A study on local people’s perception on domestic solid waste management at group 10, quyet thang commune thai nguyen city

Rate of generation of solid waste in urban areas in Vietnam in 2007 .... Typical composition of domestic solid waste of some countries Components Low income countries Middle income cou

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

HOANG THI NHAN

A STUDY ON LOCAL PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION ON DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AT GROUP 10, QUYET THANG COMMUNE-

THAI NGUYEN CITY

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode: Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Program Office Batch : 2015 - 2019

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Thesis Title

A study on local people’s perception on domestic solid waste management at Group 10, Quyet Thang commune

- Thai Nguyen city

People's awareness has a great impact on environmental issues in general and waste problems in particular Separation and management of waste at source

is very important in environmental protection Raising people's awareness is the top task in solid waste collection and management

Numbers of

Date of

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Graduate internship time is a really important time for each student This is the time to consolidate and review the knowledge learned and apply propositions into practice, and help students to enhance their knowledge and working manners after graduation

With the agreement of the School- board, Advanced Education Program, I have

delved into the subject "A study on local people’s perceptions on domestic solid waste

management at Group 10, Quyet Thang commune-Thai Nguyen city"

I sincerely thank the teachers who have given me extravagant knowledge throughout the process of learning at the academy.With the knowledge acquired during my studies, it is not only the foundation for my thesis research but also a valuable baggage for me to enter life confidently

I would like to express my deep gratitude to MSc.Duong Hong Viet for

his enthusiastic guidance and help during the internship and graduation thesis writing process

In the Advanced Education Program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture

and Forestry, including MSc Ly Thi Duong and the thoughtful staff, sincerest

thank you for the help and break to conduct this exam

I would like to thank the officials of Quyet Thang Commune , Thai Nguyen city for the administration support for me to do the fieldtrip survey for gathering data for my research

Although I have tried very hard to complete the thesis with all my enthusiasm and energy However, due to limited time and capacity, shortcomings cannot be avoided We look forward to receiving valuable comments from teachers and friends Thank you sincerely!

Hoang Thi Nhan

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES i

LIST OF TABLES ii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii

PART I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Research rationale 1

1.2 Research’s objectives 1

1.3 Research question and hypotheses 2

1.3.1 Research question 2

1.3.2 Hypotheses 2

1.4 Limitation 2

1.5 Definitions 2

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 3

2.1 Basic Concepts 3

2.2 Sources of generation and classification of domestic solid waste 4

2.2.1 Sources of generation 4

2.2.2 Classification of domestic solid waste 4

2.2.3 Impact of waste (DSW) on the environment and public health 5

2.3.Current status of domestic waste in the world and Vietnam 8

2.3.1.Current status of domestic waste in the world 8

2.3.2 Current status of domestic waste in Vietnam 10

2.4.1 Management and treatment of waste in the world 13

2.4.2 Management and treatment of domestic waste in Vietnam 16

2.4.3 Some methods to raise people's awareness in the classification, collection and treatment of DSW in Vietnam 19

PART III METHODOLOGY 23

3.1 Material 23

3.2 Methods 23

3.2.1 Primary data collection method 23

3.3.2 Secondary data collections 24

3.3.3 Data analysis 24

4.1 The nature, economy and society of Quyet Thang commune 25

4.1.1 Nature condition 25

4.1.2 Characteristic about economy and society 28

4.2 Status of solid wastes in Group 10 , Quyet Thang commune 31

4.2.1.The source of waste 31

4.2.2 Assessing community awareness about classification of domestic solid waste in sources 34

4.3 Assessing community awareness about waste collection and treatment in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune 35

4.3.1 People's assessment of domestic waste collection of Urban environmental company 35

4.3.2 People's assessment of the fee level of urban companies in the area 36

4.3.3.People's garbage disposal and collection rate 38

4.4 The community's interest in waste separation at source, collection and treatment of domestic solid waste 39

4.5 Plan to raise people's awareness on segregation and management of domestic solid waste along with sustainable development 41

PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 43 REFERENCES 44

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Sources of domestic waste 4

Figure 2 Rate of generation of solid waste in urban areas in Vietnam in 2007 11

Figure 3 The proposed process for a zero-waste campus at TUAF 22

Figure 4.Method of collecting information by surveying local people 23

Figure 5 Geographical location of Quyet Thang commune 25

Figure 6 Sources of domestic waste generated in Group 10, Quyet Thang 32

Figure 7.Waste component in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune 34

Figure 8 percentages of people's waste treatment 39

Figure 9 The chart show the assessment of people's interest in domestic solid waste management and environmental issues 40

