Forest conservation and sustainable tourism in response to land use change a case study in ba vi district national park, ba vi district, vietnam

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Programs

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode: Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Programs Office Batch : 2016 - 2020

FOREST CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN RESPONSE TO LAND-USE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY IN BA

VI DISTRICT NATIONAL PARK, BA VI DISTRICT, VIETNAM

Thai Nguyen, 2020

ANYACHUKWU GOD’SWILL CHIBUEZE

ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Environmental Science and Management

Student name Anyachukwu God’swill Chibueze

Thesis Title

Forest conservation and Sustainable tourism in response to land-use change: A case study in Ba Vi District National park, Ba Vi District, Vietnam

Supervisor (s)

Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Ha

Dr Duong Thi Bich Ngoc Supervisor’s Signature

Abstract:

The Ba Vi National Park (Vietnamese: Vườn quốc Gia Ba Vì) is a national park found 48 km (30 mi) west of Hanoi, Vietnam The recreation center is 10,815 ha (26,720 sections of land) in the region and is situated in the Ba Vi mountain extend The recreation center has rich and different tropical and subtropical types of greenery Ba Vi National Park is situated in Ba Vi District of Hanoi and two regions

of Hoa Binh Province, to be specific Luong Son and Ky Son This study paper identifies the significant changes in forest conservation and sustainable tourism how the area has responded to the land-use changes implies the conversion of forest zone

to tourism including the impact, the effect on local people, tourist area, and demand from the government to benefit from the Ba Vi National park A total of 55 tourist respondents in Ba Vi National Park were selected to answer the survey questionnaire and employed a non-probability convenience sampling The result revealed that the tourist and local communities significant expectation towards forest conservation policy and sustainable tourism in response to land-use change is that “Good practices

of waste management can help maintain the forest conservation” with the highest mean with a value of 4.64 and SD of 4.16 and significant challenges face by both policymakers and tourist are lack of awareness of the local communities on some of the importance of protecting the forest and keeping up to the polices created to

preserve the forest The study recommends more ways of creating visual awareness

to the local people and tourist too on the importance of conserving our forest and possible ways of sustainable tourism regarding the land use in Ba Vi and controlling the deforestation, illegal logging, and over demand of land for infrastructural development in the forest zone

Keywords: Forest conservation, sustainable Tourism, land-use

change, Management

Number of pages:

Date of Submission:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

‘Winners are not people who never fail but people who never quit”

- Edwin Louis Cole

This quote has been and always my backbone to strength to complete this research It does where and how it was conducted but what matters the most is that you believed

in yourself that you can do everything in your will and have the perseverance of achieving your dreams no matter the environment or circumstance that may fall when you are rising stronger and confident of what you always want to do or accomplished Always stay positive and never accept any negativity around you First and foremost, I will sincerely shower my deepest gratitude goes to my almighty lord for bestowing lord’s strength, compassion, love, and solidity to face my challenges because he is always with me and will never leave my side to face my perils alone

Furthermore, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to Dr Duong Ngoc of the Vietnam National University of Forestry, who willingly gave me her time and effort to encourage and assist me throughout the research time and completion my research, I will like to say a big thanks to my supervisor, Asso, Prof Nguyen Thi Ha for the patient Guidance, supervision, encouragement, and advice she provided during my time under her supervision I was extremely favored to have a supervisor who responded to my question and queries so promptly

Moreover, extending my sincere appreciation to Thai Nguyen University of agricultural and forestry, the advanced English Program office, and the University of California, Davis USA for giving me the platform to tap into new experience and

knowledge to advance towards my academic and career pursuit This platform has given us a great deal of knowledge and experience which I will forever be grateful for

Finally, for the unconditional love and uncountable advice and moral support from my lovely and beautiful parent, Mr/Mrs Anyachukwu and my lovely sibling Henery, Kinglsey, Clinton, and Gift, I will forever be grateful for the sincere love and support, which without it, I would not have the courage and strength to carry out this study

Sincerely,

Anychukwu God’swill Chibueze

Table of Contents

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

Table of Contents iv

List of Table 1

List of Figure 1

PART I INTRODUCTION 2

1.1 Background of the study 2

1.2 Problem Statement 5

1.3 Objective 6

1.4 Research question 6

1.5 Significance of the study 6

1.6 Scope and Limitations 7

1.7 Definition Term 7

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 9

2.1 Understanding the meaning of Forest Conservation 9

2.2 Forest Conservation achievement and it’s important 16

2.3 Sustainable Tourism 21

2.4 Land Use Change 23

PART III METHODS 26

3.1 Research Design 26

3.2 The population of the study 26

3.3 Sampling Size and Sampling Technique 27

3.4 Data Collection Method 27

3.5 Questionnaire 28

3.6 Observation 28

3.7 Data Analysis 28

3.8 Ethical issues 29

PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31

4.1.Demographic Characteristics of 55 respondents 31

4.2.The Forest Conservation Policy and Sustainable Tourism in Response to Land Use Change in Ba Vi National Park 33

4.2.1 Environment 33

4.2.2 Community 35

4.2.3 Socio-Economic 36

4.2.4 Safety and Security 37

4.3.Discussion 38

4.4.Conclusion and Recommendation 42

4.4.1.Conclusion 42

4.4.2.Recommendation 43

APPENDICES 46

REFERENCES 57

List of Table

Table 2.1 Positive and Negatives Impact forest conservation 15

Table 3.1 Research Design 26

Table 4.1 Demographic Characteristics of 55 Respondents 31

Table 4.2 33

Table 4.3 35

Table 4.4 36

Table 4.5 37

List of Figure figure 3.1 Map of Ba Vi National Park 30

figure 3.2 Pine Hill 30

Figure 4-1 Ba Vi National Park 39

Figure 4-2 Tourists 39

Figure 4.3 Land space 41

Figure 4.4 Hiking 41

Figure 4.5 Regular business day at Ba Vi National Park 41

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study

Forest is played an important role for humans, animals, and plant survival involving the air we breathe to the wood we make use of it Forest serves as habitats for human, animals and a plant which it acts an essential role in watershed protection, prevent soil erosion and mitigation of climate change currently faced by the world which shows that the importance of forests cannot be underestimated Based on statistic the figure over 2 billion people rely on forests for shelter, livelihoods, water, food, building materials, timbers, papers, medicines, etc forest serve as a home for 80% of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity, and are main sources of livelihood for many different human settlements which include 60 million indigenous people Forest is regarded as the world’s largest storehouses of carbon which it provides ecosystem services that essential for human survival and welfare such as absorbing harmful greenhouse gasses which influence climate change (mainly in tropical forests such a quarter of a trillion tons of carbon is stored in the above and below-ground biomass) (WWF, 2019)

