MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS NGUYEN QUOC KHANH SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION BY AUTOMOBILE IN VIETNAM Specialized i[.]
Trang 1UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS
NGUYEN QUOC KHANH
SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE
Trang 2The work was completed at:
UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS
The dissertation will be protected in front of the Board at:
University of Transport and Communications at 2017
The dissertation can be found at:
1 University of Transport and Communication library
2 National Library
Trang 3PREAMBLE
1 Reason for thesis:
The economic development of the country is closely linked to the development of the transportation system Transportation also plays an important part in economic, social and environmental development of a country Given Vietnam’s current economic growth, it poses many challenges for the development of transport sector In particular, it is the rapid increase in people’s travel needs in urban areas as well as between different provinces and cities that creates a phenomenon of unsustainable development in passenger transport
Sustainable development research currently is both a requirement and a target of many nations This trend has been carried out in various sectors of the economy
In Vietnam, research for sustainable development is also not out of the general rule of the world Sustainable development for this sector in the economy has been addressed by the government in many meetings, and many directed documents In the field of transportation, there have been some legal documents; however, there is no specific study on the development of transport activities, especially the passenger transportation
by automobiles in Vietnam
With the requirements of social practice, as well as the aim to contributing a part of the effort to the development of the transportation industry, the author has selected the research towards sustainable development of automobile passenger transport As a result, the research is a scienctific basis, a reference for managers and enterprises in the industry to develop sustainably
Trang 43 Subjects and scope of the study
- Research subjects are theoretical basis and issues related to the sustainable development of transport in Vietnam (excluding shuttle bus service and international transportation) One of the specific applications is Indochina Petroleum Transportation JoinStock Company
- The time scope of the research is the automobile transportactivities in the period of 2012 to 2016 It proposed criteria, targets and solutions for sustainable development for transport services by automobile from 2017 to
2020 and vision to 2030
4 The sciencetific and practical significance of the topic:
The sciencetific significance: The thesis has systematized and enriched a
number of theoretical issues on sustainable development in general and in the field of passenger transport in particular such as the principles of sustainable development, a criteria system for assessing the sustainable development of transportation by automobile;
The practical significance:Assessing the current status of passenger
transport in Vietnam, analyzing the sustainable development of automobile transportation in all three aspects of the interests They are government, enterprises and customers; Identifying the important factor for a business to
survive and grow as a “customer-centric”
5 The thesis structure
Chapter 1: An overview of the research and research methods
Chapter 2: Theoretical and practical basis for sustainable development of passenger transportation by automobiles
Chapter 3: Analysis of the status of sustainable development of passenger transportation by automobiles in Vietnam
Chapter 4: Solutions for sustainable development of passenger transport by automobile in Vietnam and the Application to Indochina Petroleum Transportation JoinStock Company
Trang 5CHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH AND RESEARCH METHODS
1.1 Researches in the world
The first research on sustainable transport development by Greene and Wegnener in 1997 showed that: Unlimited growth in personal transportation causes serious consequences for the system In the metropolitan area, the more satisfying the travel needs are by building more highways which is not feasible, the more the government tries to build more personal vehicle infrastructure As a result, traffic jams occur more and more Vehicles development brings about the freedom of movement but greatly results in air, noise pollution, congestion and traffic accidents This research shows that developing transportation sustainably must include: the vehicles, the infrastructure, technology, design, operation and finance They need to be developed sustainably altogether
Research by John Hartman – Center for Transportation Sustainability
in Canada, together with the research team, has proposed a new idea to develop criteria for transport The results of the Sustainable Transport Performance Indicators (STPI) were divided into three groups,
Group 1: Environmental criteria: limits on pollution, emission, minization of non-renewable energy consumption, reuse and recycling, minimization of land use, and noise restriction
Group 2: Social criteria: meeting individual and social needs, ensuring safety requirements for the natural environment and public safety between generations
Group 3: Economic criteria: efficiency of operational exploitation, provision of modes of transport, and assuring economic development
Peter P Rogers, Kazi F Jalal and John A Boyd in“Introduction to Sustainable Development”in 2007 introduced basic knowledge of
