Khóa luận tốt nghiệp evaluating of the effect of fertilizer levels on the growth and development of sacha inchi plant in thai nguyen spring season 2021

2.4.1 Growth charaCteristics of Sacha inchi beans in the nursery period 20 2.4.2 Growth and development of Sacha inchi beans in the produCtion 2.5 Situation of sacha inchi in the country

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

SEASON 2021”

Student : NGUYEN VAN HUNG

ID : 602036 Class: K60 - KHCTT Instructor : Assoc Prof Dr VU THI THU HIEN Department : PLANT GENETICS AND BREEDING

HA NOI – 2021

COMMITMENT LETTER

I would like to commit radical the outcome studies and the number of course expressed in the commentary this text is completely

honest and not even used to protect defend a school you do.

Any help in completing this thesis has been appreciated

The information All sources cited in this thesis have been acknowledged

Hanoi, , 2021

The writer pledges

Nguyen Van Hung

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express my sincerest and deepest gratitude to

Assoc Prof Dr Vu Thi Thu Hien The teacher enthusiastically guided, helped

and shared extremely valuable experiences for me during the course of this thesis.

I would also like to express my gratitude to the Board of Directors of the Vietnam National University of Agriculture The teachers and staff in the Faculty

of Agronomy – Vietnam National University of Agriculture, have facilitated and enthusiastically imparted extremely useful and important knowledge to me during

my study at the university as well as in the process of doing my thesis research

I would also like to thank the staff of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding - Faculty of Agronomy for creating conditions to help me with materials, equipment, and tools so that I can do well graduation thesis.

I would also like to thank my friends as well as my colleagues at the same place of experiment who have supported and encouraged me during the research and implementation of the thesis.

Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family for taking care, caring, creating all conditions both materially and spiritually during

my student period so that I can focus on studying and completing my studies with peace of my thesis.

2.3.1 Chemical composition of sacha inchi seeds 11 2.3.2 Study on the use-value of sacha inchi seeds 13 2.3.3 The commercial value of sacha inchi produCts 18 2.4 Some agricultural characteristics of sacha inchi plants 20

2.4.1 Growth charaCteristics of Sacha inchi beans in the nursery period 20 2.4.2 Growth and development of Sacha inchi beans in the produCtion

2.5 Situation of sacha inchi in the country and worldwide 23 2.5.1 Development status of Sacha inchi in the world 23 2.5.2 Sacha inchi bean development status in Vietnam 24 2.5.3 Research on cultivation techniques of Sacha inchi 26

4.1 Effect of fertilizer levels on growth of Sacha inchi plant on growth

4.2 The effect of fertilizer levels on the growth of Sacha Inchi Sacha

inchi through the growth of the number of leaves of the plant 34 4.3 Effect of fertilizer levels on growth of Sacha inchi through growth

4.4 Effect of fertilizer levels on growth of Sacha inchi through leaf blade

4.5 Effect of fertilizer level on primary branches characteristics of Sacha

4.6 Effect of fertilizer level on the number of level 1 branches at

4.7 Effect of fertilizer level on the length of main branches at

4.8 Effect of fertilizer level on number of flowering branches at

4.9 Effect of fertilizer level on number of flowers at reproductive stage

4.10 Effect of fertilizer level on number of fruiting branches at

4.11 Effect of fertilizer level on number of fruits at reproductive stage in

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Comparing the nutritional value of sacha inchi (Sacha inchi)

oil with some other vegetable oils Table 4.1 Effect of fertilizer levels on height growth of Sacha Inchi

Sacha inchi Table 4.2 Effect of fertilizer levels on leaf growth of Sacha Inchi

Table 4.3 Effect of fertilizer levels on growth behavior of Sacha Inchi

Stem diameter Table 4.4 Effect of fertilizer levels on leaf size growth of Sacha Inchi

Table 4.5 Effect of fertilizer levels on the increase primary branches of

Sacha Inchi Table 4.6 Effect of fertilizer levels on the number of first-level

branches in the reproductive stage of Sacha Inchi Table 4.7 Effect of fertilizer level on the length of main branches

during reproductive stage in Sacha inchi Table 4.8 Effect of fertilizer level on number of flowering branches at

reproductive stage in Sacha Inchi Table 4.9 Effect of fertilizer level on number of flowers at

reproductive stage in Sacha inchi Table 4.10 Effect of fertilizer level on number of fruiting branches at

reproductive stage in Sacha inchi Table 4.11 Number of fruit type I

Table 4.12 Number of fruit type II

Table 4.13 Number of fruit type II

Table 4.14 Effect of fertilizer level on number of fruits at reproductive

stage in Sacha inchi

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 4.1 The graph shows the influence of fertilizer levels on the

height growth of Sacha Inchi Figure 4.2 The graph shows the effect of fertilizer levels on the leaf

growth behavior of the Sacha Inchi plant Figure 4.3 The graph shows the effect of fertilizer levels on the growth

behavior of Sacha Inchi stem diameter

Figure 4.4 The graph shows the effect of fertilizer levels on the growth

behavior of Sacha Inchi leaves Figure 4.5 The graph shows the effect of fertilizer levels on the

branching behavior of Sacha Inchi Figure 4.6 Graph showing the effect of fertilizer levels on the number

of level 1 branches in the reproductive stage of Sacha Inchi plant

Figure 4.7 The graph shows the effect of fertilizer level on the length of

the main branch during the reproductive stage of Sacha inchi plant

Figure 4.8 Graph showing the effect of fertilizer levels on the number

of first-level branches with flowering stage in Sacha inchi plant

Figure 4.9 Graph showing the effect of fertilizer level on number of

flowers at reproductive stage in Sacha inchi Figure 4.10 The graph shows the effect of fertilizer level on the number

of fruiting branches at the reproductive stage of Sacha inchi plant

Figure 4.11 The graph shows number of fruit type I

Figure 4.12 The graph shows number of fruit type II

Figure 4.13 The graph shows number of fruit type III

Figure 4.14 Diagram showing the effect of fertilizer level on number of

fruits at reproductive stage in Sacha inchi

- Experimental faCtor: fertilizer lining

- The experiment consisted of 3 treatments, with 3 replicates

4 Main conclusion

1.Fertilizer really has certain benefits to the growth of Sacha Inchi seedlings, so adjusting the fertilizer level is very important The most effeCtive and cost-effeCtive fertilizer level isfertilizing 3kg of manure + 5kg of manure + 0.3kg of nupe + 0.5kg of NPK

2.Different levels of fertilizer have a great influence on the quality and volume of fruit, leading to yield differences between treatments

PART I: QUESTION

1.1 Question

Sacha Inchi ( Plukenetia Volubilis L.) has many different local names such

as Sacha inchi, Inca inchi, Inca nut, Sacha peanut, Mountain peanut (translated into Vietnamese as mountain peanut or Sacha Inchi), in some places people still