Figure 10 Image of the process of interviewing residents 49

Figure 11 The gathering place for domestic waste in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune 49

Figure 12 Image of waste collectors 50

Figure 13 Transport waste to the waste treatment facility 50

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Typical composition of domestic solid waste of some countries 9

Table 2 Composition and proportion of waste in the US 10

Table 3 Generation of domestic solid waste 11

Table 4 Amount of urban solid waste by geographical region in Vietnam in 2007 12

Table 5 Composition of domestic solid waste in some northern urbans (% weight) 13

Table 6 Waste treatment methods of some countries in Asia 16

Table 7 Climate characteristics of Quyet Thang commune 26

Table 8 Sources of domestic waste generated in Group 10, Quyet Thang 31

Table 9 Waste component in Group 10, Quyet Thang commune 33

Table 10 The classification of domestic solid waste at the source of the local people 35

Table 11 Residents assessment about waste collection of Urban environmental company 36

Table 12 The commune's environmental sanitation fee level 37

Table 13 Assessment table of the residential community on the collection of environmental sanitation fees (ESF) 37

Table 14 Table of percentages of people's waste treatment 38

Table 15 Statistical assessment of people's interest in domestic solid waste management and environmental issues 39

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale

There is a fact that environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious in many countries around the world such as India, Bangladesh, Qatar This not only affects human health and animal survival, but also affects the development

of these nations As a results, there are a lot of activities and policies have been put forwarded to protect the environment, however, this has not been able to deal with negative impacts

Over decades, as the economy and technology development, people's living standards also increase Each family uses and releases many different types of waste into the environment, especially domestic solid waste Currently, in

Vietnam, waste pollution is getting more and more serious (The status of environmental pollution in Vietnam and solutions, 2018) Domestic solid waste is

one of the direct causes of environmental pollution, unclassified domestic solid waste in households causes overcrowding for households, treatment process at environmental service companies Domestic solid waste is thrown indiscriminately

at the wrong time and in the wrong place, leading to land pollution, water pollution, air pollution, etc All of the above problems pose an urgent need for sanitation, domestic solid waste management

Community participation greatly contributes to the recognition of risks to the environment, providing more policy options for the classification and treatment of domestic solid waste Therefore, raising people's awareness about the importance

of environmental protection, waste management and collection is extremely important This topic clearly shows the attitude and awareness of people in protecting the environment through the classification, collection and treatment of waste Provide information and solutions to further raise people's awareness of environmental protection

Starting from the above issues, I do a research project on “A study on local

people’s perception on domestic solid waste management in group 10, Quyet Thang commune - Thai Nguyen city”

1.2 Research’s objectives

The main goals of our thesis are as follows:

- Determine the people's awareness of environmental issues, management and treatment of domestic solid waste

1.3 Research question and hypotheses

Because of the short time and the impact of the covid epidemic, people are afraid to contact strangers, so they answer interviews quickly At the same time, the outcome of the study depends greatly on the respondent is willingness to be interviewed and their honesty as well as when answering all the survey questions

be classified (organic and inorganic domestic solid waste), domestic solid waste has hazardous characteristics and ordinary domestic solid waste

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Basic Concepts

In Clause 10, Article 3 of the 2005 revised Law on Environmental Protection:

"Waste is a substance in solid, liquid or gaseous form that is discharged from production, business, service, daily life or other activities" So, waste is all the material things from food, utensils, production waste, medical services, etc That

people do not use anymore and throw away (Vietnam’s Environmental protection law, 2005)

Domestic waste is waste related to human activities, the source is mainly from residential areas, agencies, schools, service and commercial centers Domestic waste with ingredients including metal, crockery, glass, broken bricks, soil, stone, rubber, plastic, food residue or expired date, animal bones, bamboo, wood, feathers, cloth, paper, straw, straw, animal carcasses, vegetable peels, etc

Waste management is the activity of classifying, collecting, transporting, reducing, reusing, recycling, treating, destroying and disposing of waste

Additionally, Waste management is the process of preventing, reducing, monitoring, classifying, collecting, transporting, reusing, recycling and treating

waste (Law on Environmental Protection, 2005)

Solid waste collection is the activity of collecting, classifying, packing and temporarily storing solid waste at many collection points up to the time or approved

by a competent state agency

Solid waste storage is the holding of solid waste for a certain period of time in

a place where the authority accepts it before it is transferred to a treatment facility Solid waste transportation is the process of transporting solid waste from the place of generation, collection, storage , transshipment to the final treatment, recycling, reuse or landfill

