Characterize and evaluate pumpkin accessions of vietnam origin in favri trails in winter season 2020 at gia lam ha noi, vietnam

Growth and development time of the pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020.. Growth time in nursery stage of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020 .... Growth time in the field of pu

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima/pepo/moschata), a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is an easy-to-grow squash plant that thrives in various soil types, from garden fields to hilly and coastal areas This nutritious food is rich in vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamin A, and is also high in water, protein, and energy, making it a valuable addition to a healthy diet.

In many localities, the productivity and quality of pumpkin cultivation remain low, as most farmers continue to rely on traditional, freely pollinated local varieties There has been little improvement in these aspects over time Therefore, it is crucial to research and select high-quality pumpkin varieties that are well-suited to Vietnam's cultivation conditions Identifying superior varieties with high quality and disease resistance is essential for enhancing crop structure and meeting market demands, ultimately improving the economic efficiency of farmers' production.

Therefore, I conduct the research on: “Characterize and evaluate pumpkin accessions of vietnam origin in favri trails in winter season 2020 at Gia Lam – Hanoi, Vietnam.”

Objectives and requirements

Selected elite vegetable lines of pumpkin are methodically testes in field trials, and disease-resistant high yield lines are promoted for use in breeding or considered for varietal release

Determine the growth characteristics, agro-biological characteristics, morphological characteristics, the degree of pest and disease infection, and the yield of pumpkin accessions.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Origin, distribution and classification of pumpkins

2.1.1 Origin and distribution of pumpkins

Pumpkin is a member of the Cucurbita genus within the Cucurbitaceae family While all Cucurbita species originate from the Americas, their native regions can vary between North and South America Notably, five species of the Cucurbita genus were recognized as native to Europe in the late 15th century.

The species that belong to Cucurbita genus used for agricultural production is Cucurbita argyrosperma, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita moschata, and Cucurbita pepo

Cucurbita argyrosperma is a species that is widely distributed from southwestern America through Mexico and into Central America Archaeological evidence indicates that this plant may have been domesticated several thousand years ago, originating from western South America and extending to the southern central region of Mexico.

Cucurbita ficifolia, commonly known as fig-leaf gourd, is native to the highlands of Mexico and extends south to northern Chile and Argentina The precise origin of its domestication remains debated, with some researchers suggesting Central America or Southern Mexico, while others point to the Andes in South America In the 16th and 17th centuries, this species was introduced to Mediterranean countries, particularly France and Portugal, as well as India Today, Cucurbita ficifolia is recognized globally under various names.

Cucurbita maxima, a species native to Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile, has been domesticated in South America Archaeological findings indicate that this plant has been cultivated and utilized extensively from Peru to northern regions.

Since the 16th century, various types of C maxima have been exported from South America to Europe, with additional shipments to Australia, Africa, and Asia, where local varieties have emerged In the 19th century, several cultivars were brought to the United States from South America Beyond the regions mentioned, C maxima is also found globally, featuring numerous indigenous varieties.

Cucurbita moschata, commonly known as squash, is naturally distributed from the midlands of Mexico to Central America and is widely domesticated in Latin America, although its exact area of origin remains undetermined This species is the most prevalent type of squash in tropical regions, primarily for domestic consumption Following its introduction to Europe, C moschata rapidly spread to other continents, adapting to various ecological conditions It was brought to western Mississippi in the United States in the late 17th century and later cultivated in regions such as India, Java, Angola, North Africa, and Japan during the 19th century.

Cucurbita pepo is naturally distributed from the eastern United States to Illinois, through the Mississippi valleys, into Texas, and south to Mexico Archaeological evidence indicates that this species was utilized by indigenous peoples as far back as 7000-5000 years ago, making it one of the first domesticated members of the Cucurbita genus, even predating significant crops like maize and beans Following its domestication, C pepo has diversified extensively across America, Europe, and Asia.

Pumpkin has a long-standing presence in Vietnam, with no documented history of its introduction It is widely found across the country, from the North to the South, and serves as a popular ingredient in various family meals, being prepared in numerous delicious dishes.

2.2.2 Classification and botanical characteristics of pumpkin

Cucurbitaceae is a family of plants that includes watermelon (Citrullus), cucumber (Cucumis), squash (Benincasa), gourd (Lagenaria), pumpkin (Cucurbita), melon (Luffa), bitter melon ( Momordica)

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) botanical taxonomic system, widely adopted by botanists, was updated to APG II in 2003 to incorporate recent research findings This classification system organizes the gourd set into seven distinct families.

The Cucurbitaceae family consists of 120 genera with 1000 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, less temperate and tropical Our country has 23 genera and nearly 50 species

In Vietnam there are 3 species:

Cucurbita maxima Duch ex Lam

Climbing plants feature robust stems covered in white setae, with petioles measuring 15-20 cm and densely setose leaf blades that are reniform or orbicular-reniform, ranging from 15-25 cm The leaves have a cordate base, nearly entire or dentate margins, and obtuse apices Tendrils are typically many-fid and slightly setose Male pedicels are 10-20 cm long and puberulent, with a campanulate calyx tube and densely white setose linear-lanceolate segments measuring 18-20 mm The tubular corolla has reflexed ovate-orbicular segments of 2-3 cm, with rugose margins and obtuse apices The flower features three connivent stamens with filaments that are 5-7 mm long, almost glabrous or puberulent at the base, and connivent anthers The ovary is ovoid with a short style and 2-lobed stigmas The short, cylindrical fruiting pedicel is not angular-sulcate and has a non-enlarged apex, with fruit that varies in shape, size, and color The seeds are compressed with obtuse or marginate margins, and the fruit is utilized as a vegetable, while the seeds are oil-rich.

