Вишняковой “паронимы – это близкие по звучанию однокорневые слова с ударением на одном и том же слоге, относящиеся к одной части речи, одному роду или виду, но выражающие разные смысловы
Понятия о паронимах Об определении паронимов русского языка
The concept of paronyms in the Russian language is a significant aspect of general linguistics, focusing on the relationship between sound and meaning Linguists have long noted the occurrence of pairs of words that are phonetically similar yet differ in their lexical meanings, a phenomenon known as paronymy Initially, the study of paronyms often involved words that coincidentally resembled each other in context, either in sound or meaning The term "paronymy" can be translated as
The term "возлеизмённость" or "возлесловие" is defined differently by scholars The first definition of these paronyms appeared in 1871 in the "Explanatory Dictionary of 30,000 Foreign Words" by I Ya Burdon and A D Michelson N V Krushevsky and V K Porzhezin focused on the existence of pairs of words that are similar in sound but differ phonetically and morphologically V K Porzhezin also noted that the sound variations of the same word can differ in meaning These observations highlight that the primary characteristics of paronyms are their similarity in sound.
Paronyms are defined as "words that differ in meaning but are similar in sound, though not identical in pronunciation." This perspective is supported by scholars such as A M Peshkovsky, A N Gvozdev, A A Reformatsky, and J Maruzo, who provide examples like foresee // foresee, intelligent // intellectual, vacancy // vacation, and others Additionally, there is a more traditional understanding of paronyms that includes any words with phonetic similarities, regardless of their roots This broader interpretation encompasses pairs like drill // trill, fresco // frieze, and others, focusing solely on phonetic characteristics without considering etymological or semantic criteria Ultimately, this definition aligns with paronomasia, a stylistic device that involves the deliberate closeness of words that sound alike but differ in origin and meaning.
Trong tiếng Việt, paronymy (từ đồng âm khác nghĩa) và paronomasia (chơi chữ) là hai khái niệm quan trọng cần phân biệt Paronymy đề cập đến sự gần gũi về âm thanh giữa các từ có nguồn gốc khác nhau nhưng không có nghĩa giống nhau, trong khi paronomasia liên quan đến việc sử dụng từ ngữ có âm thanh tương tự để tạo ra hiệu ứng hài hước hoặc chơi chữ Ví dụ, từ "феска" (mũ hình nón cụt) và "фреска" (tranh tường) có âm thanh tương tự nhưng ý nghĩa khác nhau Tương tự, "косметический" (thuộc về làm đẹp) và "космический" (thuộc về vũ trụ) cũng là những ví dụ điển hình Sự nhầm lẫn giữa các từ này thường xảy ra do sự tương đồng về âm thanh, dẫn đến khó khăn trong việc xác định nghĩa chính xác của chúng.
Paronymy and paronomasia are linguistic phenomena that are often compared not only with each other but also with other language features V A Momonov and D E Rozental describe paronyms as partial homonyms that do not fully coincide in pronunciation but sound quite similar In contrast, A L Shumilina argues that paronyms can sometimes resemble synonyms due to specific nuances in meaning and usage, emphasizing the necessity of distinguishing between synonyms and paronyms.
Y S Stepanova agrees that paronyms should not be classified as either homonyms or synonyms She defines paronymy as a partial phonetic overlap between two words that cannot be reduced to homonymy or the coincidence of any independent parts of these words (roots, prefixes, suffixes, endings), while their meanings coincide in such a way that they cannot be definitively classified as either synonymy or variation V V Vinogradov supports this view, asserting that various types of similar-sounding words in speech should not be confused with homonymy in its strict sense Additionally, some scholars consider all similar-sounding words that may lead to occasional confusion in speech as paronyms.
Paronyms are defined as words that, due to their similar sounds and partial morphemic composition, can be mistakenly or humorously used in speech Scholars emphasize another aspect of paronyms: their potential to cause confusion and incorrect usage in communication In the 1960s, paronyms were explained as words with a common root, belonging to the same part of speech or sharing grammatical features, particularly in the case of adjectives and participles.
Paronyms are semantically related words that differ in meaning but share similar pronunciation and grammatical characteristics, such as "alien" and "foreign," or "noisy" and "sound." M I Fomina defines paronyms as words that vary in meaning yet are similar in pronunciation, lexical and grammatical affiliation, and typically share root relationships, exemplified by pairs like "single" and "unique," or "to run in" and "to run up." O V Vishnyakova further describes paronyms as closely sounding, root-related words that stress the same syllable, belong to the same part of speech, and express different meanings, as seen in examples like "abstraction" and "abstract," or "health resort" and "healthcare."