Forest conservation policy is a law made in the protection and preservation of forest regions in the world to avoid illegal activities including deforestation and logging The forest conservation policymakers are combat in reducing deforestation

in the fight against loss of forest and climate change impact in the country but without

a solid foundation in good governance and consistent policies such as forest conservation policy will not be achieved Based on international bodies worldwide community continued to struggle to halt deforestation and the related loss of biodiversity in as much billions of dollars in foreign support in the fight against the challenges and strengthening regulations, deforestation has proven to be huge challenges to developing tropical countries and are the main habitant to world’s most valuable remaining forests (Marusiak, 2012)

Based on sustainable tourism in response to land-use change, the tourism industry and environmentalists may customarily be unusual partners, the expanding change of land away from its regular state into impractical uses may bring about the two turnings out to be partners in the battle to ensure staying characteristic scenes This organization is introduced around a proposed manageable harmonious connection between regular asset preservation and the intensity of ecotourism goals Under this cooperative relationship, ecotourism goals advantage as upgraded intensity from the insurance of value regular assets while the preservation of common assets is progressively esteemed because these assets are acknowledged as the establishment

of the ecotourism business and the driver of every monetary advantage related with ecotourism This applied paper surveys this relationship and graphically delineates the advantageous relationship, including the numerous digressive feasible results of biodiversity, flood control, water quality, carbon sequestration, and social legacy preservation that originate from the expanded motivating forces ecotourism brings to normal asset protection (B Bynum Boley and Gary T Green, 2016)

The controversy regarding the impact of tourism on the global climate and the tourism industry is both a potential casualty of just as a noteworthy supporter of environmental change The travel industry can be undermined by anticipated changes

in the worldwide atmosphere The previous research has talked about the differing effects of environmental change on the tourism industry including the tourism industry request, goal decision, and regularity The ongoing examination has recognized the potential negative effects of environmental change on ecological and the tourism industry subordinate financial long-haul manageability in environmental change–delicate locales, for example, seaside zones, winter sports districts, and coral reefs For instance, analysts address that a worldwide temperature alteration could prompt the decay of customary hotels in specific areas as they expect the appeal of goals would be bitten by bit moved towards higher scopes and heights Specialists likewise called attention to that not exactly 50% of the current ski resorts would be continued inside a couple of decades in Switzerland Likewise, various investigations

tended to the basic effects of environmental change on sea shore/island tourism goals (Ju Hyoung Han, Min Jae Lee & Yun-Seop Hwang, 2016)

Vietnam is a country that has abundant natural resources for many tourism activities and a niche market which implies the country has significant potential to become the market leader in adventure and Tourism activities, for example, Ba Vi National Park is situated in the Ba Vi District of Hanoi and two regions of Hoa Binh Province, to be specific Luong Son and Ky Son The area has picture scenes with excellent lakes, streams, mountains, timberlands, and conventional Vietnamese towns Ba Vi has pulled in guests with social, profound, biological, network-based, unwinding, and gathering visits Some tourism lobbyists insisted that tourism has contributed to the social, economic, and cultural development of the local communities by preserving the tourist areas but the issue of balancing the forest conservation and land-use change has grown to develop more changes However, Ba

Vi National Park has subsequent development of infrastructure threaten by Land use change and forest conservation policy as the demand for better and recreation avenues from the government to the local communities which has to lead to demand for land-use change involving deforestation, destroying local houses, ponds, etc which are part

of the local cultural heritage Tourists are fond of enjoying nature, culture, environmental conservation activities In other to balance the forest conservation project and sustainable tourism in response to land-use change in Ba Vi National Park which will educate the local communities’ importance of balancing both without expectation Moreover, the operation of the conservation project in response to land-use change lay more emphasis on which will produce benefits and support in a sustainable tourist The protected areas are significant for the development of the tourism area in Ba Vi National Park

This study is conducted to identify the conservation policy, sustainable tourist, and expectation toward the land-use change system in 4 aspects, environmental, community, socio-economic, and safety, and security This study also identifies the most significant challenges faced regarding forest conservation policy, land-use

changes, and tourist and communities' expectations of the policy and changes in Ba

Vi National Park The poor operation of the conservation program and land change how it has affected the tourist and communities which can generate positive feedback and recommendations

As the world tend to evolved demand for land use from local communities, industries, a government institute, Tourism, and infrastructure contribute to the destroying of the forest, wildlife, and environment in which has led to the conservation

of forest and importance of conserving our forest cannot be overemphasized and has become a national problem is essential to tackle and balance the demand for land use with perfect coordination between forest department, communities, government and other program related to conservation of forest which implies “ All hands must be on the desk” in other to combat inappropriate forest deforestation and illegal land use in the world (k V Pawar and Ravi V Rothkar, 2015)

1.2 Problem Statement

Ba Vi National Park of Ba Vi District has emerged as a new tourism destination for its famous view, mountain, rich natural resources, forest, inter-tuda habitats, along diversified culture Since tourism is still developing in the Ba Vi District, the growth

of this Tourism brings an impact on the environment specifically on forest conservation in response to land use management in Ba Vi National Park The European Enterprise and industry believed that “to achieve long term sustainability it needs to balance between sustainability in economic, environmental and socio-cultural terms.” Hence, tourist destinations like Ba vi national Park should follow these practices Tourists and local communities expect sustainable tourism in the Ba

