Awareness of local people environmental issue and young people’s interest in climate change in surakarta city, central java, indonesia

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NGUYEN THI HUE AWARENESS OF LOCAL PEOPLE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S INTEREST IN CLIMATE CHANGE IN SURAKARTA C

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

NGUYEN THI HUE

AWARENESS OF LOCAL PEOPLE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S INTEREST IN CLIMATE CHANGE IN SURAKARTA

CITY, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time

Thai Nguyen, 26/11/2020

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Thesis Title Awareness of local people environmental issue and

young people’s interest in climate change in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia

The effects of climate change in the atmosphere are starting to appear This

is clear, not only that it impacts the natural world, but also human cultures

In Indonesia, according to the IPCC estimates, these impacts are expected

to increase over the coming decades The temperature will increase, the amount of rainfall will decline and the rise in the sea level will impact a variety of coastal areas Extreme weather conditions are also becoming more and more common triggering problems such as flooding and droughts Such developments present a significant challenge to human existence, economic growth, and the natural environment on which humans rely

primarily for their prosperity

Moreover, these changes affect different levels and in different ways in every society This research would have a general context for potential forecasts of the field of focus on climatic factors and climate change The purpose of this study is to assess adolescents and local people on how local people appreciate and care about climate change in the city of Surakarta The effort should also be made to examine for the area the factors that render society's essential realms susceptible to severe weather events The goal of this is to explain at some level the causes that increase the susceptibility of the local community when subjected to different triggers,

as the effectiveness of adaptation or mitigation approaches is subject to

population dynamics along with other variables

Keywords Awareness, Climate change, Local people, Young

people, Human behavior, Knowledge Number pages

61 Date of submission

26/11/2020

insightful comments, and hard questions Thank you so much

I would like to say thank Desta and Iqbal, who helped me to translate my questionnaire and explain what I cannot understand Also, I thank my friend Linda who very sensitive assistant and helped me spread the questionnaire Besides, I thank my friends in Universitas Sebelas Maret Thank you for those people who have never been here during

my hard times, because you guys teach me a lot that sometimes the one you're hoping will always stay right next to you during your hard times is the one who's just a small part of your life that you don't even need to remember, and finally, I thank you for being able to cope with every obstacle during this study of procrastinating I appreciate that I've done it very well

The researcher Nguyen Thi Hue

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES 7 LIST OF TABLES 8 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Rationale 9 1.2 Research Objectives 13 1.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses 13

1.3.1 Research Questions

1.3.2 Hypotheses

1.4 Scope and Limitations 14 1.5 Significance of Study 15 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The environmental issue in Indonesia 16

2.1.1 Environmental problem

2.2 Awareness and knowledge of climate change 17

2.2.1 Climate Change Knowledge, Views, and Agency

2.2.2 Emotions and Coping in relation to Climate Change

2.3 Human behavior in responding to climate change 19

2.3.1 Adaptation to climate change

2.3.2 Adaptation and mitigation

2.4 The factor that influences the awareness of climate change 23

2.4.1 Education

2.4.2 Age

2.4.3 Personal experience

2.4.4 Access to information

2.4.5 Gender

2.4.6 Income

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Location 31

3.2 Materials 31

3.3 Research Design 31

3.4 Sampling Technique 32

3.5 Data Collection 32

3.6 Hypothesis testing 34

CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Survey Analysis 36

4.2 Cross classification and data testing 40

4.3 Factor Analysis that Affects Awareness climate change in Surakarta .46

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 51

REFERENCES 55

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Key factors of adaptation to climate change 16

Figure 2: Results in percentages of question 1 “Have you ever heard about climate

change?” 36

Figure 3: Results in percentages of question 2 “How important is the issue of climate

change to you personally? 37

Figure 4: Results in percentages of question 3: Which of these natural events affects climate change in the region? 37

Figure 5: Results in percentages of question 4: “Who do you think should have the

main responsibility for tackling climate change?” 38

Figure 6: Results in percentages of question 5 “Do you think that the local

authorities are adequately prepared to cope with the possible impacts of climate change?” 39