“Максимальная, абсолютная, или истинная, паронимия – те языковые факты, которые не могут быть названы иначе как паронимия”
Words that are phonetically similar and share semantic meanings often have a common root, such as "представить" and "предоставить" or "приветный" and "приветливый." They may also have the same stress pattern, like "практи’ческий" and "практи’чный," or belong to the same grammatical category, such as "запасный" and "запасливый." Additionally, these words can be related by gender, as seen in "кормилица" and "кормильщица," or by type, like "родиться" and "родниться," and can also share the same number, such as "белеть" and "белить."
(остатки // останки, описка // отписка) Вместе с признаком родственности, важно также отметить одну деталь: В определение
Paronyms are often characterized by having the same stress pattern in the compared words, although this feature is not absolute In modern Russian lexicology, as noted by authors L P Demidenko, T R Kozyreva, E S Khmelevskaya, and I S Nozyrev, paronyms are defined as "words with the same root that belong to the same part of speech, similar but not identical in sound, and differing in meaning." For example, "diplomat" and "diplomant" are both nouns sharing the root "diplom," differentiated by the suffixes -at and -ant A diplomat is an official engaged in diplomatic service, while a diplomant is an individual awarded a diploma or writing a thesis Similarly, "dramatic" and "dramatic" are adjectives with the common root "dram-," differing in the suffixes -ическ- and -ичн-.
The term "dramatic" relates to theater and drama, exemplified by phrases like "dramatic theater" and "dramatic actor." The word "dramatic" also conveys a sense of strong emotions, as seen in expressions like "a dramatic case." The verbs "породить" and "породнить" share a common root "-род-" but differ in their suffixes "-ить" and "-нить." "Породить" means to bring to life or give birth, while "породнить" refers to the act of bringing people closer together based on certain traits or qualities As noted by Gogol, "I gave you life, and I can take it away!" highlights the significance of these connections, as emphasized by Maxim Gorky, who remarked on the importance of uniting people In "Вне русский язык," edited by L L Kasatkin, paronyms are defined as words that are similar in sound and structure but differ in meaning.
Paronyms are words derived from the same root but formed with different affixes, such as "надеть" (to put on) and "одеть" (to dress), or "экономный" (thrifty), "экономичный" (economical), and "экономический" (economic) The "Dictionary of Difficult Cases of Usage of Related Words in the Russian Language" examines these root-related words that serve as paronyms Paronyms are characterized by structural and phonetic similarities, meaning they are words from the same root It is essential to note that a paronymic series consists of related words belonging to the same part of speech and sharing common grammatical features, particularly participles and adjectives, like "бродяжий" (vagrant) and "бродячий" (roaming) In "Modern Russian Literary Language," edited by P A Lekant, paronyms are defined as "words that sound similar but are not identical." Paronyms can be classified based on their relatedness, such as root-related pairs like "культивация" (cultivation) and "культивирование" (cultivating).
Paronyms are considered not only as words with the same root but also as those with different roots, as highlighted by T V Verashchik He argues that both root-related and root-different words should be classified as paronyms This broader understanding of the term "paronym" stems from his research on over a thousand lexemes he identified as paronymic.
Paronyms are words that sound similar but have different meanings, either sharing the same root or having different roots, and can be used mistakenly or intentionally in speech However, definitions of paronyms do not clearly define the boundaries of phonetic similarity or morphemic composition, leading to the inclusion of both root-related words of different parts of speech and root-different words of the same part of speech In reality, paronyms primarily consist of root-related words, with partial morphemic overlap, while paronomasia may include root-different words The formal criteria for identifying paronyms, based on phonetic similarity, are somewhat vague, as the perception of paronyms is largely influenced by their phonetic resemblance Paronyms exist due to their sound similarity, which highlights their differences While phonetic closeness is a necessary characteristic, researchers have differing views on the semantic essence of paronyms, with some noting similarities in meaning and others emphasizing their semantic differences.