Vi can trigger the growth of local businesses at the same time maintaining land use management and the beauty of the forest resort for the next generation to enjoy A well- operating transportation, forest conservation policy, and sustainable tourism sector is vital to the well- being of land-use site, however, poor services can hinder sustainable tourism and forest conservation programs On the other hand, good

tourism services can be a big vital role in tourist satisfaction and land use management

2 How the suggested solutions in response to land-use change are sustainable?

3 What is the environmental benefit of sustainable tourists in response to use change?

land-1.5 Significance of the study

This research proved to be significant because Ba Vi National Park is a developing tourist destination in the north of Vietnam and therefore provides us with

fast-a working frfast-amework of whfast-at tourism principles fast-are most vfast-alufast-able in ensuring fast-and balancing a sustainable tourist and forest conservation policy This research is also beneficial to the land use and forest resort site because if the services and operation are swift and performing well it would result in tourist satisfaction and generate more positive feedback to the local communities and others To balance benefit, there must

be sustainable management of Tourism and forest conservation sit This study would serve as a beneficial opportunity for knowledge from previous studies and researchers

to the author himself This will contribute to a baseline reference for cognitive researchers, professors, and students Furthermore, it would serve as exploring explanations and awareness about the importance of sustainable Tourism and forest conservation in Ba Vi District, which can help to manage the land use and it impacts

on the environment which will encourage everyone to become allies of our Mother Earth to engage him or her in behavior that can help towards sustainability and conservation goals

1.6 Scope and Limitations

The scope of this study is at the Ba Vi National Park, Ba Vi district This research study is focused on the forest conservation policy and sustainable tourism response to land-use change in terms of the environment, community, socio-economic, safety, and security and also focus on the problem that local communities and tourist facing in the study site Thus, this study will reveal the changes and impact of forest conservation policy and how the land-use change how contributed to the sustainable tourist by distributing a questionnaire and observing This study is only for use on the present forest conservation policy in response to land-use change in Ba vi National Park, Ba Vi District, Vietnam

It was expected to face some challenges in finishing this study All of the changes involved either direct or indirect in completing the study One of the limitations was that the local communities and Tourists were not interested in participating in the study Waiting for the availability of both local communities and tourist people for the survey is also a limitation and due to the impact of COVID 19 fewer foreign tourists The length of time of the study was limited due to a series of procedures for at least 55 participants The language barrier also a big challenge because not all Local people and tourists were non-native English speakers

Land-use change - Land-use change could be further explained as the conversion

of a piece of land's use by humans, from one purpose to another For example, land may be converted from cropland to grassland

Capacity Building- the activities, resources, and support that increase the skills and abilities of the people and community groups to take actions efficiently and effectively to lead the development of their communities

Environmental Conservation – is an action that is intended to initiate, conserve,

or enhance good relations with nature

Carrying capacity – The maximum number of people that a region can support without environmental degradation

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents a summary of the related literature review for the study This includes the meaning of forest conservation and land-use change, the positive environmental and the negative environmental impact of forest conservation and land-use change, the importance of sustainable tourism, conceptual framework, and lastly, can the forest conservation and land-use change be balanced and conserved?

2.1 Understanding the meaning of Forest Conservation

Since the world existence forest has played a crucial role in attending to human and animal needs which serve as a home for animals and resources extraction for humans in which humans solely depend much on the ecology of the forest for survival Forest a broad wood; a huge plot of land secured with trees; in the United States, a wood of local development, or a lot of forests which have never been developed (webster dictionary) Forest covers about 33% of all land on Earth, giving fundamental natural foundation to a portion of the planet's densest, most differing assortments of life They uphold innumerable species, including our own, yet we regularly appear to be negligent of that People currently away from sections of land from characteristic woodlands consistently, particularly in the tropics, letting deforestation undermine a portion of Earth's most important biological systems The importance of forest and why the forest is essential to our daily survival includes the provision of breath we take in which implies the forest release oxygen we inhale and absorb the excess carbon dioxide we exhale and serving as the key source of quality air we inhale Furthermore, forests provide food, a shelter for us, and help to protect the soil surface from flood or erosion (McLendon, 2020)

Currently, the forestry sector has been facing some challenges which have brought to world concern of the predicament befallen our lovely forest Some of the current challenges faced on forest management include: the lessening timberland asset base, deficient acknowledgment of the ranger service segment, restricted network interest and the declining backing to ranger service uphold administrations The

lessening timberland asset base Notwithstanding the disturbing pace of timberland demolition around the world, it has been seen that little has been done to precisely measure the staying timberland asset, particularly in the creating world Such data is important for controlling the improvement of functional approaches and procedures

to increment and additionally continue the gracefully of timberlands Thusly, woody vegetation planning and woody biomass assessment ought to be attempted at the public level utilizing strategies, for example, geographic data frameworks (GIS) and distant detecting Deficient acknowledgment of the ranger service segment, restricted network interest the commitment of the ranger service part to public economies is frequently belittled This has added to the part's low political permeability in numerous creating nations A significant explanation behind this is numerous wood items and administrations don't show up in the public accounts since such records principally catch business member exchanges Notwithstanding their low commitment to public pay (ordinarily significantly under 3%), forest lands play a key part in the provincial economy by giving a wide scope of timber and nonwood backwoods items to the rustic poor Most country networks rely upon woodlands for their jobs and food security the declining backing to ranger service uphold administrations it has been noted with concern the consistent decrease in money-related assets being distributed by public governments to ranger service uphold administrations, for example, exploration, augmentation, and preparing This has decreased the size of social and indigenous ranger service exploration and augmentation programs that have restricted private part offer Moreover, the proposed widening of the meaning of ranger service to upgrade its political and financial permeability necessitates that ranger service mastery goes past lumber creation, preparing, and showcasing to underline social, institutional, political, and ecological measurements (E.M SHUMBA and S BAKER, 2016)