Cucurbita moschata Duch ex Poiret

Plants exhibit a prostrate growth habit, with stems reaching 2-5 meters in length and covered in dense white hairs The robust petiole measures 8-19 cm and is also setose The leaf blade is broadly ovate or ovate-orbicular, measuring 12-25 cm by 20-30 cm, and features a distinctive 5-angled or 5-lobed structure The lobes are triangular and are characterized by a yellow-white setose and velvety texture on the adaxial surface.

The male calyx tube is campanulate, measuring 5-6 mm, with linear segments that are 1-1.5 cm long and pubescent, becoming enlarged or leaflike at the apex The corolla is also campanulate, approximately 8 × 6 cm, featuring segments with a revolute margin, a rugose texture, and an acute apex There are three stamens with glandular filaments measuring 5-8 mm, and connivent anthers about 15 mm in size The ovary is one-locular with a short style and an enlarged, 2-lobed stigma The robust fruiting pedicel ranges from 5-7 cm, is angular-sulcate, and strongly enlarged at the apex The fruit varies in shape, size, and color, while the numerous seeds are gray-white, ovate or oblong, measuring 10-15 × 7-10 mm with a thickened margin Both the fruit and seeds are edible, with the fruit commonly used as a vegetable.

Climbing plants exhibit setose and scabrous-hairy stems, with petioles measuring 6-9 cm The leaf blades are triangular or ovate-triangular, featuring scabrous-hairy surfaces, a cordate base, irregularly dentate margins, and acute apices These monoecious plants produce solitary flowers with angular pedicels ranging from 3-6 cm, covered in yellow-brown setae The calyx tube is 5-angled, and the linear-lanceolate segments support a campanulate corolla approximately 5 × 3 cm in size, with erect segments and acute apices The flowers contain three stamens with filaments around 15 mm long and connivent anthers measuring about 10 mm The ovoid ovary is 1-locular, and the robust fruiting pedicel is notably angular-sulcate with a slightly thickened apex The fruit varies in shape and size, containing numerous white, ovate seeds approximately 20 mm long, which are marginate and obtuse This fruit is commonly utilized as a vegetable.

Growth and development properties of pumpkins

The germination period for pumpkin seeds lasts from sowing until the plant develops two leaves, with optimal temperatures for this process ranging between 25-30°C According to Ta Thu Cuc (2007), pumpkins exhibit a robust germination capability.

The stage from the emergence of two cotyledons to the appearance of 4-5 true leaves is critical for plant development During this phase, growth is slow, characterized by short internodes and small leaves, with the stem remaining upright and unable to branch The plant is particularly vulnerable to external conditions and has low resistance to pests and diseases, making it essential to enhance care and increase fertilization.

During the critical growth phase of 4-5 leaves until flowering, plants experience rapid horizontal stem development, increased leaf growth, and larger leaf sizes This period is marked by an abundance of male flowers and the emergence of the first female flower Additionally, the root system develops more quickly than the stems and leaves If the plant grows unbalanced, with an excess of leaves and fewer flowers and fruits, proper care techniques become essential for optimal growth.

During this critical phase of flowering and fruiting, plants experience maximum growth in stems, leaves, and roots, with stems outpacing root development and early pods forming This period demands the highest levels of water and nutrients, making moisture retention and proper nutrition essential for optimal productivity.

During this phase, the growth of stems, leaves, and fruits declines sharply, leading to a reduced number of fruits on the tree and an overall aging of the tree The fruits often develop disproportionately and may be malformed, resulting in a significant decrease in both yield and quality However, with proper care, it is possible to extend the lifespan of the leaves and minimize fruit deformities.

Effects of environmental conditions

Pumpkin thrives in tropical climates and can be cultivated in various terrains, from flat fields to plateaus at altitudes of up to 1,500 meters This resilient plant exhibits excellent heat resistance, continuing to grow normally even when temperatures rise to 35-40°C.

Most types in the family cucurbits grow well at 23-30°C When the temperature drops below 10°C, growth problems and stops working

Temperature and day length significantly affect the ratio of male to female flowers in plants Specifically, longer days and elevated temperatures favor the production of a higher number of male flowers.

Plants in the cucurbit family all require a short time of light for growth and development

Plants require 10-12 hours of light daily, with shorter light periods promoting the differentiation of female flowers in certain species (Ta Thu Cuc, 2007) Most cucurbit family plants thrive under strong light intensity; inadequate lighting, such as during cloudy or drizzly weather, leads to poor growth, delayed flowering, and reduced yield and quality Additionally, cloudy conditions hinder bee activity, necessitating supplemental pollination to enhance fruiting rates.

Plants generally need a significant amount of water, as they require 70-80% moisture due to their large number of leaves However, pumpkin plants are relatively drought-tolerant; they can withstand dry conditions and absorb water efficiently while consuming less Despite their resilience, excessive drought can lead to the dropping of flowers and young fruits.

2.4.4 Effects of soil and nutrients

The pumpkin plant thrives in various soil types, including nutrient-poor and mounded soils It flourishes particularly well in light, fleshy, medium, sandy, and riverside alluvial soils with a balanced pH, resulting in high yields, excellent quality, and appealing designs.