“выступают в единстве: созвучие слов, близость их фонетического строя отражаются на их понимании, на их семантических связях” [10, стр
The phenomenon of paronymy has raised numerous questions and doubts among scholars Some researchers, such as Burdon (1871), Vishnyakova (1955), and Rozental (1976), recognize only root-related paronyms, while others, including Elster (1911), Gvozdyev (1955), and Grigoryev (1979), acknowledge only non-root-related paronyms Additionally, there are those who accept both types.
Сопоставление паронимов с антонимами, синонимами и омонимами
Paronyms represent a significant aspect of vocabulary, distinct from antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, and words of folk etymology Alongside antonyms, synonyms, and homonyms, paronyms form an essential component of the lexical system of a language, occupying a unique position within it When studying paronyms, questions naturally arise regarding their relationship to these lexical categories Distinguishing paronyms from antonyms, synonyms, and homonyms can be challenging, as they share certain similarities Antonyms are words with opposite meanings that may be similar or different in form, such as "active" ↔ "passive." Synonyms are words that are identical or very close in meaning and stylistic characteristics, like "white" and "pale." Homonyms are words that sound the same but differ in meaning, such as "bank" (financial institution) and "bank" (riverbank) Paronyms, on the other hand, are words that are parallel and closely related in both meaning and form.
30 опасливый, родить // роднить При рассмотрении характеристик данных языковых явлений, некоторые учёные считают паронимию некой разновидностью омонимии, а паронимы, следовательно,
The issue of paronyms, similar to that of antonyms and synonyms, revolves around the relationship between a word's content and form—its meaning and sound The comparisons and connections made between paronyms and these linguistic phenomena are not coincidental, as there are identifiable features that facilitate these associations Such comparisons are essential for uncovering the characteristics and peculiarities inherent to paronyms as a linguistic phenomenon Additionally, this process allows for the identification of their structural and semantic distinctions from related but different lexical-semantic phenomena.
31 §1 ПАРОНИМЫ В СОПОСТАВЛЕНИИ С АНТОНИМАМИ В сопоставлении двух явлений антонимии и паронимии можно чётко проследить сходные и дифференциальные признаки паронимов и антонимов Рассматриваем отличие паронимов от антонимов фонетическими, морфологическими и семантическими отношениями:
The phenomenon of sound similarity is characteristic of paronyms, but this feature is not present in all antonyms; it is primarily found in root-related antonyms For example, consider the paronyms "сытый" (sated) and "сытный" (nutritious), as well as "накрапывать" (to drizzle) and "накрапливать" (to sprinkle) In contrast, antonyms such as "сытый" (sated) and "голодный" (hungry), "близкий" (close) and "далёкий" (far), "молодость" (youth) and "старость" (old age), "тяжёлый" (heavy) and "лёгкий" (light), "верный" (faithful) and "неверный" (unfaithful), "выиграть" (to win) and "проиграть" (to lose), as well as "высоко" (high) and "невысоко" (not high), do not exhibit this sound similarity.
2 В словах-антонимах ударение произвольно, поэтому ударение не является их характеристикой, это отличает антонимы от паронимов, в которых ударение часто или всегда одноместно, их морфологическая структура всегда однородна: паронимы антонимы
The phenomenon of single-stressed antonyms can be observed in related words or occasionally in other antonyms Examples include pairs such as "noble" and "ignoble," "open" and "closed," "more" and "less," as well as "fast" and "slow." Additionally, the article highlights various pairs of words with contrasting meanings, such as "hot" versus "cold," "remember" versus "forget," "small" versus "great," and "impossible" versus "possible."
Prefixal root antonyms differ from prefixal paronyms in that their prefixes are not phonetically similar, while the prefixes of paronyms often are For example, consider the paronyms "vdykh" (inhalation) and "vzdokh" (exhalation), "obosnovat" (to justify) and "osnovat" (to establish), "predostavit" (to provide) and "predstavit" (to present) In contrast, antonyms such as "otkryt" (to open) and "zakryt" (to close), "vlivat" (to pour in) and "vylivat" (to pour out), "vskakivat" (to jump up) and "soskakivat" (to jump down), "zakhodit" (to enter) and "vykhodit" (to exit) illustrate this distinction Morphologically, antonyms can be either root-related or root-different words, whereas paronyms are exclusively root-related For instance, the paronyms "avtomaticheskiy" (automatic) and "avtomatichnyy" (automatic) contrast with antonyms like "spokoynyy" (calm) and "bespokoynyy" (anxious), "vbyzhat" (to run in) and "vybyzhat" (to run out).
