessing the pest infestation levels of peanut varieties is essential for developing resilient cultivars that can withstand pests and diseases, ultimately enhancing production.
The infection levels of peanuts involved in experiments were monitored and evaluated, focusing on key issues such as rust, brown spots, green wilt, stem white rot, and fruit rot prior to harvest The findings are detailed in Table 4.8.
Table 4.8: Pest and disease infection level of peanut genotypes genotypes
Bacterial wilt disease (Pseudomonas solanacearum)
Vascular damage in plants disrupts the transport of water and nutrients, resulting in wilting and potential death The rate of infection and disease progression is influenced by the plant's growth stage, soil moisture, and ambient temperature, with rapid growth observed in conditions of high soil humidity and temperatures between 24 - 38ºC Notably, an experiment involving 78 genotypes showed no signs of disease.
During the flowering stage, a disease manifests on various plant parts, including leaves, stalks, stems, flowers, and tuber rays Leaf lesions appear as small, round spots measuring 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter, with the lower leaf epidermis rupturing to expose an orange to red-brown, slightly raised nocturnal necrosis These lesions can merge, causing the leaves to yellow, dry out, and diminish their photosynthetic capacity Similar disease stains are observed on stalks and petioles, with the condition worsening as the crop matures Most cultivars experience mild infections, rated at level 3.
Brown spot disease (Cercospora arachidicola)
Peanut plants often experience yellowing and leaf drop due to disease, particularly as they begin to flower The disease typically starts on the lower leaves and progresses upward, with minimal harm if it appears late in the growth cycle A deficiency in calcium and magnesium in the soil can lead to severe illness in the plants Research identified that the varieties D05, G121, G26, G08, G103, G128, G13, and G65 showed significant resistance, while other varieties exhibited only mild infection levels.
The disease primarily manifests as a dark brown stain at the base of the plant, accompanied by a white mycelium membrane surrounding the wound The area where the stem meets the ground is often affected, leading to wilting Most infected plants succumb to the disease, while others exhibit stunted growth, resulting in fewer, smaller, and flatter fruits Additionally, fruit rays (tubers) may be compromised by fungal infestations, leading to poor growth or rot in peanuts Fungi can persist in the soil as filaments and nodules for up to one year.
Our investigation into pests and diseases revealed that the majority of the varieties tested were infected, with some experiencing severe damage that significantly impacted productivity The most affected varieties were G67, G104, and G37, classified as the most harmful Following them were G121, G128, G02, G07, G14, and G44, which were moderately affected The least affected varieties included L14 and others in the same category.
In addition to the primary diseases identified, the peanut varieties in the experiment experienced minor damage from pests such as gray worms and moths Furthermore, during the critical period from fruit set to harvest, rats emerged as a significant pest impacting the productivity of peanut clones and breeds.
Yield and yield component of peanuts genotypes in the Autumn-Winter
4.3.1 Yield component in experimental of peanut genotypes
Crop yield, especially for peanuts, is influenced by various factors including variety characteristics, climate, soil, and cultivation practices It serves as a crucial indicator for evaluating genetic traits and the adaptability of varieties to ecological conditions, as well as the effectiveness of agricultural interventions While dry matter accumulation results from the biosynthesis of organic matter, the yield and its components are derived from this accumulation within the economic sector.
The economic yield of peanuts is influenced by several key factors, including the number of firm fruits per plant, the weight of 100 fruits, and the weight of 100 seeds These fundamental factors are interrelated and play a crucial role in determining the overall yield of the plant Understanding and evaluating their contributions is essential for the research process Data on these productivity factors can be found in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9 Factors constituting the yield of peanuts genotypes genotypes Filled pod ratio (%)
The number of firm fruits per plant is a key indicator of seed yield, with varieties exhibiting a higher count typically yielding more Monitoring revealed significant variation in the rate of firm fruits per plant, ranging from 60.0% to 94.1% The G44 variety recorded the lowest rate at 60.0%, while the H4 variety achieved the highest at 94.1% The control variety L27 reached 75%, which is lower than several other varieties, including G14, G126, G23, G121, H4, G66, GT2, CT3, G37, G43, D06, G13L3, G106, G104, G07, TD 207, G69, G15, G11, and G103.