Cucurbit plants have specific NPK nutrient requirements, needing the highest levels of nitrogen, followed by potassium, and the least amount of phosphorus They thrive in soil with a pH range of 5 to 7.

Pumpkin is highly nutritious, providing a rich source of vitamin A, which is essential for vision, bone growth, reproduction, protein synthesis, immune regulation, and skin health With only 26 calories and no fat per 100g, it is an excellent choice for low-calorie diets Additionally, pumpkin contains glutamic acid, vital for brain function, nerve health, and metabolic responses, making it beneficial for conditions like neurasthenia and mental retardation in children Pumpkin seeds are also valuable, yielding oil rich in carotenoids such as beta-carotene and lutein, which are potent antioxidants that help prevent cataracts, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers, while also being packed with micronutrients.

Magnesium: Contributes to the mineralization of bones, protein structure, increases the metabolic effects of enzymes, muscle spasm, neurotransmission, teeth health, and immune system function

Linoleic acid, an essential omega-6 fatty acid, is crucial for maintaining the proper functioning of the immune, circulatory, and endocrine systems, making it necessary to obtain from dietary sources.

Copper is crucial for iron absorption and hemoglobin formation, while also playing a vital role in enzyme activity that boosts the body's defense against free radicals.

Phosphorus is essential for the mineralization of teeth and bones, playing a crucial role in the construction of genetic material and forming phospholipids that aid in energy transport and structural integrity It also helps maintain the body's acid-base balance Additionally, pumpkin seeds, which are high in phosphorus, may help lower the risk of kidney stones.

Zinc: Participates in immune responses, creates genetic structure, heals wound healing, heals skin, makes sperm and fetus grow

Pumpkin is rich in trace elements and amino acids, including alanine, valine, leucine, cystine, and lysine In every 100g of pumpkin meat, there are 0.9g of protein and 5-6g of carbohydrates, along with essential vitamins such as B1, B2, PP, and B6 Notably, it contains 400mg of vitamin B5 and valuable fatty acids like linoleic and linolenic, as well as 28mg of beta-carotene.

Some of the effects of pumpkin:

Physterol, along with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, plays a crucial role in lowering bad cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular diseases and high blood pressure Notably, pumpkin seeds are an excellent source of these beneficial substances.

Pumpkin is a low-calorie, low-fat food that is rich in fiber, making it an excellent choice for weight loss Its nutritional profile makes it particularly beneficial for individuals who are overweight or obese, supporting their weight management goals effectively.

Pumpkin is an excellent source of vitamin C, which plays a crucial role in enhancing the immune system By incorporating pumpkin into your diet, you can strengthen your body's defenses, enabling it to effectively combat harmful bacteria and viruses.

Pumpkin seeds and flowers are beneficial for fetal development, as they contribute to the formation of brain cells and enhance the vitality of the fetus Additionally, they help prevent complications during pregnancy, such as edema and hypertension, and may also aid in the prevention of hemorrhagic fever at birth.

The method of the growing pumpkins

There is 2 main crops season:

Winter-Spring crop: Sowing seeds from December 15 to January 25

Autumn-Winter crop: Sowing seeds from September 1 to October 15

To successfully sow seeds, begin by soaking them in clean water for 6-8 hours, then wash and prepare them for cracking before planting Utilize suitable substrates such as plastic trays, foam, or pots that are disease-free and nutrient-rich to promote healthy squash seedling growth A recommended potting medium consists of a 1:1 mixture of powdered soil and decomposed humus (or manure) along with smoked husks, which should be prepared 10-15 days prior to use Sow one seed per pot in the trays or pots and cover them with a thin layer of the hummus mixture after planting.

Up a plot of 4.5m wide to plant 2 rows / plot Planting distance (row x plant) = (3.5m x 0.4 - 0.6m) planting 2-3 plants / hole after only 2 plants / hole

The amount of fertilizer for 360m 2 is as follows:

Fertilization method: Basal fertilization: All manure + phosphorus

The first time top dressing: When the tree has 2-3 real leaves, combine weeding, cultivating, and nurturing the root for the tree (fertilize around the stock and cover the soil)

The second time top dressing: After the plant full flowering (or the period of collecting leaves as vegetables)

The third time top dressing: When the set fruit is finished (or the leaves is being harvested as vegetables)

If you see poor growth Additional watering NPK 16: 16: 8 can be diluted 5% concentration with decomposed organic fertilizer for plants (1 week /time)

In the early stages after planting, it is crucial to provide light and regular watering to help plants establish strong roots and maintain adequate moisture for healthy growth During the flowering and fruiting phases, plants require significant amounts of water to thrive Insufficient watering can lead to poor growth, increased susceptibility to pests and diseases, and ultimately result in reduced yields.

If the rain is flooded, it is necessary to drain all the water immediately, because pumpkin cannot tolerate waterlogging

Pumpkins are frequently affected by green worms and aphids To combat these pests, it is recommended to spray the plants with Sherpa at a concentration of 0.1-0.15% and ddipsterrex at 0.2% For powdery mildew, a spray of Bayleton at 0.1% is effective It is important to apply these treatments according to the specified concentrations and ensure thorough coverage of the leaves.