sustainable development, in which focus on measurement issues and sustainability indicators, evaluation issues, management and policy for the environment; approach and linkages with poverty reduction; impacts on infrastructure development; economic problems, production, consumption, market failures and the role of civil society
John Blewitt in“Understanding Sustainable Development” in 2008
also contributes an important part to the theory of sustainable development, including the analysis of relationship between society and environment, sustainable development and administration of the government; tools,
Trang 6systems for sustainable development, outlining a sustainable society The thesis deals with the theories of sustainable development; NCS uses the analysis of the relationship between environmental society and the way of government operation in evaluating the development of passenger transport
The thesis: "Research on sustainable development of transport infrastructure in the Mekong Delta”by Dang Trung Thanh in 2011 The
dissertation has systematized and improved the theoretical foundation on sustainable development in general and regional development of transport infrastructure in particular In addition, the thesis has developed criteria for the development of transport infrastructure By analyzing the current state of investment and management of road, inland waterway, maritime and air navigation infrastructure in the Mekong Delta, the author has outlined a number of possible solutions to the problems of transport infrastructure in the Mekong Delta
Pham Duc Thanh, in the study "Developing Sustainable Transport Systems
with Climate Change", outlined the general principles of sustainable
development for transport system, composite data, showing the interaction between the transportation system and climate change and sea level rise The paper proposes solutions as well as suggests some directions for research and development of sustainable transport system with climate change and sea level rise The author's analysis suggests that research into appropriate solutions in the transport sector will help adapt and mitigate this problem
On this basis, the study proposes several integrated solutions as well as suggests in-depth research directions on this issue
1.2.2 Projects, Schemes, Pilot research and Scientific Workshops on clean fuels
Trang 7-In Vietnam 1983, there was the conversion experiment of powered Zin 130 (CNG) In 2006, Center for Environmental Protection of University of Danang piloted and applied the conversion kit from gasoline, diesel to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for ships and boats This application would greatly contribute to the reduction of river and ocean pollution caused
compressed-gas-by gasoline-powered boats, and making the use of LPG better and higher than gasoline
- On October 26th, 2007 in Hanoi, the National Council for Science and
Technology policy held a workshop on “Biofuels for Transportation: Potential – Development conditions”
- On October 29th, 2010 at the seminar “liquefied petroleum gas application (LPG) in passenger transportation by automobile in HCMC”,
Cuu Long Petroleum Transportation Joint Stock Company – said that nearly
400 vehicles now use LPG brand in Ho Chi Minh City, Vung Tau and 5 stations that supply it
- "Comprehensive Study on Sustainable Development of Transportation
System in Vietnam, Report No 4" by the Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA) and the Ministry of Transport in 2010
- On August 26th, 2011, Sai Gon Transport Company, a subsidiary of SAMCO Corporation, officially put 21 buses using compressed natural gas CNG to operate on bus number 01 Ben Thanh to Cho Lon Station This route is called the green bus route as all of the vehicles use CNG
- On August 27th, 2015, Saigon Transportation Mechanical Engineering Company Limited (SAMCO) organized a workshop on using CNG fuel in public transport in Hanoi
1.3 Study gaps and research proposals for the subject
1.3.1 Study gaps
It can be seen that the research have mainly focused on the sustainable development of an industry, development of a certain section in the transport system or the planning and solutions to develop and orient the system New studies address common theories of sustainable development in other areas such as railways, fisheries, regional infrastructure but there is
no comprehensive work about theory of sustainable development of passenger transport, especially transportation by automobile
Some projects have built a system of indicators for sustainable assessment in the fisheries, oil and gas industry But there are no studies focusing on factors influencing the sustainable development of the industry
Trang 81.3.2 Suggested research direction and objectives of the thesis
The thesis "Solutions for the sustainable development of automobile transportation in Vietnam" will find answers to questions for the study above
This research will focus on passenger transport by automobile in relation to sustainable development in three socio-economic-environmental aspects The project will approach and deepen the position and role of theautomobile transport services in Vietnam and offer some important solutions to improve quality and sustainable development of this type of service in the context of economic integration
With the analyzed gaps along with the development orientation of the government and the local, in conjunction with relevant scientific work, the thesis will focus on the following research groups:
- Synthesized research on rationale for sustainable development From that,
it will be served as a basis to study the theory of sustainable development for passenger transport and enterprises by automobile
- Research and propose the process and sequence of research on sustainable development in the field of automobile transport
- To propose criteria and targets for sustainable development of automobile transport
- Theoretical research on modern marketing applied to sustainable development of transportfor enterprises by automobiles
- To study solutions to promote the use of clean fuels for sustainable development of enterprise automobile transportation
1.4 Research methods
1.4.1 Method of data collection and processing
The author collects documents on the rationale for sustainable development of Vietnam as well as the world Synthesize documents with the views and guidelines of the Party, the Government, and Ministries about sustainable development, as the basis for the research orientation of the thesis
1.4.2 Method of analytical research
Quantitative and qualitative research methods Qualitative research was conducted to investigate and interview to get information such as the quality
of transport services as a basis for analyzing criteria and indicators of sustainable development; Quantitative research are implemented through the collection of statistical datas, to produce results in tabular and graphical form for assessing factors related to sustainable development
Trang 9CHAPTER 2:THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS FOR
Based on the mode of transport process
Based on the carrier
Based on the organization of the transportation process
In the form of transport business such as: passenger transport business
by fixed routes, by bus, by taxi or by contract
2.1.2 Characteristics of the modes of transport
Trucking, rail transport, waterway transport, air freight, pipeline transportation
2.1.3 The role of transport in the national economy
Transportation plays an important role in the national economy of each country Transport system is like a blood vessel in a human body, which reflects the level of development of a country Transportation serves all aspects of social life: production, circulation, consumption, and defense In the production of transportation, raw materials, fuels, semi-finished products, finished products and labor areto serve the production process Transportation is an important element of the process of circulation
2.2 Overview of sustainable development
2.2.1 Sustainable development concept
The term "sustainable development" first appeared in 1980 in the World Conservation Strategy publication which states: "The development of humanity can not only focus on economic development but also respect the inevitable needs of society and the impact on the ecological environment”
This concept was very common in 1987 by theBrundtland Report of the World Development and Environment Committee - WCED: sustainable
development is: "The development that can meet current needs without
Trang 10compromising or damaging the ability to meet the needs of future generations "
Sustainable development requires all three perspectives: economic, social and environmental sustainability This section is available on page 24
of the dissertation
2.2.2 The principles of sustainable development
"Sustainable Development" includes: Integrated, holistic, encompassing environmental, ecological, economic, social and political development because it can not sustain the environment without sustaining the politics Sustainable development and ecological balance are needed to ensure that people will survive and thrive Therefore, economic growth goes hand in hand with protecting the environment
all-2.2.3 Criteria for sustainable development assessment
The ultimate goal of sustainable development is to satisfy the basic human needs, to improve the lives of all and to simultaneously preserve and effectively manage the ecosystem, ensuring a stable future The development shows that there is a need to balance between limited production, savings and consumption, equitable distribution of income, manpower regulation and limited natural resources
Sustainability criteria include: Social; economic; environmental and political criteria
2.3.Sustainable development of automobile transportation
2.3.1 Proposed logical sequence for the study of sustainable development
of automobile transportation
Sustainable development of passenger transport is a development that can meet current passenger needs without compromising on the ability to meet transportation demand needs in the future
Trang 11Figure 2.5.The logical order of research to formulate the objectives, principles, criteria for sustainable development of transport services by automobiles
2.3.2.Building the objectives and principles of sustainable development
Development
of science and technology
The objective of sustainable development of passenger transportation by
automobiles
Satisfy current needs
Criteria for sustainable development
Not compromise the ability to meet
Service quality
Trang 122.3.2.1 The objectives of sustainable development of passenger transportation by automobiles
* Satisfying passengers‘ travel needs reflected in 2 aspects:Business
must fully satisfy the number of passenger demands and meet the quality of service that passengers request
* On the transport business side, it must be effective: It should be
emphasized that if the business does not operate effectively, it won’t be able
to meet the needs of passengers in the present as well as in the future
2.3.2.2 Principle of sustainable development of automobile transportation
The thesis recommends sustainable development principles as follow:
- Based on the economic development of the government: The economic and legal policies have been promulgated, specified in the development strategies, planning, and specific documents
- The scientific basis: Unprofessional development, lack of willpower, follow the footsteps always bring negative consequences for the economy Therefore, during the development of passenger transport, it is necessary to apply the rules of natural sciences, science and technology, and economic sciences in the organization of transport
- Must be economical: Solutions should be calculated in terms of economic efficiency which must be the most important criterion in development because if the development is not effective then the economic potential will
be narrowed down
- Must be appropriate to the circumstances and specific in the conditions of Vietnam: the development, selection of technology must be appropriate to the current conditions of a developing country such as Vietnam Mainly workers have submitted low expertise Macroeconomic conditions are not completely stable The integration of technology in service development is
of particular concern
- Make use of customer-centric to develop services: Need to remove the old way and apply marketing to the activities of the business Especially in the transport field, marketing is vitally important because of the use of labor force as well as safety priority
- Ensuring environmental sustainability: The development plan must comply with the provisions of the law on environmental protection and environmental impact assessment Need to use clean fuels, and raise the awareness of environmental protection for the people
2.3.3.Proposed criteria and indicators to assess the sustainable development of automobile transport
Trang 132.3.3.1 Proposed criteria for evaluating the development of automobile transport
Criteria 1: Meet the needs of passengers for service quality
Criteria 2: Fast and punctuality
Criteria 3: Business effiency
Criteria 4: Safety in operation
Criteria 5: Ensuring environmental standards or achieving higher levels that do not pollute the environment
2.3.3.2 Proposal for criteriaassessment for sustainable development of automobile transportation
a Timing group includes the following criteria: The time of a passenger's
journey is the time he/she travels from the departure point to the destination
of the trip, which is as small as possible; Including the time at the end point
of the journey, stopping point on the itinerary, the time the vehicle is traveling on the journey, the time between modes of transport
b.Group indicators to ensure the performance criteria of enterprises
The greater the market share of the enterprise in the economy, the greater the capacity and efficiency of the business operations The higher the volume, the greater the circulation of passengers, this indicator also reflects the efficiency of the business
Profit is the highest indicator to evaluate the economic efficiency of production and business activities To ensure the growth of profitability, it is necessary to influence two factors which are to reduce transportation costs
or increase transportation revenue
∑ LN = ∑ DT - ∑ CP (2.1)
In which:∑ LN –Total transportation profit
∑DT –Total transportation revenue
∑CP –Total transportation costs
c Group rating according to safety criteria
To analyze road traffic accidents, two types of indicators are used as absolute and relative indicators
Absolute quotient:
- Total number of traffic accidents
- Total number of deaths and injuries caused by traffic accidents
- Total property damage caused by traffic accidents
Relative indicators:
Trang 14- Number of deaths due to traffic accident / 100,000 people
- Number of deaths due to traffic accident / 100,000 vehicles
- Number of deaths due to traffic accidents / 100,000,000 km rolling
Total loss of property caused by traffic accidents is converted into currency
d Group indicators according to environmental criteria
With environmental criteria, many specific targets have been proposed according to European emission standards The thesis selects this standard
as it has been widely applied in many countries in the world, including Vietnam
To assess the sustainable development on the environmental aspect of the business, the thesis proposed to use this indicator =∑ (2.2)
In which: B –Rate of sustainable development on the environment
NL –The amount of fuel that the vehicle of the business consumes
in a unit of time, unit is converted into Ton
CTi :Total exhaust volume, ton units; i: type of emission i
2.4 Experiences of some countries on sustainable development and clean energy, lesson learned for Vietnam
2.4.1 Experiences of some countries on sustainable development and clean energy
New Delhi - Ấn độ: the CNG program of India has become the world's
standard for over 75,000 CNG vehicles in the city, including 7,400 buses, 4,000 minibuses, 45,000 tricycles, 15,000 taxis and 10,350 vehicles They were switched to CNG and at that time Delhi became the city with the largest CNG buses in the world This is a sustainable direction for urban public transport
Pakistan: Pakistan has the second largest number of natural gas vehicles in
the world according to NGV global's 2011 statistics Pakistan's national environmental policy is enacted by the Ministry of Environment and develops and implements a plan for the conversion of public sector materials into CNG fuels under the Renewable Energy Efficiency Program
Korea goes green: South Korea has been hit by traffic jams The main
solution in the program is to shift to green transport in Seoul which consists
of four characteristics: using a variety of public transport methods in the city; Use IT and telecommunications to integrate transport modes; Political wills and vision of city government; financial support for people moving to using public transportation in the city to reduce density