Solid waste treatment is the process of using technological and technical solutions to reduce, eliminate, and destroy harmful or useless components in solid waste; recover, recycle and reuse useful components in DSW

Perception is a process of actively, consciously and creatively reflecting on the objective world into the human brain on a practical basis, in order to create knowledge

about that objective world (Perception and levels of cognitive processes, 2021)

2.2 Sources of generation and classification of domestic solid waste

2.2.1 Sources of generation

The volume of domestic waste is increasing due to the impact of population

growth, socio-economic development, and changes in consumption patterns in urban

areas and rural areas In which, the main sources of waste generation include:

From residential areas (domestic waste)

From commercial centers, offices, schools, public works

From industrial activities, agriculture, construction activities

From craft villages etc

Figure 1 Sources of domestic waste

(Tran Hieu Nhue, "solid waste management", 2001 )

2.2.2 Classification of domestic solid waste

There are two main classifications:

a Classification according to the degree of hazard

Hazardous waste: Waste containing substances or compounds having one of

the following characteristics: radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive,

infectious, toxic or other hazardous properties

Non-hazardous waste: is waste that does not contain substances and

compounds that have one of the characteristics that are hazardous to the

environment and human health

People's economic and social activities

Non-manufacturing

processes

Communication activities

Living and regenerating activities

Management activities

Domestic solid wastes

b Classification by waste source

- Domestic waste: Waste generated in personal, household and public activities is collectively referred to as domestic waste

- Industrial waste: Waste generated from industrial production, craft villages, business, service or other activities is collectively referred to as industrial waste

- Agricultural waste: Is the amount of waste generated from activities such as cultivation, harvesting of crops, livestock, waste products from dairy processing, slaughterhouses, etc agricultural waste

- Construction waste: Wastes such as soil, sand, bricks, tiles, broken concrete due to dismantling and construction activities Collectively referred to as construction waste

- Medical waste: Waste generated from medical activities such as: medical examination, preparation, production, training, research, veterinary medicine, etc Born from hospitals, nursing centers, preventive medical facilities Include:

Normal (domestic) medical waste includes: paperboards, packaging boxes, tissues, food waste, etc

Medical waste with the risk of infection such as cotton, bandages soaked with fluid or blood, expired medicine boxes, needles, etc

- Waste from other sources such as commerce, services, etc

2.2.3 Impact of waste (DSW) on the environment and public health

a Impact of solid waste on air environment

Waste with high organic and nitrogen content after decomposition will create intermediates and eventually form CH4, H2S, CO2, CH3OH, CH3CH2NH3COOH, Phenol, these substances are mostly toxic and cause air pollution The phenomenon

of air pollution in urban areas and industrial zones is becoming an urgent problem, adversely affecting production and living activities, and reducing quality of life

b Impact of solid waste on water environment

People often have the habit of dumping garbage on the banks of rivers, lakes, ponds and sewers Decomposed garbage is washed away by rainwater along with running water, making water sources polluted, directly or indirectly affecting the quality of surface water and groundwater in the area

On the other hand, over time, these garbage piles will reduce the area of ponds and lakes, reduce the self-cleaning ability of the water, obstruct the flow, and clog drains As a result of this phenomenon, the water ecosystem in the ponds and lakes

c Impact of solid waste on the soil environment

Waste consists of organic substances that, when decomposed in the soil environment, will release CH4, CO2, H2O, etc., combined with chemical, toxic, and radioactive components, which are available in the garbage, causing soil pollution These toxins seep into the soil and contaminate groundwater As a result, the soil gradually loses its porosity, becomes hard and gradually degrades with an increase

in pests and diseases Soil degradation leads to barren soil that is no longer arable, and the content of Cobalt, Chromium, Lead, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn is approximately and exceeding the permissible

threshold (Pervez Alam & Kafeel Ahmade, Impact of solid waste on health and the environment, 2013).