33 дипломат // дипломант, мертветь // мертвить, послушно // послушливо плохо ↔ неплохо, народный ↔ антинародный, любовь ↔ ненависть, твёрдый ↔ мягкий, погасить ↔ зажечь; В По семантике:
Antonym pairs are based on the logical opposition of concepts, while paronyms are characterized by the parallelism of meanings For example, paronyms include words like "faith" and "trust," "to perform" and "to execute," "tall" and "high-rise," as well as "submissively" and "submissively." In contrast, antonyms such as "trouble" versus "happiness," "to hold" versus "to release," "clean" versus "unclean," and "strict" versus "lenient" illustrate the concept of oppositional meaning It is clear that while antonymy is expressed through the meanings of words, paronymy is reflected in both meaning and sound.
Paronyms and antonyms represent different phenomena in reality Antonyms consistently exhibit opposite lexical meanings, while paronyms may occasionally show a contrast in their meanings However, the semantic difference between paronyms typically does not reach a complete opposition, meaning that paronyms generally do not convey entirely opposite concepts.
34 вступают в антонимические отношения Однако в некоторых случаях смысловое значение некоторых паронимов- существительных антонимично друг другу (адресат // адресант) или они могут быть противопоставлены в контексте:
“Долг, а не должность ”; “Служение, а не служба” (заголовка газетных статей) Подобное противопоставление паронимов не отражается на их системных связях в лексике и носит окказиональный характер
Paronyms form a paronymic nest consisting of pairs rather than individual words, sharing a common semantic feature in the meanings of their components In contrast, antonyms are characterized by their binary nature, with antonymic nests formed from each component of the pair, lacking a shared semantic trait For example, the paronyms "поглотить" and "проглотить" illustrate this relationship, while antonyms like "бедный" (and its related forms such as "бедность" and "бедняк") demonstrate the absence of a common semantic feature between their components.
4 Префиксальные однокорневые антонимы отличаются от префиксальных паронимов тем, что значения приставок таких антонимов резко противоположны В однокорневых антонимах противоположность значения зависит от значения
The article discusses 35 prefixes that indicate the opposition of the same action, object, or quality These prefixes in paronyms either share meanings or provide semantic clarification, reflecting different degrees of the same action or quality For example, the paronyms "вдох" (inhalation) and "вздох" (exhalation) illustrate how the prefix "в-" indicates the direction of action—air entering the lungs—while "вз-" signifies that the action is completed, encompassing both inhalation and exhalation Similarly, the prefixes "пред-" and "про-" in the paronyms "предвидеть" (to foresee) and "провидеть" (to perceive) highlight that the former denotes the ability to see ahead, while the latter indicates a heightened degree of that ability.
5 Отличие антонимов от паронимов также заключается в их синтагматических свойствах Антонимам свойственно совпадение лексической валентности, за исключением многозначных антонимов Они сочетаются с одним и тем же
Paronyms, primarily found among nouns, verbs, and some adjectives, often do not fit within the same semantic circle For example, the paronym "envious person" contrasts with "envied role." Similarly, terms like "friendly circle," "conversation," "advice," "greeting," "meeting," "chat," and "smile" differ from "friendly nation," "environment," "politics," "countries," "relationships," and "connections." This distinction highlights the complexity of language, particularly in the use of antonyms such as "good person."
Paronyms that are adjectives often describe qualities of a subject or object that are neither equivalent nor oppositional in meaning For instance, the paronyms "завидный" (desirable) and "завистливый" (envious) illustrate that while one can refer to a "завидный характер" (desirable character) and a "завистливый человек" (envious person), the meanings are not antonymous but rather unrelated: the former indicates a character worth envying, while the latter describes a person prone to envy Additionally, despite the differential characteristics between paronyms and antonyms, there are notable similarities and relationships between them.
In both antonymic and paronymic series, words are related by their grammatical meanings, belonging to the same part of speech For example, paronyms include " быт" and "бытие," "высокий" and "высотный," "надеть" and "одеть," as well as "опасливо" and "опасно." Antonyms include pairs such as "большинство" and "меньшинство," "белый" and "тёмный," "брать" and "давать," and "всюду" and "нигде."
2 Среди антонимов, как и среди паронимов, нет имён собственных
To clarify the nuances of a synonym's meaning, one can refer to its antonym Similarly, to understand the semantic distinctions among pairs of paronyms (such as "сытый" and "сытный"), comparing them with their antonyms can be helpful For instance, "сытая лошадь" contrasts with "голодная лошадь," and "сытный обед" is opposed to "несытный обед."