Figure 7: Results in percentages of question 6: “Have you ever taken or do you regularly

take, any action out of concern for climate change?” 39

Figure 8: Correlation between age and belief in Climate Change due to human activities 40

Figure 9: Correlation between gender and belief in Climate Change due to human

activities 42

Figure 10: Correlation between education level and belief in climate change due to

anthropogenic activities 42

Figure 11: Correlation between age and the belief of having experienced extreme weather

conditions caused by long-term global climate change 43

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Conceptual differences between adaptation and mitigation

orientation 17 Table 2: Respond of people on climate change based on

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale

Climate change which is a method of altering the climate environment over a lengthy period and across a large region due to natural causes or human activities has become a global concern Normal cycles provide a limited impact on climate change, while human action is the most important factor in climate change According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)(1992), explain that climate change is a climate transition that is specifically or implicitly due

to human intervention that changes the structure of the global environment and exists

in comparison to the normal climate variation found over similar periods Climate change impacts environmental, social and economic processes This limits the supply

of healthy food and clean water and threatens wildlife and sustainable breathing conditions This leads to poverty, poor health, and displacement, leaving young people especially vulnerable Impacts of climate change involve but are not limited

to, melting ice, rising sea levels and increasing the occurrence of severe weather conditions such as droughts, cyclones or heavy rainfall The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)(2014) has stated that proof of a human impact on climate change is well-defined

Climate change is related to global economic changes impacting the progress of industrialization, including greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gasses consist of many pollutants, one of which is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is primarily generated through fuel-burning operations The production of CO2 has risen by 31 percent since 1750 (Houghton et al., 2001) which was largely attributed to deforestation,

shipping operations, and the manufacturing field Scientists have found certain indicators of climate change: Since 1861, global surface temperatures have risen by 0.6 oC and then by 0.6 ± 0.2 oC over the 20th century Likewise, the global sea level increased from 0.1 to 0.2 meters in the 20th century Finally, snow and ice cover reduced by around 10% Global change is expected to impact both the climate and the human species, while human wellbeing is influenced by environmental factors

Climate change negatively affects people, including their wellbeing, in a variety

of areas The rising global temperatures are creating issues for people with respiratory conditions such as asthma Data recorded a rise in the occurrence of extreme asthma after a thunderstorm during the pollen season owing to allergy(D’Amato et al., 2007) Another case stated that heavy precipitation, rising temperatures, and wind affect outdoor physical activity, including young people and local people(Chan & Ryan, 2009) Physical activity is one of the determinants of wellbeing Some health consequences of climate change are linked to vector -borne diseases As a consequence of climate change, economic position, vector control capacity, and drug resistance (Githeko et al., 2000) According to this data, climate change and human health are interrelated

As a broad archipelago community, Indonesia is one of the countries susceptible to climate change owing to its geographical position and subtropical environment, and also has a high population density that relies on agriculture Higher sea levels, flooding, droughts, and landslides are several types of climate change threats that affect Indonesia According to PEACE (2007) defined environmental change in Indonesia has been recorded since 1990 as a consequence of a temperature rise of around 0.3oC which has happened all year

round in all seasons During precipitation, Indonesia is projected to receive about

2-3 percent more precipitation per year as a consequence of climate change Over the past three decades, Indonesia has undergone many disasters, 80 percent of which have been related to climate change (J Hakam, 2014) This has proven that Indonesia

is a nation that is very susceptible to climate change

The selection of the Central Java province was based on a variety of factors Firstly, Central Java is a region vulnerable to natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding, landslides, droughts and declining coastlines This is the most rugged area of Indonesia, with its fertile land and plentiful waterways (Bemmelen, 1949) Secondly, the region of 32.38 million inhabitants is the most populated (BPS Provinsi Jawa Tengah, 2014.) Thirdly, Central Java has undergone accelerated urbanization since the 1980s, with the negative consequences of strong civil turmoil (Heijmans, 2012) Surakarta is a city in Indonesia that has been faced with climate change, including its effects on safety However, insufficient work has assessed climate change and its effects on this region With a population of more than 550.000 people, Surakarta is a densely populated city (Indonesia Access, 2018)