Moreover, in the composition of waste contains many toxins, when the waste

is put into the environment and is not treated scientifically The toxins entering the soil will destroy many beneficial organisms for the soil, making the environment worse The soil has reduced biodiversity and created many pests that destroy crops Especially nowadays, we are using plastic bags in our daily life These plastic bags take 50-60 years to decompose in the soil Therefore, they form separation walls in the soil, limiting the process of decomposition and the synthesis of nutrients, making the soil less fertile, acidic and reducing crop yields

d Impact of solid waste on public health

Environmental pollution caused by waste has a great impact on public health Emissions from landfills follow the respiratory route into the body, another part such as organic matter, heavy metals penetrates the water source into the body through food and drinking water, seriously affecting human health It is the cause of about 22 types of human diseases including cancer and diseases of the ear, nose and throat, malaria, pneumonia, intestinal, etc

The rate of people suffering from cancer in the area near the landfill accounted for 15.25% of the population In addition, the rate of surgical and inflammatory diseases in women due to polluted water accounts for 25% ( WHO, 2009)

e Impact of solid waste on urban landscape

The stagnation of garbage in public places of living and working is a very low expression of a civilized lifestyle The types of waste generated change groundwater, surface water and stratigraphy in the area and vicinity, disrupting the ecological balance, and reducing the quality of life The urban environment is unsanitary, seriously affecting the urban beauty

f Impact on socio-economic development

The ineffective management of DSW also leads to many negative impacts on socio-economic development Economic losses due to not thoroughly managing solid waste include not only the cost of environmental pollution treatment, but also costs related to medical examination and treatment, damage to a number of industries such as tourism and fisheries, etc Besides, there are the consequences of conflict and social instability, especially in the areas around the solid waste treatment facility However, if you take full advantage of the advantages from waste reuse and recycling, it will be a positive driving force in economic development in general and the environmental industry in particular

- Impact on economic development:

The cost of solid waste management is increasing

Every year, cities have to spend hundreds to thousands of billions of dong to carry out DSW management activities, including: collection of MSW at generated sources; collection on the street; transshipment and transportation; disposal (burial); sweeping and cleaning streets and public places; pick up solid waste in the river The increase in population and the popularity of disposable items have led to an increase in the amount of solid waste, leading to an increase in management costs

Currently, Ho Chi Minh City has to spend an annual budget of 900 - 1,200 billion VND for street cleaning and garbage collection and transportation, 1,100 - 1,200 billion VND for solid waste treatment, mainly is landfill (69% by volume)

- Impact on tourism industry:

Environmental pollution due to solid waste, especially plastic waste in some beach resorts is increasing DSW has not been collected and treated properly according to regulations, leading to environmental pollution, especially at some coastal beaches, near residential areas, restaurants, hotels While the awareness of environmental protection of residents and tourists are still limited, often there is a situation of indiscriminate dumping of waste and food on beaches, polluting the environment, negatively affecting the potential of tourism exploitation

- Impact on society: Causing conflicts and social unrest

Over the years, social conflicts caused by solid waste have often occurred, mainly arising from the storage, transportation, discharge, and burial of solid waste, typically recent cases in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City when people protested due to pollution problems at DSW treatment facilities

2.3.Current status of domestic waste in the world and Vietnam

2.3.1.Current status of domestic waste in the world

a The generation of domestic waste in some countries in the world

In general, the amount of domestic waste in each country in the world is different, depending on the economic development, population and consumption habits of the people of that country The rate of waste generation increases in proportion to the growth of GDP per capita The rate of waste generation per capita

in some cities around the world is as follows: Bangkok (Thailand) is 1.6 kg/person/day; Singapore is 2kg/person/day; Hong Kong is 2.2 kg/person/day; New

York (USA) is 2.65kg/person/day (Global waste generation, 2021)

The proportion of domestic waste in the municipal solid waste stream varies widely from country to country It is estimated that this percentage accounts for 60-70% in China (Gao et al 2002); accounting for 78% in Hong Kong; 48% in the Philippines and 37% in Japan, and 80% in Vietnam According to the assessment of the World Bank, high-income countries only have about 25-35% of domestic waste in the entire municipal solid waste stream

Recent statistics on total waste show that: In the UK, the amount of waste generated is about 307 million tons/year Of which, 60% of this is landfilled, 34% is recycled and 6% is incinerated Also according to statistics here, the amount of food waste in the household is about 6.7 million tons/year, so on average, each household generates 276 kg/year or 5.3 kg/week

According to recent statistics from the Ministry of Environment of Japan, every year this country has about 450 million tons of waste, most of which is industrial waste (397 million tons) Of the total waste above, only about 5% of waste has to go to landfills, over 36% is sent to factories for recycling The rest is disposed of by burning

or burying at waste treatment plants With household waste, about 70% is recycled into organic fertilizer, contributing to reducing the need for fertilizer production and import Every day Singapore generates about 16,000 tons of waste Garbage in Singapore is sorted at source As a result, 56% of the waste generated every day (about 9,000 tons) goes back to factories for recycling About 41% (7,000 tons) are sent to four incinerators to burn them to ashes, the generated heat is used to generate electricity to provide electricity for 3% of households