It is called a star bean because the fruit has a star shape Origin from the Amazon forest includes 19 species, distributed from Bolivia to Mexico Sacha Inchi plants were introduced to Vietnam from Peru and tested at the Vietnam Agricultural Academy for the first time in 2012, planted and tested in some areas such as Tam Diep - Ninh Binh, Gia Lai, Thai Binh, and Hanoi Sacha Inchi plant is a dicotyledonous perennial plant with a woody climbing stem, the height, and diameter of the trunk depend on the external conditions as well as on the cultivation conditions and the age of the plant Sacha Inchi fruit has a 4- to 7- lobed star shape, green skin, when ripe, the pods turn from green to gray-brown, hanging on the branches After 15 - 20 days, the pods gradually turn dark green Sachi seeds are pressed for oil, Sachi oil contains rare natural ingredients, Omega 3-6-9, antioxidants, vitamins A, E, and many other essential nutrients such as Protein, lipid, fiber, and some other essential nutrients other non-substitutable amino acids The high level of fertilizer helps to increase the number of harvested plants, increase the total number of fruits per unit area, thereby increasing the yield of Sacha Inchi plants However, if planting is too thick, it will waste the seeds and will lead to a decrease in the number of fruits/plants, a decrease in the size and weight of the seeds, and a too thick fertilizer level means that pests and diseases will cause damage to a greater extent Sconyers et al., 2005; Asiwe et al.,

2007, Naab et al., 2009) In thick planting conditions, plants grow poorly, accumulate nutrients poorly, and yield is not guaranteed Planting densely the protein content and oil content in the seeds also decreased (Morshed Alam et al.,

2002) ProduCts from the Sacha Inchi plant with high value for human health have been confirmed in the world However, not all countries and regions can grow and develop this plant In Vietnam, apart from the Academy of Agriculture and some northern provinces (Hanoi, Hoa Binh, Thai Binh, Ninh Binh ), Sacha Inchi is a newly planted experimental plant, so there is no scientific report so far Which study fully evaluates the sacha inchi plant in Vietnam Sacha inchi bean is a perennial climbing plant, so it requires a lot of capital when it's newly planted to build the basics Fertilizers will direCtly affeCt the amount of investment in new planting and have a long-term effeCt on the yield of the whole harvest cycle

Therefore, it is very necessary to determine the appropriate level of fertilizer so as to save seeds, make full use of the planting land, and at the same time have high produCtivity and economic efficiency In order to provide necessary scientific information for objeCtive assessment before seleCting this new crop to add to the struCture of oil crops in Vietnam, under the guidance of

Assoc Prof Dr Vu Thi Thu Hien we conduCted a study to implement the topic:

" EVALUATING OF THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZER LEVELS ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SACHA INCHI PLANT IN THAI NGUYEN SPRING SEASON 2021 ''

1.2 Purpose and requirements of the project

1.2.1 Purpose

- Evaluation of the effeCt of fertilizer levels on the growth and development

of botanical charaCteristics, use value and adaptability of Sacha inchi grown in Quan Chu, Thai Nguyen

- Evaluation of the influence of fertilizer levels of Sachi inchi on some quality indicators and adaptability

- Evaluation of the effeCt of fertilizer level of Sachi inchi on economic efficiency

PART II: OVERVIEW

2.1 Name, origin

Sacha Inchi plant ( Plukenetia vohubilis L.) There are many different local names such as Sacha Inchi, Inca inchi, Inca nut, Sacha peanut, Mountain peanut translated as Malpighiales peanut; they are castor Euphorbiaceae, they sub: Acalyphoideae, branch: Plukenetieae, tributaries: Plukenetiinae, genus: plukenetia, Species: Plukenetia Volubilis, scientific name: Plukenetia Volubilis

L (Hamaker et al, 1992; Gutiérrez et al., 2011; Maurer et al., 2012 Sacha inchi plant belongs to the order Malpighiales, castor family Euphorbiaceae, subfamily Acalyphoideae, clade Plukenetieae, subclause Plukenetiinae, genus Plukenetia, species Plukenetia Volubilis, scientific name: Plukenetia Volubilis L (Hamaker et

al , 1992; Gutierrez et al , 2011; Maurer et al , 2012)

Wild Sacha inchi beans originate from the Amazon rainforest, in South America, on the territory of Suriname, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, northwestern Brazil, and some deserted islands of the Caribbean The Sacha inchi bean plant was domesticated and cultivated by the indigenous peoples of Peru over 3,000 years ago (at the end of the "Agrarian Revolution") Peru is one of the ten countries with many climates, many different ecosystems and has the richest biodiversity in the world The Amazonian forest is one of the world's most important centers of biodiversity Many agricultural crops that humanity are using

as food, food, medicine, etc originate from the Amazonian rainforest such as corn, cassava, pineapple, cotton, rubber, coffee, etc cocoa, quinoa, maca… (Blanka Krivankova et al , 2007) Recently, interest in a plant domesticated by the Indians from a forest plant that has provided a wild food source for more than 3,000 years has attraCted the attention of many oil researchers plant, which is the bean plant Sacha inchi Many studies have confirmed its high value in many aspeCts: In terms of forestry, it can be considered as a cover crop to prevent

erosion for sloping land; Regarding cultivation, it is a perennial industrial plant;

In terms of use-value, they can be classified as oil, food or medicinal plants (Dawn Berkelaar et al , 2015; Krivankova, 2007) Sacha inchi is a hot-and-humid perennial terrestrial plant, widely adapted from 200-1500 m above sea level in the Amazon rainforest (Gutierrez et al , 2011; Maurer et al , 2012) Another study suggested that it is a native plant of the rainforests of Peru, where Sacha Inchi has been cultivated by indigenous peoples for centuries, widely adapted from hot, humid climates with acidic soils along rivers and lakes up to an altitude of 1,700

m above sea level (Dawn Berkelaar et al , 2015)

"King of Nuts", "New Superfood" are phrases often used to describe Sacha Inchi seeds because the digestibility of nutrients and unsaturated fatty acids

to humans is very high, reaching 96% Omega 3 in Sacha Inchi is 48-54% to help develop and improve intelligence, lower cholesterol, regulate blood pressure, balance nerve cells, reduce the risk of sudden death caused by cardiovascular disease Omega 6 accounts for 35-37% and plays a role in preventing cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, regulating blood pressure, improving intelligence, reducing brain degeneration, and enhancing eyesight Omega - 9 (6-

10 %) has anti-cardiovascular disorders and high blood pressure The main ingredients of Sacha Inchi seeds are announced by many foreign authors including essential oils (30 60% by volume) , protein (27% mass), the rest is fiber, and some other substances The essential oil value of Sacha Inchi seeds is very high because it contains more omega 3-6-9 than all other plant seeds Sacha Inchi oil

is certified by many international organizations for its nutritional value because it contains high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and does not contain cholesterol In particular, Sacha Inchi also contains natural antioxidants Vitamin A, E, a very healthy amount of protein that does not cause irritation like some other oils (Duong Dinh Tuong Vietnam National University of Agriculture)

2.2 Plant characteristics

2.2.1 Botanical charaCteristics of Sacha Inchi

- Roots: As announced by Yang et al (2014), Sacha Inchi's roots grow

well in width on the soil surface, so it can keep the plant from falling and to a

certain extent drought-resistant because there is no deep-rooted stake

- Sacha Inchi stem is semi-woody, creeping, 3-5m high or more, has very

good branching ability, each leaf axils can differentiate bud to develop into

branches The leaves are heart-shaped, the leaf plate is 10-15cm long, 6-10cm

wide depending on the position, the leaf margin is serrated, the petiole is 6-8cm

long (Cai et al , 2012) Sacha Inchi is a semi-woody climbing plant, with

heart-shaped leaves with serrated edges, self-clustered flowers, monoecious, white male

flowers, appearing first in clusters Two female flowers appear later at the base of

the male inflorescence, the pistil is tubular, reaching 2-2.5cm long, and the stigma

is divided into 4-7 white lobes, turning horizontally not towards the male flower,

so it is difficult to colleCt pollen from the same male flower cluster As a climbing

plant, the leaves and stems grow strongly in the rainy season, so it is necessary to

build a scaffold with sturdy stakes to avoid falling (Taylor et al., 1972)