Surakarta is one of the towns on the island of Java that is prone to floods Floods that occur can be triggered by the outburst of the Bengawan Solo River or

by floods due to heavy rainfall Historically, in 1966, Surakarta suffered massive flooding in the city square of Surakarta Furthermore, Surakarta is a metropolitan city with restricted natural wealth Agricultural land is shrinking more and more due to the transfer of roles to cities, commerce, and manufacturing This has an effect on the diminishing position and commitment of the agricultural sector to

sustain regional development and to the gain of agricultural products such as food crops, forestry, fisheries and livestock(Isharyanto, 2018)

Sight by youth, awareness and residents regarding the effects of climate change on wellbeing is a significant aspect of this for a variety of factors First, it

is necessary for adolescents and local people to have better adaptability, today's young people are tomorrow's representatives, decision-makers and scholars As a consequence, this community should have a significant impact in the future, not just as lay citizens, but also in different occupational positions A basic example: once teenagers realize that access to sunlight is detrimental to their bodies, they may take adequate preventive steps Understanding respondents'desire for knowledge on the cause of climate change is an integral aspect of delivering accurate and reliable research Second, teens or young adults are the ideal drivers

of transformation to be the bearers of the announcement of climate change From

an ethical point of view, it is important to listen and learn from this audience, because young people would more certainly face a larger responsibility on the adverse effects of climate change than older people A variety of experiments have effectively engaged teens as message bearers, ensuring that local people should have more awareness about climate change to find opportunities to avoid and adjust them (IPPF, 2014) From an ethical point of view, it is important to listen and learn from this audience, because young people would more certainly face a larger responsibility on the adverse effects of climate change than older people

This study aims to assess the awareness of young people and local people about climate change, the factors affecting their awareness, health and local

policies to raise awareness and make recommendations on appropriate actions to enhance the awareness and interest of young people and indigenous people about climate change

1.2 Research’s Objectives

The research objectives are arranged in accordance with the research

questions This research specifically aims to:

1 Assess the awareness of young people and local people living in Surakarta,

Central Java, Indonesia and understanding how global climate change

2 Identify the status and factors of people and young people in awareness of

1.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses

The research questions are arranged based on the background of the research rationale This study will address the following questions:

1.3.1 Research Questions

1 What is the awareness level of young people and locals living in Surakarta,

Central Java, Indonesia on global climate change?

2 What conditions and factors affect people's perceptions and young people?

3 What are the actions that governments and individual deal with climate

change issue?

4 What factors do people and students perceive to significantly affect their level

of awareness about climate change?

is limited in scope and depth of analysis due to time and resource constraints There was no attempt to inquire from the respondents their definition of climate change and

their identification of the impact of climate change

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Environmental issues in Indonesia

2.1.1 Environmental problems

Various researches using various approaches indicate that Indonesia is susceptible to climate change and is not equipped to respond to it According to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN), This is attributed to lower agricultural production, poor technical efficiency, poor quality of education and pervasive corruption (Mora et al., 2013) calculated the frequency of climate departures for the year in which the average air temperature approaches the variation observed over the past 150 years - to be as early as 2030 for Indonesia Farmers in some areas of Indonesia also sense the main farm dates expanding through unknown ranges (Adiyoga, 2018) Drought and floods, which are the most severe disasters in Indonesia, may become much more regular, leading more people to poverty (Fujii, 2016)