After 30 days of growth, the leaves and tops of the first phase can be harvested For optimal yield, fruits can be harvested in 3-5 groups during the flowering stage of the female plants Additionally, to enhance pollination, it is recommended to pollinate the female flowers with freshly bloomed male pollen between 8 and 9 AM.

Note to collect pumpkin: comply with the isolation time of pesticides on the package

After setting fruit for 1.5 - 2 months, pumpkin can be collected (the skin is yellow).

Pumpkin production in the world and in Vietnam

2.7.1 Pumpkin production in the world

The economic significance of pumpkin cultivation is on the rise, leading to an expansion in acreage and production levels As reported by FAOSTAT (2020), the leading countries in pumpkin production include China with 7 million tons, India with 4 million tons, Russia with 1.2 million tons, the United States with 0.9 million tons, and Turkey with 0.8 million tons.

The production situation of pumpkin groups from 2015 to 2019 (FAOSTAT, 2020) is as follows:

Table 2.1 Pumpkin production in other regions of the world

Unit: Area harvested = ha; Yield = quintal /ha; Production= ton

Over the past six years, Asia has maintained the largest pumpkin growing area globally, peaking at 1,334,040 hectares in 2017, which represented 64.42% of the world's total However, this region has experienced a downward trend, with the lowest area recorded in 2018 at 779,673 hectares, accounting for 51.09% In contrast, Africa has seen growth in its pumpkin cultivation, reaching its highest area of 335,947 hectares in 2019, which made up 23.13% of the global total The Americas also contribute significantly, with a peak of 187,068 hectares in 2019, representing 12.15% of the world's pumpkin area Meanwhile, Europe, despite having the smallest cultivated area, has shown a steady increase, with its largest acreage of 190,675 hectares in 2019, accounting for 12.39%.

In terms of yield, the average yield of pumpkins in Europe is the highest

In the past 6 years, the average pumpkin yield in Europe tended to increase,

In 2019, the highest yield recorded was 250.51 quintals per hectare, representing 168.35% of the global average Conversely, Africa has the lowest average pumpkin productivity, at just over 50% of the world average, with its peak productivity in 2017 at 79.79 quintals per hectare, equating to 59.70% of the global yield The Americas, followed by Europe, exhibited the highest productivity levels In 2018, a yield of 161.26 quintals per hectare was achieved, which was 108.20% of the world average Asia also surpassed the global average in yield, with a trend of increasing productivity, albeit modestly From 2014, when the average yield was 131.29 quintals per hectare, it rose to 250.51 quintals per hectare by 2019.

Asia leads the world in pumpkin production, contributing over 50% of the global output In 2015, Asia's production peaked at 16,133,190 tons, representing 62.83% of total world production However, by 2019, this figure had declined to 12,148,496 tons, accounting for 53.03% of global output In contrast, Africa has the lowest pumpkin production, with its output consistently making up only 8% to 10% of the world's total.

According to the General Statistics Office (GSO) in 2018, pumpkin plants occupy a significant area of 39,588.6 hectares, yielding a total output of 654,912.9 tons This positions pumpkins as one of the major vegetable crops in the cucumber family, following watermelon and cucumbers, which cover 51,882.8 hectares (1,200,104.5 tons) and 49,514.7 hectares (960,667.3 tons), respectively In contrast, the area dedicated to tomatoes is only 25,000 hectares Thus, pumpkins play a crucial role in Vietnam's overall vegetable production In the Northern provinces, pumpkin cultivation is prevalent in regions such as Ha Giang, Phu Tho, Son La, Hanoi, Vinh Phuc, Hung Yen, and Thai Binh, with each province maintaining an area of approximately 1,000 to 1,200 hectares annually.

Pumpkin is a highly popular vegetable in our country, valued not only for its fruit but also for its nutritious tops, which can be used in a variety of delicious dishes After harvesting, pumpkins can be consumed immediately or preserved for later use, allowing for sales during peak seasons when prices are high Currently, pumpkins are cultivated as winter crops across extensive areas, contributing significantly to agricultural production As part of efforts to restructure crops and introduce new varieties, pumpkin cultivation has proven to be economically efficient, particularly in regions like Yen Lap, Vu Di, Vinh Son in Vinh Tuong district, and Dong Ich in Lap Thach district.

In Bac Ninh province, selecting crops that require low investment and labor costs while offering high returns is crucial for enhancing winter production As a result, many farming households have opted for pumpkin cultivation, which not only boosts crop diversity but also significantly increases income and economic efficiency.

Currently, pumpkin has emerged as a significant agricultural export product, with promising markets in Japan, Korea, Singapore, and Malaysia Notably, Da Lat Company - Japan Food Inc stands out as the largest exporter of pumpkins Additionally, several other companies are actively exporting pumpkins to various international markets.

Currently, various pumpkin varieties are widely cultivated beyond traditional production, including local types and primarily imported F1 hybrids like TLP 868, TLP 368 from Tan Loc Phat Company, and the 979 and Co Tien varieties from Nong Huu Company.

125 (East West company), Japanese pumpkin variety, Mahind variety (Thailand)… Southern Seed Company introduced pumpkin seed F1 333

The pumpkin plant offers numerous advantages, thriving in various soil types and being cultivable nearly year-round, except during the extreme heat of summer and the cold of winter (November and December) Its resilience during winter results in fewer pests and diseases, leading to reduced pesticide use and making it a safer food option Additionally, the expansion of pumpkin acreage and output is on the rise, solidifying its role in agricultural production However, there has been insufficient focus on researching and developing new domestic varieties, resulting in modest advancements in local pumpkin breeding efforts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research materials

In the winter season of 2020, a total of 60 pumpkin accessions were planted, including the control accession BD-60, which is noted for its high yield quality and disease resistance, making it well-suited for farming conditions in Vietnam.