- Flowers: Sacha Inchi begins to bud 5 months after sowing, from bud to

start to bloom about 20-25 days, there are always buds on the plant, flowers

bloom, there is a process of pollination and fertilization, fruit set and ripe fruit

intertwined Two female flowers grow from the base of the inflorescence, the

male flowers are many, small, white in clusters Male flowers with 5 petals, 23

anthers, each bag chalk divided into four lobes, in 1 lobe with 8 seeds powder

(Hamaker et al., 1992; HeCtor Noriega et al., 2010; Taylor et al., 1972)

- Fruit and seeds: The fruit has from 4-7 seeds, each seed is located in 1

lobe (Cai et al , 2011) Sacha Inchi seeds are oval in shape, 15-20mm long,

7-8mm wide, containing 2 pieces attached at one end When soaked in water,

biochemical metabolism will occur in the endosperm to swell, embryo cells

develop and change cotyledons, cotyledons, and cotyledons The seeds are large, with a lot of nutrients, so the seedlings are big and strong, the cotyledons are 6- 10cm long, the cotyledons are thick and thick (Guillén et al., 2003)

2.2.2 Temperature requirements

Research by Dawn Berkelaar et al (2015) commented that Sacha inchi species Pluketenia Volubilis grows best in warm climates, low altitudes, and acidic soils However, this species can still grow and develop at altitudes up to 1,700m above sea level

Sacha inchi can grow and develop in a wide temperature range from 10-36

o C, even wider from 7-48 o C, the most favorable conditions for the plant to grow are the temperature of 25 o C humidity 78%, rainfall 850-1500mm/year Sacha inchi is a tropical plant that is very suitable for Vietnam, Sacha Inchi can live at temperatures from 7-48 o C, capable of growing on all types of soil, except low- lying soil

Vietnam has a tropical monsoon climate, warm all year round, high humidity Sacha Inchi is a plant that comes from the humid Amazon rainforest, so

it can be grown in all climates from North to South throughout Vietnam Seedlings have been tested at some high latitudes such as Dien Bien, Quang Uyen-Cao Bang, Dong Dang-Lang Son, Son Duong-Tuyen Quang, distriCts in Hoa Binh province The average daily air temperature for plant growth and flowering, favorable results is from 20-32 o C, the low temperature in winter night should not be lower than 7 o C and the dark temperature If the height of a sunny day in summer does not exceed 38 o C, the plant will grow and develop normally The day-night temperature range has an effeCt on the accumulation of seeds and oil in seeds

2.2.3 Requirements for humidity

Yang et al (2014) reported that Sacha inchi is better to start planting in the rainy season than at other times because the moisture requirements of the plants

are higher in the early stages After drying, the colleCted seeds can be soaked immediately without any treatment, incubated at 25-35 o C for 2-3 days, reaching

a germination rate of up to 93%, after cleaning the grass can be sown direCtly seeds at a depth of 2-3cm In the dry season, it is necessary to sow seeds in the nursery, water regularly to keep the plants healthy before planting Rose and Quyjada (2013) stated that seeds colleCted and sown immediately are better than seeds stored for a long time When sowing the soil must be moist for the plants to grow quickly, the seedlings in the nursery period need to be kept moist until they are qualified for planting in the produCtion garden Sacha inchi bean is a dry plant that likes moisture, broad leaves, many branches, many leaves, large leaf area, so transpiration through leaves a lot The roots that develop on the topsoil cannot absorb water from the groundwater, so the plant cannot give high yields in arid conditions On sloping gardens in Hoa Binh, beds on high slopes lacking water are barren, yielding less than beds at the foot of the hill, which is more humid However, in general, the plant can still grow and develop thanks to the water of the sky The results of our study on the accumulation of dry matter on seeds at different fruiting seasons show that: Sacha Inchi Sacha in chi plants at the early stage, the growth can be affeCted by the sowing time, but in the 2nd, 3rd year or later, the effeCt of sowing time gradually fades The gardens sown at different times after 3 years have similar growth and flowering results, the ripe fruit batches harvested are not much difference in time, the two main flowering periods of the year are in March April and July-August are periods of heavy rain, air humidity, and soil moisture are both high Monitoring data evaluating the effeCts of 4 sowing seasons on growth, development, flowering, fruiting, yield and seed quality of plants at the first harvest show that the sowing season does not have a great influence Planting arrangements can be made in all four seasons, but it is still best to start in the Spring

2.2.4 Lighting requirements

Sacha Inchi is a light-loving plant, the lighting time from 2,000 - 2,500 hours/year is suitable for the plant to grow and develop with stable yield

2.2.5 Soil requirements

Sacha inchi bean plant is not too demanding on soil conditions, the plant can grow and develop on alluvial soils, river alluvial soils, light or heavy soils, sandy soils, rich soils with nutrients or discolored like many other upland crops According to a summary in Peru, this plant prefers soils with thick, slightly acidic soil (pH = 4.5-5.5), with sufficient water and nutrients (Krivankova B et al , 2007) Garden in Vietnam can be arranged in flat land or slope up to 15 degrees, riverside land, hilly land, or valley The nutrient composition in the soil is not too demanding, if the soil is poor in nutrients, fertilizers can be added accordingly However, if planted on good soil, the plant gives a high yield and better quality With this easy-to-use plant, it is possible to plan the planting area in an organic way to improve produCt value The National Center for Testing and Testing of Seeds and Crop ProduCts began to plant Sacha Inchi in November 2013 in two different ecological regions: the plain (ancient alluvial soil of the Red River) planted in the field experiment area of the Vietnam National University of Agriculture; Semi-mountain area (land of laterite gravel) in Dong Son commune, Tam Diep, Ninh Binh When the plant was harvested for the first time, it was found that: On the alluvial soil of the Red River, the plant grew well, after sowing

82 days, the plant flowered, after 190 days the fruit was dry and black, the first harvest was 9 fruits/plant, the second time ( after 25 days) colleCted 12 fruits/plant and the third time (after the second time, 25 days) colleCted 13 fruits/plant, after sowing 242 days, 34 fruits/plant were colleCted On laterite gravel soil (Ninh Binh), the soil holds water poorly, but the plant still grows well, flowering 85 days after sowing, first harvest 202 days after sowing, 8 fruits/plant, second time 12 fruits/plant, so after 227 days of sowing, 20 fruits/plant were obtained (National Center for Testing and Testing of Seeds and Plant ProduCts, 2015)

Monitoring the growth, development, and yield of Sacha inchi on a large scale in some localities since 2015 shows that: In Hoa Binh (planted on a slope of

