Kỹ năng học tập siêu tốc thế kỷ xxi phần 2

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI Ngudi con trudng ciia ong ke lai: "Bait ky khi nao cam tha'y ciing dudng hoac lam vao mQt tinh huong kho khan trong cong viec, ong lai an minh vao am

"Mpt giai phap da dpt nhien xua't hien trong suy nghi ciia anh ay", em gai dng nhd lai va khang dinh rang am nhac nhu da "lam cho dau dc ciia anh ay thu gian, tao dieu kien cho anh suy nghi"

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI Ngudi con trudng ciia ong ke lai: "Bait ky khi nao cam tha'y ciing dudng hoac lam vao mQt tinh huong kho khan trong cong viec, ong lai an minh vao am nhac va do chinh la giai phap cho tat ca nhung kho khan ciia ong."

Ban than Einstein cung da noi ve niem dam me ciia ong danh cho am nhac va nhung nghien ciiu vat ly ciia minh rang:

"Ca hai duQc sinh ra ciing mQt liic va ho trd cho nhau "

Am nhac la nghe thuat suy nghi bang giai di'eu

Jules Combarie Nhu vay, am nhac la nguon dinh duong tinh than vo gia ciia nhung thien tai \ i dai nha't, dong gdp vao sU phat trien mang tinh dipt bien ciia nen khoa hQC the gidi the ky XX Tu* nhan vat vi dai t6i mot nhan vat hai htfofc?

Charlie Brown Lucy Snoopy Qua la ky quae khi dat nhirng nghien ciiu vi dai ciia Einstein canh cac nhan vat ciia mQt trong nhiing loat phim hoat hinh ndi tieng nhait the gidi -Peanuts

Tuy nhien, tren thyc te, ca hai deu co diem ttfcrng dong khi nha biem hQa Charles Schulz tin rang am nhac chinh la ngudn cam hiing dang sau each nhin cuoc song rat ky la, thong qua nhiing nhan vat ma ong tao nen

Schulz noi: "Toi da nghi ra khong biet bao nhieu y tudng tai nhirng buoi hda nhac Tdi nghi tat ca chiing ta deu trai qua

COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J NICHOLL

cam giac nhu bi thoi mien khi xem ngudi nhac trudng chi huy gian giao hudng Khi dd, tam tri ciia toi bat dau mo mang Sau

do, chiing ta nhan ra rang am nhac chi con dong lai chiit it rdi bien mat

Dieu nay that sir khien ban phat dien khi biet rang ban

da dpi ba thang rong de nghe ban Concerto thir hai ciia Brahms Nhung rdi rot cupc, ban nhan ra rang minh da nghi

ve mot di'eu gi khac khi nghe nhac Va ban cho ring: " That la lang phi thdi gian."

Nhung khi suy nghi theo each nay, tam tri ciia ban bat dau nghi het dieu nay tdi di'eu khac va bat chpt, ban co cam giac thang hoa ciing am nhac - chinh tir cam xiic nay, chiing ta

co the nay sinh nhirng y tudng tuyet vdi nha't."

Khong phai ai ciing la ngtrcii Hy Lap

Cach do hang the ky, trudc khi nha vat ly hpc va nha biem hpa kham pha ra siic manh ky dieu ciia am nhac, Plato ciing da khong kiem ldi khi mieu ta am nhac la "mpt cong cu than ky hon bat ke mpt cong cu nao khac cho nen giao due." Ong tin rang am nhac chinh la mon hpc dau tien tre nen hpc Ong co cam giac rang khi tap trung vao nhiing giai dieu

va sir phdi am nhe nhang, toan bp y thdc ciia tre dupe sap xep mpt each "ngan nap" theo trat tu

Khi ngon ngii ddi di, am nhac se den

Heinrich Heine

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TQC THE' KY XXI

Vao thdi ky Trung cd, cac tu si da sd dyng am nhac de giup hp nhd dUQc nhutig doan Kinh thanh rat dai Bac si Georgi Lozanov, cha de ciia phuong phap hoc sieu tdc, da khang dinh miic anh hudng ldn ciia am nhac trong viec thiic day sir phat trien ciia tri tup

Lozanov nhan ra rang giai dieu ciia loai nhac Baroque co anh hudng ldn tdi kha nang tiep nhan va nhd duoc thdng tin Vao giua nhutig nam 1600 tdi nam 1750, nhutig nha sang tac nhac Baroque nhu Handel, Vivaldi, Corelli, Telemann va Johann Sebastian Bach - la nhung ngudi ddng vai trd chii chot trong \iec tao ra thU am nhac cd tac dung nang cao tinh than va giai thoat tam tri con ngudi khdi nhutig ndi lo tran tuc

Nhac Baroque deu, trang nghiem vdi nhip la 60 phach mdt phut, tuong duong vdi bien dd cua song nao khi nd d tinh trang thu gian Day chinh la bien dd song nao alpha Tinh trang thu gian ciia tri dc chinh la di'eu kien ly tudng cho viec hoc NhUng ngudi de xua't ra phuong phap hQC sieu tdc chuyen sU dung am nhac, hoan toan ddng y vdi y kien nay Bac

si Ivan Bazakov, sinh vien cu cua Lozanov, ngUdi da boi suot mdt dem de trdn khdi mien Tay vao nam 1976, cho rang,am nhac cd mdt sUc manh khung khie'p nhd vao sU em dju va deu dan theo ket cau ciia nd Ong ndi: "Nhd am nhac, tri nhd ciia ban ldn len trong cam giac binh on cung vdi niem tin rang ban se mai mai ghi nhd di'eu nay'."

Ddng tac gia ngudi My ciia Rhythms of Learning (Giai di$u cua hoc hanh), Don Campbell cho biet: "Am nhac

Baroque lam cho chung ta diem tinh Ban se lang nghe tdt hem

COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J NICHOLL

vi ban hoat dQng dung vdi nhip dp ciia cor the Do la su1 ket hQp hai hoa giiia tri 6c, co the, trai tim va tam hdn

Am nhac la hinh thdc van hda va sir the hien cao nha't ciia loai ngirdi No cho phep chiing ta ket ndi tdi mQt cai gi do

to tat horn Am nhac chinh la ma giai dieu ciia am thanh lien quan tdi ban cau nao trai trong khi ban cau nao phai lai lien quan tdi ket cau ciia am thanh."