Paronyms, like antonyms, are often used to enhance the effectiveness of speech Their usage can clarify thoughts, as demonstrated in the example where the author employs a paronymic pair within a single sentence to highlight subtle semantic differences This approach not only clarifies the author's intent but also softens the evaluation by choosing one antonym over another, making the assessment less harsh.
38 категоричной: вместо того, чтобы сказать “Она уродина ” или
“Она старая”, говорят “Она не красавица”, “Она не молода” Если же человек не может или не хочет уверенно заявить
“Фильм не интересный ”, он, возможно, скажет “Фильм не скучный ”
5 Антонимы используются для создания комических эффектов, для построения каламбуров: И словом, слова шла, Что крот великий зверь на малые дела
In the work of I A Krylov, the use of antonyms, oppositions, and certain paronyms can create a comedic effect, as illustrated by the phrase, "This tailor did not dress, but rather undressed his client." The following table summarizes the similarities and differences between paronyms and antonyms: - **Phonetic similarity**: Paronyms exhibit close sound resemblance, while antonyms do not.- **Stress placement**: Paronyms can have different stress patterns, while antonyms also show variation.- **Root similarity**: Paronyms may share roots, whereas antonyms can differ.- **Semantic distinction**: Both paronyms and antonyms have meaningful differences.- **Lexical compatibility**: Paronyms can combine with various words, while antonyms have limited combinations.- **Part of speech**: Both paronyms and antonyms belong to the same part of speech.- **Effectiveness in speech**: Both types enhance communication effectiveness.
Использование паронимов в речи Причины неправильного использования паронимов
The use of paronyms in speech can lead to incorrect word usage, primarily due to a lack of adherence to norms of word choice and appropriateness in various contexts The clarity and precision of speech are crucial for effective communication, as they rely on the accurate selection of linguistic tools to convey information For speech to be precise, words must be used in accordance with their established meanings within the language system, ensuring that listeners or readers can comprehend the message accurately Lexical errors, which occur in both spoken and written forms, often arise from stylistic misapplications or violations of commonly accepted norms of language correctness specific to Russian Additionally, these errors can stem from breaches in the internal systemic connections inherent to the language, leading to syntactic inaccuracies and improper word usage.
The accuracy of speech can be compromised by the incorrect choice of words Foreign students learn the modern Russian literary language from the beginning and throughout their education, focusing on the standardized and "correct" form Their language errors typically stem not from environmental influences, as is often the case with native Russian speakers, but from a lack of knowledge regarding word stress, meaning, or collocational patterns, as well as interference from their native language.
Errors in management often stem from structural defects in Russian language mechanisms, such as phonetic accents Additionally, violations of Russian language norms by foreign speakers vary significantly Typically, confusion arises in speech due to the mixing of similar-sounding words, as most of these words are clearly distinguished within the language system However, some phonetically similar root words can be quite close, making differentiation challenging This is especially true with paronyms, which are morphologically similar to word-formation synonyms and derived from the same root The overall similarity of words, particularly in pronunciation and structure, along with misunderstandings of prefixes and suffixes, and unfamiliarity with certain borrowings, leads to confusion in speech practice Consequently, paronyms are a frequent source of difficulties in literary speech and a common source of errors, increasing the risk of misidentification in communication The mixing of paronyms is a typical speech error.
Errors caused by the confusion of root-related paronyms are common among students, particularly in lower grades, and are often found in the speech of individuals who generally have a good command of the literary language This issue is especially challenging for foreign students For instance, the words "геройский" (heroic) and "героический" (heroic) are synonymous only in the sense of "characteristic of a hero," while in other contexts, they represent different concepts In the collection of scientific works "Lexical Errors in the Russian Speech of Students from National Schools of the RSFSR," F S Kamalov highlights the prevalence of errors stemming from the confusion between paronymy and synonymy Tatar students, for example, often fail to distinguish between words like "вдох" (inhalation) and "вздох" (sigh), as well as "поиск" (search) and "происк" (sneak), mistakenly considering them synonyms This misunderstanding also leads to errors such as "удачливая работа" (successful work) instead of the correct "удачная" (successful) and "геройское время" (heroic time).