15 degrees, altitude 200-300m above sea level), in Quang Ninh, Dien Bien, Thanh Hoa, and Son La, planted on hilly soil (before cassava cultivation), shallow cultivation layer, sandy, and rocky soil, the general comment is that Sacha inchi

is easy to sow grown all year round, does not require highly intensive farming techniques, does not have significant pests and diseases, sometimes caterpillars appear, just picking leaves with a nest of worms to kill them right away will not affeCt growth Sacha inchi bean leaf surface is always shiny, no harmful diseases appear In the garden planted in early 2016 in Hung Ha, Thai Binh on sandy and slightly acidic riverside soil, the plant grew quickly in the early stages, yielded the first fruit in the 9th month, the fruit was large, the yield reached 0.82 tons/ha During the second flowering period, there is heavy rain, the stump is flooded for 3-4 days after the water recedes, it turns yellow and falls, the roots are affeCted,

so it should not be planted in areas with difficulty in drainage In the red basalt soil with an altitude of over 550m above sea level (Gia Lai province), on the pepper garden, the diseased pepper plants died quickly and died slowly, people planted Sacha inchi beans instead After 245 days, the first fruit was obtained with high yield (2kg/plant)

2.2.6 Requirements on wind regime

Sacha Inchi is a soft, semi-woody climbing plant, the branches and leaves grow very strongly in the wet season, high temperatures, while the roots are shallow, many branch roots, grow wide on the topsoil, so the ability to poor spill resistance The plant suffers from early degeneration of its roots when it begins to flower in the first stage, so the roots do not go as deep as other woody perennials

to keep the plant from uprooting in the face of storms When choosing a planting

area, it is necessary to avoid places where storms often occur or high wind intensity knocks down the truss, breaks plants, breaks branches, and drops fruit

On the other hand, Sacha inchi plants cannot crawl on the ground but need to make a truss for climbing plants, so the material for making the truss must be firm,

it is best to use reinforced concrete piles, buried deeply and compaCtly around each plant need a solid stake to hold The piles need to be tightly interlocked to support a large biomass every time it encounters wind of 3-4 or higher Based on that feature, choose a planting area with suitable climate and weather conditions,

to avoid adverse weather changes in order to maintain the orchard for a long time When the planning area does not meet the above requirements, it is advisable to aCtively create proteCtive forest belts to shield direCtions to help reduce wind intensity

2.3 Values of sacha inchi

2.3.1 Chemical composition of sacha inchi seeds

Although sacha inchi has been cultivated and used for a long time, little is known about the nutritional composition and chemical substances in the seeds Guillén (2003) evaluated the quality of sacha inchi seeds and determined them to

be an oil plant with a high content of 35-60%, the oil composition was high in unsaturated fatty acids Compared with some other studies, the content of sacha inchi oil in his study was much higher (Bondioli and Della Bella, 2006) published

at 34.42%, but lower than the results of (Hamaker et al , 1992; Romero et al., 2009) is about 54% This disparity can be explained by these studies conduCted on different varieties or subspecies, plants grown in geographical areas with different weather conditions, different seed colleCtion times, or oil pressing methods different (Gutiérrez et al., 2011) Fresh pressed sacha inchi oil with light yellow color is used to evaluate the nutritional quality, the evaluation results are published that: the fatty acid composition is very high, alpha-linolenic (ω-3) is 54%, and linoleic (ω) -6) is 34% (Maurer et al., 2012)

Follegatti-Low oleic acid (9.1%), palmitic: 4.4% and stearic: 2.4% as reported by Gutiérrez

el al (2011) The above analysis results are consistent with the published studies

of Follegatti-Romero et al., 2009; Fanali et al., 2011) However, (Hamaker et al.,

1992 and Guillén et al., 2003) published analytical results for the alpha-linolenic (ω-3) content of 45.2% and the lioleic (ω-6) content of 47, 4% With such a high content of alpha-linolenic acid, sacha inchi will provide a very important source

of non-replaceable fatty acids to supplement food (Guitiérrez et al., 2011)

Sacha inchi seeds have a high protein content (27%), which is rich in cysteine, tyrosine, threonine, and tryptophan (Maurer et al., 2012) The content of these substances is equivalent to that of nuts: Sesame (25%), Sunflower (24%), peanut (23% (Guitierrez et al., 2011) Sacha inchi oil contains many essential fatty acids, especially Omega-3 has the effeCt of increasing heart health, treating arthritis, cancer, baCterial infeCtions After pressing, the oil still has a lot of nutrients, so it can be made into a powder and called: "protein powder" Sacha inchi protein contains all the amino acids needed by adults (Guillén et al., 2003)

The results of testing the composition of minerals in sacha inchi seeds grown in southern Colombia in 2011 determined that in sacha inchi seeds (moisture of 3.3%) there is a fat content of 42%, protein 24.7%, Ash 4%, and carbohydrates 30.9%, in 1 kg of sacha inchi seeds contain many important minerals, including 5563.5mg of potassium, 3210mg of magnesium, 2406 mg of calcium, 103.5 mg of iron, 49 mg of zinc, 15, 4mg sulfur and 12.9mg copper (Gutiérrez et al , 2011), vitamins A, E, amino acids and natural antioxidants help increase the body's immunity The content of sacha inchi oil also contains good free cholesterol (HCL) which helps to reduce bad cholesterol (LCL) in the blood when used (Nascimento et al., 2013; Owen et al., 2005)

2.3.2 Study on the use-value of sacha inchi seeds

To evaluate the safety when making food of sacha inchi oil, two groups of adults were organized with 30 people each with similar health, one group ate sacha

inchi oil (rich in omega-3), one group ate sunflower oil (rich in omega-6), every day eat 10-15ml of oil/person for 4 consecutive months Eaters self-report daily assessment of acceptability, safety (through adverse effeCts on the liver, kidneys) The results showed that the group eating sacha inchi oil at the first week of acceptance was low (37.5%), from the 6th week onward, acceptance increased to 81.25-93.75% regardless of gender, side effeCts in Both groups decreased significantly with eating time After 4 months of conduCting blood tests in both groups, harmful cholesterol levels (LDL) in serum and arterial blood pressure were clearly reduced with confidence P<0.05; Particularly in the group that ate sacha inchi oil, the content of good cholesterol (HDL) in the blood increased at the 4th month, so it is considered a safe and good oil for users (Gonzales and Gonzales, 2014)

Evaluation of the effeCt of sacha inchi oil on the group of patients with dyslipidemia was carried out as follows: The doCtors seleCted 24 dyslipidemic patients aged 35-75, measured the total cholesterol content TC), good cholesterol HDL, triglycerides (Tg), glucose (G), non-replaceable fatty acids (NEFA), and Insulin (I) in each person's blood, then randomly seleCted people to eat sacha inchi oil regularly 5ml and 10 ml/day for 4 consecutive months At the end of the 4th month, the TC and NEFA values decreased and HDL increased in both groups

of 5 and 10ml Particularly, the group eating 10ml increased insulin levels in the blood, so eating sacha inchi oil is beneficial for patients with dyslipidemia (Garmendia, 2013)

Rocio Jackelyn Carrion Rabanal (2014) at the University of Washington studied the bioaCtivity of sacha inchi oil and quinoa oil on venous damaged cells and confirmed that sacha inchi oil has the ability to heal cell membranes and is anti-inflammatory