Vai tro ciia am nhac trong cac khoa hoc sieu toe

Nhu ban da biet, nhimg khoa hQC Sieu tdc tai nha giiip cho hgc vien hoc ngoai ngir, thdng qua 12 doan kich nghe qua bang vdi nhirng doan hdi thoai song ddng va tac dpng ciia am thanh, giiip nang cao kha nang ghi nhd ciia hQC vien

Sau khi hQC vien bat dau nhd dupe tit vung va cau true cau ciia nhung vd kich nay, chiing tdi lai lap lai npi dung hpc, nhung tren nen nhac cd dien, thudng la nhac Mozart Npi dung dupe dpc len theo van phong ciia mpt vd kich vdi nhip

di?u liic thang liic tram ciia am nhac Chiing tdi gpi dd la Ban

Ma nhac mang tinh kich hoat (Active concert)

Tat nhien ket qua khdng co gi xa la, am nhac da giiip cho cac hQC vien de nhd tii vung hpn Tat ca chiing ta deu biet rang ldi ciia bai hat thudng rat de thupc Khi ldi ndi quyen vao ciing vdi am nhac, tri dc ciia chiing ta se dd vat va hpn khi hpc vi am nhac hoan toan cd the ket hpp chat che hoat dpng ciia ban cau nao trai (ldi) va ban cau nao phai (nhac) Chiing ta cung biet rang am nhac cd anh hudng rat Ion den trung tam cam xiic

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI

ciia he thong cam giac - canh cong budc vao the gidi cua tri nhd dai han (xem Chudng II)

Am nhac khdng the dupe the hien bing ldi khdng phai vi

no mcthb ma vi nd con rdhtin ca ldi ndi

Mendelssohn Muc dich ciia chiing toi khi ap dung each hpc nay la lam cho ngon ngii co the nhd dude bang cam xiic Nhd do, ngon ngd se dupe in sau trong tri nhd dai han Tat nhien, hpc vien cua chiing tdi khang djnh rang phuong phap nay that sU rat hieu qua

Trong doan cudi cung ciia vd kich, chung toi mdi nhung hpc vien ngdi xudng, thu gian, tham chi nham mat lai va lang nghe lai doan bang do Tren hen ban nhac dupe

goi la Ban nhac giup on lai, ndi dung bai hoc dupe dpc mgt

each diu dang va thudng dupe dQC tren nen nhac Baroque Mdi ban nhac deu dupe ket thiic bang giai dieu tuoi sang the hien sU han hoan

6 day, muc dich hoi khac mpt chut, la tao ra tam trang thu thai va tinh tao nhu chu thich cua bac si Lozanov, mpt trong nhiing sinh vien cua chiing tdi rang: "Hay de ngon ngii trdi nhp vao trong tiem thUc cua tdi." Du cho ly do cua sif

thanh cdng do la gi, Ban nhac giiip on lai that sU da mang lai

hieu qua Cac hoc vien thudng rat bat ngd vdi khdi lupng kien thUc ma hp cd the nhd dupe trong ngay horn sau vdi rait it cdng sUc

COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J NICHOLL

Kiem nghiem

Ro rang am nhac co tac dpng kich thich hoat dpng nao, nhuhg am nhac con chua dung nhieu di'eu ky dieu hpn the Cac nha khoa hpc da phat hien ra, vi sao Plato va Einstein (gan day la Lozanov va nhimg ngUdi khac) da hoan toan dung dan khi noi

am nhac chinh la mpt cdng cu h6 trp hpc tap than ky Nhimg nghien cuu mdi day da chi ra rang, am nhac that sU huan luyen cho tri 6c lam quen vdi hinh thdc dao tao cao cap han

Trong mpt thU nghiem tai trudng Dai hpc California, Irvine, cac nha nghien cuu Gordon Shaw va Frances H Rauscher phan chia 33 tre em tir 3 den 4 tudi thanh hai nhom Trong suot mpt khoa hpc keo dai 8 thang, mpt nhom dupe nghe rat nhieu loai nhac, nhom khac lai khong dupe nghe mpt ban nhac nao Den cudi buoi kiem tra, nhung hpc sinh dupe nghe nhac ghi dupe sd diem cao han 80% trong bai tap lap rap hinh mau va xep hinh vdi toe dp nhanh nhat cd the Day la nhimg bai tap doi hoi hpc sinh phai ve len mpt hinh anh bang bp 6c cua minh va sau do sap xep nhirng vat the do nham tai tao lai hinh anh trong tri nhd cua chiing - nhung ky nang nay sau nay dupe chuyen hda thanh kha nang toan hpc va ky sU

Trong nhung bai tap khac, nhiing diia tre nay dupe dua cho mpt vat the dac hoac nhiing biic ve de co the tai tao lai Lan nay, chiing khdng can phai tudng tupng Ket qua cho thay, khong cd sii khac biet giua hai nhom

Ldi giai thich hpp ly cho di'eu nay van chua dupe dUa ra Nhung, ngudi ta tin rang nhiing tre em lam bai tap trong khi

KY NANG HOC TAP SIEU TOC THfi K XXI

nghe nhac co dien co the phat trien mach tu duy dung trong toan hQc logic

Nhom UC Irvine noi rang am nhac "ndi rQng bien dc) cua nao va kich thich no tham gia xir ly nhiing bai tap ly lu£n phuc tap"

Nhan to Mozart

Vay HQU viec nghe nhac co dien co that sUtang them site manh cho tri 6c cua ban? Can cii theo nghien cuu gan day ciia Trung tam UC Irvine ve Trieu chiing Viem day than kinh trong hQc tap va ghi nhd, cau tra ldi la: Co

Nha nghien ciiu Rauscher va ddng nghiep da giao cho mQt nhom 36 sinh vien tot nghiep nhiing bai kiem tra IQ Nhiing sinh vien nay duoc nghe ban Sonata D Major, K 448 danh cho song tau piano ciia Mozart trong vong 10 phut truac khi lam bai kiem tra thii nhat; lang nghe mQt doan bang thu" gian trudc khi lam bai kiem tra thii' hai va khdng nghe gi het trudc khi lam bai kiem tra thiiba Ket qua ve chi sd>IQ Ian luot

la 119, 111 va 110 Nhu vay, bang each lang nghe nhac Mozart, sinh vien da cai thien dUQc chi sd IQ ciia minh len tdi 9 diem Chi so IQ sau do giam di sau 50 phut nhung cd the tang len gap ddi khi cd them tac ddng Ro rang la chiing ta can phai tien hanh them mQt so nghien ciiu

ThUc te, ve viec am nhac cd kha nang ket ndi mach noron cung da dUQc chiing minh qua viec sir dung ky thu|t cdng hudng tir tinh Nhiing nha nghien ciiu ciia trudng Dai hoc Konstanz, Diic da dua ra bao cao ve nhiing deft kiem tra

COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J NICHOLL

nao ciia 9 ngudi choi dan HQ da phat hien ra rang cam giac xiic giac dieu khien ngon tay cai - ngon tay thu nam ciia tay trai va la ngon tay bam nhac - manh hem rat nhieu cV ngudi khong choi nhac Dieu thii vi d day chinh la so lUQng gid choi nhac co ve nhu khong anh hudng nhieu tdi vo nao, nhung trong ngay dau tien trong CUQC ddi, khi ho bat dau choi nhac, nhieu phan cua vo nao da dUQc danh cho hoat dong ciia nhung ngon tay choi nhac hon

That khong may, theo nghien ciiu ciia Hoi dong quoc gia

ve giao due am nhac Hoa Ky, tai cac trudng hoc, trung binh chi co mQt giao vien day nhac cho 500 hoc sinh Khong nhiing vay, am nhac thudng xuyen la muc tieu dau tien khi ngan sach ciia trudng bi cat giam

Nen van hda ciia chiing ta lai khong chii trong tdi viec kham pha nhiing kha nang am nhac cung nhu viec giao due the chat va nghe thuat Ba kha nang co ban dong vai tro vd cung quan trQng trong viec nang cao chat lUQng CUQC song cung nhu kha nang hoc hanh noi chung, lai thudng bi coi la thUa thai trong bdi canh giao dye ngay nay Tham chi ngay ca khi tre da dUQc day nhac, mQi sU chii y lai roi vao each ma nhUng dUa tre nay trinh dien hon la cam nhan cua chung vdi

am nhac Cha me co the giiip tre biet tran trQng nhirng anh hudng cua am nhac tdi moi hoat dQng cua ho trong suot ca