Around the globe, individuals depend on the forest for wood, fiber, and pay forest contributes an expected 1% to Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) through the creation of wood and non-lumber backwoods items The most notable utilization

of woods is for logging or the cutting of trees which are then prepared and changed over into lumber and paper, among different items Logging should be possible economically over lengthy timespan periods with silvicultural practices to direct wood reaps and backwoods the board, to guarantee future timberland recovery, and accomplish both natural and financial objectives Such practices depend on top to bottom comprehension of atmosphere, soil, species, and environment measures, to direct administration practices of backwoods Moreover, protection rehearses, for example, diminished effect logging and "best administration rehearses" are now and again executed when directing wood activities to lessen long haul inconvenient impacts on trees and soils Be that as it may, not all logging is consistently feasible, and in certain locales unlawful logging is a critical test to maintainable timberland the board Unlawful logging is characterized as the gathering, transport, handling, and selling disregarding public laws, including harvest inside ensured regions and misuse

of jeopardized species (Mary Tyrrell and Karin Bucht, 2020)

Other challenges factors such as Land use, scene issues, and woodland discontinuity Expanding change of common woods for agribusiness also, urban advancement has brought about woodland fracture and declining backwoods territory Woods discontinuity and expanded paces of populace annihilation Forest management practice can present huge difficulties in the protection of backwoods hereditary assets It is broadly perceived that neither natural assorted variety nor hereditary assets specifically, can be successfully preserved in common saves alone (Wilcove, 1989; Hansen et al., 1991) and that economical ranger service rehearses are

a basic part of woodland hereditary asset and biodiversity preservation Ranger service works on, including different gathering and recovery frameworks, high evaluating, tree reproducing and nursery practices, and presentation of exotics can fundamentally sway hereditary fluctuation, different populace hereditary boundaries, and organic cycles that influence hereditary assorted variety in post-gather (Om P Rajora1& Alex Mosseler, 2000)

All these ongoing challenges contributed to world forest conservation goals which tend to protect our forest from illegal activities which include deforestation, forest burning down, etc forest conservation is highly a global goal, The United Nations General Assembly broadcasted 21 March the International Day of Forests in

2012 The coordinators are the United Nations Forum on Forests and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in a joint effort with Governments, the Collaborative Partnership on Forests, and other significant associations in the field The Day celebrates and brings issues to light of the significance of a wide range of woods On every International Day of Forests, nations are urged to embrace neighborhood, public and global endeavors to sort out exercises including timberlands and trees, for example, tree planting efforts The topic for every International Day of Forests is picked by the Collaborative Partnership on Forests The subject for 2020 is Forests and Biodiversity (UN and Jessica Kerr, u.d)

Forest conservation has been authorized far and wide and besides, Beyond laws and administration frameworks controlling forest board and use, different systems have formed protection choices for the world's forest Verifiably, secured regions were actualized to safeguard regions for motivations behind scene insurance, game, and view Secured zone targets have since extended to incorporate social essentialness, the travel industry potential, instructive chances, environmental worth, and high biodiversity Government ward over such territories has infrequently run into strife with indigenous populaces, by denying customary rights and admittance to the land which has incited land use Nonetheless, specialists and conservation endeavors are progressively perceiving these social issues and the need to address nearby traditions and employments (Mary Tyrrell and Karin Bucht, 2020)

Furthermore, Forest conservation as the name recommends is the safeguarding and the security of the forest zone It additionally includes the inversion of deforestation and ecological contamination The safeguarding of all regular assets is significant for the parity of our biological system The significance of Forests is so imperative to us and our condition We are essentially subject to woodlands for our

endurance Thus, their preservation is of the fundamental significant capacity of forest

is that it produces mass measures of oxygen as a side-effect of photosynthesis Oxygen

is the principal respiratory gas for all creatures, it guarantees our endurance And keeping in mind that photosynthesis, trees additionally retain carbon dioxide from the air This is one of the principal poisons of air contamination Subsequently backwoods additionally diminish air contamination Woods additionally forestall soil disintegration and hold soil contamination under wraps Deforestation, indeed, prompts soil disintegration for an enormous scope since the dirt comes free Woodlands likewise have a significant impact on the water cycle and control dampness levels of our biological system Lastly, timberlands are the regular home and territory for many types of creatures, winged animals, and bugs (Mary Tyrrell and Karin Bucht, 2020)

Moreover, Approaches to Conserve the Forest Controlled Deforestation can't

be evaded totally, we should hope to control it Youthful and juvenile trees ought not

to be felled quite far We should hope to stay away from huge scope business deforestation also Adjusting practices, for example, clear-cutting or specific cutting will be useful over the long haul Ensure against Forest Fires are the most well-known and dangerous reason for the loss of timberlands They can begin because of common causes or can be mishaps brought about by man or even deliberate now and again When a fire spreads in the woods it is hard to control Precautionary measures must

be taken for such occurrences Making fire paths, spreading synthetic substances to control fire, getting out dry leaves and trees, and so forth Afforestation This is the cycle by which we plant more trees in the territory We attempt to build the woods spread by manual transplantation, or a new manor of trees It is an endeavor to adjust our biological system to lessen the impacts of deforestation and ecological contamination of assorted types Better Farming Practices Cut and consume cultivating, overgrazing by steers, moving agribusiness are on the whole cultivating rehearses that are unsafe to nature and especially to timberlands We should monitor every one of these practices Jhoom cultivating is one such practice we can utilize to

battle backwoods contamination In the Northeast regions of India, where the land is kept fruitless in the wake of cutting the yields Weeds and creepers and wild plants develop on this land and make it rise again in time And afterward, the land is developed once more (Mary Tyrrell and Karin Bucht, 2020)

Moreover, Vietnam has an extended S-like shape, a complete territory of

331123 km2, and a north to south length of 1650 km The nation is described by two primary fundamental geographies The waterfront fields of the Red River delta and the Mekong delta are associated with a beachfront plain along the rest of the nation Almost seventy-five percent of the nation's absolute domain is sloping, good country,

or high mountains that arrive at the greatest height of 3000 m in the Hoang Lien Son mountain extend in the northwest Given its topography, just 15% of Vietnam's territory is ranch land As of 2004, Vietnam was estimated to have over 12.3 million

ha of the forest zone, including 10.1 million ha of characteristic woodlands (81.3%) and 2.2 million ha of manors (28.7%) The public woods spread is 36.7% Woods are grouped into three backwood types: unique use, security also, creation of woodlands,

as characterized by the 1991Forest Protection and Development Law The primary part of uncommon use woods is nature preservation, the security of verifiable and social relics, the travel industry, and somewhat, natural assurance Insurance timberlands are kept up to ensure water streams and soils, forestall soil disintegration, and moderate cataclysmic events The creation forest has the principle motivation behind providing lumber and non-wood timberland items (NTFPs), however also gives ecological security In 2004 Vietnam had 1.9 million ha of exceptional use forest zone (15.44%), 5.9 million ha of security forest zone (48.1%), and 4.4 million ha of creation woodland (36.46%)

Furthermore, the government of Vietnam created a forest conservation policy which will help to protect and govern the forest zone in other to control the damage

of forest zone in Vietnam such a policy like In 2001, the government promulgated Decree 08/QD to regulate the management of these three forest types The decree divides special-use forests into (1) national parks; (2) natural reserves, further sub-

divided into nature reserves and fauna and flora habitat reserves; and (3) historical, cultural and environmental relics or landscape-protected areas According to the draft National Forest Strategy 2020 (MARD 2006), the total area of land with forest cover

is to be increased to 16.2 million ha, consisting of 5.7 million ha of protection forest, 2.3 million ha of special-use forest, and 8.2 million ha of production forest National forest cover is to be increased to 43% of the national, the same as was estimated for

1943 (see below) Compared to the 2004forest cover, the area of special-use forests is

to increase slightly; that of protection forests will remain the same, while the area of production forest is to be doubled Since the establishment of the policy, there have some positive and negative impacts of the forest conservation policy and management

in Vietnam also in the world too (Wil de Jong Do Dinh Sam Trieu Van Hung, 2006)

Table 0.1 Positive and Negatives Impact forest conservation

Nature of impact Positive impact Native Impact

Environmental

I.Increase biodiversity conservation

II.Watershed protection III.Soil protection,

Amenity value (nature reserves)

IV.Increase in vegetation cover

V.It could the local communities about environmental ethics

I.Non- sustainable harvest may increase to loss of the forest, biodiversity

II.It could affect the soil properties

III.It could trigger stream flow loses

IV.Endangering of wildlife species

V.It could trigger a loss of endangered species due to a lack of proper management

Economic

I.Provide sustained income for poor communities

I.Forest protection may reduce the local incomes

II.Creation of employment for local communities

III.Provision of forest products (fuelwood, fiber, food construction, and other services IV.Promoting local economy V.Provision of renewable independent energy source

VI.Reduced import

II.The potential increase in competition in the agricultural sector III.Inflation of agricultural product

Social-cultural

I.Promotion and conservation of various local cultural and historical forest II.Education for the importance of forest conservation

III.Forest owners may benefit

I.Risk of historical and cultural degradation due to

conservation policy II.Various social problem III.Competition among agricultural sector on food production

Source: Sustainable development implications, 2007, IPCC)

2.2 Forest Conservation achievement and it’s important

Forest conservation is essential and has played a very important role in wildlife protection, forest deforestation, illegal logging, and other activities that are harmful

to the forest As the world is evolving the important and positive impact of forest conservation cannot be overemphasized because it positive has shown a progressive and beneficial impact on the environment, economic and socio-economic of the world

for the awareness which has been created since the existence of the forest conservation policy and program (k V Pawar and Ravi V Rothkar, 2015)

For example, in California, forest conservation has played a good role towards the Environmental Sustainability which the controllers had more noteworthy mindfulness and worry about the expected environmental stacking of particulates and CO2 from the vitality plants that could be expanding their yield if there was an expansion in the use of woody biomass The foresters and landowners, a large number

of whom as of now are associated with offering woody biomass to vitality plants, were more intrigued by the potential for diminishing the degree of fierce blaze smoke outflows by more cost successfully managing with a greater amount of the gather cut just as fills in untreated stands (William Stewart, Robert F Powers, Kathyrn McGown, Lindsay Chiono, Teresa Chuang, 2011)

Furthermore, in Nepal that has been a productive achievement since the forest conservation policy on forest land area Condition of the ensured region Until this point in time, eight public parks, four untamed life saves, one chasing hold, three preservation regions, and five support zones (all in the ensured regions) have been built up in Nepal that spread a zone of 26,696 km2 for example18.14% of the complete territory of the nation (refreshed in December 1999 dependent on the data gave by DNPWC) Out of 16 secured territories, 14 are straightforwardly overseen by DNPWC; the Annapurna Conservation Area is overseen by a public NGO, the King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation (KMTNC), and Shivapuri Watershed and Wildlife Reserve is overseen by a Development Committee Board under the Ministry

of Forest and Soil Conservation The woodland kinds of the mid-slopes are ineffectively spoken to by the ensured territory framework An examination shows that the Terai locale includes 14.82% (3957 km2) of the nation's ensured zone framework, mid-hills just 6.74% (1800 km2), and high mountains 78.44% (20,939 km2), however, the central mountains are generally assorted as far as biodiversity Ensured zones, notwithstanding, don't the only ones encase all the significant natural assets The Ajigara marsh of the Kapilvastu area is the home of wild rice like Oryzae

rufipogon, O officinalis, and 1245 O nivara (Shrestha 1994) Gnetum scandens – an imperiled species, has been gathered from Seduwa in the low-lying Arun valley in eastern Nepal (Shrestha 1984– 1985) The Red Data Book of the Fauna of Nepal (BPP 1995b) reports that several undermined warm-blooded creatures, for example, the Sambhar Deer (Cervus unicolor), Gaur (Bos gaurus), Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), Four-Horned Antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), and Ganges Hog Deer (Axis porcinus) are found in Bara District's public backwoods territories connecting the Parsa Wildlife Reserve High botanical endemism Shrestha and Joshi (1996) investigated 246 endemic types of angiosperms that are not known to happen outside the political limit of Nepal Practically 90% of endemic plants don't have a more extensive inclusion of conveyance in Nepal; a large portion of them are known from their TYPE assortment The secured territories lying inside 82◦ E to 84◦ E and 28◦ N to 30◦ N show more noteworthy quantities of endemic species Research openings Field-based environmental exploration of a few compromised species including rhinoceros, tiger, swamp deer, red panda, musk deer, gharial, and the tiger has been directed and their danger status has been surveyed Data on easygoing elements that are undermining the presence of endemic plants are missing up until this point Probably the best test, hence, at present, is to methodically examine the science of endemic plants and the elements that are driving the species towards elimination to comprehend the status and protection thereof Tourism Mass the travel industry is the main wellspring of unfamiliar pay for Nepal It happens with the inundation of huge quantities of travelers The traveler appearance in 1962 was 6179 and the most noteworthy number of travelers (4,15,000) was recorded in the financial year 1996/1997 (NPC 1998) Just a couple of ensured zones (Royal Chitwan National Park, Annapurna Conservation Area, Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, and National Park) are visited by enormous quantities of vacationers (CHAUDHARY, 2000)