(нужно: “героическое”) Или нередко встречается неправильное употребление паронимов подпись – роспись: “Поставьте свою роспись”;
"Is this your signature on the certificate?" [The term "signature" refers to "painting on walls, ceilings, household items, etc." or the action of "to write down in various places": to write examples on cards.] These meanings are established in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language This section also clarifies the meanings of the word "signature."
The verb "to sign" refers to the act of confirming or certifying by placing one's signature It can also denote a caption or inscription beneath something, such as a signature under a painting Additionally, it signifies a handwritten name, as in putting one's own signature Furthermore, we analyze common errors related to the misuse of the verbs "to dress" and "to put on."
“В тот вечер одела я, помню, своё любимое ожерелье”;
The phrase "Put on a warm sweater – it's windy outside" contains a speech error The verb "to dress" (одеть) means to clothe someone and is typically directed at animate objects, such as dressing a child warmly or covering a sick person with a blanket In literary contexts, it can describe nature, implying a sense of animation, as in "The snow dressed the ground in a white blanket" or "Twilight dressed the garden." However, when the action is directed at inanimate objects, meaning to pull or place something on someone or something, the correct verb is "to put on" (надеть), as in "Put a ring on your finger" or "Put a cover on the chair." Thus, one should use "to dress" for people and "to put on" for objects This misuse of paronyms stems from a lack of understanding of their distinct meanings.
The misuse of paronyms, or words with similar roots, often stems from the confusion of their meanings and structural similarities Insufficient attention to paronymy can lead to the mixing of paronym pairs, resulting in frequent speech and comprehension errors among non-native Russian learners Incorrect word usage due to unclear differentiation of meanings and a lack of understanding of precise definitions disrupts the accuracy of communication.
- Игральная (нужно: игровая) кампания в большом футболе началась жаркими поединками соперничающих команд
- Мальчика похвалили за хороший проступок (нужно: поступок)
- Международный благотворительный центр Серафима Саровского полученные экземпляры направит в дома- интернаты обездоленным детям Ещё одним адресантом
(нужно: адресатом) стало общество ленинградцев, переживших блокаду
- К дежурному подошёл молодой абонемент (нужно: абонент)
Behind the house, there was a birch grove It is notable that in many similar words, the phonetic resemblance is slight, and the meanings of the paronyms differ, leading to occasional confusion in speech For instance, people often say "put on a coat" when they should say "put on a coat," as the verbs "to put on" and "to dress" have different meanings: one refers to putting something on oneself, while the other refers to dressing someone else (e.g., putting on a coat or hat versus dressing a child or a patient) This example highlights the importance of remembering that paronyms differ not only in meaning but also in their compatibility with other words The distinction in compatibility can help clarify the meanings of paronymic words.
2 Недостаточно усвоив лексико-грамматические особенности паронимов, нерусские учащиеся иногда допускают контаминацию в своей речи Из-за этого нарушается лексическая норма, возникает ошибка, искажающая мысль и создающая нежелательный, неуместный эффект Напр.:
- Этот металлургический завод играет важную роль в экономии
- Этот театр обоснован (нужно: основан) в прошлом веке
- Лягушкам стало не угодливо (нужно: угодно) правление народно
- Возникли многочиленные районы с их антисанитарией, с грязными стоками, с воинствующими (нужно: воинственными) группами подростков
- Бурное осуждение (нужно: обсуждение) продолжалось и после конференции
- Многие наши фильмы получили большую признательность
(нужно: большое признание) и наших зрителей и за рубежом
The inaccuracy in the use of paronyms often stems from their potential for synonymous connection and the closeness or identity of lexical compatibility boundaries For example, terms like "анекдотический" (anecdotal) and "анекдотичный" (anecdotic), or "апатическое" (apathetic) and "апатичное" (apathetic state) illustrate this phenomenon However, in some cases, such proximity is impossible, as paronymic combinations arise when paired with other words, including stable lexical combinations For instance, "гигиеническое устройство" (hygienic device) refers to a device for personal hygiene, while "гигиеничное устройство" (hygienic device) meets hygiene requirements Similarly, "военная помощь" (military aid) denotes assistance from one state to another in armament.
The term "71 воинская помощь" refers to the assistance provided by warriors in various contexts, such as construction or emergency response Additionally, the use of paronyms, like "деловые" for business-like and "глубокие" for deep waters, can lead to errors when the compatibility of each component is overlooked This often results in the mixing of incomplete paronyms, which can disrupt normative language usage.