Study on biochemical composition of oil pressed from sacha inchi seeds, Cisineros et al (2014) commented that sacha inchi oil has high stability in terms

of content and quality during storage without additives Hamaker et al (1992) announced that sacha inchi oil contains up to 93% unsaturated fatty acids, of which 45.2% is α-linolenic acid (omega-3), 36.8% is linolenic acid (omega-6) which are fatty acids cannot be replaced by the human body, so it must be absorbed from the outside (Follegatti-Romero, et al., 2009) These fatty acids belong to the group that needs regular supplementation to help regulate blood pressure, heart rate, and cell membrane formation Sacha inchi oil is high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) called alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3, omega-3) from 47-51% and linoleic acid (LA, c18:6, omega-6) from 34-37% (Fanali et al , 2011 and Guillén et al , 2003) These substances have been identified with high medicinal value and health benefits by preventing a number

of diseases such as arthritis, cancer, coronary artery disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and neurological disorders (ADHD) , dermatitis (Gogus and Smith, 2010; Hanssen and Schmitz Hubsch, 2011) Sacha inchi oil has a high potential for application in food technology and pharmaceuticals (Chirinos et al , 2013), in addition to animal husbandry and biofuel produCtion (Zaccheria et al., 2009, 2012 and Zuleta et al., 2009) al., 2012)

According to Bindi Shah (2016), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids play

an important role in every cell of the body, it creates cell membranes, maintain nerve funCtion, reduce the risk of premature death, proteCts EffeCtively proteCt nerve aCtivities, enhance memory, improves cardiovascular health According to the summary of "Life" magazine, up to now, there have been about 20,000 publications about the benefits of omega-3 for human life in the fields of food, medicine, and cosmetics Omega-3 has been evaluated in high levels in the past, mainly in catfish, salmon, mackerel, and poultry In vegetable oils, omega-3 is found in peanuts, sunflowers, olives , according to the latest research, in sacha inchi oil content of fatty acids does not replace omega-3 (45-53%) and omega-6 (34-39%) particularly high, low omega-9 (6-10%, replaceable fatty acids) The

two most important fatty acids found in sacha inchi are omega-3 and omega-6

because when absorbed into the human body, Omega-3 can be converted into

DHA, then into EPA, omega-6 similarly According to another study on the ratio

of these two types, if using omega-3 4 times higher than omega-6 is the most ideal

for health Sacha inchi oil also contains 27% protein, which contains tryptophan,

a protein that helps the brain produce serotonin, a sedative that fights insomnia

(Novello et al., 2010) In 1 gram of sacha inchi protein, there is 28mg of

tryptophan, 8 times more than the best known plant-based sources of seeds

Tryptophan is an amino acid precursor to serotonin, which has the effeCt of

reducing nervous tension About 20% of the serotonin in the body runs through

the central nervous system The relationship between this amino acid and

serotonin helps to regulate sleep, especially for postpartum women, whose

serotonin synthesis capacity is only half that of men (Bindi Shah, 2016)

Sun Warrior (2014) considers that sacha inchi seeds are superior foods

because of their high protein content, oil-rich in omega-3-6-9, alpha-tocopherol,

vitamin E, carotenoids (vitamin A), and fiber Sacha inchi oil has the same value

as olive oil but is more nutritious due to its higher protein and omega-3 content

The author has listed 10 benefits of sacha inchi oil as follows:

1/ There are two types of cholesterol in the human body: The beneficial

type is HDL cholesterol, there are many in sacha inchi; The harmful type is LDL

cholesterol in sacha inchi oil has very little

2/ Sacha inchi protein is rich in tryptophan, which is a precursor to

serotonin, and serotonin is a hormone that stimulates feelings of lightness and

comfort, helping to reduce nervous tension and avoid stress Omega-3 also fights

brain inflammation and headaches

3/ Eating sacha inchi oil helps the body lose weight because increased

serotonin levels will help regulate appetite, limit snacking, so lose weight

4/ Increase brain health: the brain needs fat, the fat in sacha inchi oil is unsaturated, so it is easy to absorb to help promote brain health, fight inflammation, fight depression, and limit overreaCtion to pain

5/ Increases heart health: improves blood circulation, lowers blood pressure, clears the heart

6/ Anti-diabetes: Omega-3 helps reduce blood sugar, reduce insulin resistance in people with type 2 diabetes, and reduce triglycerides that often appear in people with diabetes

7/ Strengthen bones: Omega-3 helps the body absorb calcium, improve bone density, prevent osteoporosis and bone deterioration

8/ Improve eyesight: The vitamins E, vitamin A and omega in sacha inchi seeds help improve eyesight, maintain eye health

9/ Anti-arthritis: Sacha inchi oil has the ability to fight rheumatoid arthritis, which can be better combined with ginger

10/ Skin and hair care: omega-3 helps to strengthen hair, smooth and moist skin, limit hydration, and resist the effeCts of sunlight (Sun Warrior, 2014)

Peruvian women often mix sacha inchi oil with flour to make skin creams, this oil is also used to mix with many cooked dishes or fresh vegetables, mix salads (Guillen et al., 2003)

Sacha inchi oil is a unique blend of rare natural ingredients such as omega 3-6-9, antioxidants vitamins A, E, and many other essential nutrients such as protein, fiber, and several types of amino acids other essentials (Liu et al., 2014) Compared with Argan oil (a precious vegetable oil), the omega 3 content in sacha inchi oil is 40 times more Sacha inchi oil is considered a high-quality nutritional supplement that is very good for human health This is an all-natural pure oil with

a rich composition of natural fatty acids, especially the omega 3 content that is currently at the top of other oils

Sacha inchi seeds contain tryptophan, which helps reduce stress and avoid stress-related problems For pregnant women and young children, sacha inchi oil has been shown to reduce the risk of pregnancy-related high blood pressure (Gacia-Hemández et al , 2013; Nascimento et al , 2013)

Omega 3 is essential for the development of the nervous system of the fetus, especially for the development of nerve tissues during the first trimester of pregnancy Sachi oil also helps to improve the brain and motor development of low birth weight infants and improves the brain and visual development of children (Gacia-Hemández et al , 2013; Nascimento et al , 2013)

Sacha inchi oil has superior value compared to other vegetable oils because

of the composition of essential fatty acids: Omega 3 accounts for 48-54%, omega 6: 36-38%, omega 9: 7-9% The ratio of omega 3 and omega 6 in sacha inchi reaching 1.4/1 is considered the " ideal" ratio for health The content ratio of ω3/ω6 of sacha inchi oil mentioned above cannot be found in any other vegetable oil currently available Even if compared with the omega 3 and omega 6 content

in salmon, sacha inchi oil is far superior in this ratio Moreover, this is vegetable oil, so it is not fishy like fish oil and does not contain preservatives or harmful impurities from the sea (Nascimento et al., 2013)

Table 2.1 Comparing the nutritional value of sacha inchi (Sacha inchi) oil

with some other vegetable oils

Unit: % of dry grain weight

Essential fatty acids 84,86 11,0 36,0 - 57,9 59

(Source: http://www.sacha-inchi-oil.com/ )

2.3.3 The commercial value of sacha inchi produCts

Due to its precious nutritional content, sacha inchi oil has received many international awards: Gold medal at the international competition “Oils of the World” WEO Paris in 2004 and 2006; Ranked in the top 2 at the world food fair:

“Profesional Fairs about Foods”: SIAL of France in 2004; Won “Top innovation anuga 2005” award; Topped the "International Trends and Innovations DireCtory" award in 2006

In June 2007, sacha inchi oil received the Médaille d'Or "Oils of the world" Gold Medal at the AVPA competition on food commodities

On September 23, 2014, sacha inchi oil was stamped with the approval of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for nutritional composition and safety

ProduCts from sacha inchi are loved and used by many famous people around the world According to nutritionist Nekki Baker shared in a superfood article in the Daily Mail (UK), sacha inchi oil is one of the richest foods in omega

3 fatty acids in the world Sacha inchi seeds are also high in protein, fiber, and antioxidants

The effeCt of sacha inchi oil in beautifying the skin, hair, and nails has contributed to the "liquid gold" brand of this produCt Sacha inchi oil is an indispensable ingredient in beauty, care, and hair restoration produCts, it helps to regenerate and maintain healthy skin, against aging cells In particular, pure sacha inchi oil helps to restore damaged skin, erase wrinkles, improve elasticity and deeply moisturize the skin With fat accounting for more than 90% of the composition, sacha inchi oil is a moisturizing and moisturizing cream for hair, preventing dry, broken, and split ends Sacha inchi oil used for daily hair care will proteCt hair from damage caused by the environment, chemicals, and heat, restore

dry, frizzy hair, make hair stronger, shiny, and more manageable (Krivankova, 2007; Nascimento et al., 2013)

100% pure natural sacha inchi oil, one of the richest plant-based omega 3 nutrients, rich in essential fatty acids (EFA), rich in natural antioxidants Vitamin

A and vitamin E ( Cathy Won 2016, Liu et al , 2014)

Because of these outstanding nutritional values, the selling price of sacha inchi oil in the world is very expensive today Referring to the online sales page (Amazon) shows: Sacha inchi oil bottled 237ml nutritional supplement costs 1.4 million Sacha inchi oil bottled 30ml for skin and hair is priced at 370,000 VND

In the US market, 250 ml bottle of sacha inchi oil costs 700,000 - 800,000 VND

A 125-gram packet of sacha inchi seeds sold on US mart costs VND 387,000 (Market Brief for Sacha inchi, 2012)

Vegetable oil researcher Cathy Wong ND highly appreciated the value of sacha inchi oil, he wrote very well that: "Sacha inchi has a whole historical story

in it, it is used by the Secoyas, Amueshas, Cashibos ethnic groups cultivated, extraCted, and used thousands of years ago as traditional food Time and preciousness have given sacha inchi a legendary color, gradually it becomes an enchanting and precious essence, elevated to a level of healing medicine The South American aborigines ate the toasted seeds of sacha inchi and used the extraCted oil to massage the body, soothe pain in joints and muscles, and see it as

a source of courage Sacha inchi in general and its oil, in particular, are present in life, in the flow of history as a produCt of profound cultural significance Compared with olive oil (smell similar to butter, slightly bitter taste), sacha inchi oil has a mild odor, not bitter, so it is easy to combine with other foods and spices Sacha inchi oil can enhance the flavor of food, has the ability to "lift the wings" for foods and cosmetics to give off different scents Compared with olive oil, once considered a noble food of Europe, sacha inchi oil proved superior not only in the content of substances but also in sensory faCtors In all aspeCts, sacha inchi oil

ranks above olive oil, above all, it creates for itself a unique position, a "king" of the "kings of oil" Gourmets find in sacha inchi oil a very unique point of interest, and above all, it is purity, one step higher, it is purity from a legendary plant that has existed for a long time in culture the Incas” (Cathy Wong, 2016)

2.4 Some agricultural characteristics of sacha inchi plants

2.4.1 Growth characteristics of Sacha inchi beans in the nursery period

Studies were carried out at the Vietnam Agricultural Academy to find out the possibility of cultivating Sacha Inchi in different seasons of the year Like other oilseeds, a batch of dried Sacha inchi seeds, after soaking for 5 days, appeared roots and sprouts Sow the germinated seeds into pots or sow direCtly into a bed of moist soil and then cover with soil 3-4cm deep, after 5-7 days the sprouts rise from the ground, 2 cotyledons spread out opposite each other, thick cotyledons, leaf surface wrinkled, banana green After 14-15 days of sowing, two true leaves appear opposite, the leaf plate is thin, heart-shaped, the margins are shallowly serrated From the time the true leaves appear, the plants grow faster,

on average 3-4 days they produce 1 leaf From the 4th leaf onwards, the leaves grow 0.5-1.5cm apart After 35 days of sowing, the plant is 20-30cm tall, 0.4- 0.5cm diameter stem, 7-9 leaves number, bright green leaf color, fat body

In general, Sacha inchi plants in the nursery stage grow well due to the large reserves of nutrients in the seeds, supplementary nutrients need very little, but it

is necessary to water daily from the time of sowing the seeds into the soil until the end of the growing period children in the nursery, when the roots have grown strongly, quickly elongate, grow many auxiliary roots, branch roots, and suckers

2.4.2 Growth and development of Sacha inchi beans in the produCtion garden

Plants that are sown and cared for in the nursery for 35-40 days are qualified for planting in the produCtion garden In case of untimely soil preparation, it is possible to continue taking care of it in the nursery for up to 50-60 days In such

a case, it is necessary to add nutrients to the base or spray through the leaves and pay attention to pressing the tops so that the plants do not wrap the tops together and can pop the buds at the lower leaf nodes Gourds are transferred from the nursery to the field, planted, then pressed tightly around the pot with powdered soil, moistened so that the roots stick to the soil, green quickly After 7 days of planting, the plants grew normally, started to monitor the growth dynamics of the plants in 4 different sowing seasons to assess the growth capacity at the beginning

of the produCtion cycle

2.4.3 Growth and accumulation of fruit

Plants that are sown and cared for in the nursery for 35-40 days are qualified for planting in the produCtion garden In case of untimely soil preparation, it is possible to continue taking care of it in the nursery for up to 50-60 days In such

a case, it is necessary to add nutrients to the base or spray through the leaves and pay attention to pressing the tops so that the plants do not wrap the tops together and can pop the buds at the lower leaf nodes Gourds are transferred from the nursery to the field, planted, then pressed tightly around the pot with powdered soil, moistened so that the roots stick to the soil, green quickly After 7 days of planting, the plants grew normally, started to monitor the growth dynamics of the plants in 4 different sowing seasons to assess the growth capacity at the beginning

of the produCtion cycle

Hamaker et al (1992) suggested that sacha inchi plants grow strong leaves, need to build a sturdy trellis for them to crawl, the height of the truss is not more than 3m to be able to get in and pick the fruit Manual harvesting is labor- intensive, so it is not possible to expand the produCtion area In the rainy season, the plant produces more branches, leaves, and flowers than in the dry season Choose a planting site to avoid windstorms toppling the trellis When the plant falls, the plant does not die but cannot harvest fruit (Guillén et al , 2003) )

Longjian Niu et al (2014) studied 1-year-old sacha inchi plants grown at Xishuangbanna tropical botanical garden, Menglun city, Yunnan province at an altitude of 580m above sea level When the female flowers bloom, conduCt isolation bags, take male pollen to pollinate the female flowers, and record the date of pollination From the 15th day after pollination, every 5 days, 5 fruits were colleCted for each sample to evaluate oil reserves Sacha inchi fruit from pollination to ripening lasts 145 days, fruit size and seeds are stable 40 days after pollination From day 40 to maturity there was no change in seed size but little change in fruit size At 115 days after pollination, the shell color changed from green to yellow-brown and the seed coat turned black, 145 days after pollination, the fruit, and seed turned dark brown The fresh weight of seeds decreased from 1.75g to 1.47g, the dry weight gradually increased during the seed accumulation period The development of sacha inchi seeds can be divided into 3 main stages: stage 1 (S1) to increase the size and fresh weight (before 40 days after pollination); Stage 2 (S2) increased dry matter accumulation (40-115 days after pollination); Stage 3 (S3): reduCtion in fresh weight, a slight decrease in dry weight (after pollination 115 days until seeds are fully ripe) (Greenwood and Bewley, 1982)

2.5 Situation of sacha inchi in the country and worldwide

2.5.1 Development status of Sacha inchi in the world

Sacha inchi beans have been a source of wild food for Peruvians since more than 3,000 years ago From that ancient time, indigenous people picked leaves as vegetables to eat raw or cooked It is said that nomadic tribes in the forests used Sacha inchi beans as food, food, and even medicine By the time of the Inca Empire (16th century), Peruvians had planted plants around the house for food, ground them into a powder to cook porridge, and rich women used the powder mixed with Sacha inchi bean oil to make cosmetics In the late 20th century some local scientists began to study and discovered many useful features of this plant After a number of publications on the nutritional composition of the seeds and in

the oil pressed from the seeds, people began to research, discover and colleCt genetic resources for preservation at the National Gene Bank of Peru Research

on breeding new varieties to improve yield and expand adaptability was carried out in the 90s of the 20th century Later, some local farms expanded the area of Sacha inchi to grow develop new produCts with high commercial value According to a 2015 statistic of San Marti, Jumin, Huanuco, Ucayali in some countries in the Amazonas region, the growing area of Sacha inchi beans in Peru

is 6,000 heCtares, more than 4,000 heCtares in Ecuador, 4,000 heCtares in Columbia This plant has been introduced to many other tropical regions in the world: China 300-500 ha, Thailand 500 ha, Laos 100 ha (according to Dinh Truong Son, 2015) A recent survey of a Vietnamese delegation by expert Nguyen Lan Hung said that by 2017, the area planted to Sacha inchi beans in Thailand was up to 6,000 heCtares and in Cambodia up to 20,000 heCtares There are many kinds of high-value produCts on the market of these countries made from parts of roots, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds, and Sacha inchi oil (Nguyen Lan Hung, 2017) Edible oil, protein powder, pharmaceutical produCts, and cosmetics made from Sacha Inchi seeds have strong demand in the US, Canada, Europe, Australia, Japan, Korea, and many other countries (Rosana Chirinos) et al , 2017)

2.5.2 Sacha inchi bean development status in Vietnam

About the research:

Sacha Inchi beans from South America were first tested at the Vietnam National University of Agriculture at the end of 2012 After monitoring, the plants grew well, in the population there were some distinCt variations in terms of growth, flowering time, number of fruits/plant, number of seeds/fruit We seleCted 8 individuals with many outstanding charaCteristics to cut cuttings When the cuttings developed into strong seedlings, they were planted into 8 clones

in 2013

About the test:

An announcement of Nguyen Thi Tram (2015) said that in 2012, an official working abroad brought some sacha inchi seeds for trial planting at the Vietnam National University of Agriculture The results of monitoring found that sacha inchi is a semi-woody climbing plant, with heart-shaped leaves with serrated edges, like betel leaves, self-inflorescence, unisexual, small white male flowers, two female flowers appear later at the base of the cluster Male flowers, pistil tubular, 2-2.5cm long, stigma head divided into 4-7 ivory-white lobes, turned horizontally not toward male flowers The fruit is star-shaped, blue, turning black- brown when ripe, with 4-7 lobes, each containing 1 gray-brown oval seed, the mass of 100 seeds is 50-105 grams The plant has green leaves all year round that does not fall seasonally, the roots are shallowly spread on the topsoil It is a dry plant that likes moisture, so it needs watering

The National Center for Testing and Testing for Seeds and Plant ProduCts started to test sacha inchi (called Sachi plant) in November 2013 in two different ecological regions: the plain planted in the field trial area (Red River alluvial soil)

of the Vietnam National University of Agriculture; Semi-mountain area (land of laterite gravel) in Dong Son commune, Tam Diep, Ninh Binh When a 1-year-old plant is evaluated as follows: In Hanoi, 82 days after sowing the plants flower, after 190 days for the first harvest, 9 fruits/plant are colleCted, the second time (after 25 days) 12 fruits/plants are colleCted plant and the 3rd time (after the 2nd time is 25 days) 13 fruits/plant were colleCted In Ninh Binh, plants flower 85 days after sowing, first harvest 202 days after sowing, first harvest 8 fruits/plant, second time 12 fruits/plant (25 days after first time) and National Crop ProduCts, 2015)

Dinh Truong Son, Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University

of Agriculture reported the results of testing sacha inchi (named Sachi) in 5 different ecological regions: Chieng Coi-Son La; Luong Son-Hoa Binh, Vietnam

Agricultural Academy-Hanoi, Tam Diep-Ninh Binh, and EaTu-Buon Ma Dak Lak commented that sacha inchi can grow and develop in a wide temperature range from 10-36 o C, even wider from 7-48 0 C, the most favorable conditions for plants to grow are the temperature of 25 o C, humidity 78%, rainfall 850- 1500mm/year (Dinh Truong Son, 2015)

Thuot-According to agricultural expert Nguyen Lan Hung, sacha inchi is a tropical plant that is very suitable for Vietnam Precious plants such as ginseng and macadamia require a cold climate, but sacha inchi is different, can live well at temperatures from 7-48 degrees Celsius, can grow on all types of soil, except low- lying soil High-value produCts, seleCted by the high-end market This plant has flowers all year round, always flowers and fruits, so it can be harvested every month The plant is easy to grow, with a variety of planting methods, from pure cultivation, intensive farming, intercropping, extensive farming, etc., which is very convenient for farmers (Nguyen Lan Hung, 2015)

2.5.3 Research on cultivation techniques of Sacha inchi

The National Center for Testing and Testing of Seeds and Plant ProduCts has planted and fertilized at two testing sites (Hanoi and Ninh Binh) as follows: Seeds are sown in pots and cared for in nurseries Prepare the land for planting and apply manure 8-10 tons/ha, superphosphate fertilizer 0.4-0.5 tons/ha, micro-organic fertilizer 3-4 tons/ha, lime powder 0.08-0.09 tons/ha, manure is mixed with powdered soil, and then put into the hole 10-15 days before planting After planting, each month, apply 0.5 kg of rotting manure + microbial organic fertilizer + compost (compost) for one plant After 1 year of monitoring, the plants grew well, showed no signs of nutritional deficiency, and were not damaged by pests and diseases (National Center for Seeds and Crop ProduCt Development, 2015) Dinh Truong Son (2015) reported that: The best time to plant sacha inchi in the North in February, March or July-OCtober, in the Central: February and March, and in the South: sowing in the rainy season June-August) The distance

density experiment was arranged with 4 cts: (CT1) 1,111 plants/ha (3m x 3m), (CT2) 2,500 plants/ha (2m x 2m), (CT3) 3,333 plants/ha (2m x 1) ,5m), (CT4) 4,444 plants/ha (1.5m x 1.5m), the evaluation results show that the density of 3,333 plants/ha (2m x 1.5m) is suitable in Vietnam conditions The recommended amount of fertilizer and fertilization techniques are Primer with micro-organic fertilizer 0.5-1 kg/plant, powdered lime 50 grams/plant, phosphate fertilizer 0.1- 0.2 kg/plant; Top dressing: Add microbial organic fertilizer, compost, decaying manure for plants 1-2 times/month with the amount of 0.2-2.5 kg/plant The author has tested 3 propagation methods: Propagation by seeds, propagation by cuttings, and in vitro multiplication, and introduced the steps to implement the in vitro propagation process (Dinh Truong Son, 2015)