In Russia, on average, each person discharges into the environment 300kg of domestic waste/person/year Therefore, on average, this country discharges into the environment about 50 million tons of waste a year, and Moscow alone is 5 million tons/year

According to the World Bank (2017) Asian cities generate about 760,000 tons

of municipal solid waste every day By 2025, this number is expected to increase to

1.8 million tons/day

b Composition of domestic waste of some countries in the world

The composition of waste in countries around the world is different depending

on the income and standard of living of each country In industrialized countries, inorganic substances in the generated waste account for the majority and this amount

of waste will be the raw material for the recycling industry

Table 1 Typical composition of domestic solid waste of some countries Components Low income

countries

Middle income countries

High income countries

( Integrated Solid Waste Management, 2001)

The table shows that the organic waste content fluctuates downward, the inorganic waste fluctuates according to low-income, middle-income, and then high-income countries One of the typical reasons is because economic development in different directions, different living standards create different needs, and the living habits of different countries are different

Every year, the United States generates a huge amount of garbage up to 10 billion tons In which, waste from oil and gas extraction accounted for 75%; waste from agricultural production accounted for 13%; waste from industrial activities accounted for 9.5%; waste from sewage sludge accounted for 1%; domestic waste accounted for 1.5%

Table 2 Composition and proportion of waste in the US

Components

Percentage of waste by different sources

At the Colombian landfill

According to the EPA

National average

(Waste Management Research magazine, 2005)

From the table above, it can be seen that the composition of domestic waste in the US is also very diverse, including components such as paper, plastic, metal, glass, and organic waste, etc However, the percentage of all types of garbage There are differences according to different sources, but according to the statistics of the table, the typical domestic waste in the US is organic waste, which does not account for a high percentage like Vietnam and some other countries The average rate of organic waste in the country only ranges from 18-29%, while paper always accounts for a high proportion, at the Colombia landfill it is 41%, according to the EPA 33%, and the average water ranges from 35-37%

2.3.2 Current status of domestic waste in Vietnam

a The generation of domestic waste in some regions of Vietnam

The amount of daily-life solid waste generated in urban areas in our country is increasing, on average, it increases by about 10 -15% per year The high rate of increase is concentrated in urban areas that are expanding and developing strongly both in terms of quantity and quality size and population and industrial zones, such

as urban centers in Phu Tho province (19.9%), Phu Ly city (17.3%), Hung Yen (12.3%), Rach Gia (12.7%), Cao Lanh (12.5%) Urban areas in the Central Highlands have a steady increase in domestic solid waste generated every year and with an increased rate of less than 5.0%

According to the 2002 statistics (General Department of Environmental Protection, 2009) the average amount of domestic solid waste was from 0.6 -0.9 kg/person/day in large urban areas and 0.4- 0.5 kg/person/day in small urban areas and towns By 2008 and early 2009, this rate in big cities had increased to 0.9 -1.3 kg/person/day, respectively The results of the overall survey in 2006 - 2007 show that the urban area with the largest amount of domestic solid waste generated is Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City (5500 tons/day), Hanoi (2500 tons/day); urban

areas with the least amount of solid waste generated is Bac Kan - 12.3 tons/day; Gia Nghia town 12.6 tons/day; Cao Bang 20 tons/day; City Dong Hoi 32.0 tons/day; Yen Bai city 33.4 tons/day and Ha Giang town 37.1 tons/day Thus, the amount of municipal solid waste generated is mainly concentrated in two urban areas, especially Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh Although there are only 2 urban areas, the total amount of domestic solid waste generated is up to 8,000 tons/day (2,920,000 tons/year), accounting for 45.24% of the total daily-life solid

waste generated from all urban areas (Figure 2)

Table 3 Generation of domestic solid waste

Area

Emissions per capita (kg/person/day)

Compared to the total amount of waste

%

Organic ingredients

(General Department of Environmental Protection, 2009)

Figure 2 Rate of generation of solid waste in urban areas in Vietnam in 2007

By geographical region (or socio-economic development region), urban areas

in the Southeast region have the largest amount of domestic solid waste generated

followed by urban areas in the Red River Delta region with the volume of urban solid waste generation at 4,444 tons/day or 1,622,060 tons/year (accounting for 25.12%) The urban areas in the Northwest mountainous region have the lowest amount of municipal solid waste generation at only 69,350 tons/year (accounting for 1.07%) followed by the urban areas in the Central Highlands provinces total municipal solid waste generation is 237,350 tons/year (accounting for 3.68%)

(Table 4)

Table 4 Amount of urban solid waste by geographical region in Vietnam in 2007

No Administrative units

Average amount of solid waste per capita (kg/person/day)