Table 3.1: Pumpkin accessions used for the experiment in winter season 2020

No Name of accessions No Name of accessions

Location and Time of research

Location :FAVRI experiment at Gia Lam - Hanoi - Vietnam

Time: Winter season 2020, from November 2020 to February 2021.

Cultural practices

Pumpkin seeds were planted in nursery trays filled with a 1:1:1 mixture of compost, coconut husk, and burnt rice hulls, and covered with plastic to retain moisture and ensure uniform germination Once the seedlings developed 1 to 2 true leaves, they were transplanted into the field, where the entire plot was covered with plastic film to conserve soil moisture and manage weed growth.

NPK basal fertilizer was applied at the rate of 120 - 90 - 120 kg/ha and manure fertilizer were applied at 20,000 kg/ha

Top dressing: Fertilizer should be applied according to the method of adding holes 7-10cm away from the covering , or diluting, only watering in the cool afternoon or early morning

 First time: Plant get 4-5 true leaves ( 30%N+20%K+25%NPK)

 Second time: The plant starts to the female flower 40%N+40%K+25%NPK)

During the third stage of growth, the fruit on the plant began to develop with a nutrient composition of 30% nitrogen, 40% potassium, and 25% NPK Adequate moisture was maintained through careful watering practices, ensuring optimal growth and development while avoiding both drought and flooding conditions.

Pests and disease prevention: fields were regularly checked for pest and diseases As we were interested in plant resistance to pest and diseases, plant protection practices were not applied

During the flowering period, consistent monitoring was essential Male and female flowers were kept separate, and the following day, cross-pollination was conducted between male and female flowers of the same accessions.

Experimental design

The experiments were conducted sequentially, with each plot containing a maximum of 15 plants Each plot measured 4 x 12 m, arranged in a single row with a density of 7,000 plants per hectare The total experimental area covered 2,500 m², utilizing a spacing of 4.0 m between rows and 1.0 m between individual plants.

Trait measurements

Growth time to assess the uniform, flowering, or ripening of each accession (Table 3.2)

Table 3.2: Growth traits of pumpkin accessions in autumn-winter 2020

1 Germination (days) When the seeds have germination of more than 50%

2 True leaf (days) From the day the seed germinated to the first true leaf show

3 1 st male flower (days) Time from sowing to the first male flowers appear

4 1 st female flower (days) Time from sowing to the first female flowers appear

5 Fruit ripening The time between flowering until the fruit ripens

6 Duration of growth The time from sowing to harvesting

 The total yield of the accession (kg)

 Fruit shape: pea/ peanut/ pear/ round/ other shape

 Fruit skin color: Main/ Secondary

 Fruit flesh color: Croceate/ Yellow/ Dark yellow

 Fruit skin pattern: smooth/ ridged/ rough

 Eating quality: Sweetness/ Firmness/ Fiber

Evaluate the level of disease

Disease damage: PM (Powdery mildew), virus, GSB (Gummy stem blight)): Pest and disease damage: Subscribe to the extent infected with diseases by AVRDC

 Mark 0: No Symptom (High resistance)

 Mark 1: Light 1-10% leaf area infected (Resistance)

 Mark 2: Average 11 - 25% of leaf area infected (Moderate resistance)

 Mark 3: Heavy 26 - 50% of leaf area infected (Moderate susceptible)

 Mark 4: Very heavy 51 - 75% of leaf area infected (Susceptible)

 Mark 5: Serious 76-100% of leaf area infected (High susceptible)

Subscribe to the rate of viral infection by calculating the percent of plant damage:

Number of damaged plant/plot

Total number of plants/plot

Growth and development indicators

The germination rate of pumpkin accessions

Total number of seeds sown

Data analysis

Evaluation of horticultural characteristics and rate of pest and diseases by the method of AVRDC

The data collected during the experiment was synthesized and processed statistically according by EXCEL 2016 program.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Growth and development time of the pumpkin accessions in winter

4.1.1 Growth time in nursery stage of pumpkin accessions in winter season

All accessions, except for BD-50, exhibited a germination rate exceeding 90%, with the control accession BD-60 achieving a rate of 93% The germination time for the pumpkin accessions was relatively consistent, ranging from 6 to 7 days from sowing to sprouting Notably, all accessions displayed true leaves after 3 days of germination (Table 4.1).

Table 4.1.Growth time in nursery stage of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020

From sowing to sprouting (days)

From germination to true leaves (days)

From sowing to transplanting (days)

4.1.2 Growth time in the field of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020

After the vegetative growth phase, pumpkin plants enter the critical reproductive growth phase, marked by the blooming of the first male flower until the last This flowering period is crucial as it directly influences the yield of the crop During this time, pumpkin plants are particularly vulnerable to environmental factors such as drought, strong winds, and high temperatures The duration of this phase varies based on the pumpkin variety, cultivation conditions, and planting season.

The days to the first male flower appearance varied among accessions, ranging from 51.7 to 69.7 days after planting (DAP) The earliest male flowers emerged at 51.7 DAP in the BD-29 accession, followed closely by BD-35 and BD-50 at 52.6 and 53 DAP, respectively In contrast, the latest male flower appearance was recorded at 69.7 DAP in the BD-46 accession, while the control variety, BD-60, showed its first male flower at 56.4 DAP.

The days to the first female flowering of accessions varied significantly, ranging from 50.7 to 81 days Notably, the earliest female flowers emerged in BD-27 at 50.7 days after planting (DAP), followed closely by BD-23 and BD-13 at 52.3 and 52.7 DAP, respectively In contrast, the latest appearance of female flowers was observed in BD-56, while the control variety showed its first female flower at 59.4 days.

The node where 1st female flower appear ranged 11.6 to 25.8 among accessions This parameter is one indicator to determine the purity of the pumpkin varieties (Table 4.2)

Table 4.2 Time through stages of growth and development of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020

Number of days from planting to

Node at 1st female flower appear

From flowering to ripe (days)

Total growth duration of pumpkins was calculated from sowing day to harvesting day The total growing time of all pumpkin accessions is 140 days

The growth characteristics of pumpkin accessions in the Autumn-Winter crop of 2020, as detailed in Table 4.2, reveal significant variations in the time from planting to the first male flower bloom, the first female flower bloom, and the duration from blossoming to full maturity This diversity highlights the genetic variability among the pumpkin accessions involved in the experiment.

Seed and fruit characteristics of pumpkin accessions in winter season

From 60 different accessions of pumpkin from Spring-Summer 2020 crop to Winter crop 2020, we have separated 286 new pumpkin accessions with good fruit characteristics (Table 4.3)

The evaluation of self-coordinating pumpkin accessions showed a diverse range of fruit shapes and colors, which are key characteristics for the selection and development of pumpkin plants.

Self-coordination pumpkin accessions exhibit a variety of traits, including fruit weight, width, length, shape, peel color, and flesh color, making them valuable genetic resources for breeding programs aimed at developing pumpkin plants that fulfill production needs.

Table 4.3 Seed and fruit characteristics of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020

New accession Plant Fruit Fruit shape

Thickness of the pulp (cm)

Fruit peel form Fruit color Fruit flesh color Smooth Ridged Rough Main Secondary

1I -3 C3 Q2 Pear 1.1 17.9 10.3 2.2 6.0 5.5 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

2S C6 Q4 Pear 1.3 18.7 10.8 2.2 8.1 5.7 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

2S C14 Q Pear 1.4 17.4 11.8 2.1 8.7 8.0 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

2I C7 Q6 Pear 1.3 16.2 11.1 2.3 6.1 6.3 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

2I C2 Q1 Pear 1.0 16.5 9.9 1.8 9.0 5.7 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

3I C6 Peanut 1.0 17.5 9.5 2.2 5.0 3.2 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

3S C1 Peanut 0.8 15.7 9.4 2.0 6.0 5.7 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

3I C8 Peanut 1.0 15.5 10.0 2.2 5.0 5.6 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

4S-13 13 Pear 1.4 21.5 10.9 2.4 8.0 6.1 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

4I-15 1 Pear 1.2 19.5 11.2 2.0 7.5 7.0 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

4i-22 Pear 1.1 17.5 10.4 2.3 8.1 7.2 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

5I-C4 Round, high 1.3 19.8 11.5 2.6 6.8 7.0 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

5IC4 Round, high 1.2 19.1 10.0 2.0 5.5 6.2 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

5IC12 Round, high 1.2 18.5 9.5 1.9 7.0 6.0 x Brown Cream white

5SC11 Round, high 1.2 17.0 11.0 2.2 9.1 7.0 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

6 6S-9 Pear, high 1.8 12.1 16.3 3.0 7.0 10.6 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

6I-8 Pear, high 1.3 13.2 14.8 3.0 7.0 9.0 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

6I-7 Pear, high 1.5 13.0 14.5 2.8 7.0 9.6 x Brown Cream white

6I - 2 Pear, high 1.3 16.1 12.1 2.1 7.1 8.8 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

7S C14 Pear, high 1.6 12.3 15.4 2.5 7.0 8.2 x Brown Cream white

7I C10 Pear, high 1.1 11.5 14.0 2.4 7.0 9.3 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

7S C11 Pear, high 1.5 10.8 15.1 2.5 5.2 10.0 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

,high 1.2 16.2 9.3 2.5 5.0 4.2 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

,high 1.2 18.8 10.1 2.5 6.4 5.1 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

10S C4 Pear, short 1.4 13.2 14.4 2.3 7.6 8.5 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

Brown Cream white Dark yellow

10 I C 6 Pear, short 1.4 13.7 14.6 2.5 7.0 9.4 Brown Cream white Dark yellow

11 I C 6 Pear 1.1 15.7 12.4 2.2 9.0 8.1 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

11 I C12 Q3 Pear 1.5 15.2 13.5 2.6 7.3 8.3 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

11S C4 Pear 1.2 14.5 13.0 2.7 8.5 8.1 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow Cream Dark