Forest degradation is a major environmental issue in Indonesia The fires produce severe air pollution that adversely affects safety and prosperity both domestically and across national boundaries Air contamination from the big forest fire of 1997 has been shown to have long-lasting adverse impacts, which are highly troublesome for the elderly (Children appear to be coping very well from early emission shocks.) The researchers found that a standard deviation of air quality in Indonesia raises the risk of poor health by around 3% Besides, the same researchers have claimed that the effect related to labor production: their study suggests that a single standard deviation rise of air quality resulted in a

decline in 0.99 hours of labor supply, resulting in a loss in output of approximately US$ 10 billion (Kim et al., 2017) With 17,500 islands, Indonesia

is especially prone to increasing sea levels According to the World Bank (2018)

42 million Indonesians residing less than 10 meters above sea level are at risk of increasing flood levels In addition, a one-meter increase in the sea level might flood 405,000 hectares of land and may Indonesia's territories by flooding low- lying islands

Indonesia is a big emitter of greenhouse gas as a result of forest destruction and reliance on fossil fuels especially coal for electricity The carbon goals established by the UNFCCC (Paris Agreement on Climate Change) also call for higher yet lower pollution than the business-as-usual scenario Targets are realistic but the government must: (1) vigorously implement measures already in effect to avoid forest degradation; and (2) invest in huge untapped sustainable energy resources, such as solar and geothermal energy The country is vulnerable and not ready for climate change in many domains such as land protection, food stability, and rising sea levels This is rendered worse by growing soil, water and land contamination The waste management crisis further complicates the issue The sum of these impacts would first influence the vulnerable and could also keep them in poverty

2.2 Awareness and knowledge of climate change

Previous research has demonstrated general knowledge of the topic of climate

change In England, 99 percent of the population has learned about either “climate

change” “extreme warming” or “greenhouse impact” however the word “climate change” itself is wide than “global warming”(Norton & Leaman, 2004) Likewise,

two-thirds of the UK population believe they learn a lot or a decent amount about

“global warming” as opposed to 59% who reported this degree of awareness regarding “climate change”

2.1.1 Climate Change Knowledge, Views, and Agency

Many findings suggest that age is inversely connected to climate change issues, that is, young people tend to be more interested and often have more awareness of the problem Young people themselves claim that current generations are more socially conscious than their ancestors, and dedication to sustainable issues has become part

of the collective image of young people (Díaz Estévez et al., 2014) At the same moment, young people's behaviors are far more acceptable than those of older generations Thus, the difference between beliefs, behaviors, and maturity, on the one hand, and actions, on the other, is maybe the highest in this age category

While comprehension of this issue tends to be very strong, at least in certain groups

of young people, there are still misunderstandings linked to science information regarding, for example, the distinction between climate change and the ozone layer breach (Gifford & Comeau, 2011) As a consequence, young people's and local people's understanding of this issue appears to be quite shallow

Young people have little ability to affect this problem than adults; most teens cannot vote and still reside at home, where they rely on their parents when it comes to lifestyle choices Accordingly, research suggests a very low degree of environmental effectiveness among adolescents (Ballantyne et al., 2001) In a study by (Pruneau, 2005.) Teenagers expressed less faith than adults in the prospect of mobilizing people

to reduce their effect on the environment The Swedish study showed a restricted sense of autonomy among teens, as they externalize accountability for intervention to

adults, policymakers, and the international community, and see climate change as something that does not directly impact them They did consider the likelihood that people might solve the issue, but they did not have a sense of confidence to deal with

it As a consequence, the difference between curiosity and the likelihood, whether actual and expected of affecting the circumstance is perhaps strongest in this category

2.2.2 Emotions and Coping in relation to Climate Change

It may be suggested that placing too much responsibility for coping with climate change on young people's shoulders may contribute to frustration among young people because of the difference between what they want to do and what they have the resources to achieve (Fritze et al., 2008) For example, all children and teenagers who use problem-focused approaches to contend with this danger, that is, working on what they should achieve at an individual level, feel, on the one side, a greater sense

of self-efficiency, however, on the other side, are often more likely to perceive a generally negative effect than those young people that do not cope in this way to the same degree (Ojala, 2013) Nevertheless, thinking like you will affect the circumstance and achieve a high degree of well-being is not necessarily the same thing, maybe because young people are mindful that such kinds of challenges can not

be fixed on an individual basis alone When it comes to age gaps in young people, some Swedish study points out that, because awareness regarding environmental issues is very normal in pre-school and early years of college, high school students are still bored when it mentions to climate change