Ratio 1 seed/pod and 3 seed/pod
The yield of a crop is positively influenced by the ratio of three seeds per pod, as a higher ratio leads to increased seed production and greater yield capacity Conversely, a high ratio of one seed per pod is negatively correlated with yield, indicating that varieties with a higher one seed per pod ratio tend to produce lower yields.
The experimental monitoring revealed significant variations in the ratio of 3 seeds per pod among different varieties, ranging from 0% to 35.5% Notably, 61.4% of the varieties exhibited no fruit with 3 seeds per pod, while G104 had the highest ratio at 35.5%, and the control variety L27 recorded 0% Additionally, the rate of fruit with 1 seed per pod was highest in G10 at 50% and lowest in G68 at 9% The control variety L27 achieved a rate of 24.4%, which was lower than several varieties including G38, CT7, G125, L18, G12, and line H5, but higher than other lines and varieties.
The monitoring results indicated that the weight of 100 pods for the varieties ranged from 80.6g to 176.2g, with G02 having the highest weight at 176.2g and GT the lowest at 80.6g The control variety L27 weighed 135.3g, which is lower than varieties G27, G36, G38, G68, G13, G16, and line H1, but higher than the other lines.
The weight of 100 seeds serves as a key metric for assessing seed size and quality, indicating whether they are large or small, heavy or light, based on the accumulation of dry matter This measurement is crucial for evaluating the quality and yield of peanuts, which is influenced by the genetic traits of the variety and external environmental conditions.
Table 4.7 reveals that the weight of 100 seeds across various varieties ranges from 24.4g to 117.6g The heaviest variety is G16, weighing 117.6g, while the lightest is MD7 at 24.4g The control variety L27 has a weight of 66.2g, which is lower than several other varieties, including G01, G26, G14, G66, H5, G22, and G127.
The cause-effect ratio serves as a crucial indicator of the genetic characteristics associated with each line and breed Monitoring reveals that the D06 variety has the lowest multiplication rate at 47.9%, while the G104 variety boasts the highest rate at 85.4% Additionally, the control line L27 exhibits the lowest kernel rate, recorded at 76.9%.
4.3.2 Harvest index and yield of peanut genotypes
Peanut yield is a primary concern for producers, serving as the key criterion for evaluating varieties and influencing technical measures In identical farming conditions, a variety that yields more is considered superior, leading to greater economic efficiency By monitoring individual productivity, theoretical yield, and harvest index, I identified notable differences among genotypes and breeds, as illustrated in the accompanying table.
Table 4.10 Harvest index and yield of peanut genotypes
Theoretical yiel (quintal/ha) Harvest index
Theoretical yiel (quintal/ha) Harvest index
Theoretical yiel (quintal/ha) Harvest index
Individual yield refers to the quantity of dried fruit harvested from each plant, serving as the fundamental unit that contributes to the overall yield of a peanut population It directly influences the calculation of theoretical yield and yield predictions for crops in the field Factors such as breed, weather conditions, and farming practices can significantly affect individual productivity.
The individual yield of peanut genotypes in the experiment varied significantly, primarily influenced by factors such as fruit size, the number of firm fruits per plant, and P100 fruit weight Yields ranged from 7.1 g/plant for genotype GI3 to 11.8 g/plant for genotype G01 The control variety L27 produced 10.4 g/plant, which was lower than several varieties including G01, GI3, CT7, G43, G121, G103, G127, G64, G02, G41, G66, G11, G31, H5, and G08, but higher than other tested varieties.
Theoretical yield refers to the individual yield of crops, which can be optimized through appropriate intensive farming techniques By calculating the theoretical yield based on planting density, farmers can maximize the potential of different lines and varieties in the field.
The theoretical yield of experimental peanut lines and cultivars ranged from 14.0 to 36.5 quintals/ha, with the G13L3 variety achieving the highest yield and the H4 variety the lowest The control variety L27 produced 26.0 quintals/ha, which is lower than several varieties including G01, GI3L3, G16, CT7, D04, G26, G08, G127, G43, D07, G103, G64, G02, G41, and G66, but higher than other lines and varieties.
The harvest index is a crucial metric that reflects the ratio of dry matter accumulated in economically valuable parts of plants, such as fruits and peanuts, relative to the total dry matter of the entire plant This index serves as a key indicator of plant yield, highlighting the capacity for dry matter accumulation in seeds and fruits Cultivars with a high harvest index are associated with greater dry matter reserves in their seeds, leading to enhanced yield potential.