The total amount of urban solid waste generated (ton/day) (ton/year)

b Composition of domestic waste of some regions in Vietnam

The composition of waste varies widely depending on location, nature of consumption, economic conditions, and many other factors Usually, the composition of waste includes the following components: food waste, paper, cotton, rags, garden products, wood, glass, plastic, ash dust, sand and stone, rubble

Table 5 Composition of domestic solid waste in some northern urbans (% )

(CEETIA survey results report, 2004)

The composition of domestic waste in urban areas is characterized by the unstable percentage of substances in the waste, which varies from city to city

According to the survey results (Table 5), the organic matter of some typical cities

in the North accounts for a relatively high proportion, ranging from 40 to 65% of the total waste, of which the highest is a Nam Dinh city with 65.0%; combustible substances account for about 68% on average, recyclable scraps account for 10% -

18% depending on the recycling activity of each municipality

2.4.The situation of management and treatment of domestic waste in the world and Vietnam

2.4.1 Management and treatment of waste in the world

The problem of waste management and treatment in countries around the world is getting more and more attention Especially in developed countries, this work is carried out in a very strict manner, from the people's sense of waste disposal, the process of sorting at source, the collection and collection of waste to the equipment Collected and transported according to each type of waste

In North America: Recognizing the method of using harmless generating

increase in the number of landfills, the increse in landfill prices, the decrease electricity prices, generator incineration technology can not compete successfully with landfill technology To encourage technology to protect national power genneration rights to adopt policy tax priorities The US government abolished the account tax for power plants since 2004

In Germany: The recycling industry in Germany is leading in the world

today Garbage segregation has been seriously practicing in Germany since 1991 Packaging waste, including food containers, juice containers, plastic, metal, or cotton machinery is collected in the yellow bins Besides the yellow bin, there are also blue bins for paper, green bins for biological waste, and black bins for glass Germany's most popular technology is waste treatment coupled with biogas recovery and microbial organic fertilizer Waste in households has been classified, while in public places where the classification has not been thorough, it is received and further classified The organic waste is put into the composting equipment in the form of pressure tanks together with the biogas recovery device-generated during the organic decomposition fermentation

In Japan: Moving from the traditional waste management system with the

flow of materials processed in one direction to a society with a material processing cycle following the 3R model (reduce, reuse, recycle)

Regarding domestic solid waste collection in Japan, households are required to divide garbage into 3 categories: biodegradable organic waste, difficult to recycle but combustible garbage, and recyclable garbage

Organic waste collected daily is taken to the composting plant; type of waste that is difficult to recycle, or the recycling efficiency is not high, but it can be burned to an incineration plant to recover energy; Recyclable waste will be sent to recycling plants For bulky waste such as televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, etc., it is stipulated that on the 15th of every month, it must be placed in front of the gate waiting for cars to arrive Go, do not arbitrarily leave those things

on the sidewalk After collecting garbage in a designated place, the cleaning company puts the combustible waste into the incinerator to utilize the energy source for the generator Non-combustible garbage is put into small presses and buried deep in the ground

In Singapore: Garbage collection is held in public bidding for contractors

The winning company will carry out garbage collection in a specific area within

7 years Singapore has 9 garbage collection areas Domestic waste is taken to a large dump area The garbage collection company will provide a “door to door”

service where recyclable waste is collected and processed under the National Recycling program

For Asian countries: Landfilling is still a popular method for waste treatment

because of its low cost Waste landfills are divided into 3 types: open-pit, sanitary (filling only) and compound landfills The quality of landfills is closely related to GDP Sanitary landfills are commonly found in high-income countries, while open-air landfills are common in developing countries

semi-According to the report: "Vietnam Environmental Development 2004" said that most of South Asian and Southeast Asian countries waste is sent to landfills or open-pit sites for destruction Countries such as Vietnam, Bangladesh, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, India, China and Korea have the largest burial rates of over 90% For organic waste, composting is the primary disposal method Some countries like India, Philippines, Thailand apply this method quite commonly (WHO, 1996) Until 2006 the methods applied mainly to waste treatment of these countries remained unchanged

Most of Vietnam is still opencast and landfilled landfills (96%) and 4% is applying composting technology Thereby showing that our country has not yet applied advanced technologies to treat waste to create more energy sources to serve human needs

Countries such as: India, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia are more advanced, the amount of waste used for composting accounts for a higher proportion, ranging

from 10-20% The details are shown in Table 6:

Table 6 Waste treatment methods of some countries in Asia(%)