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI Hay chai mot vai ban nhac dac biet gay cam xuc Noi vdi con ban, hay thu gian va de hinh anh trdi vao trong tam tri ciia con Tdt han het, hay bat dau vdi ban nhac Pastorale ciia Beethoven vi khi nghe nd, rat nhieu ngUdi da nghi tdi hinh anh canh chim, que huang va nude Muc dich ciia Beethoven khi sang tac ban nhac chinh la de goi len trong

ky lie ciia ngudi nghe hinh anh mot dong sud'i chay qua mot mien que

Hay sir dung nhimg cau hdi lien quan tdi cam hiing de khuyen khich con ban cam thu dupe am nhac chuf khong chi dan thuan la lang nghe no:

1 Nhimg cam giac nao ma con da trai qua khi con lang nghe ban nhac nay?

2 Trong tam tri ciia con, con da nhin thay nhirng gi? Nhiing gi con nhin tha'y co the la canh vat, thien nhien, con ngUdi, hinh dang, mau sac

3 Lieu con cd the mua theo hay cii dong theo tieng nhac khong?

4 Co nhiing nhac cu nao dupe chai trong ban nhac do?

5 Con cd the nhac lai, ngan nga, hay hat theo bait ky mot giai dieu ma con da nghe khong?

6 Nhac si mudn noi vdi con di'eu gi?

7 Khi nao thi con that sii mudn choi loai nhac nay?

8 Con cd the ve mot hinh dang, khuon mau hay tham chi mdt buc tranh the hien giai dieu danh cho con khdng?

306

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Am nh^c (bai hat hay giai dieu danh rieng cho tre) la mot phuong phap dieu ky de gidi thieu tre vdi mot thd ngoai ngfimdi

Trong nhung tranh cai gan day ve nhu cau gia tang chuan mUc giao due, dirng de chung ta nham tudng giao due, het sire dun gian, chi tap trung vao tieng Anh va Toan hpc Chung la nhiing mon hpc quan trpng, the' nhung giai phap thieu tinh chuyen sau nay se lam cho ta quen di vai tro cua nghe thuat trong viec xay dung nhung ky nang, trong do co ky nang hoc ngoai ngu- va toan hoc Tuong lai cita chung ta that su phu thuoc vao nhung kha nang mang tinh toan dien hon

Khi man dem budngxudng cung tieng nhac,

La khi mudn phien mpt ngay dai met mCi,

Chot lang thang nhu dua tre khdng nha,

Dixa dan trong am tham va im lang

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Nhimg ban nhac nen nghe

Thu gian

Handel

Concerto for Harp and Lute Larghetto, op 4, no 6 (Concerto Larghetto cho dan hac va dan luyt op 4, no 6) Concerto for Harp in F Major Larghetto, op 4, no 5

(Concerto Larghetto cho dan hac cung La trudng, op 4, no 5)

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TUC THE" KY XXI Concerto Gross in C Major ("Alexander's Feast") (Dai Concerto cung Mi trudng: "BUa tiec cua Alexander" trich tii vo nhac kich Alexander)

Nhimg ban nhac Baroque dang ghi lai

J.S Bach Suit 3 ("Air on a G String") (Td khiic 3 "Air on

J.S Bach Concerto in F Minor, phan hai (Concerto cung

La thii, phan hai)

Pachelbel Canon in D Major (Ban Canon cung Fa tnidng) Handel Concerto for Harp and Lute in B-flat Major (Concerto cho dan hac va dan luyt cung Re giang tnidng) Vivaldi Concerto in C Major for Piccolo (Concerto cho sao Piccolo cung Mi tnidng)

Nhimg ban hda nhac nen nghe lai

Mozart Concerto no 21 in C Majork, K.467 (Concerto piano so 21 cung Mi trudng, K.567)

Beethoven Piano Concerto no 5 in E-flat (Concerto piano so 5 cung Sol giang)

Vivaldi Flute Concerto no 3 in D Major (Concerto cho sao so 3 cung Fa trudng)

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Pachelbel "Canon" from Canon and Gigue (Ban Canon cung Fa trudng)

Beethoven Symphony no 6 ("Pastorale") (Ban giao htfcmg sd 6: Dong que)

Grieg Peer Gynt Suite Prelude, Act 4, Morning (Khuc md dau Td khiic Peer Gynt, man 4, Binh minh)

Mahler Symphony no.5 (Ban giao hudng so 5)

Schubert Octet in F Major, D.803 (Octet cung La trudng, D.803)

Nhimg ban nhac tUcfng hinh

Beethoven Symphony no 6 ("Pastorale") (Ban giao hudng sd 6: Dong que)

Grieg Peer Gynt Suite Prelude, Act 4, Morning (Khuc

md dau Td khuc Peer Gynt, man 4, Binh minh)

Mahler Symphony no 5 (Ban giao hudng so 5)

Schubert Octet in F Major, D 803 (Octet cung La trudng, D.803)

Nhiing goi y tren day da dupe ghi lai trong bang dung trong khoa hpc sieu tdc

Mpt sd gpi y khac tU tac pham cua Georgi Lozanov co

ten la Language Teacher's Suggestopedic Manual (viet cung Evalina Gateva), tam djch la Chi dan ve phuang phap hpc sieu tdc ciia giao vien ngoai ngUvk Suggestology and Outlines of Suggestopedy, tam djch la Phuang phap va torn tat each hpc sieu tdc

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE KY XXI

Nhimg ban nhac mang tinh kich hoat

Concerto no 1 in B-flat Minor for Piano and Ochestra (Concerto so 1 vie't cho piano

va dan nhac cung Re giang thu) Concerto for Violin and Ochestra; Concerto

no 7 in D Major (Concerto so 7 viet cho violin va dan nhac cung Fa trudng)

Symphony no 67 in F Major; Symphony no

69 in B Major (Giao hudng sd 67 cung La trudng; Giao hudng so 69 cung Re trudng) Concerto no 5 in E-flat Major for Piano and Ochestra, op 73 ("Emperor") (Concerto so 5 cho piano va dan nhac cung Sol giang trudng, op 73 - Concerto Hoang de)

Concerto for Piano and Ochestra no 5 in flat Major (Cencerto so 5 cho piano va dan nhac cung Re giang trudng)

B-Symphony in D Major ("Haffner"); and Symphony in D Major ("Prague") (Ban giao hudng "Thd gom" cung Fa trudng; Ban giao hudng "Praha" cung Fa trudng)

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Haydn Symphony in C Major no 101

("L'Horloge"); and Symphony in G Major

no 54 (Ban giao hirong cung Mi trudng so

101 "L'Horloge"; Ban giao huong cun? Si trudng so 54)

Mozart Concerto for Violin and Ochestra in A

Major no 5; Symphony in A Major no 29; Symphony in G Minor no 40 (Concerto viet cho violin va dan nhac cung Do trudng so 5; Ban giao hudng cung Do trudng so 29; Ban giao hudng cung Si trudng so 40)

Brahms Concerto for Violin and Ochestra in D

Major, op 77 (Concerto viet cho violin va dan nhac cung Fa trudng so 77)

Nhimg ban nhac giup on lai

Corelli Concerti Grossi, op 6, no 2, 8, 5, 9 (Dai giao

hudng op 6, so 2, 8, 5, 9)

Handel "Water Music" (Bp 3 Td khuc Nhac nude)

J.S.Bach Fantasy in G Major, Fantasy in C Minor, and

Trio in D Minor; Canonic Variations and

Toccata (Khiic phong tiing cung Si trudng, cung Mi thii, tam tau cung Fa thii; cac khiic bien tau Canon va Toccata)

Corelli Concerti Grossi, op 4, no 10,11,12 (Dai giao

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC TH£ KY XXI hudng op 4, so lO, 11, 12)

Vivaldi Five Concertos for Flute and Chamber Orchestra

(Nam ban Concerto cho sao va dan nhac)

Ha idel Concerto for Organ and Ochestra in B - flat

Major, op 7, no 6 (Concerto cho organ va gian nhac cung Re giang trudng, op 7, sd 6) J.S.Bach Prelude in G' Major ("Dogmatic Chorales")

(Khuc md dau cung Si trudng ban Dogmatic Chorales - tam dich: hdp xUdng giao ly)

trong A Blonde Comic Strip

Hai but tranh ben cho chiing ta thay mQt diem quan

trpng But ve ben trai do mQt ngirdi nao do, gidng hau he't mQi ngudi chiing ta, khong cd kien thiic ve hoi hpa, tao nen Biic ve ben phai cung do ngudi dd tao ra sau chua day 3 tieng hQC ve hpi hQa

Diem mau chot d day la mpi ngudi deu cd the ve nhung but tranh dep neu tuan theo mpt vai quy tac don gian Mac dii vay, mpt vai ngudi trong so chiing ta van cd the tu duy tdt ma khong can tuan theo nhung quy tac nhat djnh Cac quy tac do khong gidi han kha nang tu duy ma giai phong chung ta bang each dua ra mpt cau true hudng dan don gian giup chiing ta dat dupe ket qua tdt

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' k'Y XXI

Chung ta can phai co nhirng quy tac nha't djnh btVi vi' chiing ta khong the nhan biet qua trinh tu duy dien ra nhUthe nao trong tri 6c con nguoi Neu qua trinh tu duy khong hien hien ro rang thi bang each nao chung ta co the kham pha va sao chep nhUng gi mQt chuyen gia tu duy thudng lam?

COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J NICHOLL

Chi khi chiing ta eta xay dung dupe cau true dem gian cho viec hpc tap, chiing ta mdi co the phat trien cac cau true tu duy chat lupng Chung toi cho rang cac cau true (hoac cac gpi y) co vai tro dac biet quan trpng ddi vdi qua trinh tu duy 6 trudng hpc, vdi cac chii de chia nho, chung ta co the hpc each giai quyet van de theo tung chii d'e Tuy nhien rat hiem khi chung

ta dupe hpc each chuyen nhiing quy trinh giai quyet vain d'e chuyen biet nay sang linh vuc khac Mac dii vay, biet each giai quyet van d'e mpt each sang tao va dua ra quyet dinh hpp ly la nhiing ky nang can thiet trong cupc song thudng nhat cua chiing ta

Chiing ta noi ve "tu duy", tuy nhien, tren thuc te, co hai kieu tu duy chu yeu: tu duy sang tao va tu duy phan tich

TU duy sang tao: Tu duy de dua ra nhung y tudng va san pham mdi Phat hien ra mpt kieu mau hoac mpt moi quan he mdi giua cac y tudng vdn khong ro rang Tim ra each thUc mdi

de dua ra y tudng Ket hpp nhiing y tudng hien co de dua ra mpt y tudng mdi tdt hon

TU duy phan rich: DUa ra mdt tinh hudng, van de, chii de hay quyet djnh de hing budc kiem tra can ke va logic Kiem djnh cac luan diem hoac bang chung hoac d'e xuat vdi cac tieu chuan muc tieu Hay xem nguyen nhan gdc cot ldi ciia van de

eV phan dudi day Danh gia va quyet djnh dUa tren tinh logic va nhan dipn sy thien kien

Hai phuong phap tu duy nay khdng he ddi lap nhau ma ludn dan xen ISn nhau Vi du, ban can tu duy mpt each sang tao de giai quyet van de ddng thdi cung can tu duy logic de

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TC-C THE' KY XXI quyet dinh xem kha nang nao la tdi Uu trong vd van kha nang sang tao

Ban can phai thanh thao ca hai ky nang tU duy nay va phai la mpt chuyen gia phan tich sang t<io Neu tat ca moi thanh phan trong xa hpi, tU tre em, cac ca nhan cho den cac dpanh nghiep va cac qud'c gia phat trien 6c phan tich sang ta©,

hp se lam chu the ky XXI Tu duy ket hpp vdi hpc tap la nhung ngudn luc tU nhien mdi lam giau cho xa hpi

Ban can cd' gang hpc hdi, can tu duy chinh xac va sang tao hon ddi thu canh tranh cua minh Cac doanh nghiep can phai dam bao qua trinh tu duy sang tao dien ra trong toan doanh nghiep, do dd, mdi cd the huy dpng toan bp tri tue tip the cua doanh nghiep minh

Nhung bac vi nhan trong hch sU la ai? Hp la nhiing nha phan tich sang tao nhu Da Vinci, Einstein, Newton, Darwin Ngay nay, nhimg ngUdi thanh cdng la ai? Hp la nhiing nha phan tich sang tao nhu Bill Gates, Richard Branson, Stephen Hawking

Hpc each hi duy tdt nhu nha phan tich sang tao se phai mat rat nhieu thdi gian, cdng sUc Phuong phap ren luyen khdng nen qua ch$t che, tuy nhien, can phai tuan theo mpt so quy tac nhat djnh Du vay, di'eu dang mirng la ban than cac quy tac dd cung khdng qua phUc tap Van d'e la phai tuan theo nhung quy tac do Trong chuong nay, chiing ta se tim hieu cac chien lupc hpc tap phan tich; con cac ky nang hpc tap sang tao

se dupe trinh bay d phan sau, trong Chuong XIV

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Phan tich giong nhif qua trinh kham pha tim toi

Vol hau he't mpi ngudi, y tudng hpc each tu duy sang tao nghe co ve khong may hap dan Ly do mpt phan la do hp nhan thiic chua day du ve cai dupe coi la "tri tup" Nhung tir nhu

cold fish (ngu&i lanh lung), nerdi (ke lap di), egghead (ngUdi tri thdc), unworldly (ngudi ngoai trai dat) va dry (khd can) da

an sau vao tri 6c hp! Khi dupe hoi, 33% hpc sinh noi rang it khi nhan dupe diem tot

That dang tiec cho nhung ngudi co each nghi nhu the boi vi cong viec ciia hp la cai gi do khong hen vung va se mat

di nhanh chong That tiec cho chiing ta vi nhimg kho khan chiing ta gap phai la ket qua cua loi tu duy ngheo nan Chiing

ta co the vupt qua nhimg thach thiic va kho khan do bang ldi tur duy sang tao va hieu thau dao nguyen nhan ciia nhung thach thiic do va bang viec chap nhan sii that la can phai dUa

ra giai phap phii hpp trong thdi gian ngan han

Cach thich hpp de xac dinh van de co the la dUa ra tinh hudng ddi lap Ddi lap vdi mpt nha phan tich sang tao gidi se la: Khdng sang tao Phi logic Khdng nhat quan Thien can

Te nhat Khdng Cd thanh kien De bi

Mtf hd Thien

kien Khdng chinh xac Tam

Suy nghi hep hdi Tri tre}

Khdng cdng bang thudng

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI Day khong phai la nhiing dac diem tinh each ma chiing

ta mong muon, phai khong nao?

Tii duy nha't ma chung ta khong sii dung do la emotional (cam xiic) Do la vi, nhu chung ta biet, trong tu duy cua chiing

ta luon ton tai cai ggi la cam xuc TtiUc te, tu duy phan tich hoa

ra lai ton tai cam xuc thoa man ve kha nang dm tdi sang tao cr mUc dg cao Tu duy chat lugng bao gom viec dat ra mgt loat cac cau hoi dung Moi Fan tuduy, hay nhd dua ra cac cau hoi do Ban sU dung tu duy phan tich de dUa ra quyet djnh, giai quyet van d'e, phan tich va danh gia tinh huong Hay lan ltfot xem xet tung van de va sU dyng mgt so "cong cu tu duy" di nhd

Thyc te la, cuoc song cua hau he't con ngudi ket thuc

s&m ban tit duy

Bertrand Russell

TU vie't tat chU cai dau "A FAN DANCE" la each mieu ta sinh dgng, chiing tdi kham pha ra, de cd the nhd dupe each dUa ra quyet djnh hgp ly va giai quyet van de

Dtra ra quyet dinh

Hay sU dung tU "A FAN" de dUa ra quyet djnh Dd la chii viet tat cua:

Assumptions? (Gia djnh)

For? (Ung hg)

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Against? (Phan doi)

Now what? (Bay gid la gi)

Thong thudng, ciing vdi tat ca cac cong cu phan tich khac, no se giiip ban:

- Dung lai va suy nghi - tranh hap tap vpi va vdi suy nghi hoac giai phap dau tien Reuven Feuerstein, chuyen gia ve cac

ky nang tu" duy ngirdi Israel khuyen chiing ta, trudc tien nen tien hanh mot budc kha dem gian: "Hay dung mpi viec lai va suy nghi trong mpt phut Ban se co the nghi ra dupe nhieu y hrdng han."

- Dam bap rang ban bat dau vdi nhung muc tieu da xac dinh ro rang

- Suy nghi ve ket qua ciia hanh dpng ciia ban

Cac gia dinh

Chinh xac toi dang cd gang quyet dinh di'eu gi? Toi da gia dinh nhu the nao? Toi cho di'eu gi la dung?

Toi co can them thdng tin khong? Do la nhiing thong tin gi? Di'eu ham y d day la gi? Cd the xay dung mpt lap luan nghe thi hoan tpan lpgic, nhung tii gia thuyet ban dau, lap luan dp

co the sai Neu diem bat dau (cac gia djnh) sai thi ket qua ciing

se sai Cach thiic de co dupe giai phap thanh cong la dua ra cac gia dinh dung, nhung cung co the that bai neu dua ra cac gia ctinh sai

319

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TdC THE' KY XXI

Vi dy: Mf)t ngudi dung tren mot xac chet vdi mQt khau

sung con hoc khdi trong tay Anh ta nd ngUdi chet rat nhieu ti'en va phai long co vQ ciia ngUdi chet MQi chung cd dudng nhu rat hQp ly de DUQC tdi anh ta, da sat hai ngudi kia Tren thuc te, anh ta trong phiit choc da gianh lay khau siing trong tay nan nhan de ngan chan vy ty sat, song da qua mudn Gia djnh sai se dan den viec dua ra quyet djnh sai lam

Vi dy: Neu ban cho rang qua nhieu mau la nguyen nhan ciia mQt can benh thi viec diing mQt con dia la hoan toan logic! Ddi khi su nguy hiem lai d chinh cai logic tuan hoan do Freud da gia dinh mQi dQng co" co ban la van de tinh dye Khi benh nhan phan ddi va cho rang dong co ciia ho khdng phai la tinh dye, dng noi rang hQ la nan nhan ciia ban nang gioi tinh bi kim nen Vdi logic tuan hoan, ban co the luon dung!

F = For (Ung ho) va A = Against (Phan doi)

Di'eu nay nhac ban nhd, phai luon xem xet mQt van d'e it nhat la tU hai goc dd khac nhau Trudc he't la niem tin ciia rieng ban va ke den la quan diem ddi lap

F = For (Ung ho): Bang chung chung minh cho quan diem ciia toi la gi? Do co phai la mQt bang chiing xac dang hay khong? Do la sy that hay la niem tin? Lam the nao toi quyet djnh d|it niem tin vao do? Tai sao tdi lai tin tudng nhu the? Lam sao tdi chac chan dieu dd la diing?

A = Against (Phan doi): Lap luan chd'ng lai quan diem ciia tdi cd the la gi? Tdi cd the xem xet phuong phap khac nao

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khong? Dieu gi se xay ra neu gia djnh ban dau ciia toi la sai? Ngudi khac co the lap luan phan doi di'eu do ra sao?

N = Now what? (Bay gid la gi?): Di'eu nay nhac ban nhd, neu ban cang danh gia can than bao nhieu thi cang dua ra quyet dinh cudi cung khon ngoan bay nhieu

Edward de Bono dua ra mQt vi dy cd dien ve phan tich

co cau true Mot nhom thieu nien dupe hoi, xem hQ co cho rang viec nhen hQC phi la y tudng hay hay khong 29 trong so

30 hQC sinh ngay lap tire hang hai tra ldi la co Sau do ong de xuat hQ su" dung cdng cu tu duy tuong duong gQi la PMI: Plus (cQng) - Minus (tru) - Interesting (thii vi) Cdng cu do khien

hQ phai ngung lai va suy nghi (loai bo tinh hap tap vdi vang) va xem xet mQi khia canh ciia van de

Sau khi suy nghi ky, 28 trong so 30 hQC sinh cho rang do la mQt y kie'n tdi Ket qua di'eu tra cac quan diem khac cho thay nhung y kien tieu cue nhu: co the viec dong hQc phi la bat buQC

va nen cat giam ngan sach ciia trudng de ho trp hQC sinh Ban se nhan thay rang A FAN la mQt cau triic huu ich de dua ra danh gia khach quan!

MQt sd ngudi tti duy khong qui hai den ba Ian mQt nam; bin than tdi da tao dung tieng tam cho minh chi vi tdi ta duy mQt den hai lan mdi tuan

George Bernard Shaw

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TfiC THE' KY XXI Giai quyet van de

DANCE la tu* vie't tat ciia cac ch£r cai dau:

D efinition (Xac djnh)

A lternatives (PhUcrng an)

N arrow Down (Gidi han)

C hoose and check the consequences (Lua chpn va kiem tra ket qua)

E ffect - act on it (Anh huong ciia giai phap)

D: Definition (Xac dinh)

"Khi da xac djnh ro dupe van de, di'eu do dong nghia vdi viec giai quyet dupe mpt nira van d'e." Dieu quan trpng la phai xac dinh chinh xac van d'e do la gi truac khi bat dau No co the khong gidng nhu chiing ta lam tudng

Vi du, chang ich gi khi cd gang tim mpt giai phap tudng tupng cho van d'e khong dupe xac dinh dung Se chang the co dupe gian khoan dau dem lai hieu suat cao nha't khi khoan nham vj tri Cd the xac dinh hau het mpi vain de bang each d?t

ra cac cau hoi:

- Myc dich cua chung ta la gi? Chung ta dang edgang dat dupe, di'eu gi?

-Chung ta co y gi khi ? Hay dUa ra vi dy Chung ta co the bieu dat dieu do bang each nao nUa?

- Chiing ta can phai biet dieu gi khac nUa khong?

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- Chinh xac thi van de do la gi? Co phai do la nhung gi bieu 16 ra ben ngoai hay khong?

Tai sao? Tai sao? Tai sao? Tai sao? Tai sao?

Trong cudn High Performance Teamwork (Lam vi$c nhom hi?u qua cao), Nha xuat ban Nightingale Conan, tac gia

Doug Jones da dUa ra mpt vi du tuyet hay ve su1 can thiet phai xac dinh van d'e mpt each chinh xac Vi dy dp cung minh hpa

cho sue manh cua mpt cong cu tu duy khac - do la The Five Whys (Nam cau hdi tai sao)

Mpt xudng due d My chuyen che tap nhung bp phan sat

va thep due khudn Van d'e cua hp chinh la lupng sat vun du thua Hp de nghi cdng nhan san xua't giai thich ly do tai sao Cau tra ldi la: "Cac ranh khuon da mon do vay khuon do khong khit nUa dan den cac 16 rd va cac canh thd nham (tdc la kim loai vun) Nha may da dau tu 100.000 dd la de mua nhung ranh khuon mdi Nhung tinh hinh van khong dupe cai thien Mpt Tan nua hp lai d'e nghi cac cong nhan san xuat giai thich ly do tai sao

Tai sao l: Tai sao chung ta cd kim loai vyn? Cau tra ldi:

"Bdi kim loai iuiong du ndng." (Hp cung dat cau hoi: "Tai sao trudc do anh khong noi the?" va nhin dUp'c 03" tra !cri "Bdi vi ong khong hoi!" Day chinh la mpt bai hpc.)

Tai sao 2r Tai sao kim loai lai khong dii nong? Cau tra

ldi: "Bdi vi thanh phat sang da bj chay het."

KY NANG HOC TAP SIEU TOC THE KY XXI

Tai sao 3: Tai sao thanh phat sang lai bi chay het? Cau

tra loi: "Bdi vi kim loai chay tran len chiing."

Tai sao 4: Tai sao kim loai chay tran len chiing? Cau tra

ldi: "Bdi vi dpi ve sinh lam tran kim loai len chiing."

Tai sao s (Vdi dpi ve sinh) Tai sao cac anh lai do tran

kim loai len tren cac thanh phat sang? Cau tra ldi: "Chiing toi khong biet la chung toi lam do tran kim loai va chiing toi khong biet la di'eu do cd anh hudng nghiem trpng nhu the nao Ngoai ra, chung toi dang ganh dua vdi doi cua ca 1 de xem dpi nao co the lam sach toan bp Id Se co thudng cho dpi nao lam dupe di'eu dd."

Bi quyet vd cung don gian nhung lai hiem khi dupe ap dung dd'la lien tuc dat ra cau hdi "Tai sao?" cho den khi ban di den ly do cudi cung (thudng la sau nam cau hdi "Tai sao?") Trong trudng hpp nay, mpt nhom ngUdi dudng nhu khdng cd lien quan den vipc san xuat lai cd anh hudng manh

me den chat lupng va lpi nhuan

Giai phap la: to chUc dao tao cheo giUa dpi san xuat va dpi

ve sinh de mdi ngUdi hieu vipc lam cua minh se anh hudng den ngudi khac nhu the nao va trao thudng cho mpi ngUdi ca ve chat lupng cdng vipc chU khdng chi tdc dp lam viec Ket qua, hp

da cat giam vi#c sii dung cac thanh phat sang tU 20 lan mpt tuan xud'ng con 01 Tan mpt tuan Vdi mdi thanh tri gia 100 dd la

se giup tiet kiem dupe 100.000 dd la mpt nam Dong thdi, hp giam lupng sat vyn xud'ng con 10-20% va do dd, giiip tiet Idem dupe tren 500.000 dd la mpt nam

COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J NICHOLL

Day la mot vi du co dien vi no minh hpa cho:

- Sue manh cua cai goi la tu duy he thong: Khong nen xem xet van de mdt each rieng re ma hay coi nd nhu timg phan ciia mpt van d'e Tim hieu can ke ly do phat sinh van de va mdi lien h| giua vain de dd vdi cac vain de khac

- Sue manh ciia viec dat cau hdi Cac cau hdi tUa nhu chiec den soi roi mpi van de Chiing chinh la cdng cu ciia su that - dd la ly do tai sao tu duy chat lupng lai dua tren nhung cau hdi dd

Viec dat cau hdi khdng chi cd vai trd quan trpng trong viec xac dinh vain de thuc chat la gi ma con trong viec xac dinh chinh xac muc dich la gi Neu ban ve mpt vong trdn bap quanh mpt muc tieu thi se de dang dat dupe muc tieu do hon Di'eu tuong tu khi chiing ta cd mpt myc dich dupe xac dinh chinh xac

Cd the xac dinh hau het cac myc dich bang viec dat ra cau hdi:

- Di'eu gi ngan can viec thUc hien muc dich do va ly do

1

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE KY XXI

Specific (Cu the), Measurable (Do luting dupe), Attainable (Co the dat dupe), Relevant (Thich hpp) va Timetabled (Gicfi han thdi gian) Bat ky khi nao ban lap ke hoach, hay thvfc hien theo SMART

A: Alternatives fPhtfOng an)

Tdi cd the giai quyet van de theo bao nhieu each de dat den muc dich cua minh?

Bi quyet khdng phai la tim mpt each ma la nhieu each

de dat dupe myc dich Nhu Nobel Laureate Linus Pauling ndi: "Cach tot nhat de cd mpt y tudng tdt la dua ra that nhieu

y tudng."

Day la diem chung cua ca tu duy sang tao va tu duy phan tich, do dd ban cd the sU dung cac cdng cu tu duy sang tao ciia ban de dua ra nhung giai phap lua chpn cd the (Xem Chuong XIV.)

N: Narrow Down (giofi han)

Nhu chiing ta thay, tinh sang tao phat huy het tac dyng neu ban khdng cd danh gia y tudng cua ban ngay khi ban dUa ra y tudng dd Tuy nhien, sau khi dUa ra dupe nhieu y tudng, di'eu can lam la tien hanh loai bd nhimg y tudng it kha thi nhat 6 thdi diem nay, dieu quan trong la phai dua ra dupe mpt djnh nghia ban dau ro rang - nd se giup ban loai bd nhung lua chpn khdng phu hpp vdi tieu chi ban dat ra ban dau

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Mot cau hoi hay danh de hoi la: "Giai phap nao co the

clap ung tot nhat tieu chi ban dau ciia toi?"

Mpi tai nguyen chung ta can deu nam trong suy nghi cua chung ta

Sau do, ban kiem tra ket qua ciia hanh dpng ban gia dinh bang each dat cau hoi:

Hanh dQng do se co anh hudng nhu the nao? Lieu co bat

ky ket qua bat ngd nao do viec lua chQn each hanh dQng do hay khong? Neu ket luan ciia toi la diing, con dieu gi phai diing nUa?

E: Effect (Anh hucmg)

Day chinh la di'eu nhac ta nhd muc dich cua tu duy la hanh dQng - neu khong, no chi la mQt bai tap tri 6c GS Arnord, trudng Dai hqc Stanford, cho biet: "Qua trinh sang tao khdng

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI -I ket thuc bang mQt y tudng No chi bat dau bang mQt y tudng."

Tu duy ma khong hanh ddng chi la nam mo givla ban ngay ThUc vay, thanh cong cua cac nha phan tich sang tao dUQc danh gia bang mdc dQ hQ duy tri hanh dQng ciia minh Dieu do dung vdi Alexander Graham Bell (ngUdi da chi trich rang chang co nhu cau su dung dien thoai bdi chang ai khac co) Di'eu do diing vdi chiec may photocopy dau tien (bi td choi

ho trd tai chinh trong bon nam) Columbus can 14 nam thuyet phuc trieu dinh Tay Ban Nha ling hQ CUQC hanh trinh ciia ong, dii sau do, ong ket thiic chuyen tham hiem ciia minh tai mQt diem den hoan toan mdi la!

Rollo May, trong cudn sach co tya de The Courage to Create (Dung cam de sang tao), da nhan xet: "Cam ket manh

me nha't, khong phai la khdng co mdi nghi ngd nao ma la khong tinh den nhung nghi ngd do." Nhan xet nay da neu bat

su that rang, tu duy phan tich dem lai hieu qua cao khong chi

ve nhutig quy tac (mac du cac quy tac do cd vai tro ho trQ) ma con ve thai dQ

Cach td'i Uu de co the tdng hpp cac thai do do chinh la

dat cau hoi: "Lieu toi cd san sang de ?"

- Kien tri Chiing tdi phai mat nhieu thdi gian de viet chuong nay vi chiing tdi da dQC tren 9.000 trang ly thuyet va ldi khuyen ve tu duy Myc dich ciia chiing tdi la torn tat 9.000 trang giay dd de cd the tao ra niQt loat cac danh myc de nhd va

de sUdung hd trQ cho bat ky tinh hudng nao

- Thtra nhan mdi nghi ngd Chiing ta cd the quan sat the gidi chi bang ddi mat ciia chinh minh, td mau bdi niem tin ciia

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chiing ta va trong gidi han kie'n thuc ciia ban than minh Di'eu

do co nghia la chi co mpt vai dieu chac chan Khoa hoc co the chiing minh mpt vai dieu chac chan; con chii yeu chiing minh dieu gi do khong diing Thua nhan rang chang co gi tren the gidi nay hoan toan chac chan chi'nh la sit khch dau ciia each nhin nhan khach quan

- Dau tranh de tim ra ly do Khi mpt so ngudi tu duy kheo leo, danh gia cua hp chu yeu dua tren niem tin cam xuc

va "cam xiic true giac" Trd treu thay, dieu do dac biet thudng xay ra vdi nhutig van de quan trpng chang han nhu, dat nude toi dung hay sai

Can phai co dung khi chong lai sUc ep cua ngudi khac, von dua tren dinh kie'n hoac phi logic va tim Idem nhung quan diem co the danh gia bang each vien dan ra ly do Cung can phai

co dung khi de ap dung nhutig tieu chuan ddng nhat cho chinh ban Dac biet khi ban biet rang trung tam Cam xiic cua nao -

"bd nao ciia bp nao" theo each gpi ciia nha nghien ciiu Brazil Luiz Machado - it quan tam den tinh logic Nd khuyen khich ban dua ra quyet djnh bat ngd va phan Ung cam xiic

Phan tich chat lupng ciing co nghia la xay dung nhirng tieu chuan "tri tup nghiem tuc" Mpi phan tich ky ludng ve van d'e nha't thiet phai dat ra tam cau hdi dudi day, cd the theo trat tit nha't dinh

1 Muc dich tu duy ciia tdi la gi?

Cau hdi can dat ra la:

KY NANG HOC TAP SIEU T6C THE' KY XXI

- Tai sao toi phai co gang de dat dupe muc dich do?

- Muc dich tir duy ciia toi la gi?

- Chung ta dang co gang giai quyet van de gi?

- Chiing ta dang co gang tra ldi cho cau hoi nao?

2 Y tudng ldn la gi?

Theo chung toi, trudc het, ban nen tao lap y tudng cot loi nhu ban da hoc Khi ban da nam vung ban chat cua van d'e, mpi thU khac se trd nen "an khdp" va c6 nghia Di'eu de tUPng

tu nhu tu duy phan tich vi tu duy phan tich nhan manh sU that rang hpc tap se khong chat lupng neu khong co tu duy sau sac

Vdi nhimg ngirdi khdng tit duy, it nhat la thinh thoang nen tai sip xep nhung djnh kien

Hau het cac cupc tranh luan that bai dp cac ben khdng' nha't tri vdi y tudng then chd't, khai niem trung tam Hp tun kiem giai phap cho hai van die khac nhau DI nhien, ndi each khac, dieu dd cd nghia la bpn phai bat dau vdi mpt dinh nghia

that cu the va ro rang

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3 Can dua ra nhiing gia djnh gi?

- Dieu gi chiing ta cho la diing?

- Chung ta da bo qua dieu gi?

- Di'eu do am chi cai gi?

- Chung ta co can them thong tin khong?

4 Can phai co quan diem nhu the nao?

Danh gia ciia mpt so ngudi tuy thupc vao kinh nghiem tich luy va bieu hien ciia kinh nghiem do, tUc la niem tin Trong xa hpi luon ton tai mpt vai xu hudng danh gia khac nhau, dii khong nhieu

Do vay, sang kien ciia giam ddc dieu hanh cong ty nham cai tien chat lupng san pha'm hoac djch vu cua cong ty do se khac vdi sang kie'n ciia ngUdi di'eu hanh day chuyen san xua't, bdi vi each nhin nhan van d'e ciia hp khdng gidng nhau Niem tin va kinh nghiem cua chiing ta se giup chiing ta nhanh chong dua ra nhung y kien danh gia Chung ta nhanh chong nhan djnh dupe tinh hudng hay con ngUdi Sau dd, nhan dinh ma chiing ta ap dung se ngan chiing ta di qua sau vao van de

Ndi each khac, chiing ta xet doan gan nhu la dinh kien ,-Cac so lieu thdng ke cho thay nhirng bi don cd vdc dang cao ldn thudng dupe tha bong nhieu hon nhung bj don thap be Nhimg ngudi bep phi dupe tra lupng thap hon nhung ngudi

"binh thudng" chp nhung cdng viec tuong duong Di nhien,

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU T(3C THE' KY XXI

phan biet chiing tpc va ton giao la dang chung nhat ciia dinh kien Di'eu do hoan toan phi logic, tuy nhien, no bat nguon tir ban nang song theo bay dan va sir thoi thiic manh me vie di truyen nham bao ve "chiing ta" - nhimg ngudi trong cuoc - va khong co lpi cho "hp" - ngirdi ngoai cupc

Sir djnh kie'n bat ngudn sau xa tir phan ban nang nguyen

so ciia bp nao Di nhien, rat kho co the thay doi va do vay, can thiet phai thay ddi djnh kie'n Cung khong co gi ngac nhien, khi doi luc, nhirng ngirdi ham mp the thao trd nen qua khich Hieu dirpc bp nao chinh la diem bat dau

Thyc te, mpi suy nghi deu bat ngudn tir mpt quan diem

co vai trp rat quan trpng dpi vdi tir duy phan tich Lam sao ban

co the hy vpng thay doi suy nghi ciia mpi ngirdi neu ban khong hieu dirpc diem bat dau ciia hp - "chiing bat ngudn td dau?" Vdi moi van de chiing ta thudng ap dat "ban do thyc te" ciia ban than minh vao trong tri 6c - bieu hien cho nhutig gi chiing ta nhin tha'y - thudng lai khdng gidng vdi nhutig gi ngudi khac tha'y

D6 la mpt cpm tir hay, bdi di'eu hien nhien la ban do nude Phap khdng phai la nUdc Phap Dd chi la bieu trung cho nude Phap Dd khdng phai la thyc te ma chi la mpt phien ban ciia thyc te Ban dd chi gidng nhu ngUdi ve ban d'd ma thdi Vao thdi ky dau cua khoa nghien ciiu ban do, ban do thudng khdng chinh xac Vi dp, ngudi ve ban dd chi di vong quanh nude Australia bang tau thuy Do vay, nhiing chiec ban

dd dau tien khdng nhung khdng chinh xac ma chiing chi cho

COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J NICHOLL

thay bien gioi, hoan toan khong mieu ta phan dat lien ciia ntfffc Australia Nhirng chiec ban do do hoan toan thieu tinh chinh xac Dan dan, thong qua cac CUQC tham hiem, cac ban do phoi canh moi dirqc tao ra va ban do nude Australia trd nen chinh xac hem

Ngay nay, thong qua cac phdi canh mdi ciia cac bUc anh ve tinh, ban do trd nen dac biet chinh xac Tuy nhien, ban do cung khong phai la hinh anh co thuc cua nude Australia Chiing khdng phai la nhung dau hieu, am thanh, mui vi, vi giac, sUc nong, sU hai hirdc, con ngirdi Ban do chi

la mQt each phdi canh No co the hoan toan chinh xac nhung khong bao gid la thuc te Ban khong bao gid co the

"song" trong dau ngirdi khac

Tuy nhien, chung ta co the cd gang dam bao de ban do thuc

te ciia rieng chung ta khong hdi hQt Khi chung ta nghe mot quan diem khac, chung ta can phai dat cau hoi: "Dieu gi giai thich cho quan diem do?" Chiing ta can phai ty noi vdi minh: "Toi khong the bac bo quan diem do Tdi can phai hieu no."

Hieu quan diem cua ai do se giup lam sang to quan diem ciia chinh ban No giup ban chuyen tU thai dQ "quan diem do nhu the nao?" sang "day la each toi nhin nhan quan diem do." Cach toi nhin nhan quan diem dd chap nhan kha nang co nhieu lua chon

Bdi le moi dieu duyc noi hay viet ra thudng bat ngudn tU quan diem cua tac gia, ban can phai dat ra cau hoi:

KY NANG HOC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI

- Tac gia la ai? Tac gia phai dat dupe dieu gi?

- Thong tin do bat nguon tir dau? Co dang tin cay khong?

- Co phai quan diem do dUQc khai quat hoa de minh hQa

cho su1 that khong?

- Nhung vi du do tieu bieu ra sao? Cac vi dy do noi

chung co ung hQ cho mQt quan diem hay khong? Quan diem

do co khuynh hudng nhu the nao? (Ban biet do la dinh kien)

- No co the giai thich cho dieu nao khac?

- Con bo sot di'eu gi?

Nang lugfng ciia chuyen d$ng mdi trudng co le da

phan bat nguon tU nhimg bUc hinh chup hanh tinh xanh

xinh dep ciia chiing ta dang treo ltf lung, li-mg le va co don

trong vu try, chU khong phai tu nhimg sd lieu thdng ke ve

viec cac nguon tai nguyen cua chung ta dang can Wet

nhanh den mUc nao x :

Bat chot, chiing ta cd the thay loai ngudi chung ta

dang "bj mac ket" trong mQt ngdi nha chung

D6 chinh la phdi canh mdi **

- •:;t

Ve mQt khia canh nao dd, moi ngudi dang cd gang

thuyet phyc ban di'eu gi do Vi du, nha sU hoc viet sU hi mpi'

vien canh Thudng thi sU gia khdng cd mgt d dd, do vay quan

diem cua dng dua tren quan diem cua nhirng ngudi khac va

vdi djnh kien ciia rieng hQ

COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J NICHOLL

Doi khi, ro rang lich sir bi bop meo Vi dir, cac cuon sach ljch sir cu cua Lien bang X6 Viet da bo di toan bQ phan tham khao ve cac CUQC tham sat hang loat, theo lenh ciia Stalin Tuy nhien, rat kho phat hien thay sit bop meo do, nhu khi chiing ta noi ve nhung quoc gia khac dang bi "co lap" Dieu chiing ta thUc sU mudn noi do la hp bi co lap vdi chiing ta va ldi tu duy "diing dan" ciia chiing ta ThUc te, m6i quoc gia co nhiing dau an dac sac rieng ma chiing ta co the hQC tap

D$t ra mot cau hoi dung ddi hoi hoc sinh phai nd l\fc tu duy nhieu hon so vdi viec dua ra mQt cau tra ldi diing

Robert Fishers,

Teaching Children to Learn

Sii hien huu ciia thanh kien ben trong va ben ngoai se dua chiing ta den vdi cau hdi tiep theo

5 Do la sy that hay niem tin?

Vdi niem tin, chang cd di'eu gi la sai trai ca va chiing ta khong the song thieu niem tin Tuy nhien, bdi vi niem tin kiem soat hanh d<?ng ciia chung ta, do do, chiing ta can phai tim hieu ve niem tin Di'eu do khdng he de dang bdi niem tin hiem khi duoc boc 1Q ra ben ngoai Chiing hien huu trong tiem thUc, thudng di kem vdi nhung cam xiic manh me, la cai gi do tua nhu khu vuc trung gian giUa vung limbic ciia nao - noi phat sinh cam xuc va voing vd nao mdi - noi dien ra qua trinh tu duy logic

KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE" KY XXI Ban co the bat dau tim hieu niem tin cua rieng ban hoac ciia mQt ngudi nao khac bang each dat ra cau hoi:

- Bang chung cho niem tin la gi? Lieu cd dang tin cay hay khong? Co du bang chung khdng?

- Lam each nao toi di den ket luan do?

- Lam the nao ma ban biet dUQc?

- Tdi co the danh gia va bao ve lap luan do khong?

- Chung ta co chac chan hoac chiing ta chi mdi nghi ngo1

di'eu dd la diing?

- Ban da tung kiem nghiem quan diem do hay chua?

- Lam each nao toi cam thay dieu do?

Khi ban da sin sang t r i ldi cic ciu hoi ciia rieng ban cung nhu cua ngudi khac, ve mat tri tue ban dang rat thanh that, bdi ban dang ip dung tieu chui'n nhi't quin ve sUthat Ciu hdi cudi ciing trong sd cic ciu hdi tren, dac biet quan trQng bdi nd cho ban biet ban cd the tich rdi tu duy khoi cim xiic Ban cd the khdng chQn dieu gi se xiy den vdi ban song ban cd the chQn each Ung pho vdi nd Dd chinh la dieu cot yeu cua tu do y chi

Ban cd the mi't viec song ban cd the chQn each phan Ung vdi viec dd: tUc gian, binh tinh, cd tai xoay xd hay khdng co khi nang lo lieu Kie'm soit duoc moi viec khdng nha't thiet co nghia l i cd quyen sap xep cic sU kien ma la hoc each nen phan Ung nhu the nio