Investigate the pest situation

Investigating inseCt pests of sacha inchi, Le Dinh Son discovered 5 main inseCt species, which dangerous pests are fruit borers and caterpillars, these species have a high density in May and June, while other species have a high density In other months, the density is low, in general, the plants are newly imported, so the inseCt pests are not significant on the 9-month-old and 15-month- old sacha inchi gardens Besides, the author also found 8 species of natural enemies in the sacha inchi garden If they take good care and find ways to exploit these natural enemies, they can support pest control instead of using toxic chemicals (Le Dinh Son, 2016) Observing pests and diseases in the seedling nursery, it was found that the root rot disease causes wilting of seedlings from 3.5-5% of the plants, other diseases and pests have not appeared in the nursery (Nguyen Thi Tram et al., 2016).The National Center for Testing and Testing of Plant Seeds and ProduCts, monitoring at two locations in Hanoi and Ninh Binh, said that dangerous diseases such as anthracnose have not been seen, withering has not been seen, nematodes have not been seen only infeCted with stem borer with an incidence of about 1%

Evaluation of the quality of sacha inchi seeds grown in Vietnam

Analysis of the quality of sacha inchi seeds colleCted at trial gardens in Hanoi and Ninh Binh conduCted at the Institute of Food Industry showed that: high oil content (47.2% compared to kernel weight) Fatty acid composition test

in oil obtained: A Oleic (C18:1): 7.76%; A Linoleic (C18:2): 36.99% and A Linolenic (C18:3): 49.16% From these results, the Center believes that it is necessary to continue testing on many other regions and soils to be able to decide whether or not to develop this plant in Vietnam (National Center for Plant Breeding and ProduCt Development, 2015) Evaluation results of Nguyen Thi Tram et al (2016) commented: The first seed colleCted in Gia Lam Hanoi has a germination rate of 55%, lower than other oil seeds such as soybean, peanut Remove the hard shell and then press the oil to obtain a high percentage of oil, reaching 50% of the kernel weight (ie 25% of the kernel weight), the fatty acid composition in the oil remains approximately as stated by Dr In foreign documents, some unsaturated fatty acids have reduced content: omega-3 decreased by 2.9%, omega-9 decreased by 7.65%, whereas omega-6 increased by 7.39% Therefore, in order to develop sacha inchi into a high-grade oil crop in our country, it is necessary to research and breed varieties that can overcome the faCtors limiting yield, adapt to weather conditions and the farming regime of Vietnam During the study period, it was determined that the area has suitable conditions for high yield and good quality (Nguyen Thi Tram et al., 2016)

Prof Dr Nguyen Quang Thach (Vietnam National University of Agriculture) assessed that sacha inchi is a plant for poor countries, for the poor because it is harvested manually, many times a year, so it cannot be industrialized and is not suitable for other countries develop When putting this plant into produCtion, it is necessary to study to gradually adjust the technique to be more suitable Some other publications by Vietnamese researchers suggest that sacha inchi has a high value in many economic seCtors such as Agriculture as an oil

crop; Forestry as land cover crops; ProduCt industry: cooking oil, protein powder processing, funCtional food processing, medicine, vitamins; Cosmetics: making lotions, hair oils… (Nguyen Quang Thach, 2015 and Luan Quynh, 2015).

PART III: RESEARCH CONTENTS AND METHODS

3.1 Place and time of study

- Time : From May to November 2021

- Location: The experiment was arranged in Quan Chu town, Dai Tu

distriCt, Thai Nguyen province - a mountainous and midland distriCt In Quan Chu town, people's life is mainly tea growing, people's life is still difficult The land is sloping, cultivated mainly thanks to the water of the sky, the climate is subtropical, suitable for Sacha inchi crops

- Vegetative growth phase : Follow up from May to July 2021

- The period of vegetative growth: Follow-up from OCtober to November

2021

3.2 Research subjects and materials

- Research object: Sacha inchi S18 bean seedlings and fertilizer (manure, chicken manure)

- Research on technical measures to grow Sacha Inchi

- Study on the effect of fertilizer on growth and development of Sacha Inchi seedlings

3.4 Research Methods

3.4.1 Experimental layout

Experiment : Effect of fertilizer levels on growth and development of Sacha

Inchi

- Experimental layout: According to the method of completely randomized block (RCB), with 3 treatments, 3 replicates, 9 experimental plots with 6 treatments each

- Total area of experimental plot:

Formula 1: no primer + 5kg phosphate fertilizer + 0.3kg nupe + 0.5kg NPK

Formula 2: 3kg of manure + 5kg of phosphate fertilizer + 0.3kg of nupe + 0.5kg of NPK

Formula 3: 5kg of manure + 5kg of phosphate fertilizer + 0.3kg of nupe +

3.4.2 Technical process in the experiment

The technique of sowing seeds at the nursery

- Take 100 seeds x 4 times: weigh 100 seeds to divide evenly into 4 recipes

- Due to the length, width, and thickness of 10 beads

- Carefully and carefully screened, selected seeds with standard, good quality, large seeds, removed suspended seeds, small seeds, selected seeds are treated and soaked in 3 boiling + 2 cold with 1500ml water Soak seeds in clean water for 24 hours (DC)

- During the soaking time, change the water every 8 hours with clean water

- After soaking the seeds for a sufficient number of hours in clean water, drain and then incubate in clean damp sand, cover the batch of seeds in nylon to keep moisture and heat

- After 5,7,9,11,1315 days, the number of seeds sown in the pot has been treated

Soil-making techniques: plow and harrow the soil, on the beds, hoes, and

hoes on the surface of the beds according to the determined plant distances of the formulas, each cavity is spread mixed with powdered soil and then built into mounds 20-30cm high

Sow seeds in pots, when the plants are 35 days old, meet the standards: height 18-20 cm, have 8-9 true leaves, stem diameter 0.4-0.45 cm, choose uniformly grown plants and plant in holes ready-made, planted, watered each root, watered once every 2 days for the first 4 weeks, then the plant lives on water from the sky

Density

The distance between trees is 2.5m x 1.6m (equivalent to 2500 trees/ha)

Fertilizer:

- no primer + 5kg phosphate fertilizer + 0.3kg nupe + 0.5kg NPK

- 3kg of manure + 5kg of phosphate fertilizer + 0.3kg of nupe + 0.5kg of NPK

- 5kg of manure + 5kg of phosphate fertilizer + 0.3kg of nupe + 0.5kg of