2.3 Human behavior in responding to climate change

2.3.1 Adaptation to climate change

Adaptation is based on an analysis of recent findings of weather change as well as

on previous knowledge applicable to measures to address future climate disturbances Adaptive capability is, therefore, a broad and detailed definition In the sense of this review, the interpretation given is as follows (Tompkins & Eakin, 2012) most

appropriate: "Climate change modifications are mechanisms and behavior that make

it simpler for us to deal with more changing environmental and climatic conditions”.Some previous studies (Klein and Tol, 1997; Huq and Klein, 2003;

Smithers and Smit, 1997; Adger, 1999; Luers et al., 2003; Tompkins and Adger, 2004) our main adaptation components have been established that apply to this initial description:

- Improving physical development resilience to external impacts

- Growing resilient capability and versatility of fragile systems

- Correcting the pattern of rising vulnerability

- Improving public awareness and planning for external impacts

The damage and effects of climate change are directly linked to human activity, and adaptation is known to be a human system resource that plays a significant role and must be at the forefront of climate policy making (Pielke Jr., 2010) Previous research (IPCC, 2007; Adger et al., 2007; Schneider and Aarukhan, 2001; Brooks, 2003; Pielke, 1998; Smit, 1993; Smith et al., 1996; Watson et al., 1996; Dessler and Parson, 2010) defined that the main principle is machine adaptation to react to climate change and ongoing instability in a growing world This means that there are three fundamental variables to be found (Figure 1): “Adapt to what?” “Who needs to adapt?" “How to adapt?

ADAPTATION

Figure 1: Key factors of adaptation to climate change

Source: Adapted from (Grafton & R., 2010)

2.3.2 Adaptation and mitigation

Adaptation and mitigation are two main strategies defined to tackle climate change by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Table 1: Describes some key variations between the two methods

Who need to adapt?

System Scale Behavior Characteristics

Non-climate related changes

Adapt to what?

Climatic stimuli Climatic perturbation

How to adapt?

 Objective

 Process

 Response

Table 1: Conceptual differences between adaptation and mitigation orientation

determinants of vulnerability

Physical and biological science of impacts

impact Immediate benefits

Long-term phenomenon Gradual benefits

Comparable

Benefit

Difficult to express and compare with other adaptation options in a single metric

Easy to compare with other mitigation options and expressed as CO2 equivalent

or cost- effectiveness

sectoral interests and different levels (individual to national agencies)

Limited sectoral actors and focus on greenhouse gas

emission

Source: (Sovacool and Brown, 2009);(Klein et al., 2005.);(Gavouneli,

2005);(Klein et al., 2003);(Webb et al., 2013);(Grothmann & Patt,

2005);(Baynham & Stevens, 2014)

Though there are some discrepancies between mitigation and adaptation According to (Laukkonen et al., 2009) stress that if lawmakers rely solely on one or the other, there would be a shortage of reaction to climate change It is since the effects of climate change cannot be entirely offset through mitigating steps alone, and therefore contingency strategies are crucial to minimize uncertainty and improve

resilience Klein et al (2007) argue that the two-fold reduction, adaptation separation,

is too simplistic and, then, suggests four concepts that illustrate the dynamic inter- relationship between adaptation and reduction We suggest the following categories: adaptation policies with the roles of mitigation activities, mitigation behavior with the effects of adaptation policies, policies with coordination between adaptation and mitigation, and implementation mechanisms with adaptation and mitigation outcomes To date, the role of adaptation in climate change response strategy has become more critical due to organizational constraints and lack of efficacy of mitigation measures (Pielke, 1998)

2.4 The factor that influence the awareness of climate change

The literature review indicates that people's degree of understanding and interpretation of climate change is affected by variables that can be classified into four: including age, level of education, personal experience, access to information

2.4.1 Education

Environmental change has been a popular environmental problem in Indonesia and several other countries in the past few years Seasonal shifts, increasing air temperatures, and extreme climate conditions are causing a higher risk of local and national hazards such as flooding, tropical cyclones, droughts, forest and bush fires (as well as haze) and growing sea levels Massive industrial and population, as well as land transfer and erosion, are known to be the major contributors to climate change, methane release into the environment, expanding the void in the ozone layer and eventually growing the absorption of solar radiation Nevertheless, the extent of people's awareness on the topic appears to be minimal, as the causes of climate change lie far within their realities All they learn is largely connected to their local

circumstances, such as growing high temperatures or intermittent flooding, so people are reluctant to draw a causal link between the different symptoms Education plays a significant role in increasing consciousness, but climate education does not currently occur in several nations, including Indonesia

According to Mainieri et al (1997), Fransson and Garling (1999) and Raudsepp (2001) education taught individuals are more concerned about their inclusive environment and they have a better way to access environmental data Education is a fundamental component of the worldwide reaction to climate alters It makes a difference individuals get it and address the effect of worldwide warming, increments

“climate literacy” among youthful individuals, energizes changes in their demeanors and conduct, and makes a difference in them adjust to climate alter related patterns Instruction and awareness-raising empower educated decision-making, play a fundamental part in expanding adjustment and relief capacities of communities, and engage ladies and men to embrace maintainable ways of life The role of education in society must be communicated in its main mission of creating and disseminating information and courses in the community in the course of academic preparation In the context of climate change, education is needed to influence an individual's common awareness on this issue, and at the same time, to decide how they empower them to create alignment and develop their views Some research has found that people with a high degree of education are more likely to be conscious of climate change.(De-Graft Acquah, 2011.) (Akhter & Hasan, 2011.)(Mubi & ADEBAYO, 2011.) However, individuals with less years of schooling are likely to perceive climate change as a danger as they are expected to have less resources and be particularly susceptible to the impacts of climate change

2.4.2 Age

Age is a vital indicator of an individual's understanding of climate change problems According to a report undertaken by Saroar and Routray (2010), there is a strong link between age and experience with climate change and extreme weather events This is also predicted that older people will be more mindful of climate change than younger people It is not a universal law, though Surveys were undertaken in Europe also found that younger citizens are increasingly mindful of environmental problems, including climate change (Patchen, 2006) In report, younger students (under 15 years of age) are more conscious of climate change than older students, but their findings were not statistically important It is also evident that age affects the public's understanding and interpretation of climate change, but it is impossible to determine if the connection is favorable or negative

2.4.3 Personal experience

Aside from environmental causes, personal experience with climate change effects often plays a vital role in influencing people's understanding of climate change Citizens live in disaster-prone regions are expected to be more acquainted with and worried about climate change According to a longitudinal survey on Americans conducted between the years, 2008 and 2011 by (Myers et al., 2012) awareness with the effects of climate change offers an incentive for experiential learning, particularly among people who are less interested in climate change issues This is only from awareness with the effects of climate change that citizens are growing increasingly aware that climate change is taking place and that they need to

do more to improve their resistance (Whitmarsh, 2008) however, there has been no

substantial interaction regarding human knowledge and understanding and

interpretation of climate change According to the findings of his report, the victims

of air pollution appeared more conscious of and worried about climate change than other citizens relative to the victims of the floods Experienced learning may also only arise in people who are already pessimistic regarding climate change (Weber, 2013) also suggests that personal knowledge often affects the confidence in climate change among persons that have no clear interest in climate change who are less prone to affect the degree of concern of people who have a strong conviction in climate change

2.4.4 Access to information

Access to information is crucial in influencing the public understanding of

climate change According to Saroar and Routray (2010), access to resources defines the individual's understanding of climate change, which inevitably affects behavior