12 I C9 Pear 1.3 16.8 12.3 2.2 8.0 7.7 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

12 I C5 Pear, short 1.2 11.1 14.5 2.2 6.1 9.5 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

12 I C30 Q2 Peanut 1.3 17.5 12.0 2.4 8.3 6.4 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

13 13I C9 Round, big 4.5 18.5 22.5 3.7 11.2 13.0 x Brown Cream white Yellow

13I C9 Cylindri cal 4.1 18.2 21.6 3.7 11.4 14.3 x Brown Cream white Croceat e

13S C16 Cylindri cal 2.7 18.0 16.2 2.8 9.5 10.6 x Brown Cream white Croceat e

13S C13 Cylindri cal 2.6 18.5 17.1 3.1 10.5 10.0 x Brown Cream white Croceat e

13I C14 Cylindri cal 1.6 15.6 13.8 2.5 7.3 8.2 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

13 I C4 Round 1.4 17.6 12.4 2.4 8.0 7.9 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

14 I Round 1.1 10.3 13.4 2.5 7.0 8.0 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

14 I Round 1.2 9.6 14.8 2.5 6.8 10.0 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

14 S Round 1.3 13.6 14.1 2.6 7.7 9.3 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

14 I C13 Q8 Round 1.7 11.0 16.3 2.3 6.5 11.4 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

16 S C10 Round, high 1.1 13.6 13.5 2.0 7.0 8.7 x Brown Cream white Yellow

16I C22 Round, high 1.0 12.0 12.8 2.0 7.4 8.1 x Brown Cream white Yellow

17 I C1 Q5 Round, high 0.9 12.0 12.0 2.0 6.5 8.0 x Brown Cream white Yellow

17 S C6 Q6 Round, high 1.0 12.2 13.4 2.5 7.7 9.0 x Brown Cream white Yellow

17S C8 Q3 Round, high 1.0 14.9 11.8 2.0 7.1 7.0 x Brown Cream white Yellow

17 OP C12 Q1 Round, high 0.9 15.8 11.3 2.0 8.0 7.6 x Brown Cream white Yellow

17 OP C9 Q4 Round, high 1.0 16.7 11.5 2.2 5.3 7.0 x Brown Cream white Yellow

18I C4 Pea, big 3.4 31.5 17.5 3.0 17.8 11.6 x Brown Cream white Yellow

18I C1 Pear 1.1 18.0 11.5 2.5 8.1 7.0 x Brown Cream white Croceat e

18I C7 Pear 1.0 19.2 11.8 2.2 7.0 8.2 x Brown Cream white Croceat e

18S C9 Pear 1.1 20.5 10.3 2.0 7.0 7.3 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

18I C5 Pear, short 1.0 13.3 13.2 2.7 8.1 8.9 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

19I C14 Peanut, big 2.6 35.2 13.6 2.1 21.7 9.0 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

20 S C6 Round 3.9 10.2 24.5 4.5 6.5 15.5 x Brown Cream white Croceat e

20 OP C18 Round 2.3 10.7 20.1 4.2 6.5 12.2 x Brown Cream white Croceat e

20 OP Round 3.0 11.5 22.0 4.4 8.0 12.5 x Brown Cream white Croceat e

21I C5 Pear 0.9 12.4 10.0 1.9 7.0 6.2 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

22 22 Round 0,5 8,5 10,2 2,3 5,2 8,6 x Dark green Cream white Yellow

8.0 x Brown Cream white Dark yellow

Figure 4.1 Pod and fruit characteristics of some pumpkin accessions

4.3 Research results of diseases and pest infestation of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020

Plants belonging to the gourd family are often diseased downy mildew, powdery mildew, gummy stem blight Downy mildew: caused by the fungus

Pseudoperonospora cubensis is a disease that typically manifests from mid-winter (November) to mid-March It thrives in conditions characterized by high humidity, such as drizzle, light rain, and frost, while relatively low temperatures are also conducive to its development However, monitoring results indicate that the disease did not appear in the experiment.

Table 4.4 Diseases infestation in pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020

Number of dead plant/ accessions

The study evaluated the infection levels of gummy stem blight across various pumpkin varieties, identifying seven accessions (BD-4, BD-8, BD-11, BD-21, BD-23, BD-52, and BD-54) that exhibited non-infection Additionally, thirty accessions showed average infection levels (points 1 and 2), while other varieties displayed a range of susceptibility from low resistance to high susceptibility, as detailed in Table 4.4.

Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Erysiphe cichoraceatum De Candolle, typically appears at the end of the spring season under conditions of high humidity and warm weather In a winter experiment, pumpkin varieties were assessed for their susceptibility to the disease, ranging from non-infected (points 0) to varying levels of infection (points 1 and 2) and susceptibility (points 3 and 4) The results indicated that six pumpkin accessions, including BD-4, BD-8, BD-11, BD-21, BD-52, and BD-54, exhibited high resistance to powdery mildew, while 13 other accessions showed resistance, with varying degrees of susceptibility noted in additional pumpkin varieties.

Most pumpkin accessions were resistant to virus disease, except for only

The control variety had a low level of resistance to powdery mildew and gummy stem blight (Table 4.4)

4.4 Yield and yield components of pumpkin accessions in winter season

Pumpkin is classified as a fruit vegetable, and key quantitative traits such as the number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, and overall yield are essential for evaluating its variety.

Table 4.5 Yield and yield components of pumpkin accessions in winter season 2020

The productivity of pumpkins varies significantly, ranging from 8.05 kg to 74.25 kg The top five accessions with the highest yields are BD-60 and BD-27, both producing 74.25 kg, followed by BD-31 at 61.5 kg, and BD-21 and BD-52, each yielding 54.4 kg In contrast, the lowest productivity is observed in the BD-44 accession, which yields only 8.05 kg Notably, the control accession, BD-60, ranks among the highest with a yield of 74.25 kg.

The findings in Table 4.5 indicate that the varieties exhibit a high number of fruits per plant and a substantial yield per plot, demonstrating their strong growth potential and fruiting capability, making them valuable genetic resources for future breeding selections.

Fruit quality of the pumpkin accessions in the winter season 2020

The quality of pumpkin accessions is crucial for satisfying consumer and market demands, creating optimal conditions for the development of productive varieties.

Table 4.6 Fruit quality of the pumpkin accessions in the winter season 2020

No Name of accessions Brix (%) Sensory evaluation Evaluate

1 BD-1 8.1 Delicious, sweet, low fiber Good

No Name of accessions Brix (%) Sensory evaluation Evaluate

35 BD-35 4.6 Not delicious Not good

Table 4.6 indicates that many pumpkin varieties exhibit high solubility (Brix degree) and excellent quality, making them promising candidates for market demands Notably, 39 pumpkin accessions have a solute content exceeding 7.0, characterized by sweet, tasty flavors and low fiber content However, one line, BD-35, demonstrates low test quality, while the remaining varieties are of medium quality Additionally, the control variety also displayed good fruit quality.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

Results of the evaluation of 60 pumpkin accessions in the winter season

1 The results of the criteria from planting to the first blossoming male flower and the number of days from planting to the first female flowers blooming as well as from blossoming to full maturity of the pumpkin accessions participating in the experiment were also different This shows the diversity of genetic resources

2 Evaluation of fruit characteristics of the lines of the self-coordination pumpkins revealed diversity in fruit shape and color These are the guiding characteristics of the selection and development of pumpkin plants

3 Diseases and pest infestation: There are 6 accessions that are highly resistant to powdery mildew and gummy stem blight such as BD-4, BD-8, BD-

11, BD-21, BD-52, BD-54; The control variety had a low level of resistance to powdery mildew and gummy stem blight

4 The productivity of the pumpkins ranges from 8.05 kg to 74.25 kg

The top five accessions with the highest productivity are BD-60 and BD-27, both yielding 74.25 kg, followed by BD-31 at 61.5 kg, and BD-21 and BD-52, each producing 54.4 kg In contrast, the BD-44 accession has the lowest productivity at just 8.05 kg.

5 There are 39 pumpkin accessions with solute content higher than 7.0 and have sweet, tasty, and low fiber test quality The control variety also had good fruit quality

To enhance the development and release of working materials, we focus on key traits including growth time, fruit shape, weight, peel and flesh color, yield improvement, pest and disease resistance, and overall fruit quality By the year 2020, we aim to achieve 286 generations of self-coordinating pumpkins, designated as I5.

Data synthesis through experiments is available In the Autumn - Winter season, the varieties participated in the experiment to select and isolate to create

15 pure pumpkin accessions, of which 5 powdery mildew accessions were highly resistant to disease (BD-4, BD- 8, BD-11, BD-21, BD-23) and 10 accessions(BD-2,BD-7,BD-10,BD-14,BD-16,BD-20,BD-24,BD-25,BD

This experiment involves ongoing evaluation and survey of pumpkin accession across multiple subsequent crops, leading to precise conclusions regarding their growth, development, tolerance, and productivity This research provides a solid foundation for identifying promising varieties for pumpkin breeding.

1 Tạ Thu Cúc (2007) Giáo trình cây rau Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp, Hà Nội

2 Nguyễn Mạnh Thắng (2010) Nghiên cứu đặc điểm sinh trưởng, năng suất và chất lượng một số giống bí đỏ trồng tại trường Đại học Nông Lâm Thái Nguyên

3 Phạm Thị Thùy Linh (2015) Đánh giá đặc điểm nông sinh học tập đoàn bí đỏ trồng tại Gia Lâm – Hà Nội

4 Lê Minh Nguyệt (2019) Nghiên cứu đặc điểm hình thái và nông học nguồn gen bí đỏ địa phương phục vụ công tác bảo tồn và phát triển nguồn gen

1 MASSIMO NEPI and ETTORE PACINI (1993) Pollination, Pollen Viability and Pistil Receptivity and Cucurbita pepo

2 Mark Gaskell (1996) Pumpkin production in Califonia, University of Califonia

3 Temperatures for Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Seed Germination Journal of Agronomy 5(1) pp 95-97

4 J Brent Loy (2004) Morpho-Physiological Aspects of Productivity and Quality in Squash and Pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.)

5 J.G Buwalda and R.E Freeman (1986) Growth and development of hybrid squash (Cucurbita maxima L.) in the field

Pumpkins are versatile plants that play a significant role in agriculture and nutrition They are rich in vitamins and minerals, making them a healthy addition to diets The cultivation of pumpkins is essential for various economic activities, particularly in the production of seasonal crops Additionally, pumpkins have medicinal properties and are used in traditional remedies For more detailed information on pumpkins, you can explore resources from the Food and Agriculture Organization, Healthline, and Wikipedia.

Tiêu đề	Characterize and Evaluate Pumpkin Accessions of Vietnam Origin in Favri Trails in Winter Season 2020 at Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tác giả	Do Thi Ly
Người hướng dẫn	Dr. Nguyen Thi Hoa
Trường học	Vietnam National University of Agriculture
Chuyên ngành	Agronomy
Thể loại	Thesis
Năm xuất bản	2021
Thành phố	Hanoi

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