- Это был совершенно анекдотичный (нужно: анекдотический) рассказ
- Народ терпел двойственный (нужно: двойной) гнёт
- Он всегда казался каким-то апатическим (нужно: апатичным)
- Его жизнь оказывается глухой и будней (нужно: будничной) для такого имени
- С таким тигром отношения могут быть только деловитыми
- На второй день в одну добротную (нужно: добрую) минуту буря сразу прекратилась
- Нет возможности купить красивый и гигиенический (нужно: гигиеничный) плафон-подвес из матового стекла
- Летом группа работала в нескольких колхозах, нам понравилась эта бродяжья (нужно: бродячая) жизнь
- Много ели, много пели, поднимали тосты за воинские (нужно: военные) годы и за всех присутствующих
4 Возникновение речевой ошибки происходит и в результате неразличения стилевой принадлежности слов Так, при употреблении паронимов нередко наблюдается сближение слов
72 межстилевых, стилистически нейтральных – с разговорными или просторечными, напр.:
After graduation, our paths diverged, but we continued to maintain friendly relations The adjective "friendly" specifically pertains to interpersonal relationships on a personal level, indicating connections between friends or individuals who have a mutual affection for one another In contrast, the term "amicable" is increasingly associated with official, primarily intergovernmental relationships, referring to formal interactions between states, officials, representatives of public organizations, and various professional and academic circles.
- Он сыскал к себе (нужно: снискал себе) уважение и добрую славу как новатор, человек творческой мысли, рационализатор (снискать в основном значении устарелое, книжное, в оттенках книжное; сыскать – лексическая единица разговорной речи)
The mixing of root words that are paronyms often stems from a lack of understanding of word formation patterns This confusion can arise from unfamiliarity with specific realities or the meanings of derivational morphemes such as -н- and -ск-, -овит-, -ов- and -н-, -ичный- and -ический-, as well as -ство- and -ость-.
- Прямо из зрительского зала (нужно: зрительного) они идут на сцену
- В правом углу стоял кабинетный (нужно: кабинетский) рояль
- С таким человеком отношения могут быть только деловитыми
- Нашей классовой (нужно: классной) руководительницей была учительница русского языка
- Он считал свою работу удачливой (нужно: удачной)
- Автор пишет длительными (нужно: длинными) фразами
- Она получила высокое (нужно: высшее) образование
- Наш институт единый (нужно: единственный) в городе
- Она была скрытой, делилась переживаниями редко (нужно: скрытной)
Children suffering from these rare diseases require specialized nutrition either for many years or for their entire lives There is a significant number of paronyms among adjectives ending in -ичный and -ический, as they are associated with different independent meanings Adjectives with the suffix -ичный indicate a characteristic that reveals similarity or inclination towards something, suggesting a lesser permanence compared to those with the suffix -ический, which denote a more constant trait that is always inherent to something For example, "diplomatic" signifies a quality that is more adaptable.
“уклончивый, умеющий хитрить, тонкий в обхождении,
74 ловкий”; а слово дипломатический определяет объект, относящийся к дипломанту или к дипломатии б) неумение разграничивать однокорневые слова с разными приставками и суффиксами, напр.:
- На сцене театра редко появляются произведения на историко- революционную тематику (нужно: на историко- революционные темы)
- Книга учит, как поступать в невыходном (нужно: безвыходном) положении
- Заглавная (нужно: главная) тема произведения – борьба народа за свою независимость
- Напрягая последние силы (нужно: усилия), мы достигли вершины горы
- Первый выпуск журнала был встречен читателями с большой заинтересованностью (нужно: с большим интересом)
Mixing words in speech can be attributed to factors such as carelessness, lack of literacy, insufficient language knowledge, and a low cultural level This often occurs when individuals confuse similar-sounding words, known as paronyms, due to a limited vocabulary or a careless approach to word meanings.
- Ленка сидела в углу боязливо (нужно: боязно) (Запись устной речи)
- Дата приезда комиссии не была известна работникам проверяемого отделения Этот фактор (нужно: факт) всегда держал в напряжении животноводов
- В это время года всегда большие туманы И автоаварии происходят чаще всего не по вине водителей, а из-за сильной туманности (нужно: тумана)
- Он внимательно слушал лекцию, делая заметки (нужно: пометки) в блокноте (Запись устной речи)