Moreover, in Nigerian the forest conservation policy and programs have played a vital role in educating the local people about the importance of protected in which three vital steps we took such as environmental literacy education which serves

as a platform to teaching the people about the environmental benefit, knowledge of relevant environmental concepts, concern for the quality of the environment, environmental sensitivity includes a feeling of concern for and empathy toward natural areas, and knowledge of action strategies that may be used for resolving an issue civic adult education, and vocational adult education inside the system of network training for the protection and conservation of woodlands and timberland assets raises the degree of duty and awareness of other's expectations of the rustic occupants for dynamic investment in activities outfitted towards woods protection and safeguarding civic adult education is an authentic apparatus used to make the provincial occupants increase understanding and awareness of the way that their wellbeing is inseparably connected to natural quality and are in this way spurred to take activities that will guarantee the assurance and upkeep of natural quality, particularly, ones which secure the timberland biological system

Such activities as adjusted by Mbalisi and Ugwu (2012) from UNESCO (1986:52) are gathered into four significant classes of influence which include persuading oneself as well as other people on methods of abusing timberland assets without hardening with biological make-up of the woods environment, industrialism (customer activity) which includes the acquisition of woodland items (lumber and non-wood backwoods items) that are reasonably misused It likewise includes discovering choices to timberland items, an activity which will help positively decrease pressure on backwoods assets, a political activity which includes an arrangement of administrative bills that will guarantee protection, upkeep, and insurance of the woodland and its assets just as campaigning for the section of the bills into law, legitimate activity, and eco the executive's activity which includes founding a claim against any violators of laws on backwoods preservation, support, and security (Dr Adekola, Ganiyu,Dr Mbalisi, Onyeka Festus, 2015)

Furthermore, In Vietnam, there is an impressive variety in the revealed accomplishments that have been credited to Program 327 A portion of the accomplishments ought to be ascribed to the scope of projects, undertakings, and

approaches that were executed during a significant part of the 1990s Morris and Ingles (2003) gauge that 299,000 ha of timberland were effectively recovered under Program 327 and 397,000 ha of new ranches were built up They don't give any sign

of who was engaged with this recovery and under what sort of course of action it was accomplished Both Morris and Ingles (2003) and Nguyen X.N (2001) report that notwithstanding these backwoods recovery results, 1.6 million ha were given out in Forest Protection Contracts to around 466,000 family units Castrén (1999) gauges that a region of 6,791,700 ha of woods was ensured because of Program 327 (of 5,477,600 ha that was proposed to be ensured) Nguyen X.N (2001), then again, computes that under Program 327, nearly 700,000 ha of backwoods were improved

or planted and 640,000 ha of new woodlands were set up The program likewise yielded 88,729 ha of mechanical tree crops and organic product trees and 31,290 ha

of family plants As different results a similar creator records that Program 327 produced 466,678 positions, assembled 5,009 km of rustic streets, built 86,505 m2 of schools, and 16,755 m2 of clinical stations, upheld a huge number of little scale water system extends and provided safe water for more than 20,000 family units These outcomes are verified by Salmi et al (1999) and are founded on a MARD report from

1998 (MARD 1998) Despite these detailed positive results, many contemplations must be made concerning the accomplishment of the program MARD (2001:6) and Lang (2002) refer to a ForTech report, appointed by the World Bank, which assesses the program The report was extremely reproachful of the program; some vibe unreasonably so (Carew-Reid et al 1999)

As indicated by the For Tech report, the program was too top-down, the land designation was most certainly not participatory, reforestation applied poor silvicultural rehearses, and the venture was forced on destitute individuals without their information (Lang 2002) The reforestation endeavors attempted on apportioned woodland land were unreasonable (MARD 2001) Notwithstanding these execution issues, Vietnam's State Planning Board of trustees assessed that the locale specialists and SFEs that got 327 subsidizes redirected over half to other purposes (Sikor 1998)

The program was utilized to back a few progressing government programs; the Resettlement and Sedentarization Program, for example, gotten financing need out of the Program 327 spending plan Assets from this program permitted SFEs to keep on working even though they were no more monetarily suitable Simultaneously, 327 assets were utilized to advance tree planting ashore vital for food creation (Sikor

1998) (Wil de Jong Do Dinh Sam Trieu Van Hung, 2006)

2.3 Sustainable Tourism

As more locales and nations build up their travel industry, it produces noteworthy effects on characteristic assets, utilization examples, contamination, and social frameworks The requirement for supportable/mindful arranging and the executives is basic for the business to get by overall Tourism impact the wildlife and habitat, water bodies, climate and atmosphere, and local communities To balance the impact and improve monetary, social, and natural parts of supportable advancement must incorporate the interests of all partners including indigenous individuals, nearby networks, guests, industry, and government (RACHEL DODDS, 2019)

As the population of the world is increasing, people tend to demonstrate and cycle of investing energy away from home in a quest for diversion, unwinding, and delight, while utilizing the business arrangement of administrations Tourism has played a vital role in enlightening people about the importance of conserving the environment and learning new about a place, culture, norms, food, nature, dress, and different way of life around us (Walton, nd)