Countries

Open-air landfill, buried Burning

Processing compost fertilizer

Other method

( Institute of Irrigation Science, 2006)

2.4.2 Management and treatment of domestic waste in Vietnam

2.4.2.1 Waste management in Vietnam

Managing domestic waste in Vietnam, especially in cities such as Hanoi,

Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang, Hai Phong… is a big challenge for managers The growth rate of waste is not only because urban population increases, production and services increase, but also because people's living standards are increasing day by day

According to sources cited from the 2004 environmental status report, the national average collection rate of domestic waste is 71%, in urban areas less than 20%, in rural areas, the collection rate is less than 20%, ranges from 10-20% The amount of industrial solid waste collected is 85-90% and hazardous waste is only about 60-70%

The financial management mechanism in waste collection activities mainly relies on subsidized funds from the state budget, which has not yet mobilized economic sectors to participate The socialization of collection activities is still low, people have not really actively participated in collection activities and have not clearly seen the obligation to contribute funds for waste collection services

Currently, in the area of small cities, there is still no systematic collection and transportation of solid waste throughout the province Depending on the pressing requirements of the districts, districts, and each locality, a public works factory or cleaning team should be formed to collect domestic waste and a part of industrial waste in the central areas focus on solving daily garbage collection requirements

In cities, the collection and treatment of municipal waste are usually undertaken by the Urban Environment Company (URENCO) However, there have been private organizations engaged in this work Domestic solid waste collection and street cleaning are usually done at night to avoid daytime heat and traffic congestion

URENCO said that on average, the company collects more than 2,000 tons of waste every day, of which, if the organic waste is classified well, it can be used up

to 40% Currently, workers of this company are able to sort 100 tons of organic waste per day to make fertilizer at the Cau Dien waste treatment plant According to calculations by specialized agencies, if the 3R model is well implemented every month, Hanoi city will save nearly 4 billion VND in waste treatment costs

2.4.2.2 Waste treatment in Vietnam

The main method of waste treatment is landfilling in landfills According to the report of the Departments of Science, Technology and Environment of the provinces and cities and according to the monitoring results of the 3 regions, only 32/64 provinces and cities have investment projects to build sanitary landfills Of which 13 urban areas have been invested and built However, except for the solid waste landfill at the Nam Son Waste Treatment Complex, Hanoi and the solid waste landfill in Hue city, which are operating in compliance with the requirements to ensure the environment in a reasonable manner Relatively, other landfills, including modern landfills such as Go Cat in Ho Chi Minh City, are also in an unsanitary state of operation

a About recycling activities

The application of waste recycling technologies for reuse is still very limited, not organized, planned and developed Only a small part of the waste is processed into microbial fertilizer and hygienic humus Waste recycling facilities are small-

and some plastic casting and recycling villages this rate is estimated at only 13 - 15%, however, some recycling craft villages are currently facing many pressing environmental problems such as: Chi Dao (Hung Yen), Minh Khai (Hung Yen) paper-making craft village (Bac Ninh) In Ha Noi, more than 15% of the waste generated has been recovered and used However, direct contact with waste at landfills poses a danger to human health and is susceptible to a number of diseases such as; tetanus, infections and diseases

b Some typical treatment methods in Vietnam

Technology of treatment by burial

Landfilling is a method of storing waste in landfills covered with soil

The basic principle of this method is the anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds in waste and perishable substances to produce the end product of nutrient-rich organic matter such as: organic acids, nitrogen compounds ammonium and CO2, CH4

This is a common method of waste treatment in urban areas But most of the landfills do not meet the technical standards of environmental sanitation but are just open-air dumps, polluting groundwater and surface water as well as soil, air and surrounding environment Some landfills initially applied environmental sanitation standards such as Nam Son landfill - Hanoi, Thuy Phuong landfill in Hue

Factors to consider when choosing a landfill

Size: The size of the landfill depends on the urban population, the annual amount of waste to determine the type of large, medium, or small landfill The larger the amount of waste generated, the larger the landfill size and the longer the reuse time However, the level of land reuse of the landfill depends on the nature and composition of each type of waste

Regarding the location of landfills: The environmental safety distance must be considered to urban centers, residential clusters, cultural works, tourist areas, underground water exploitation works, main roads, avoid harmful impacts to the environment and human health, but not too far from the center of urban centers and industrial zones to limit transportation costs

At the same time, it is not advisable to plan landfills in areas with large reserves of groundwater and limestone areas Below is a table of safe distances in the selection of landfill site