People who can read newspapers and other similar magazines, listen to music, watch

TV or have access to the Internet are more likely to be concerned with climate change than someone who may not have exposure to these news outlets According to a survey commissioned by the Japanese public on the effect of media reporting on climate

change concerns by (Sampei & Aoyagi-Usui, 2009) intense reporting of global

warming concerns is aligned with growing public anxiety about global warming

some regional advantages, such as less winter deaths in severe drought areas and improved food output in certain regions However, the overall health effects of climate change are overwhelmingly negative, as they affect all the social and environmental dimensions of climate change people's life(WHO,2017)

Gender has since been more generally acknowledged as an important aspect of climate change Climate change impacts women and men differently, provided that women and men have specific societal expectations and positions These effects of climate change will have an immediate effect on women 's wellbeing, livelihoods and gender norms (CBS,2017) Women's health can be influenced by a variety of factors

A crucial consideration is the lack of exposure to water supplies, which contributes

to an rise in the workload for women and, in so doing, may have negative effects for women's reproductive health As far as women's livelihoods are concerned, climate- related tensions will contribute to increased abuse, anxiety and depression for women(CBS,2017) For example, floods and droughts can damage household harvests so that there is no source of income or food This leaves a family helpless and anxious, and tensions focused on this often contribute to abuse against people, as well as anxiety and depression When climate change has such a adverse impact on household agriculture (source of revenue, health , and security), there have been instances where the male householder has moved in pursuit of better revenue alternatives This leaves women to take on a new role, in addition to their own, and

to take on additional burdens to do the extra work of their husband.(CBS,2017)

Gender differences in roles of men and women, economic responsibilities, family responsibilities, education, health, and political rights can make women and men more or less vulnerable to climate change impacts and impacts (Nagel, 2016)

Analyzing gender in everyday social life is very important in order to understand the human dimensions of climate change and how women are working And the people are influenced differently There are many social factors that play a role in the gendered aspect of climate change, such as the place of women and men in society, the cultural definition of femininity and masculinity, the moral economies that define the value of women and men, and the behavior of men, among others Wherever women and men are put in a collective system, the various rates of exposure of women and men to the impacts of climate change are created For example, these gender differences can shape both men's and women 's access to climate-related disaster-related resources and their ability to participate in political and scientific processes that shape adaptation and mitigation policies ( Nagel,2016) Indeed, the gendered dimensions of climate change often reflect the gendered dimensions of the social life of women and men Thus, gender inequality has a broader impact on the unequal impacts of climate change, which tends to make women more vulnerable than men (Negal,2016)

2.4.6 Income

Impacts of climate change and severe weather conditions will impact everyone, but vulnerability is a significant determinant of how much communities will plan for and rebound from incidents such as flooding and heatwaves Poverty is influenced by three factors: the wages of individuals, the burdens they experience, and their willingness

to fulfill their material needs This segment reflects on whether low-income

communities are less prepared to brace for, adapt to, and rebound from climate impacts These include difficulties in obtaining adequate flood insurance,

over-exposure to some hazards, and more effects on higher incomes on material

losses due to extreme incidents

Additional factors can increase the vulnerability of low-income individuals For example, the risk for experiencing excessive declines of health and well-being is

higher because individuals with low wages are often prone to advers e weather events due to their age and fitness, or become socially marginalized or reside in certain

forms of housing (Benzie et al., 2011) In fact, a person's income is often closely

linked to other causes of vulnerability, such as being a lone parent, being ill or

having a disability People in these groups tend to have fewer job opportunities than others, and thus tend to have lower incomes Low incomes may, in effect, worsen some of the triggers of vulnerability, it is well known that individuals with lower

incomes are more prone to experience ill-health for both financial and social factors

o Many of the accommodation used by low-income residents is prone to overheat at high temperatures and over-cold at low temperatures

o Low income households pose a greater risk of theft relative to other households, and this can influence their ability to provide heatwave advice