Sustainable tourism is a tourism sector that assesses its current and future monetary, social and ecological effects, tending to the requirements of guests, the business, nature, and host networks Making sustainable tourism supportable methods

by expanding the advantages of the travel industry and lessening its negative effects

A great deal of the time we consider maintainability being about nature, yet that is just one of the three strands that should be met, supportable the travel industry additionally needs to add to the economy by making occupations and pay and help ration the neighborhood culture (Lucy, 2020)

Furthermore, for a good sustainable practice which should always consider utilizing natural assets that comprise a key component in the travel industry improvement, keeping up basic environmental cycles, and assisting with rationing characteristic legacy and biodiversity Regard the socio-social genuineness of host networks, monitor their constructed and living social legacy and customary qualities, and add to between social comprehension and resistance Guarantee feasible, long haul monetary tasks, giving financial advantages to all partners that are genuinely circulated, including stable work and pay procuring openings and social administrations to have networks, and adding to destitution easing (Greentourism, 2015)

Moreover, the tourism sector in Vietnam has a role in new ways for sustainable tourism in which the travel industry and travel assume an undeniably significant function in the Vietnamese economy with a commitment of 9.4% to public GDP in

2017, as indicated by a report by the World Travel and Tourism Council That number

is required to ascend by 6.2% in 2018 Nonetheless, the fast improvement of the travel industry has prompted heaps of issues: also stuffed vacationer locations and contamination because of low mindfulness about manageable the travel industry Take Halong Bay for instance This UNESCO World Heritage site is one of the most acclaimed objectives in Vietnam of its staggering landscape and a huge number

of limestone islets As per Vietnam's Ministry of Culture and Tourism, there are 6.93 million explorers who visit Halong Bay in 2017 During the pinnacle season from October to December when the Halong Bay climate is charming, the traveler turnout was 1.7 million Nonetheless, numerous guests don't return because of water contamination issues brought about by the activity of such a large number of vessels and travels just an as low degree of mindfulness about practical the travel industry by both neighborhood individuals, government, and vacationers too Things are gradually changing, particularly with the gigantic fish murder in Ha Tinh in 2016 which sent a stunning wave the country over The travel industry maintainability has been viewed as crucial for the nation's turn of events and this objective is referenced

in the all-inclusive strategy on the travel industry advancement of Vietnam by 2020,

with a vision to 2030 Other than the responsibilities from the government, numerous nearby travel organizations have understood guests' expanding intrigued by mindful travel and the significance of securing nature and saving assets to their organizations

in the long haul (Lee, 2018)

Since the establishment of a sustainable tourism practice in Vietnam that has been some challenges factors affecting the growth of the practice and has contributed opposite to the practice strategies and the development of sustainable tourism in Vietnam, such challenges include: weak institutional practices, a threat to the local communities in term of social factors, week awareness of planning and development

of tourism facilities, lack of diversified and sustainable tourism product, weak destination image has placed a huge concern for the development of sustainable tourism in Vietnam (uk eassy u.d, 2017 )

Luckily, Vietnam has been stepping by step progressing towards including more supportable practices and strategies in their travel industry arrangements Truth be told, Ms Mai H Nguyen claims that maintainability is an aspect of all-new travel industry plans made by the administration (M Nguyen, 2018) She likewise showed that at the examination establishment, they need to zero in on a set of accepted rules for guests just as bringing issues to light for neighborhood individuals They need to think about the condition, economy, and society in a fair route to improve expectations for everyday comforts for nearby individuals, make occupations, and reinforce the public GDP (M Nguyen, 2018) A portion of these objectives as of now exist in the travel industry law, for example, the commitments of sightseers, which incorporate regarding and safeguarding characteristic scenes and the conventional propensities and customs in traveler objections Notwithstanding, it is one thing to make an arrangement or law and very another to guarantee that strategy is being maintained and watched (Cahill, 2018)

2.4 Land Use Change

Land as an asset is fixed inflexibly with variable interest Briassoulis characterized land as the establishment of the assets required for human exercises just

as a stage on which the exercises are performed The utilization of land and its assets

by humanity offers to ascend to "land use" which contrasts with the reasons it serves, regardless of whether for creation of food, the arrangement of lodging, recreation, mining, and treatment of materials including the bio-physical highlights of the land itself The need for humanity, coupled with natural highlights and cycles are the two significant powers that impact land use (Linda Ngozi Izah, Zukepli Majid, Mohd Farid Mohd Ariff And Habiba, 2018 )

The land is an essential part of the earth which carries building, water, and our environment as the world is changing some of the land area zones have changed either

to the building, roads, railways, airport zone and many other usages for many human space consumptions and needs Land-use changes keep on showing themselves through withdrawals of surface or subsurface water and utilization, which act in a mix with financial and social practices at territorial levels according to (Riparia 2005) Land-use change could be further explained as the conversion of a piece of land's use

by humans, from one purpose to another For example, land may be converted from cropland to grassland (U.d, U.d)

Moreover, tourism and urbanization have triggered and land-use change all over the world which population increase, demand for land use, industrialization, deforestation, logging, infrastructural development, and housing Urbanization has caused numerous effects on normal assets related to the decrease also, change of green space The increase of urbanization has resulted in unplanned and unsystematic growth of urban centers and cities which has impacted the land-use change and demand Urbanization is a cycle through which the beneficial rural land, backwoods, surface water bodies, and groundwater possibilities are in effect hopelessly lost (Javaid Ahmad Tali, Divya.S and Krishna Murthy, 2015)

The economic globalization joined with the approaching worldwide land shortage builds the intricacy of future pathways of land-use change Expectations of the normal land-use effect of public strategies have gotten more dubious In a more interconnected world, the farming increase may cause more instead of less cropland

extension Land-use guidelines to ensure normal biological systems may simply dislodge land use somewhere else by expanding imports Moderating environmental change by commanding the utilization of biofuels in one spot may increment worldwide ozone harming substance outflows because of circuitous land-use changes

in far off areas An abatement in the provincial populace because of outmigration may expand land transformation through settlements being put resources into land use (Eric F Lambin and Patrick Meyfroidt, 2011 )