Combustion technology

Concept: Waste treatment by incineration is the process of oxidizing waste at high temperature, suitable for treating industrial waste, organic hazardous waste such as rubber, plastic, oil residue, solvents, etc environment, pesticides and especially medical waste

Scientific basis: The scientific basis of this method is oxidation at high temperature, in the presence of oxygen in the air, in which toxic waste is converted into gas and non-flammable solid waste Purified or uncleaned gases are released into the atmosphere The remaining solid waste is buried

Basic requirements: Provide enough oxygen for the pyrolysis process by introducing a residual amount of air into the combustion chamber The residual gas generated during the combustion process must be maintained for a long time in the incinerator long enough for complete combustion at least 4 seconds, sharp objects when transported must be placed in hard boxes and covered with lids, the oven must ensure enough temperature to destroy sharp objects at least 1,0000C, requiring good mixing of vortex combustible gases

In Vietnam, some urban areas apply hazardous waste incineration technology such as: CEETIIACN 150 incinerator at Nam Son landfill (Hanoi), capacity 150kg/h, multi-level combustion chamber, avoiding dioxin/furan regeneration, multi-level smoke treatment, automatic or semi-automatic operation

General Hospital of Ninh Thuan, Bac Can, Thai Nguyen tuberculosis and lung hospital, and medical centers of Luong Tai and Que Vo districts (Bac Ninh province) use high-efficiency medical waste incinerators VHI-18B type Fuel-saving model, with the principle of multi-zone combustion, high combustion efficiency, capable of thoroughly eliminating dust, heavy metals and harmful gases such as: NOx, SOx, HCl, HF, combustion products Contains Dioxins and Furans

2.4.3 Some methods to raise people's awareness in the classification, collection and treatment of DSW in Vietnam

Garbage becomes a resource when properly sorted and disposed of In contrast, garbage will pollute the environment in the present and in the future if it continues to be buried naturally without being properly classified and treated Therefore, the State of Vietnam has promulgated a system of laws, decrees and circulars related to solid waste management Specifically: Decree No 81/2006/ND-

competence, sanctioning procedures and remedial measures (This Decree replaces Decree No 121/2004/ND-CP) Directive No 23/2005/CT-TTg dated June 21, 2005

of the Prime Minister on promoting solid waste management in urban areas and industrial zones; On November 17, 2020, the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, term XIV, session 10 passed the Law on Environmental Protection The Law includes 16 chapters and 171 articles regulating environmental protection activities; rights, obligations and responsibilities of agencies, organizations, residential communities, households and individuals in

environmental protection activities, effective from January 1, 2022 etc (Decree on solid waste management and environment, 2006)

Circulars, resolutions and laws are proposed by the State, for agencies, companies, enterprises and individuals to comply with regulations and law This also contributes to raising awareness of people and agencies about the collection, classification and treatment of domestic solid waste

In addition, the communication programs are regularly organized by the state such as "Raise awareness and change the behavior of the community in the classification, reuse and recycling of waste to promote the circular economy model towards sustainable development" is being implemented under the cooperation of Vietnam Association of Urban Environment and Industrial Parks, Vietnam Urban and Environment Magazine and Vietnam Alliance for Packaging Recycling

Jointly respond to the national and international movement on environmental protection, the teachers and students of the Thai Nguyen university of Agriculture and Forestry organized the program "Zero waste campus" Green, red, and yellow trash cans are provided to each building on the campus for the purpose of sorting waste Volunteers are Youth Union members who will collect and transport waste to the treatment site, where there will be different areas to make compost from organic waste; biochar production by burning biomass waste in CO2- free biochar incinerators; recyclable waste recycling; and burn and bury the remains To ensure safety, during the installation and operation of the biochar furnace, trainers are invited to visit the monitoring site to ensure that the system is working properly The university works with a number of local recyclable waste collectors to sell reusable waste (including glass, plastic, paper, etc) This not only promotes waste recycling but also raises funds to sustain the program in the long run Waste products including compost and biochar will be used on the university's farms The

combination of compost and biochar improves soil microbial processes, soil quality and plant characteristics By incinerating the remainder of the waste and burying the ash, the amount of waste that is landfilled is expected to be reduced to less than 8%

of the total waste In the long run, a city's waste incineration system is planned and invested to properly treat all these wastes in order to best protect the environment

In case the amount of fertilizer made from biochar and compost is large, the startup support center at the university is committed to commercializing biochar products and compost will be a good source of income to maintain the program This model was developed based on research by Paul Olivier and his colleagues on “Making waste our great source”

The proposed process for a zero-waste campus at TUAF is depicted in the following chart: