Khóa luận tốt nghiệp Văn học: Từ láy trong tập thơ Từ ấy của Tố Hữu

Muc tieu nghien cu u Khi chon de tai Tic lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu, khong nhung nguai viet co the hieu them ve sir da dang cua tieng Viet ma con cung c6 ki£n thuc va van dung k

KHOA KHOA HQC CO BAN

KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP

CHUYEN NGANH VAN HQC

TIT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlfAY

CUA TO HlJtJ

Giang vien hirong dan:

Th.s BUI THITAM

Sinh vien thirc hi$n:

DlTONG HONG M\JIMSSV: 0856010028

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Hau Giang, thdng 06 nam 2012

Tie lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu

LOI CAM ON

Thai gian troi qua that nhanh, moi ngay nao toi con la lam buac chan vaogiang duang Dai hoc, thoang mot cai da qua bon mua hoa phugng no Vay la nguaiviet sap phai noi lai chia tay vai ngoi truang than yeu, vai thay - co va ban be Nhinlai b6n nam hoc, nguai viet khong khoi boi hoi xuc dong, nhung nguai viet cangtham thia han moi dieu khi bat tay vao lam va hoan thanh luan van tot nghiep dechuan bi ra truang De hoan thanh luan van, nguai viet da dugc sir giup da cua thay

co, ban be, nguai than Vi the

Nguai viet xin gui lai cam an den Ban Giam Hieu truang Dai hoc V6

Truang Toan va quy thay co khoa Ngu Van da tan tinh giup do, tao dieu kien cho

nguai viet hoc tap, nghien cuu de nang cao kien thuc cua minh

Nguai viet xin gui lai cam an den gia dinh va nhung nguai ban da luon ung

ho, dong vien nguai viet ve nhieu mat trong nhung luc kho khan

Dae biet, nguai viet xin gui lai cam an den co Bui Thi Tarn, nguai da true

tiep huong dan, tan tinh chi day va giup da nguai viet trong suot qua trinh hoan

thanh luan van tot nghiep

Mac du ban than nguai viet da co gang nhieu nhung vi kien thuc con hanhep, vi han che ve thai gian cho nen nguai viet cung kho tranh nhung thieu sot Vi

vay, nguai viet rat mong nhan dugc nhung dong gop quy bau tu quy thay co, tu ban

be de luan van cua nguai viet dugc hoan chinh han

Xin chan thanh cam an!

Sinh vien thuc hien

(Ky va ghi ro ho ten)

LCH CAM DOAN

Toi xin cam doan rang de tai nay la do chinh toi thuc hien, cac so lieu thuthap va ket qua phan tich trong de tai la trung thuc, de tai khong trung vai bat cu de

tai nghien cuu khoa hoc nao

Sinh vien thyc hien

(Ky va ghi ro ho ten)

I^^yo of^Kf l^-vtu

Tulay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu

PHIEU DANH GIA LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP

(Giang vien hu-ong dan)

1 GlANG VIEN HLT6NG DAN:

2 SINH VIEN THI/C HIEN:

3 TEN DE TAI:

NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN HtTCfNG DAN

1 Danh gia chung qua trinh lam luan van tot nghiep:

1.1 Chuyen can:

1.2 Thai do:

1.3.Khac:

2 Danh gia luan van:

2.1 Dat van de (theo 5 buac):

2.2 Noi dung chinh:

2.3 Chu thich, thu muc:

2.4 Hinh thuc trinh bay:

2.4.1 Dung lugng (trang):

2.4.2 Khuon kh6:

2.4.3 In an:

2.4.4 Trinh bay:

2.4.5 Chinh ta, ngu phap:

3 Danh gia, xep loai:

Danh gia:

Xep loai:

, ngay thang nam 2012Giang vien huong dan(Ki va ghi ro ho ten)

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu

Vi nhung ly do tren nen nguai viet chon de tai Tu lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu de lam khoa luan tot nghiep.

2 Muc tieu nghien cu u

Khi chon de tai Tic lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Huu, khong nhung nguai

viet co the hieu them ve sir da dang cua tieng Viet ma con cung c6 ki£n thuc va van

dung kien thuc cua minh vao viec nghien cuu \h dh tai nay, giup cho nguai vi£t

tang them sir hieu biet ve tir lay

Cong viec nay con giup cho nguai viet buac dau tap lam quen vai viecnghien cuu Dac biet, nguai viSt co ca hoi tiep can, tim hieu sau han ve nha tha T6

Huu cung nhu each su dung ngon ngu tai tinh cua nha tha, tu do nguai \\k danh

gia chinh xac ve each su dung tu lay trong tha T6 Huu

3 Ljch su* van de

Nham nhan manh gia tri ciia tu lay va de chung minh de tai Tic lay trong tap tha Tic ay cua To Hieu la mot de tai hap dan, nguai viet dua ra s6 quan niem ve tir

lay cua cac nha ngon ngu hoc nhu: ong Do Huu Chau (trong cudn Tic vung ngu

nghia tieng Viet, nha xuat ban Giao due, xuat ban nam 1981), ong Nguyen Thien

Giap (trong cuon Tic vung hoc tieng Viet, nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam, xudt ban

nam 2010), ong Hoang Van Hanh (trong cuon Tic lay trong tieng Viet, Nxb Khoa

hoc Xa hoi, xuat ban nam 2008)

Du each tiep can, goc do nghien cuu, hay each goi ten co khac nhau nhung muc dich chung cua cac nha nghien cuu van la muon lam ro va khang dinh gia tri

cua tu lay Tuy nhien, cac tac gia tren chi di vao linh vuc tu lay ma chua dat ra van

de van dung no trong tha ca Hoac danh gia \h sir hap dan cung nhu doc dao cua no

trong cac tac pham cu the

Nguai viet neu len mot so nhan dinh cua cac nha phe binh van hoc nhan dinh

ve tha To Huu nhu: Ha Minh Due, Dang Thai Mai, Tran Dinh Su, Hoai Thanh,Nguyen Dang Manh, Dac biet, nguai viet con dan ra nhung quan niem cua chinh

nha tha doi vai nghe thuat

Trong cuon Nghien cuu binh luan tha To Hint, phan May y nghi, ong Dang Thai Mai nhan dinh: "Tho To Huu la "bo hoa lira " long lay, nong nan, ket tinh tren

ca so cua mot hien thuc vi dai: Cuoc each mang dan toe dan chii trong muoi nam duoi anh sang cua Dang, cua tu tuong Mac - Lenin." [12, tr.32]

Trong cuon To Huu ve tac gia va tac phdm, phan Nhac dieu tha To Hieu,

Nguyen Trung Thu nhan dinh ve viec su dung tir lay trong tha T6 Huu nhu sau:

"Dung rat nhieu tic lap lay la dac diem noi bat cua tha To Hieu Tie lap lay da dugc

To Huu dung vai du cac kieu rat phong phu ( ) To Hieu da dung hdu hit cac kiiu

lap lay: lay dm hoan todn, lay van, lay nguyen dm giita dm tiet (chinh dm), layphu

dm ddu (thicy dm), tinh tic lay dm, dong tic lay dm, Duong nhu viec dung tie lap lay da thanh mot netphong each cua tha To Hieu "[11, tr.353]

Trong cuon To Hieu ve tac gia va tac phdm, phan Van hoc la cuoc dai, T6Huu noi ve gia tri cua tac pham: "Tdc phdm co gia tri Do la dieu mong uoc Ian

nhdt cua moi chung ta Song gid tri khong a do dai cua tac phdm It chic md nhiiu nghia tot han Id nhieu chit md it nghia Co cuon sdch day hang tram trang nhung chi lam kho nguai in, nguai doc Nguac lai, hai cdu tha 6-8 cung co the ngdn nga

mdi tic dai nay sang dai khde." [11, tr.77].

Trong cuon To Hieu - nha tha each mang, phan Mot so y kien ngdn vi tha To

Huu, Hoai Thanh co nhan dinh: "Cdi hay cua To Hieu chinh la a chS anh da hoc

dugc cdi kin ddo, cdi dam da trong tha qudn chung" [19, tr.417]

4 Pham vi nghien cihi

Do thai gian co han, nen nguai \\k chi tim hieu ca ban ve phan tu lay nam

trong tap tha Tic ay Nhung nguai vi£t se c6 gang di sau de tim hiSu k! luang ve

viec su dung tir lay cua nha tha T6 Huu Phan tich, danh gia dugc sir van dung lap

tir lay nay To Huu co bay tap tha dugc sang tac truac va sau each mang thang Tarn,

g6m nhung tap tha sau: Tie dy, Viet Bdc, Gio long, Ra trdn, Mdu va hoa, Mot tiing dan va Ta vai ta Nguai viSt that su rat nguang mo va yeu thich tha T6 Huu Nhung nguai viet thich nhdt do la tap tha Tic dy Vi thi nguai \\k chon, tap tha Tic dy trong

cuon Todn tap tha To Hieu cua nha xuat ban Van hoc, xuat ban nam 2011 de lamdoi tugng nghien cuu, khao sat cho dh tai cua minh.

Tie lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

5 Phirong phap nghien ciru

De tien hanh nghien cuu de tai nay, nguai viet su dung cac phuang phap sau:Truac het, do la phuang phap he thong: nguai viet suu tarn, tap hgp cac tailieu, he thong hoa cac tai lieu de co ca so khoa hoc nham k£ thua va phat huy, cungnhu phat hien nhung net moi trong tap tha cua T6 Huu

Tiep theo la phuang phap thong ke, phan loai: nguai \\k ti§n hanh thong kecac lop tir lay trong tap tha Tic dy, cung nhu phan loai chung Tir so lieu thong ke,

phan loai do, nguai viet co sir danh gia, phan tich khoa hoc va chinh xac han ve van

T^t ca nhung phuang phap tren dugc nguai viSt su dung trong sir thong nhat

cung vai nhung thao tac phan tich, chung minh de lam sang to van dh.

B phAn noi dung

CHlTONG I: MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG VE TlT LAY

1.1 CAC QUAN NIEM VE TlT LAY VA PHAN LOAI TlT LAY

1.1.1 Cac quan niem ve tu* lay

Theo ong Hoang Van Hanh - Tic lay trong tiing Viet, nhan manh: ""lay"

co le cho nen xem la "co quan he ngu dm "giita cac dm tiit mot each chung chung,

md nen hieu la "lay" khi co mot su hoa phoi ngu dm giita nhitng yiu to tuong ieng cua cac dm tiet; do la mot su hoa phoi ngit dm co tac dung biiu trung hod'' (Hoang

Tue, 1978, tr.23) (chung toi nhan manh - HVH) [7, tr.25].

Hoang Van Hanh con dua ra y kien cua rieng ong nhu sau: "Lay la su hoa phoi ve dm va nghia, ma diep va doi la nhitng quy tdc, hay la nhitng hinh thai thi

hien su hoa phoi do" [7, tr.30].

Theo ong D6 H(ru Chau - Tic vung ngit nghia tiing Viet, cho rang: "Tic lay

la nhitng tic dugc cdu tgo theo phuang thuc lay, do Id phuang thuc lap lai todn bo

hay bo phan hinh thuc dm tiet (vai thanh dieu giit nguyen hay biin ddi theo quy tdc

bien thanh tiec la quy tac thanh dieu bien doi theo hai nhom: nhom cao: thanh hoi,

thanh sac, thanh ngang va nhom thap: thanh huyin, thanh ngd, thanh nang - cita

mot hinh vi hay don vi co nghia.'" [1, tr.34]

Theo ong Nguyen Thien Giap - Tir vung hoc tieng Viet, goi tu lay la ngu

lay am: "Ngit lay dm la nhitng don vi dugc hinh thanh do su lap lai hoan todn hay

lap lai co kem theo sic bien doi ngit dm ndo do cua tic da co Chung vica co su hai hoa ve ngit dm, vica co gia tri ggi cam, ggi ta" [6, tr.86]

Theo co Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy - Bdi gidng mon tie vung hoc tieng Viet,

cho rang: "Tic lay Id nhitng tie gom nhieu tieng, cac tieng dugc ghep lai dua tren quan he ngit dm co tdc dung tao nghia" [17, tr.20]

Tu y kien cua cac nha ngon ngu tren, chung toi co thi hieu tir lay la mot hientugng ngon ngu dac biet trong tieng Viet Tir lay giup cho nguai noi, nguai viet khi

su dung trong ngon ngu cu the hoa han hoat dong hoac hinh anh cua sir vat

1.1.2 Phan loai tir lay

1.1.2.1 Theo ong Hoang Van Hanh

"Ve mat cdu tao, nen phdn loai tic lay trong tieng Viet theo nhiiu buoc, va

moi buoc nen chon dung mot tieu chi dugc coi Id thoa dang" [7, tr.43]

"Theo phuang huong do, a buoc thic nhdt cua suphdn loai tic lay tiing Viet,

nen lay "so bdc trong qua trinh cdu tao tic lay "lam tieu chi Trong truang hgp nay, chung ta se co tie lay bdc mot hay tic lay dan (tuong icng vai tic lay doi), kiiu nhu do

> do dan, tim > tim tim va tic lay bdc hai hay tic lay kep (tuong icng vai tic lay ba va

tic lay tu), vi du: xop > xop xpp > xdp xom xpp, binh > bap binh >bdp ba bap

benh, Trong buoc thic hai cua suphdn loai, idy mice do tdc dong cua co chi lay vao tieng goc" hay "mice dp diep trong quan he giita ede tiing a tie lay " lam can

cic Vai tieu chi nay, chung ta se co tic lay hoan todn, kiiu nhu chuon chudn, buom

buam, vdng vac, va tic lay bp phdn, nhu: bap binh, do ddn, long thong, O

buoc thic ba trong su phdn loai, nen lay "tinh chat diep hoac doi khuon van " lamcan cic Nhu vay, chung ta se co bon kieu tic lay:

a, Tic lay hoan todn, diep van, vi du: khu khu, dam dam.

b, Tic lay hoan todn, doi van, vi du: vdng vac, ngo nghe.

c, Tic lay bp phdn, diep van, nhu: le the, chang vang.

d, Tie lay bp phdn, doi van, nhu: do ddn, mdp may "[7, tr.43]

1.1.2.2 Theo ong BdHuu Chau

Theo ong Do Huu Chau thi tir lay dugc phan chia dua theo cac tieu chi sau:

a) Dua vao so Ian tdc dpng cuaphuang thicc lay

- Neu phuang thuc lay tac dong Ian dau vao mot hinh vi goc mot am tilt se cho ta cac tu lay doi hay tu lay hai am tilt.

- Neu phuang thuc lay co the tac dong Ian thu hai vao mot tir lay doi thi se

cho tir lay tu hay tir lay bon am tiet

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Huu

- Neu phuang thuc lay tac dong mot Ian vao mot hinh vi mot am tiet cho ta

tu lay ba am tiet

b) Dua vao cdi dugc giu lai trong dm tiet cua hinh vi ca so de phdn chia cdc

tic lay doi.

<♦ Neu toan bo am tiet dirge giir nguyen thi ta co tu* lay toan bo.

- Lay toan bo, thanh dieu gift nguyen, phu am cuoi gift nguyen

- Lay toan bo, thanh dieu bien doi, phu am cuoi bien doi

- Lay toan bo, thanh dieu biln doi.

♦ Neu bo phan am tiet diro*c giir lai thi co tir lay bo phan.

- Lay am (phan phu am dau dugc giu lai, phan van khac di)

- Lay van (phan van dugc gift lai, phu am dau khac di)

1.1.2.3 Theo ong Nguyen Thien Gidp

Theo ong Nguyen Thien Giap thi viec phan loai tir lay nhu sau:

a) Lay doi (gom nhitng don vi co hai thanh to true tiip):

♦ Lay hoan toan

Do hien tugng phat am luot nhe a am tilt (thanh to) dau nen co thi xay ra

hien tugng bien thanh, bien van nhung phai biln thanh, biln van theo nhftng quy

luat chat che.

♦ Lay bo phan

- Khac nhau a am dau

- Khac nhau a am chinh

♦ Lay ba (gom ba yeu to co sir hoa phdi ngu am vai nhau)

Tu lay ba dugc cau tao theo khuon thanh dieu nh&t dinh sau:

- Ylu t6 thu hai thuang mang thanh bang (ph6 biln nhat la thanh huyln).

- Yeu to thu nhat va thu ba doi lap nhau vl mat bang/trac nhu: dung dung

dung, con con con, hoac la mat am vuc cao/thap: khit khin khit, sdt sdn sat, xopxomxpp,

♦ Lay bon (xay dung tren ca sa cac ngft lay doi bo phan), co cac hinh thuc

sau:

- Hinh thuc thu nhat co dang nhu: hap ta hdp tap, lung ta lung tiing,

- Hinh thuc thu hai co dang nhu: boi hoi boi hoi, lam nhdm lam nhdm,

- Hinh thuc thu ba co dang nhu: la tha Ian than, lorn nhdm loam nhodm,

- Hinh thuc cuoi co dang nhu: hung hung ho hd, vpi vol vdng vdng,

1.1.2.4 Theo co Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy

Theo co Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy thi tu lay dugc phan loai nhu sau:

a) Tic lay doi

♦> Tir lay bo phan

- Giong nhau phan phu am dau goi la tir lay am

- Giong nhau phan van goi la tu lay van

♦ Tir lay hoan toan

- Giong nhau ca phan van, phu am dau va thanh dieu

- Giong nhau ca phan van, phu am dau, nhung khac thanh dieu

- Giong nhau phu am dau va am chinh, khac nhau thanh dieu va phu am cuoi

b) Tic lay ba va tic lay tu

- Tir lay ba: chu yeu dua tren ca che lay hoan toan.

- Tir lay tu: dua tren ca sa tu lay doi

1.2 Tac dung cua tir lay

1.2.1 Tu* lay dircrc dung de goi hinh, goi cam

1.2.1.1 Tie lay duac dung degai hinh (lay am each dieu):

Tir lay ggi hinh la tu lay khong chua bo phan con du ro nghia tir vung Tir layggi hinh co kha nang ggi len hinh anh sir vat hien tugng truac mat nguai doc Taonen tinh hinh tugng cho tac pham

Vi du: Diu hiu, lenh denh, menh mong, la luot,

1.2.1.2 Tie lay duac dung de gai cam (lay sac thai hoa):

Tir lay ggi cam la nhftng tir co mot yeu to doc lap (ro nghia) va mot ylu to khong doc lap (sac thai nghia) Tir lay ggi cam ggi len sac thai vl thai do, tinh camcua nguai noi Tu lay ggi cam gop phan chuyen tai sac thai tinh cam cua nguai noi,nguai viet gui gam trong tung hoan canh

Vi du: nho nhan, nho nhen, nho nhat, nho nhoi,

1.2.2 Tir lay diro*c dung de goi thanh

Tu lay ggi thanh la nhftng tir khong xac dinh dugc tieng doc lap Tu lay ggithanh dugc tao nen tu sir mo phong am thanh cua sir vat hien tugng trong thuc tl.Tir lay ggi thanh giup nguai doc cam nhan, hinh dung dugc am thanh cua sir vathien tugng

Vi du: dung dung, len ken, lodng xodng,

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

CHlTONG 2

VAN DE SU* DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlTAY • •

CUA NHA THO TO HUtJ

2.1 Gl6l THIEU KHAI QUAT VE CU0C DCH VA SlT NGHIEP SANG TAC

CUA TO HUtJ

2.1.1 Vai net ve cuoc doi cua nha tho* To HCru

Giai thieu sa luge ve tieu su nha tha To Hftu nhu: ten that, que quan, nam

sinh Tiep theo la qua trinh hoat dong chinh tri, sir nghiep each mang cua To Hftu tirnam 1937 den nam 1986 To Hftu la mot con nguai co mot trai tim chan thanh trongbat ki moi hoat dong: van nghe den chinh tri Nam 1996, To Hftu dugc nha nuacphong tang Giai thuang Ho Chi Minh ve van hoc nghe thuat Nam 2002, To Hftumat sau mot can benh nang

2.1.2 Ve su* nghiep sang tac cua nha tho* To Hiru

Tha To Hftu gan bo chat che va song hanh vai cac giai doan cua cuoc dau

tranh each mang cua dan toe Giai thieu sa luge ve bay tap tha: Tic dy, Viet Bdc,Gio long, Ra trdn, Mdu va Hoa, Mot tieng don, Ta vai Ta.

2.1.3 Quan diem nghe thuat trong tho* To HCru.

To Hftu lam tha la de phuc vu cho ly tuong cao dep Du viet ve de tai gi thinha tha can co mot "trai tim" chan thanh, tha thiet va gan gui vai nguai dan

Tha To Hftu la tha trft tinh chinh tri Moi sir kien, van d! Ian cua dai singeach mang, ly tuong chinh tri, nhftng tinh cam chinh tri thong qua trai tim nhay camcua nha tha deu co the tra thanh de tai va cam hung nghe thuat thuc sir

Tha To Hftu co giong dieu rieng rat de nhan ra, do la giong tarn tinh, ngotngao tha thiet, giong cua tinh thuang men

Ke tuc truyen thong tha ca dan toe, dac biet la tha ca dan gian va tha c6 diln, tha To Hftu dam da tinh dan toe ca trong noi dung va nghe thuat bilu hien.

2.2 KHAO SAT VIEC SU* DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlTAY

Tu lay la mot lop tu dac biet trong ngon ngft tieng Viet Tir lay co tac dungggi cam, ggi ta Ian Tu lay dugc su dung nhieu trong giao tiep sinh hoat hang ngay

va ca trong nhftng tac pham van chuong Dac biet la trong tha ca Trong tap tha Tic

dy cua nha tha To Hftu, tu lay cung dugc su dung rat nhieu va rat hftu dung No

giup cho nha tha co the dien ta y nghia cua tung cau tha trong nhftng trang tha cuaminh, dong thai lam tang them gia tri nghe thuat cho tac pham

Bang 2.1: Thong ke tu lay trong tap tha Tic dy.

Lay hoan toan Lay bo phan

Lay phu am dau Lay van

(Nguon: To Hieu (2011) Toan tap tha To Huu Ha Npi: Nxb Van hoc.)

Nhan xet: Theo bang thong ke cac kieu lay tren, cho thay To Hftu su dung tulay doi la chu yeu Trong hai dang tir lay doi, tu lay bo phan dugc tac gia su dungnhieu han tir lay hoan toan (16.8% so vai 82.6%) Dac biet la tir lay phu am dau

(chiem 68.5%) Trong tap tha Tic dy, To Hftu su dung tir lay co cac dac dilm sau:

♦ Trong tap tha Tic dy, tu lay doi chiem so lugng Ian nhat.

♦ To Hftu su dung tir lay doi phong phu, da dang, day du cac loai

♦ To Hftu su dung tu lay co sir sang tao doc dao

2.2.1 Tir lay doi trong tap tho* Tie ay

Trong tap tha Tu ay, tu lay doi dugc To Hftu dac biet su dung nhilu nh4t vaphong phu nhat trong ba dang tir lay: tir lay doi, tu lay ba, tir lay tu

Bang 2.2: Thong ke ti le cac kieu tir lay doi trong tap tha Tic dy.

Tir lay hoan toan Tu lay bo phan Tong so

Lay phu am dau Lay van

(Nguon: To Hieu (2011) Toan tap thaTo Hieu HaNpi: Nxb Van hoc.)

Nhan xet: Qua bang thong ke chung ta thay tu lay bo phan dugc su dungnhieu han tu lay hoan toan (83.1% so vai 16.9%) Dong thai thay dugc viec sirdung tir lay doi cua nha tha To Hftu rat phong phii

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hieu

a) Nhitng tic lay doi the hien canh doi cua nhitng con nguai bat hanh.

b) Nhitng tic lay doi the hien long yeu nuac, y chi dau tranh vung vdng.

c) Tic lay doi the hien long lac quan, tin tuong vao tuong lai.

2.2.2 Tir lay ba trong tap tho* Tie dy

Trong he thong ngon ngft tieng Viet, tir lay ba chiem so lugng rat it Vi the

trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Hftu, tir lay ba hau nhu khong dugc su dung Tuy nhien,

trong tha cua minh, To Hftu co su dung cac dang tu hiep phu am dau cua mot tu lay

doi vai mot tu dan khac nhu: "soi sung sue", "reo rung ran", "lung la 16F,

2.2.3 Tir lay tu* trong tap tho* Tie dy

Tir lay tu trong tha To Hftu co tac dung ggi ta hinh anh Ngoai tac dung ggi

hinh, ggi cam, tu lay tu trong tha To Hftu con co tac dung ggi thanh.

Tu lay tu ma tac gia dung da phan la the hien tinh cam cua tac gia vai nhandan, du la thong qua nhftng am thanh dft tgn, on a, nhung an ben trong no deuchua dung tinh cam, sir lo lang cua tac gia truac tinh canh mat con cua dat nuac

CHlTONG 3

MUC DICH SU* DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlTAY • • •

CUA NHA THO TO HUtJ

3.1 TlT LAY DlTOC DUNG DE THE HIEN LONG YEU NlTdC, CHI KHI

CACH MANG VA NIEM VUI KHI BAT GAP LY Tl/dNG CACH MANG:

3.1.1 The hien long yeu nircrc, chi khi each mang.

To Hftu yeu nuac va luon y thuc bon phan cua minh doi vai dat nuac, khongngai duong dau vai kho khan nguy hiem de cuu dat nuac Chi khi each mang cuanha tho luon vftng vang du trong hoan canh gian nan van khong bj guc nga, bi cam

do, .Tinh yeu To quoc the hien qua lai keu goi mgi nguai dung day dau tranh, keuggi mgi nguai hay chgn cho minh mot loi giai thoat:

"Bang khudng dung gifta doi dong nuac

Chgn mot dong hay de nuac troi?"

{Day len thanh nien)

Xuat phat tu tinh yeu que huong tha thiet, To Hftu biet rang de cuu lay datnuac nay, minh can phai manh me, can phai co mot tinh than, mot y chi vftng vang

GVHD: Bui Thi Tarn ~~^{ SVTH: Duong Hong Mui

han bao gia het De co dugc sue manh phi thuang nhu the, To Hftu da noi vai

nhftng linh hon chien si di truac:

"Cho toi huang tinh than hang chien dau

Cho da toi day dan vai ngay mai"

(Lao Bao)

Tom lai: Trong tung trang tha cua T6 Hftu luon tham dam mot tinh yeu Ian

doi vai que huang dat nuac, doi vai dong bao Du trong hoan canh nhu the nao, ToHftu van gift khi tiet cua mot nguai chiSn si, gift y chi each mang that kien dinh,vftng vang khong de bi lay dong truac kho khan, gian kho

3.1.2 Niem vui, niem hanh phuc khi bsit gap ly tirong each mang.

Nam 1938 nha sir nhiet tinh, hang hai hoat dong nen T6 Hftu dugc kk nap

vao Dang Do la niem vui, niem hanh phuc cua T6 Hftu Ke tir luc ay To Hftu thay cuoc dai minh that dep va cung tir luc ay T6 Hftu da neu len lap truang vftng chac

cua minh la dung ve phia quan chung nhan dan:

"Toi buoc long toi vai moi nguai

De tinh trang trai vai tram noi

(Tic dy)

Qua trinh di tu giac ngo den gia nhap vao Dang la niSm hanh phuc va han

hoan ddi vai T6 Hftu Mac du vay, T6 Hftu khong phai la mot nguai hay bi "nguquen trong chien thang", cho nen du vui day, nhung T6 Hftu van luon nha va lamtrdn nhiem vu cua mot nguai each mang

Tom lai: Qua tat ca nhftng ngon tu, dac biet la tu lay ma tac gia su dung di

bgc 16 cam xiic cua minh, ta co the thay To Hftunha tha each mang cua chung ta

vo cung vui sudng, hanh phuc khi bat gap ly tuong each mang Ngoai ra con cam

nhan dugc sir chan thanh va niem tin tuyet ddi cua nha tha ddi vai each mang.

3.2 TlT LAY DlTOC DUNG DE THE HIEN TINH YEU THlTONG, STj DONG CAM V6l MOI NGlTdl VA THE HIEN LONG CAM THU GIAC

3.2.1 The hien tinh yeu thiro*ng, su* dong cam \&i moi ngirdi.

To Hftu la mot nguai co trai tim nhan ai, yeu thuang chan thanh ddi vai tat

ca moi ngudi Tinh cam cua nha tha khong phai la mot sir toi nghiep ma la mot sir hoa nhap, sir dong cam tuyet doi Doi vai nhftng em be m6 cdi, di a muan, :

"Biet khong em, noi long anh khi do?

Tic lay trong tap tha Tic dy cua To Huu

No toi hai, dau dan lam, em ai!"

(Di di em)

To Hftu thau hieu va ddng cam cho ndi long cua ngudi me khi phai bd con

minh d lai que nha cho ngudi khac de di tim ke muu sinh To Hftu con trai longminh ra de cam thdng cho sir mat mat cua nhftng ngudi vg, ngudi me hien d nhieu

nude tren the gidi nhu: Nhat, Due, Y To Hftu thuang nhftng ngudi tu bi doa day

lao khd, thuang ca nhftng anh linh gac tu,

Tom lai: To Hftu la ngudi giau long nhan hau, biet yeu thuang va yeu

thuang chan thanh vdi con ngudi Nhftng van tha cua dng khien ngudi doc khdngkhdi bdi hdi, xuc ddng Nhftng tu ngft dng dung de bieu dat tinh cam ay da phan la

tu lay, dng dung nhftng tir lay gay xuc ddng manh nhu: "nghen ngdo", "nice no",

"ngdm nguF, "dau don", va nhftng tir lay ay dugc lap lai nhieu Ian trong nhftng

van tha dat dao tinh thuang va gay xuc ddng long ngudi

3.2.2 The hien long cam thu giac

Bon giac cang ddi xu tan te vdi dan tdc ta thi cang hung due "khdi" cam hdn

trong To Hftu ldn dan len:

"Co ai hieu ndi hdn ghe g&nt

Tren mat ngudi trong vdi nui suang"

(Di di em)

Long cam thu giac trong To Hftu cd sir chuyen bien ve muc do Tac gia su

dung nhftng tir lay cd tinh chat manh me the hien long cam thu giac nhu: du doi, ghe gom, ticc toi, ran rat, bicng bicng,

Tom lai: Ndi cam hdn trong To Hftu suy cho cung xuat phat tir long yeu

nude thiet tha To Hftu cam thu giac va luon mudn duoi sach bong chung tren datnude minh de gianh lay sir binh yen, ddc lap, hanh phuc cho dan ta

KET LUAN

To Hftu la mot ngudi luon tran day nhiet huyet, lam bat ki viec gi dng cung

deu dung het kha nang, danh het su chan thanh cua trai dh lam viec Vi vay, trong

lihh vuc nao dng cung luon la ngudi hoat ddng xuat sac Tren con duong hoat ddngchinh tri, dng la mot nha chinh tri xuat sac va trung thanh vdi dan Tren con duonghoat ddng nghe thuat, To Hftu la mot nha tha tai hoa Sir chan thanh va tai hoa ay segiup nha tho ton tai mai mai trong long ngudi dan Viet Nam

b) De phan chia cac tu lay ddi, trudc het dua vao cai dugc gift lai trong am tiet cua

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hieu

CHU'ONG 2: VAN DE SlT DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlT AY CUA

2.1 Gl6l THIEU KHAl QUAT VE CUQC DC5I VA SlT NGHIEP SANG TAC

2.1.2 Ve sir nghiep sang tac cua nha tho To Hftu 28

2.2 KHAO SAT VIEC SIT DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TlT AY 31

a) Nhftng tir lay ddi the hien canh ddi cua nhftng con ngudi bat hanh 39b) Nhftng tu lay ddi the hien long yeu nude, y chi dau tranh vftng vang 40c) Tu lay ddi the hien long lac quan, tin tudng vao tuong lai 43

CHUONG 3: MUC DICH SlT DUNG TlT LAY TRONG TAP THO TU* AY CUA

3.1 TIT LAY DUOC DUNG DE THE HIEN LONG YEU NU6C, CHI KHI

CACH MANG VA NIEM VUI KHI BAT GAP LY TUdNG CACH MANG 48

3.1.2 Niem vui, niem hanh phuc khi bat gap ly tudng each mang 543.2 TIT LAY DUOC DUNG DE THE HIEN TINH YEU THUONG, SlT DONGCAM V6l MOI NGUCJI VA THE HIEN LONG CAM THU GIAC 583.2.1 The hien tinh yeu thuang, sir ddng cam vdi mgi ngudi 58

DANH MUC BIEU BANG

1 Bang 2.1: Thdng ke tir lay trong tap tha Tic dy.

2 Bang 2.2: Thdng ke ti le cac kieu tir lay ddi trong tap tha Tic dy.

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hieu

Td Hftu la mot chien si each mang, mot nha chinh tri, lai vua la mot nha

tho ldn cua dan tdc Ong gan ca cudc ddi minh vdi each mang, vdi Dang, vdi ly

tudng cdng san, vdi quan va vdi nhan dan Chinh vi vay ma "Sice hap ddn cua tho

ca each mang noi chung, cua tha To Hieu noi rieng, cilng bat nguon tic site hap

ddn Ion lao cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin, cua ly tuong cong sdn Sice hap ddn cua mot each nhin, mot each nghi, mot each cam xuc vd uoc mo, mot thai do truac

cuoc sdng va mot each song, each songdung nhat va dep nhat trong thai dai ngay

nay" [2,tr.34].

"Tdi da la con cua van nha

La em cua van kiep phoi pha

La anh cua van dau em nhdKhdng ao com, cu bat cu bo "

(Tic dy)

Chinh vi cd mot trai tim chan thanh va sir gan bd thuy chung vdi each mang,

nen con duong tha cua Td Hftu cung gan bd chat che vdi cudc dau tranh cua dan tdc, vi the tha dng khdng chi ca nggi each mang, tuyen truyen each mang ma cdn la

vu khi s4c ben chdng lai ke thu Khdng chi thi, tha dng cdn cd ca mot tam long, tinh

cam thiet tha, sir ddng cam sau sac ddi vdi nhftng con ngudi ngheo kho, vdi nhftng ngudi anh hung cuu qudc va vdi nhftng ngudi da tham lang hi sinh cho Td qudc.

Gigng tha cua Td Hftu khi thi hung h6n, quylt liet, khi thi nhd to tam tinh.

De co dugc dh tai va gigng dieu trong tho phong phu, da dang nhu vay la vi Td Hftu

da"^ vai tho bdng mot tdm Idng" [2, tr.18] Bang giong dieu nhe nhang, khdng

quat thao, khdng ra lenh, ay thi ma tho dng lai hit sue thuyet phuc va mang tinh

giao due cao cho ca nhan loai Do la gia tri cua con ngudi: "Tho To Hitu la tha mot con nguai biet trdn trong idy dai minh, mudn lam cho doi minh tro nen hieu ich.

Vay thi ai kia cdn phungphi doi minh, lam gi cung duac, song sao cungxong, trongkhi doc tho nay hay bdt ddu thu dung lai md biit quy lay doi minh, ma dem Idng raxay dung no." [2, tr 101]

Dugc tilp xuc vdi tho Td Hftu ngay tir khi tdi cdn la hoc sinh tieu hoc vdi bai

tha Luom, vdi each cam cua mot hgc sinh tilu hoc, cd le luc do chua dugc sau sac,

nhung tdi da rat thich su hdn nhien va kham phuc sir can dam cua Lugm Dac biet

bai tha cd van dl doc, dl nhd, de thudc Ngoai viec phdi thanh, phdi van dl cho de

doc, de hieu, To Hftu cdn su dung va sang tao sd lugng tu lay da dang va phong phu

vao trong nhftng trang tha cua minh

Tir lay la mot lap tu dac biet trong ngdn ngft dan tdc No dugc cau tao bang

phuang thuc hda phdi ngft am ddc dao va mang nhieu sac thai bieu cam Trong tho

To Hftu, tir lay dugc su dung rat phong phu va dac sac, gop phan vao viec the hien tinh cam cua tac gia vdi To quoc, vdi nhan dan Di vao nghien cuu van de nay,

ngudi viet khdng chi hieu biet them vl sir da dang, phong phu cua ngdn tu tiing

Viet, ma cdn thay dugc sir van dung tir lay dac sac, da dang va sang tao trong tha

Td Hftu Vi nhftng dilu do nen tdi chon de tai Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To

Hieu de lam khoa luan tot nghiep.

2 Muc tieu nghien ciru

Tir lay la mot lap tu dac biet trong he thdng ngdn ngft dan tdc No cd gia tri

nghe thuat cao, vi no cd kha nang bilu dat, bilu cam No dugc su dung trong ldi an tiing ndi hang ngay giup ngudi ndi cd the diln dat tinh cam, y nghl cua minh mot

each ngan gon Dac biet, tu lay cdn dugc su dung rat nhieu trong linh vuc van hgc

nghe thuat va gift vai trd hit sue quan trong No khdng chi ggi ta am thanh, hinh

anh, mau sac ma cdn bilu dat sac thai bilu cam Tim hieu ve tir lay cd the giup cho

ngudi vilt hilu them ve sir da dang, phong phu cua tieng Viet.

Khi chon de tai Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hitu, khdng nhftng ngudi

vilt cd thi hilu them vl sir da dang cua tiing Viet ma cdn cung cd kien thuc va van

dung kiln thuc cua minh vao viec nghien cuu ve dl tai nay, giup cho ngudi viet

tang them sir hieu biet ve tir lay

Cong viec nay cdn giup cho ngudi viet buoc dau tap lam quen vdi viec

nghien cuu Dac biet, ngudi vilt cd co hdi tiep can, tim hieu sau han ve nha tha Td

Hftu cung nhu each su dung ngdn ngft tai tinh cua nha tho, tir do ngudi viet danh

gia chinh xac vl each su dung tir lay trong tha Td Hftu.

3 Lich sir van de

Tu lay trong tiing Viet la mot trong nhftng van de hap dan dang dugc nhieu

nha nghien cuu quan tam Da cd nhilu nha nghien cuu bd khdng it thai gian va cdng sue dl tim hilu vl no Nhftng cdng trinh nghien cuu tieu bieu cua cac tac gianhu: Do Hftu Chau, Hoang Van Hanh, Nguyen Thien Giap

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua To Hieu

Trong cudn Tic vung ngu nghia tieng Viet, B6 Hftu Chau dua ra quan niem

cua dng vl tu lay nhu sau: "Tic lay la nhitng tic duac cdu tao theo phuang thicc lay,

do la phuang thicc lap lai todn bo hay bo phdn hinh thuc dm tiet (vdi thanh dieu giit

nguyen hay biin ddi theo quy tdc bien thanh ticc la quy tdc thanh dieu bien ddi theo

hai nhdm: nhdm cao: thanh hdi, thanh sdc, thanh ngang va nhdm thap: thanh

huyen, thanh nga, thanh nang - cua mot hinh vi hay don vi cd nghia" [1, tr.34]

Theo quan niem tren thi tir lay la mot hinh thuc lap lai Ong Dd Hftu Chau

cdn dua ra quan niem cua dng vl viec phan loai tir lay, cac quy tac chuyen hda ve

am va thanh dieu cua tu lay

Cdn theo quan niem cua dng Hoang Van Hanh trong cuon Tie lay trong tieng Viet thi: "Lay la mot su hda phdi ve dm va vi nghia, ma diep va ddi la nhung quy tdc, hay la nhung hinh thai the hien su hda phdi do" [7, tr.30] Theo dng: "Diep

(hay the diep) la trang thai dong nhat trong quan he giita cdc tieng cua tic lay, la he qua cua su nhan ddi tiing goc trong qua trinh cdu tao tic lay Con ddi (hay the ddi)

la trang thai di biet trong quan he giita cdc tieng cua tic lay, la he qua cua su bien

doi hoac kit hop d tiing lay di dam bdo cd su hda phdi ve dm va ve nghia vai tieng

goc" [7,tr.29].

Trong cudn nay, dng Hoang Van Hanh da di vao nghien cuu, phan tich ve co

chi cau tao cua tu lay va co cau nghia cua tir lay Di sau vao viec nghien cuu ve tir

lay, tac gia cdn thay dugc gia tri bo ich cua no Xet vl goc do su dung - ggi la gia tri su dung, thi tu lay cd 3 dilm ldn sau: gia tri ggi ta, gia tri bilu cam, va gia tri phong each Ong dac biet nhan manh vl gia tri phong each cua tir lay, dng cho rang:

"So truang cua tic lay la lam chat lieu di xay dung van ban nghe thuat, lam phuang

tien cho tu duy nghe thuat." [7, tr.161] Ong dua ra cac vi du dl thay dugc sir phat

huy cao do tilm nang nghe thuat cua tir lay, trong cac vi du dng dua do cd sir gop

phan khdng nhd cua tir lay trong viec xay dung hinh tugng nghe thuat Tu do dng

khang dinh rang: "Tie lay la mot trong nhitng yeu td ngdn ngit quan trong, neu khdng ndi la quan trong nhat, lam bdc Id "cdi than" cua moi bice chan dung." [7,

tr.165]

Ong Hoang Van Hanh cd thi khang dinh dugc nhung dieu tren vi tu lay la

lap tir giau gia tri ggi ta, gia tri bilu cam Ma nhftng dieu ay rat can cho van ban

nghe thuat dl xay dung hinh tugng nghe thuat Vi vay ma cac nha van, nha tho rat chu y viec su dung tir lay Trong lich su van hoc Viet Nam da cd nhftng nha van nha tho su dung tu lay rat tai tinh nhu: Nguyen Du, Ho Xuan Huang, Doan Thi Dilm,

Td Hftu, Nguyln Tuan, NguyIn Dinh Thi

Ong Hoang Van Hanh da tien hanh tong ket nhftng thanh qua nghien cuu ve

tu lay trong tiing Viet tu trudc din nay Tu do, tac gia cung dua ra nhftng mat ton tai va nhftng mat cd thi kl thua, phat huy va bo sung, tilp tuc tim hilu nghien cuu nhftng van dl cdn chua dugc giai dap chung quanh hien tugng lay tiing Viet Cac dac dilm, phan loai va ca cau ngft nghia cua tu lay dlu dugc tac gia trinh bay mot

each cd he thong Vl mat ca cau ngft nghia cua tu lay, dng dua vao dac diem cua

hinh thai bilu trung hda ngft am cua tu dl phan ra ba nhdm tu lay: nhdm tir lay bieu

trung hda ngft am gian don, nhdm tu lay bilu trung hda ngft am each dieu, nhdm tir

lay vua bilu trung hda ngft am vua chuyen biet hda ve nghia.

Trong cudn Tic vung hoc tiing Viet, dng Nguyln Thien Giap cung cd nghien

cuu vl tu lay, dng goi no la ngft lay am, dng dinh nghia: "Ngu lay dm la nhitng don

vi duac hinh thanh do su lap lai hoan todn hay lap lai cd kem theo su bien ddi ngu

dm ndo do cua tic da cd Chung vica cd su hdi hda ve ngit dm, vica cd gia tri goi

cam, goi td." [6, tr.86] Ong chu y tim hilu va dua ra nhftng hinh thuc lay, theo dng

thi tir lay cd 3 hinh thuc: lay ddi, lay ba va lay bon Ong dac biet quan tam din hinh

thuc lay bdn, dng dua ra cac vi du d& thay ro net ddc dao cua hinh thuc lay nay.

Du each tilp can, nghien cuu d goc do nhu the nao, each ggi ten cd khacnhau ra sao thi muc dich chung cua cac nha nghien cuu van la mudn lam ro, mudn

khang dinh gia tri cua tu lay Tuy nhien, cac tac gia tren chi di vao llnh vuc tir lay

ma chua dat ra van dl van dung no trong tha ca Hoac danh gia ve sir hap dan cungnhu ddc dao cua no trong cac tac pham cu the

Trong cudn To Hitu ve tdc gia va tdc phdm, phan Van hoc la cudc ddi, Td

Hftu ndi vl gia tri cua tac pham: "Tdc phdm cd gia tri Do la dieu mong uoc Ian

nhdt cua mdi chung ta Song gia tri khdng a do dai cua tdc phdm It chu md nhieu

nghia tot han la nhieu chit ma it nghia Cd cudn sdch day hang tram trang nhungchi lam khd ngudi in, ngudi doc Nguoc lai, hai cdu tho 6-8 cung cd the ngdn nga mai tic ddi nay sang ddi khac" [11, tr.77] Cung trong cudn nay, phan Cam hicng vedat nude va nhan ddn trong tho To Hieu, dng Ha Minh Due cd nhac din quan niem

nghe thuat cua Td Hftu trong viec sang tao van tho: "Lam tha, Td Hieu da tam niem

"Dot vdi tdi lam tho la each mang bang tha" va dng hieu rang long yeu nhan ddn, ddn idc minh va nhan ddn lao ddng se la nguon cam hicng khdng bao gio can, la cdidich sang tao cua van tho vi theo To Hieu "Nghe thuat Ion khdng phdi d tam tinh

rieng ma d tinh cdng ddn" [11, tr.939]

Trong cudn Din vdi tho Td Hitu, phan Tho To Hieu, dng Hoai Thanh nhandinh: "Tho To Hitu cd tinh thai su sau sdc nhung khdng lam cdi viec minh hoa chu

truang, chinh sdch No dap icng theo yeu cdu cua each mang theo dung phuang

Tic lay trong tap tho Tie dy cua Td Hitu

thicc cua tho Cung nhu tdt cd cdc nghe si chan chinh, Td Huu khdng di tic nhitng khdi niem, nhung van di cua noi dung rdi tim each the hien ndi dung dy trong chat

lieu cua nghe thuat" [3, tr.39].

Trong cudn To Hieu - Tho va ddi, phan Thi phap tho To Hitu, dng Tran Dinh

Su da khang dinh: "To Hieu la ngudi dau Hen kit hop hdi hda tu tudng each mang

cao dep nhdt, sang ro nhdt cua thai dai vdi hinh thicc ngdn ngu tho tieng Viet hien

dai va khdng ngieng ddi mdi, lam phongphu cho no" [ 8, tr.388].

Trong cudn Nghien cuu binh luan tho To Huu, phan May y nghi, dng Dang Thai Mai danh gia: "Tho Td Hitu la "bd hoa lira" long Idy, ndng nan, ket tinh tren

co so cua mot hien thuc vi dai: Cudc each mang ddn tdc ddn chu trong mudi nam, dudi anh sang cua Ddng, cua tu tudng Mac - Lenin." [12, tr.32].

Trong Giao trinh Van hoc Viet Nam hien daigiai doan 1945 -1975, phan Td Hitu, th4y Tran Van Minh nhan xet: "Sice hdp ddn cua tho Td Him, suy den cung,

xuat phat tic su chan thanh va manh Hit cua cam xuc Du viet nhung ddng tho "tuoi

xanh " hay nhung ddng tho "lira chdy ", dm huong chu dao trong tho Td Hitu van

hdi hda, nhudn nhi giita giong tdm tinh thiit tha - giong cua tinh thuang men vdi

giong anh hung ca" [5, tr.40]

Khi ndi vl tac dung cua tho To Hftu, Nhu Phong cd ndi: "Trong khi cdc nhd

tho Idng man chi gieo rac nhitng tu tudng tieu cue lam con ngudi ta mem yeu, mo

mang, vdn vo, te Het y chi, thi To Hitu di thang vao trung tdm cua cudc song Id dau

tranh each mang, phat ddng tu tudng nhitng ngudi ngheo khd, lam than, thicc tinhcdc ban thanh nien, vach ro rang mot trong nhung nguyen nhan dau khd cua minh

bay nay chinh bdi vi minh biit chiu dung, keu goi ngudi ta dung day xiet chat hang ngu vdi tdt cd nhung ngudi chung canh ngd, chung van mang tren mat ddt de ddi

lay quyin song " [19, tr.89]

Nhu Phong cdn khang dinh gia tri nghe thuat cua tha Td Hftu: "Vdi Td Him,

tho da dat tdi sic mang cao quy cua nghe thuat: giup cho ngudi ta suy nghi, hanh ddng, dau tranh, giup cho ngudi ta biet yeu, biet ghet phdn minh, giup cho ngudi ta

biit song, biit chit mot each xicng ddng nhdt trong nhitng gio quyet dinh cua ddiminh " [\9,tr.93]

Trong cudn To Hitu ve tdc gia vd tdc phdm, phan Nhac dieu tho Td Him,NguyIn Trung Thu ndi vl nghe thuat dung tu cua Td Hftu: "Td Hitu da sic dungnhieu tic cd tdc dung goi td nhitng dm thanh trong tu nhien - ticc la nhung tie tuongthanh - mot each rdt chinh xac va thich hop vdi hoan canh md td Do do Td Him dagdpphdn tang nhac dieu tha len nhieu" [11, tr.353]

Cung trong phan Nhac dieu tho Td Hitu, Nguyen Trung Thu cdn ndi ve viec

su dung tir lay trong tha Td Hftu: "Dung rat nhieu tic lap lay Id dac diem ndi bat cua tho Td Hitu Tic idp lay da duac To Hitu dung vdi du cdc kieu rat phong phu

( ) To Huu da ditng hdu hit cdc kieu lap lay: lay dm hoan todn, lay van, lay nguyen dm giita dm tiit (chinh dm), lay phu dm dau (thuy dm), tinh tic lay dm, ddng

tic lay dm, Duong nhu viec dung tic lap lay da thanh mot net phong each cua tho

To Him." [\l,tr.353]

Trong cudn To Hitu - nhd tho each mang, phan Mot so y kien ngdn ve tho Td

Hitu, Hoai Thanh cd nhan dinh: "Cdi hay cua Td Hieu chinh la d cho anh da hoc duac cdi kin ddo, cdi dam da trong tho quan chung." [19, tr.417]

Trong cudn Tdc gia trong nha truang Td Hitu, phan Con duong tho cua Td

Hieu, dng Nguyen Dang Manh nhan dinh vl tha Td Hftu: "Tho Td Him hay nhdt khicam hieng tho ket hop duac mot each tu nhien ba chit de sau:

- Ngai ca le song cao dep cua nguai each mang.

- Dien td niem vui huong ve tuong lai xa hdi chu nghia.

- The hien nhitng cam nghi an tinh thuy chung." [14, tr.5]

Trong cudn To Hitu vi tdc gia va tdc phdm, phan Phong each nghe thuat cua

Td Him, NguyIn Van Hanh cd ndi: "Td Hieu chin cd trong tu tudng va tinh cam.

Anh ndi chdn ly Ion cua ddt nude va thai dai vdi sice nang cua tinh cam va nghia

tinh O anh, each mang va cuoc ddi hda lam mot, "qua khu tuong lai soi minh

trong hien tai"." [11, tr.862]

Trong cudn To Hieu vi tdc gia va tdc phdm, phan Tho la tieng ndi ddng y,

dong tinh, tiing ndi dong chi (trich trong To Hftu tra ldi phong vien tap chi Van

nghe), tra ldi phong van cua cac phong vien Td Hftu da neu len quan niem cua dng

vl tha: "Bdi tho hay lam cho ngudi ta khdng cdn thdy cdu tha, chi cdn cam thdy tinh ngudi Quen rdng do la tiing ndi cua ai, ngudi ta thdy no nhu tieng ca tie trong

long minh, nhu la cua minh vay Tho la tieng ndi tri dm Khdng cd tri dm thi cudc

ddi ngheo di biit may, thi ngudi ta lam sao song duac anh nhi!" [11, tr.60] Nha tha

cdn cho rang: "Nghe si la con de todn dien cua hoan canh no da song, nhu dica con

mang mdu thit va cd cdi mui rieng cua cha me Con cdng giong me bao nhieu thi me

cdng yeu quy bay nhieu Thien tdi ddng quy chinh a cho do, d cho no tieu bieu cdi dep, cdi hay cua mudn trieu con ngudida nudi duong no." [11, tr.58]

Tdm lai: Mot so cdng trinh nghien cuu tren da cd sir ddng gdp rat Ion trongnghien cuu khoa hoc va la nln mong vftng chac cho nhftng cdng trinh nghien cuu

sau nay Tuy vay cac cdng trinh nghien cuu tren chua di sau vao linh vuc tir lay Cd

chang thi chi mdi cd nhftng y kiln nhan xet so bd trong cac van de nghien cuu

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hieu

chung Vi vay, de tai cua ngudi viet Tic lay trong tap tho Tie dy cua Td Hitu la mot

dl tai tuong ddi mdi me Vdi de tai nay, ngudi viet se ke thua, phat huy cd chon loc

khi nghien cuu ve linh vuc nay Ngudi viet hi vong rang, khi nghien cuu ve Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu, ngudi viet se ddng gdp mot phan cdng sue cua

minh dl nhan xet, danh gia ve cai hay, sir hap dan va tai nang cua Td Hftu trong linhvuc su dung tu lay Gdp phan khang dinh vi tri, ten tudi cua nha tha each mang nay

4 Pham vi nghien cihi

Do thai gian cd han, nen ngudi viet chi tim hieu ca ban ve phan tir lay nam

trong tap tha Tic dy Nhung ngudi viet se cd gang di sau de tim hieu kl ludng ve

viec su dung tir lay cua nha tho Phan tich, danh gia dugc sir van dung lap tir laynay Td Hftu cd nhilu tap tho dugc sang tac trudc va sau each mang thang Tam,

gdm nhftng tap tho sau: Tic dy, Viet Bac, Gid long, Ra trdn, Mdu va hoa, Mot tieng

ddn va Ta vdi ta Nhftng tap tha nay deu cd nhftng net dac sac rieng Khi thi la khuc

ca nggt ngao vl tinh nghia va long thuy chung each mang, khi thi nung nau niemcam uat va quyet tam danh giac cua dan tdc, khi thi cd vu tinh than each mang,khang dinh le song, tinh cam ldn lao, khi thi la nhftng ldi tu van, suy tu cua tacgia , nhftng dilu ay deu dugc tac gia chuyen tai vao trong nhftng cau tha cua

minh Ngudi vilt that sir r4t ngudng md va yeu thich tha Td Hftu Nhung ngudi viet

thich nhat do la tap tha Tic dy Cd le vi tdi cung dang d lua tuoi thanh nien, tdi cung

cd nhftng ma udc va hang say thuc hien mo udc cua minh, tat nhien khdng the sosanh dugc vdi ly tudng each mang ldn lao cua nha tho Dieu cudn hut tdi la gigngdieu rdn ra, reo vui cua mot chang thanh nien khi bat gap ly tudng each mang, motniem hang say vdi ly tudng, tdi cd the cam nhan dugc sir san sang, long nhiet tinh

cua anh thanh nien ay ddi vdi ly tudng cua minh Khdng chi the, tap tha Tic dy cdn

la tiing ndi cam thdng, ldi an ui, ddng vien chan tinh ddi vdi nhftng so phan bat

hanh Vi thi ngudi viet chon tap tho Tic dy trong cudn Toan tap tho Td Hitu cua nha

xuat ban Van hgc, xu4t ban nam 2011 de lam ddi tugng nghien cuu, khao sat cho de

tai cua minh.

5 Phirong phap nghien cihi

Dl tiln hanh nghien cuu de tai nay, ngudi viet su dung cac phuang phap sau: Trudc hit, do la phuang phap he thdng Vdi phuang phap nay, ngudi viet da suu t4m, tap hop cac tai lieu, he thdng hda cac tai lieu de cd co sd khoa hgc nham kethua va phat huy, cung nhu phat hien nhftng net mdi trong tap tho cua Td Hftu

Ngudi vilt cdn su dung phuang phap thdng ke, phan loai Vdi phuang phap

nay, ngudi viet thdng ke cac lap tir lay trong tap tha Tic dy, cung nhu phan loai

chung Tu sd lieu thdng ke, phan loai, ngudi viet cd sir danh gia, phan tich khoa hgc

va chinh xac han ve van de nay

Phuang phap cuoi cung dugc ngudi viet su dung la phuang phap so sanh ddi

chilu Phuang phap nay dugc ngudi viet van dung khi danh gia ve tai nang cua Td

Hftu Tu do giup ngudi dgc hieu dugc su hap dan, sir ddc dao rieng biet cua tha TdHftu.

Tat ca nhftng phuang phap tren dugc ngudi viet su dung trong sir thdng nhatcung vdi nhftng thao tac phan tich, chung minh de lam sang td van de

Tie lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Huu

CHUONG 1

MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG VE TlT LAY1.1 CAC QUAN NIEM VE TlT LAY VA PHAN LOAI TlT LAY

1.1.1 Cac quan niem ve tir lay

Tir lay dugc c4u tao theo mot phuang phap cau tao tir dac biet cua tieng Viet

la phep diep am khdng nhftng tao nen nhftng am thanh uyen chuyen, thanh thdt ma

cdn ggi len nhftng hinh tugng ddc dao Da cd nhilu nha tho su dung loai tir nay xkt

phong phu da dang trong nhftng tac pham cua ho Vi hap dan nen tir lay da thu hut

sir chu y cua nhilu nha nghien cuu ngdn ngft Tuy nhien, cac nha nghien cuu lai cd

nhilu y kiln khac nhau vl tir lay Tdi xin dua ra mot sd y kien sau:

Theo ong Hoang Van Hanh - Tic lay trong tiing Viet, nhan manh: ""lay"

cd le cho nen xem la "cd quan he ngu dm "giita cdc dm tiet mot each chung chung,

md nen hiiu la "lay "khi cd mot su hda phdi ngit dm giita nhitng yeu td tuong ung cua cdc dm tiit; do la mot su hda phdi ngudm cd tdc dung bieu trung hda" (Hoang

Tue, 1978, tr.23) (chung tdi nhan manh - HVH) [7, tr.25]

Hoang Van Hanh cdn dua ra y kien cua rieng dng nhu sau: "Lay Id su hda

phoi vi dm va nghia, ma diep va ddi la nhitng quy tac, hay la nhung hinh thai thehien su hda phdi do" [7, tr.30].

Theo ong Do Hihi Chau - Tic vung ngit nghia tiing Viet, cho rang: "Tic lay

la nhitng tic duac cdu tao theo phuang thicc lay, do la phuang thicc lap lai toan bd hay bd phdn hinh thicc dm tiet (vdi thanh dieu giit nguyen hay bien ddi theo quy tac

biin thanh ticc la quy tac thanh dieu bien ddi theo hai nhdm: nhdm cao: thanh hdi,

thanh sac, thanh ngang va nhdm thap: thanh huyen, thanh nga, thanh nang - cua mot hinh vi hay don vi cd nghia." [1, tr.34]

Theo ong Nguyen Thien Giap - Tu vung hoc tiing Viet, goi tu lay la ngft

lay am: "Ngit lay dm la nhitng don vi duac hinh thanh do su lap lai hoan toan hay

lap lai cd kem theo su bien ddi ngit dm ndo do cua tic da cd Chung vica cd su hdihda ve ngit dm, vita cd gid tri goi cam, goi td" [6, tr.86]

Theo co Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy - Bdi giang mdn tic vung hoc tieng Viet,

cho rang: "Tic lay la nhung tic gdm nhieu tieng, cdc tieng duac ghep lai dua tren quan he ngit dm cd tdc dung tao nghia." [17, tr.20]

Ngoai ra, cdn cd nhilu nha ngdn ngft khac nhu: dng Nguyen Tai Can, dng

Nguyen Hftu Quynh, NguyIn Van Tu cung dua ra cac quan diem cua minh ve tir

lay Nhung theo ngudi viet thi nhftng y kien tren cung da la quan diem tieu bieu ve

tir lay

Tu y kiln cua cac nha ngdn ngft tren, chung tdi cd the hilu tir lay la mot hien tugng ngdn ngft dac biet trong tiing Viet Tu lay giup cho ngudi ndi, ngudi vilt khi

su dung trong ngdn ngft cu thi hda han hoat ddng hoac hinh anh cua sir vat.

1.1.2 Phan loai tit lay

1.1.2.1 Theo Ong Hoang Van Hanh - Tic lay trong tiing Viet, viec phan

loai tir lay trong tiing Viet nen chia thanh nhilu budc, va d mdi budc chon ra mot tieu chi thich hop dl phan loai Theo phuang huang do thi viec phan loai tir lay

tiing Viet dugc chia thanh ba budc: Budc thu nhat lay "sd bdc trong qud trinh cdu

tao tic lay" lam tieu chi Trong truang hap nay, cd tic lay bdc mot hay tie lay don

(tuong ung vdi tir lay ddi) va tic lay bdc hai hay tic lay kep (tuong ung vdi tir lay ba

va tir lay tu) Budc thu hai, lay "mice do tdc dong cua ca che lay vao tieng gdc" hay

"mice do diep trong quan he giita cdc tieng d tic lay" lam can cu Vdi tieu chi nay,

cd tic lay hoan toan va tic lay bo phdn Budc thu ba, lay "tinh chat diep hoac ddi

khudn vdn" lam can cu Vdi tieu chi nay, cd bdn kieu tir lay: Tic lay hoan todn, diepvan; Tic lay hoan toan, doi van; Tic lay bophdn, diep vdn; Tic lay bd phdn, ddi vdn.

Tu do tac gia cu thi hda viec phan loai tu lay nhu sau:

a) Tic lay bdc mot (tic lay don):

♦ Tir lay hoan toan:

Dac trung cua tir lay hoan toan la trong cau tao cua no, tieng gdc dugc lap laitoan bd d tiing lay Nhung sir lap lai ay thi hien dudi hai hinh thai:

- Tu lay hoan toan, diep van: la hinh thai gift nguyen dang khudn van (cdhoac khdng cd chuyen ddi thanh)

Vi du 1: lam > lam lam, khu > khu khu, xdm xdm, dung dung, re re, khang

khang, ldn ldn, (khong co chuyen thanh) Dac trung cua tu lay thudc mau nay

la diep phu am dau, khudn van va thanh Trong dieu kien ay trgng am (va truangdo) tra thanh net di biet trong quan he gifta tiing gdc va tieng lay va la yeu td tao

nen thi ddi trong tu (3 dang tir nay, nhu cu lieu ngft am thuc nghiem da cho thay,

trong am thudng roi vao tiing thu hai, khien cho tieng nay dugc nhan manh va cd

truang do dai, cdn tiing thu nhat dugc dgc ludt nhe va ngan han.

Vi du 2: do > do do, chdm > chdm chdm, (co chuyen doi thanh) Dac

trung cua cac tu thudc mau nay la diep phu am dau va khudn van, thanh dieu dugc

chuyln doi dl tao thi ddi Sir chuyln doi thanh d day la cd quy tac Do la quy tac

ddi bang - trac cung am vuc

Titlay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hieu

Cu lieu thuc nghiem cho thay d cac tir thudc mau nay, tieng gdc dugc dgc

nhdn va cd trudng do dai, cdn tiing lay dugc dgc ludt vdi trudng do ngan.

- Tir lay hoan toan, ddi van: Dac trung chung cua tir lay hoan toan, ddi van la

diep phu am dau va ddi khudn van nhd sir biln dang theo quy tac chuyln doi chinh

am hoac phu am cudi

Vi du 3: chum chim, thung thinh, dung dinh,

Dac trung cua tir lay thudc mati nay la diep phu am dau va thanh, ddi khudn

v4n nhd qui tac chuyln ddi chinh am (va cd thi cd su chuyen sac d phu am cudi).

Su chuyln doi nay thudng dien ra theo hai hudng:

Mot la, gifta chinh am tram vdi chinh am bdng, ma chu yeu la gifta cac cap

chinh am sau day:

u - i: thu thi, ru ri, xii xi, ximgxinh, thung thinh, dung dinh,

d - e: ngd nghe, xd xe, go ghe, ngdng nghenh, mong menh, cdng kenh,

o - e: nhd nhe, tho the, ngo ngoe, mdn mem, thorn them,

Hai la, gifta cac chinh am cd am lugng nhd vdi chinh am cd am lugng ldn,

nhu:

u - a: nhu nho, du do, du do, ud,

u - a: nhung nhang, tung tang, thung thang, lung Idng, nhung nhdng,

d - a: bd ba, nhdm nhoam, xdm xoam,

e - a: re ra, khe khd, xue xda,

Vi du 4: vang vac, cam cap

Dac trung cua tu lay thudc mlu nay la diep phu am dau, ddi khudn van va thanh nhd sir chuyln doi theo nhung quy tac nhat dinh.

Dl tao thi ddi vl khudn van tuy thudc vao phu am cudi cua tieng gdc ma phu

am cudi cua tiing lay dugc chuyln theo quy tac ddng vi, khac thanh tinh Sir chuyen

doi nay diln ra d ba cap la m - p, n -1, va ng - k (nh- ch), cu the la:

m - p, vi du: cam cap, bim bip, xdm xap, lorn lop, thiem thiep, am dp, nam

nop, ram rap,

n - t, vi du: gidn gidt, ngun ngut, ngoen ngoet, hun hut, phan phot, san sdt,

vun vut,

; ng - k, vi du: vang vac, dang dac, nhung nhicc, rung rue, rdng roc, phdng

phdc, chenh chech, anh dch,

Qua tu lieu thdng ke trong tu diln Taberd, thi cac tir lay dang xet dugc cau

tao chu ylu la cac tiing gdc cd phu am cudi la -p, -t, -k vi du: dp > am dp, phot >phan phot, vac > vang vac,

Sir chuyln doi vl thanh trong cac tir nay cung dien ra theo quy tac ddi bang

-trac cung am vuc Do cau tao nhu vay, nen tiing lay dugc dgc ludt vdi trudng do

ngan han tieng gdc, mac du trudng do cua tieng gdc da bi giam di do khudn vankhep.

♦ Tir lay bo phan:

Dac trung cua tu lay bd phan la trong cdu tao cua no tieng gdc chi dugc lap lai mot phan d tiing lay Nlu phan dugc lap lai do la khudn van, cdn phan di biet

hda la phu am dau thi chung ta se cd tic lay bo phdn, diep vdn Neu dugc lap lai la

phu am d4u, cdn phan di biet hda la khudn van, thi chung ta cd tic lay bo phdn ddivdn.

- Tu lay bd phan, diep van:

Vi du 5: long thdng, le the, chang vang

Dac trung cua cac tir lay thudc mau nay la diep khudn van, thanh va ddi phu

am dau Tiing gdc dung d vi tri thu hai Cu lieu thu thap dugc cho thay sir phan bd cua thi doi gifta cac cap phu am dau trong cac tir dang xet khdng deu nhau Nhftngcap phu am dau nam trong the ddi thudng gap la:

Phu am dau 1- vdi hau hit cac phu am dau cdn lai tru n-, g-, vi du: lay bay,

lun cun, lac ddc, lunphun, lung chicng, lam bdm, ldi thdi, lam tdm

Cu lieu ngft am hoc thuc nghiem cho thay cac tu dugc cau tao theo mau naydugc nh4n d tiing thu nhat, du tieng do la tieng lay.

Vi du 6: kheo leo, ke le,

Dac trung cua nhftng tir lay thudc mau nay ve co ban cung giong nhu dac trung cua cac tir lay thudc man vi du 5 Chi khac nhau d vi tri tieng gdc ma thdi.

Nlu nhu d vi du 5, tiing gdc dung d vi tri thu hai, thi d vi du 6 nay, tieng gdc dung

d vi tri thu nhat.

Tir lay cau tao theo mlu nay dugc nhan d tieng thu nhat, tuc la d tieng gdc.

- Tir lay bd phan, ddi van:

Tu lay bd phan ddi van la tu dugc cau tao bang each nhan ddi tieng gdc, vuabao ton phu am dau vua kit hgp mot khudn van mdi tir ngoai vao tieng lay de tao

thi vua doi vua diep Tir lay bd phan, ddi van cd hai loai: loai mot tieng gdc trudc

vi du nhu do > do ddn, loai hai tieng gdc dung sau, vi du nhu chde > chi chde.

Viec kit hop cac khudn van vao tiing lay cot la d& tao the ddi Dieu do dan

din viec nay sinh cac cap khudn van ddi ung nhau.

C) cac tir dugc cau tao theo mlu nay, dilm nhan thudng roi vao tiing gdc

-tiing mang nghia, du -tiing do dung trudc hay dung sau thi cung nhan nhu the.

b) Tic lay bdc hai (tic lay kep):

Tu lay bac hai bao g6m tir lay ba va tu lay tu Cac tir nay deu la ket qua cua hai budc nhan ddi tiing gdc theo quy tac diep va ddi Nhung each nhan ddi va

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

nhftng bieu hien cua quy tac diep va ddi d tu lay ba va tu lay tu cd nhftng dac diemrieng

♦ Tir lay ba:

Tir lay ba la kit qua cua hai budc nhan ddi tiing gdc theo quy tac diep vaddi Vi du nhu:

xdp > xdpxop (theo quy tac diep phu am dau).

xdp xdp > xdp xdm xdp (theo quy tac diep phu am dau, ddi khudn van, nhd

chuyen ddi phu am cudi va thanh)

- Nlu can cu vao vi tri cua tiing gdc va hudng nhan ddi, thi tir lay ba cd the

chia ra thanh bdn kieu sau day:

+ Kieu 1: mom > mom mom > mom mom mom.

+ Kieu 2: xdp > xdp xdp > xdp xdm xdp.

+ Kiiu 3: md > td md > td Id md.

+ Kieu 4: dung > dung dung > dung dicng dung.

Khi cau tao tir lay ba, quy tac diep va doi chi phdi chat che d tung budc mot

The ddi dugc tao ra d day nhd:

- Di hda phu am dau

- Chuyln ddi phu am cudi theo quy tac ddng vi khac thanh tinh.

- Chuyln doi thanh dieu theo nhftng quy tac nhat dinh.

♦ Tir lay tu*

Sau khi xem xet nhilu y kiln (cua dng Hd Le, dng Nguyen Van Tu, ) vl tu

lay tu, dng Hoang Van Hanh da dua ra y kiln cua minh ve tir lay tu: "Chung tdi hinh dung lay tu khdng phdi la "tic ghep" cung khdng phdi la hien tuong lap, md la tic lay, bdi vi no khac vdi "tie ghep " va "lap " ve bdn chat tren cd dien hinh thdi -

cuphdp cung nhu dien ngu nghia Cd the ndi tic lay tu la ket qud cua phep nhdn ddi

tic lay ddi dudi su chiphoi cua quy tac diep va ddi Trong phep nhdn ddi nay, chi cd

ba loai tic lay ddi cd khd nang duac dung lam don vi gdc, do la tic lay bo phdn ddi

vdn, tie lay bo phdn diep vdn, tic lay hoan todn ddi vdn." [7, tr 74]

Ong dua ra cac tieu chi phan loai tu lay tu nhu sau (cd 4 tieu chi phan loai):

- Tieu chi thu nhat la dua vao tinh chat cua don vi goc, trong trudng hop nay,

ta cd:

+ Tir lay tu dugc c4u tao tren co sd tu lay bd phan ddi van.

Vi du: khdp khenh > khdp kha khdp khenh

vdi vdng > vdi vdi vdng vang

+ Tir lay tu dugc cau tao tren ca sd tir lay bd phan diep van

Vi du: ludm thudm > ludm tha ludm thudm

+ Tu lay tu dugc cau tao tren co sd tu lay hoan toan ddi van.

Vi du: hdn hen > hdn hd hdn hen

Vi du: bdi hdi > bdi hdi bdi hdi

Trong vi du nay, tu lay tu dugc tao bang each nhan ddi nguyen khdi don vi

gdc boi hoi thanh ca khdi dan vi lay boi hdi de tao the diep ve khudn van va phu am

dau, ddng thai cd sir bien thanh de tao the ddi

Cac tir lay tu nhu lech tha lech thech, long bong lang bang, bong long ba la,

tdn ngdn tdn ngdn, dlu la nhftng tu dugc lay lai theo nguyen khdi gdc vdi sir

biln doi hoac thay the theo qui tac nhat dinh.

+ Kiiu thu hai gdm nhftng tu lay tu ma khi tir gdc dugc lay lai de tao thediep thi khdng gift nguyen khdi ma chia tach ra va xen ke vdi tieng lay Trongtrudng hop nay, ta cd the cd hai kha nang:

Mot la, khdng cd sir biln doi hoac ket hgp d cac tieng lay so vdi tieng gdcneu tieng gdc vdn da cd the ddi

Vi du: hung hd > hung hung hd hd

Hai la, cd sir biln doi hoac kit hgp d cac tieng lay so vdi tieng gdc, neu dtieng gdc da cd diep va ddi

Vi du: nhdm nhoam > lorn nhdm loam nhodm

- Tieu chi thu ba, can cu vao each bien ddi hoac ket hop d tieng lay so vdi

tiing gdc trong qua trinh nhan ddi ma phan loai tu lay tu, thi chung ta cd:

+ Nhftng tu lay tu ma trong do cac tieng lay cd sir bien ddi theo nhung qui

tac nhat dinh:

Qui tie mot, biln thanh dl tao thi ddi theo tieu chi thap cung am vuc, cu thela:

?? " tdn ngdn tdn ngdn, lam nhdm lam nhdm.

" bang nhdng bang nhdng, lodng chodng hang choang

Qui tac hai, chuyln ddi chinh am dk tao thi doi theo tieu chi tram - bong, am

lugng ldn - am lugng nhd

Vi du: long bong lang bang,

+ Nhftng tu lay tu ma trong do d cac tieng lay cd sir thay the khudn van hoacphu am dau theo nhftng quy tac nhat dinh de tao the ddi

Tu lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Huu

Neu khi nhan ddi tieng gdc ma bao tdn khudn van nham gift the diep thi se

xay ra sir di biet hda phu am dau dl tao thi ddi Sir di biet hda nay thudng dien ra

gifta phan ldn cac phu am vdi mot trong hai am long Ivl va l\l.

Vi du: tho than > la tho ldn than

xo xac > xo ro xac rdc

Neu khi nhan ddi tiing gdc ma van bao tdn phu am dau thi se dien ra sir ket

hop dl thay thi khudn van nham tao thi doi theo cac quy tac nhu sau:

Thay bat ky khudn van vdn cd nao bang khudn /a/ d tieng lay thu hai de tao thi ddi vdi khudn van d tieng thu hai trong tir gdc.

Trong mot so ittrudng hop, sir thay thi cd thi diln ra d ca khdi hai tieng lay.

- Tieu chi thu tu, dua vao diep va ddi van ma phan loai tu lay tu

+ Kiiu lay tu ddi van, trong do cd:

Nhftng tir lay tu doi van hai ddi mot, trong dilu kien ma phu am dau diep hai

ddi mot.

Vi du: vdi vang > vdi vdi vang vdng; tho than > la tha ldn than; bong long >

bong long ba la, Day la nhftng tir lay tu ddi van toan bd hai ddi mot.

Nhftng tir lay tu ddi van gifta tiing thu hai vdi tiing thu tu trong dieu kien

phu am dau diep hai ddi mot

Vi du: hdn hin > hdn hd hdn hen, gap ghenh > gap ga gap ghenh, Day la

tir lay tu ddi van bd phan

+ Kiiu lay tu diep van, trong do cd:

Nhftng tir lay tu diep van va diep phu am dau hai ddi mot, trong dieu kien ddi

thanh hai ddi mot.

Vi du: bang nhdng > bang nhdng bang nhdng

Nhftng tu lay tu diep van, diep thanh va diep phu am dau tung ddi mot, trong

dieu kien luan phien chinh am de tao the ddi

Vi du: long bong > long bong lang bang

1.1.2.2 Theo ong Dd Hitu Chau - Tic vung ngit nghia tiing Viet, chap nhan

cac tieu chi phan loai tu lay sau:

a) Dua vao sd ldn tdc ddng cua phuang thicc lay:

- Nlu phuang thuc lay tac ddng Ian dau vao mot hinh vi gdc mot am tiet se

cho ta cac tu lay ddi hay tir lay hai am tiet

Vi du: gon gang, dep de, hay ho, hay hay, hay ham

- Nlu phuang thuc lay cd thi tac ddng lan thu hai vao mot tir lay ddi de cho

ta cac tir lay bdn am tiet

Vi du: khenh - khdp khinh -> khdp kha khdp khenh

nham - nham nhd -> nham nham nhd nhd

- Neu phuang thuc lay tac ddng mot lan vao mot hinh vi mot am tiet cho ta

mot tir lay ba am tiet

Vi du: sach sdnh sanh; dung dung dung

- Phuang thuc lay cung cd thi tac ddng mot lan vao mot dan vi hai am tiet

cho cac tu lay tu Nhung cac tu lay tu nay khac cac tir lay tu chan chinh ndi tren d

chd no chi chiu tac ddng lay cd mot lan

Vi du: Quan do -> quan quan do do

Tung lap -> tieng tieng lop lop

Cudi ndi -> cudi cudi ndi ndi

Tren day cd ba loai tu lay, nhung de cho dan gian, tac gia chi di sau vaophan tich loai tir lay ddi ma thdi

b) Di phdn chia cdc tic lay ddi, trudc het dua vao cdi duac giu lai trong dmtiet cua hinh vi co so:

♦ Nlu toan bd am tilt dugc gift nguyen thi ta cd tir lay todn bp Tir lay toan bd

cd cac kieu sau:

- Lay toan bd, thanh dieu gift nguyen, phu am cudi gift nguyen

Vi du: xanh xanh, vang vang, cao cao, dem dim,

- Lay toan bd, thanh dieu bien ddi, phu am cudi bien ddi.

Vi du: dem dep, tdn tdt, ang dc, anh dch,

- Lay toan bd, thanh dieu bien ddi.

Vi du: dung dung, cdn con,

♦ Nlu bd phan am tilt dugc gift lai thi ta cd tu lay bp phdn Tu lay bd phan

dugc chia thanh hai loai sau:

- Lay am (tire la phan phu am dau dugc gift lai, cdn phan van thi khac di):

Vi du: dep -> dep de

xinh -> xinh xan

- Lay v4n (tuc la phan van dugc gift lai, cdn phan phu am dau thi khac di)

Vi du: tiing -> lung tiing

roi -^ bdi roi

1.1.2.3 Theo dng Nguyin Thien Gidp - Tie vung hoc tiing Viet, thi phan

loai tu lay nhu sau:

a) Lay ddi: Gdm nhftng don vi cd hai thanh td true tiep, mdi thanh td la mot

tir don Loai lay ddi cdn dugc chia nhd ra thanh hai kieu: lay hoan toan va lay bdphan

♦ Lay hoan toan: Day la nhftng to hop cd sir tuong ung hoan toan gifta hai

thanh to nhu: dm dm, do do, oang oang, khd khd, phopho, hu hu, dung dung,

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

Do hien tugng phat am ludt nhe d am tiet (thanh td) dau nen cd the xay rahien tugng biln thanh, biln van nhung phai bien thanh, bien van theo nhftng quyluat chat che.

- Cac thanh trac bao gid cung chuyen sang thanh bang d cung am vuc

Vi du: tim tim -> tim tim; man man -> man man; vanh vanh -> vdnh vanh; chdm chdm -> chdm chdm.

- Cac phu am tac va vd thanh p, t, k, ch se chuyln thanh phu am mui cung

p -> m nhu : chiem chiep, cam cap,

t -> n nhu: chan chat, ran rat, san sdt,

k -> ng nhu: eng ec, rieng rue,

ch -> nh nhu: chenh chech, senh sech,

Dfil HOC VO TRCTdMQ TOfiH

THI/ VIEN

Can chu y rang hien tugng biln thanh, biln van khdng cd tinh bat budc nen

trong kha nhilu trudng hgp cd hai bien the cung song song tdn tai.

Vi du: khang khac/khac khac; ddng dac/ dac dac; chiem chiep/ chiep chiep;

binh bich/ bich bich.

♦ Lay bo phan: Can cu vao bd phan khac biet cua hai thanh td, ta cd thi chia

ra thanh hai kieu nhd nhu sau:

- Khac nhau d am dau: lac ddc, lie die, lua thua, lun phun, co ro, lung

tung,

6 hinh thuc lay nay tiing goc (ylu to goc) thudng dung sau tiing lay lai Ca

hai ylu td gidng nhau hoan toan vl van va thanh dieu, cdn phu am dau thi phdi hop

vdi nhau thanh tung cap theo quy luat: hai am dau do trong mdi cap phai khac nhau

ve phuang thuc cau am va bd vi cau am

- Khac nhau d am chinh: turn tim, ngd nghe, cd ke, hdn hen,

() hinh thuc lay nay thi ylu td cd am dau, am cudi va thanh dieu trung nhau,

cdn cac am chinh thi tuong ung vdi nhau theo quy luat la: ludn ludn cd su luanphien gifta nhftng nguyen am khac ddng va pho bien nhat la sir luan phien giftanhftng cap nguyen am cung do md

b) Lay ba: Hinh thuc lay ba trong tiing Viet khdng nhieu lam Do la nhftng

don vi gdm cd ba ylu td (dan vi) cd sir hda phdi ngft am vdi nhau.

Dilu dang chu y la ben canh cac ngft lay ba, nhilu trudng hgp cdn cd sir tdntai song song cua hinh thuc lay ddi tuong ung

Vi du: sach sdnh sanh — sdnh sach / sach sanh

khit khin khit — khit khit

Tu lay ba dugc c4u tao theo khudn thanh dieu nhat dinh sau:

- Ylu td thu hai thudng mang thanh bang (phd biln nh4t la thanh huyln).

Yeu td thu nhat va thu ba ddi lap nhau ve mat bang/trac nhu: dung dung

dung, cdn cdn con, hoac la mat am vuc cao/thap: khit khin khit, sdt sdn sat, xdp

xdm xdp,

Khi cd doi lap vl mat bang trac thi ylu td thu nhat thudng mang thanh trac,

ylu td thu ba mang thanh bang Khi cd doi lap vl am vuc thi yeu td thu nhat thudng

d am vuc cao, yeu td thu ba d am vuc thap

Neu luat bd ylu td thu hai trong ngft lay ba di, thi ta se cd nhftng ngft lay ddi

tuong ung Nhu vay, nhftng ngft lay ba khdng phai la dugc cau tao tren ca sd cua

ngft lay ddi ma la do sir lay lai ba lan cua mot tir gdc, theo mot quy luat hai thanhnhat dinh.

c) Lay bdn\ hinh thuc lay bdn thudng dugc xay dung tren co sd cac ngft lay

ddi bd phan Cd bdn kiiu lay bdn chu yeu sau day:

♦ Hinh thirc thir nhat co dang nhir: hap ta hap tap, lung ta lung tung,

Nguyen tac cau tao cua chung nhu sau:

- Lap lai hai lan ngft lay ddi co sd

- Trong khi lap ddi van cua ylu td thu hai thanh van a hay a sao cho phu hopvdi am vuc va thanh dieu cua van bi thay the

Vi du: hap tap -> hap tap hap tap -> hap ta hap tap

hi hue -> hi hue hi hue -> hi hd hi hue

- Neu tu lay ddi co sd cd khudn thanh dieu la hdi hdi hay nga nga thi khi cau

tao dang lay bdn cd the dung ca a va a

Vi du: lung cung -> lung ca lung cung

lung cd lung cung

dung dinh -> dung da dung dinh

dung da dung dinh

- Neu ylu td thu nh4t cua tu lay ddi co sd cd [a] va [a] thi khi cau tao lay

bon, ylu to thu hai cd the mang van a, a hoac o.

Vi du: hot hdi -> hot ha hot hdi

hot ho hat hdi

vat vudng -> vat va vat vudng

vat vo vat vudng

♦ Hinh thirc lay bon thir hai co dang nhu*: boi hoi boi hdi, lam nhdm lam

nham, Nguyen tac cau tao cua chung nhu sau:

- Lap lai hai lan tir lay ddi co sd

- Trong khi lap, biln ddi thanh dieu sao cho hai ylu td dau mang thanh dieu

thudc am vuc cao, hai ylu to sau mang thanh dieu thudc am vuc thap.

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

♦♦♦ Hinh thirc lay bon thir ba gom nhung trircrng hop nhuv la tha ldn than, 1dm nhdm loam nhodm, Nguyen tac cau tao cua chung nhu sau:

- Tach ddi ngft lay ddi co sd

- Ghep them vao mdi yeu td (am tiet) mot am tiet diep van vdi no

Vi du: tho than -> la tho ldn than

xo xdc -> xo ro xac rdc

♦> Hinh thirc lay bon cuoi cung co mo hinh cau tao la AB -> AABB nhu*:

hung hiing hd hd, vdi vdi vdng vdng, trung trung diep diep, ham ham hd hd,

1.1.2.4 Theo Co Nguyen Thi Thu Thiiy - Bai gidng mdn tic vung hoc tieng

Viet, thi cho rang ket hop tieu chi sd lugng tieng vdi cac bd phan gidng nhau trong

tu, cd the phan tu lay thanh cac loai nhu sau:

a) Tic lay ddi: la tir lay gdm cd hai tieng Tir lay ddi cd cac dang cau tao nhu

sau:

♦ Tir lay bo phan: Tir gidng nhau d phan van hoac phu am dau

- Gidng nhau d phan phu am dau ggi la tir lay am

Vi du: sach se, de ddng, de dai, ddng due,

- Gidng nhau d phan van ggi la tir lay van.

Vi du: chdi hi, kheo leo, co ro, lanh chanh,

♦ Tir lay hoan toan: Ngoai tru nhftng tu lay bd phan, cdn lai la cac tu lay hoantoan Cd cac dang sau:

- Gidng ca phan van, phu am dau va thanh dieu

Vi du: dung dung, lu Hi, vang vdng,

- Gidng ca phan van, phu am dau, nhung khac nhau thanh dieu

Vi du: du du, cdn con, do do, tim tim,

- Gidng nhau phu am dau va am chinh, khac nhau d thanh dieu va phu am

cudi do su chi phdi cua quy luat di hda

Vi du: dem dep, bang bac, sanh sach, tdn tdt,

b) Tic lay ba va lay tu:

♦ Tir lay ba: Chu yeu dua tren ca che lay hoan toan

Vi du: nhun -> nhun nhun nhun dung -> dung dicng dung

khde -> khde khde khoe con -> cdn cdn con

Tir lay ba cd kieu phdi thanh thudng gap la:

- Tiing thu hai mang thanh bang (thudng xuat hien thanh huyen han thanh

ngang)

Vi du: dung dicng dung, cdn cdn con, sach sdnh sanh,

- Tiing thu nhdt va tiing thu ba ddi lap nhau ve duong net bang/ trac hoac ve

am vuc cao thap

Vi du: khit khin khit, sdt sdn sat, xdp xdm xdp,

Tu lay ba dang lay bd phan rat it

Vi du: to la mo, tu lu mu,

♦ Tir lay tu*: Phan ldn tir lay dua tren co sd tir lay ddi, mot sd it cd phan gdc la

tir ghep

Cac kiiu tir lay tu thudng gap:

- Lay bd phan ket hop vdi ddi van -a, -a hay -a

Vi du: dm d -> dm a dm d

hi hue -> hi hd hi hue sdn sdt -> sdn so sdn sdt.

- Lay toan bd ket hop vdi bien thanh.

Vi du: bdi hdi -> bdi hdi bdi hdi

lam nhdm -> lam nhdm lam nhdm

- Lay bd phan ket hop vdi tach, xen.

Vi du: tho than -> la tha ldn than

nhdm nhodm -> lorn nhdm loam nhodm

- Lay toan bd ket hop vdi tach, xen

Vi du: ham ho -> ham ham hd hd

vdi vdng ~> vdi vdi vdng vdng.

1.2 TAC DUNG CUA TlT LAY

1.2.1 Tir lay dirac dung de goi hinh, goi cam

1.2.1.1 Tir lay duac dung degai hinh (lay dm each dieu):

Tir lay ggi hinh la tu lay khdng chua bd phan cdn du ro nghia tir vung, hoac

van cd thi chung minh nghia cua mot bd phan nao do nhung nd khdng cdn tac dung

lam co sd nghia cua toan tir nfta Ngdn tu khi dugc su dung trong tac pham van

chuong cd thi ggi len trudc mat ngudi dgc sir vat hoac hien tugng Dieu nay dugc

ngudi dgc xem la hien tugng "Thi trung hftu hga", nghia la trong tha cd hinh anh.

Dl cd thi "hftu hga" thi nhd rat nhilu cac ylu td cua ngdn ngft nhu ngdn ngft hinh

tugng, ngdn ngft hinh anh, Mot trong nhftng ylu to do la viec su dung cac tu lay mang tinh chat ggi hinh Kit hgp nhftng tu lay nay dung trudc hoac dung sau ddng

tir hoac danh tu cho ngudi doc hinh dung cu thi, chinh xac han nhftng hinh anh cua

sir vat, cua hien tuong, cua hanh ddng Ngudi vilt cd thi neu len vi du sau dl minh

hga cho ly thuylt tren: ddng tu "nam" kit hop vdi mot sd tu lay nhu: song sodi, nga

nghieng, nga ngdm, cheo queo, tenh henh, Tir nhftng each ket hop do cd the

hinh dung hinh dang ro net cua cac ddng tac "nam" Tu ly do tren ngudi vilt cho

rang tac dung ggi hinh cua tu lay la mot trong nhftng tac dung quan trgng.

Tic lay trong tap tho Tic dy cua Td Hitu

Vi du 1: Lenh denh: Hai bd phan cua tir lay nay khdng the tach rdi, bdi vi khi

dung mot minh thi nd khdng cdn du ro nghia tir vung Ve mat y nghia nd ggi lentrudc mat ngudi dgc hinh anh cua sir vat trdi ndi vd dinh tren song: cd the la canhcay hay nhftng bui luc binh, ; hoac ndi den cudc sdng trdi ndi, vat va nay day maido; hoac ndi cdng viec chua on dinh, chua cd ca sd vftng chac cdn phieu luu Dieuchung nhdt la chung ggi len mot ndi budn, sir mat thang bang, khdng dinh huong va

lac long

Vi du 2: Diu hiu: Hai bd phan cua tir lay nay khdng the tach rdi, bdi vi khi

dung mot minh thi nd khdng cdn du ro nghia tu vung Ve mat y nghia nd ggi lentrudc mat ngudi dgc hinh anh cua sir vang lang, cd don, hoang tan, canh vat budn.Nha tho Xuan Dieu cd viet:

"Rang lieu diu hiu dung chiu tang

Tdc budn budng xudng le ngan hang"

{Day mua thu tdi - Xuan Dieu)

Vi du 3: Than tho, ngieng nghieng, la ludt trong khd tho sau:

"Cd gai than the? ve ao mdng, Nghieng nghieng vanh ndn dang cho ai

Ven bd sdng phang con do mdng

La Iw&t di ve trong gid mai "

{Dicng dung - Td Hftu)

Trong kho tha tren, Td Hftu su dung toan nhftng tu lay ggi hinh de mieu ta

hinh anh cua cd gai Hue

Tu lay Thdn tho: Ggi len trudc mat ngudi dgc hinh anh cua mot ngudi mat

tinh than, du la lam ddng tac gi cung nhu mat hdn, nhu vd vgng va nhftng dieu do

hien ro tren guong mat Trong cau tho tren ggi len hinh anh cua cd gai dang nghi ve

mot dilu gi do nen dung mot minh "ve do mdng" vdi ve mat "thdn tho", vd vgng va

cd ca sir met mdi.

Nghieng nghieng la mot hinh dang hoi nghieng, tir lay nay ggi len trudc mat

ngudi doc hinh anh cd gai Hul e then, duyen dang, diu hien cam chiec ndn hoinghieng chu khdng cam mot each cung nhac, thang dudt

Tu lay Ld ludt: Ggi len cho ngudi dgc thay hinh anh dang di khdng vftng chac, dang di cua mot ngudi dang met mdi Tir lay la ludt ggi len hinh anh dang di

uyln chuyln, nhe nhang va cd chut gi do vd dinh Hinh anh cd gai Hul trong bai nay chd dgi mot ai do rdi cu vd vgng trd vl, va gid khdng biet hay khdng mudn ve

noi da tung vl, hinh dang cd gai cu di ve la ludt trong vd vgng.

Vi du 4: Ldi rdi, rdch rudi, bo phd trong hai cau tho sau:

"Ngudi hang xu ve lao di lai rdi