Land-use change is driven by synergetic factor mixes of asset shortage, prompting a press utilization of assets, changing open doors made by business sectors, outside strategy intercession, loss of versatile limit, and changes in social association and perspectives (Lambin et al., 2003) The particular drivers of land-use change fluctuate by geographic scale also, unquestionably do as far as their relative jobs (Mustard et al., 2004) On a worldwide scale, deforestation, soil corruption, overgrazing, quick populace development, and urbanization, and industrialization, in addition to other things, are related to land-use changes Land-use changes additionally decide, in part, the weakness of spots and individuals to climatic, financial, or sociopolitical annoyances (Kasperson et al., 1995) At the point when amassed internationally, land use/spread changes altogether influence focal parts of the earth framework working Drivers of land-use change vary after some time, yet also from nation to nation just as inside locales of a given nation (Paul, B K., & Rashid, H, 2017)

PART III METHODS

This chapter shows the different methods and special techniques used to identify forest conservation policy, sustainable tourism, and response to land-use change in Ba Vi National Park, Ba Vi, Vietnam It presents the research design, purpose, population, sample selection, and size The chapter also presents data and data collection, questionnaires, observation, data analysis, ethical issues Finally, it presents information on the profile of the study area

3.1 Research Design

The research design is a plan or a framework for guiding a study This study employed a descriptive-quantitative research design to identify the significant factor

of forest conservation policy, sustainable tourism, and response to land-use change in

Ba Vi National Park, Ba Vi, Vietnam Because the study employed statistical analysis using structured questionnaires

RESEARCH DESIGN

DATE COLLECTION

DATA ANALYSIS

SPSS (STSTISTICAL PACKSGE SOCIAL SCIENCE 20 PACKAGE CKAGE SOCIAL SCIENCE) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7 DISCUSSION

CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION ECOMMENDATION

be characterized by quite a few attributes inside a gathering that analysts use to reach inferences about the subjects in an examination Furthermore, it can be unclear or explicit Instances of the populace (characterized enigmatically) remember the number of infants for North America, all outnumber of tech new businesses in Asia, normal stature of all CFA test competitors on the planet, a mean load of U.S citizens, etc (KENTON, 2020) The target population of this study includes the local communities, tourists, expertise, and social works in Ba Vi National park, Ba Vi, Vietnam from October 16th to 18th

3.3 Sampling Size and Sampling Technique

The sample and sample size are a random determination of individuals from a population It is a little gathering drawn from the populace that has the qualities of the whole population (KENTON, 2020) The researcher chose a sample size of 55 This study employed non-probability convenience sampling simply because it attempts to obtain a sample of inconvenient elements This technique can help the researcher decide what element to include in the sample Also, the respondents are selected as they happened to be at the right place and at the right time The respondents are selected based on the convenience of the researcher

3.4 Data Collection Method

Data collection is the process of eliciting information from a given population There are two main sources of data for the study These are primary and secondary sources of data The primary data were elicited from the tourists in the field through the use of 55 self-administered questionnaires, the secondary data were sourced from databases of scientific journal publications such as; Cite Sex, Urich, google scholar, and also copies of tourism, forest conservation, and land-use change books in Thai Nguyen university library The copy of the questionnaire that was distributed personally to the respondents was immediately retrieved after answering the question

It was organized and analyzed after all the data were gathered

3.5 Questionnaire

The main data collection tool used in this study is a structured questionnaire This technique was used due to the nature of the topic Moreover, the questionnaire was used because the questionnaire has been identified as an inexpensive way to gather data from a potentially large number of the respondent at the relatively cheaper cost The questionnaire was divided into three (3) sections, the first part being a demographic profile, the second section being the activities of forest conservation programs affect the land-use change impact, and the final being the environmental benefit of sustainable tourists in response to land-use change in Ba Vi National Park,

Ba Vi, Vietnam The 5 levels Likert scale was used to assess expectations and responses from the local communities, tourists, and social workers on forest conservation policy and sustainable tourism in response to land-use change impact in

Ba Vi National Park Likert scale adopted a series of questions with five responses: (5) strongly agree, (4) Agree, (3) Neutral, (2) Disagree, and (1) strongly Disagree

3.6 Observation

The observation method is a type of data collection in which researchers observe and seek to find out what is going on within a specific research field Therefore, observation in this study was simply a supportive method of collecting data and would assist in information already acquired through the survey questionnaire The observation was also used for collecting data that could not be acquired from other methods General observations were made on tourist operators, the community’s activities towards the use of their forest conservation policy, and tourism activities within the study site The observations were conducted during on visit on October

data were analyzed science (SPSS) Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics 20 packages The result was presented in form of mean and standard deviations

3.8 Ethical issues

The study was strictly conducted voluntarily Due to this, consent was obtained from each participant about readiness to participate in the study The participant was made aware that their right and privacy would be respected They were assured that the information provided was for academic purposes and were treated with strict confidentiality They are also reminded that they were free to withdraw at any time without penalty because the focus was not to pressure them to participate

3.9.Profile of the Study

Ba Vi National Park is considered as a green lung of Hanoi, the spot concealing numerous strange and wonderful magnificence The variety and special of flawless nature pull in us mysteriously, running from extraordinary lavish tropical woodland

of South East Asia to green moist backwoods with numerous creepers It's a glorious uneven territory in Hanoi, notable for marvelous regular excellence Look from far off, we as of now mull over pleasant perspectives on 3 mountains: Vua (1,296 m), Tan Vien (1,226 m), and Ngoc Hoa (1,120 m) Ba Vi National park is easily reachable

by car, motorbike, car, or by bus The park consists of six main views and beautiful places to visit, Pine Hill, french ruins (old french church) Cactus glasshouse, Ho Chi Minh temple on Vua peak, Bao Thien Tower, and Thuong Temple all these six places have it important feature and cultural exhibition of Ba Vi National park We can even observe Hanoi somewhere out there without the secret of fog from April to December (hung, 2019 ) The local people in Ba Vi mainly depend on tourism activities for better income and the main activities of the tourism activities include walking around, climbing mountains, hiking, and sight viewing

figure 0.1 Map of Ba Vi National Park figure 0.2 Pine Hill