Quality analysis of cau river surface water, on section that flows through thai nguyen

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULURAL AND FOSTRY VU MINH DUC TOPIC TILTE : Quality analysis of Cau river surface water, on section that flows through Thai Nguyen BACHEL

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULURAL AND FOSTRY

VU MINH DUC

TOPIC TILTE : Quality analysis of Cau river surface water, on section that flows

through Thai Nguyen

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode: Full – time

Major : Environment Science & Management

Faculty: International Programs Office

Batch: 2015-2019

Thai Nguyen, 06/08/2019

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Vu Minh Duc

Student ID DTN1553110012

Thesis Title Water quality of Cau River

Supervisor (s) Nguyen Thi Ha, Assoc Prof

Abstract:

In this report we perform analysis and evaluation of the water quality of the bridge in 5 index Then compare and evaluate with the National technical regulation on surface water qualitynumber 08: 2008 to draw conclusions

In Center of Natural Resources and Environment Monitoring – Thai

Nguyen, I have been instructed and practice analyzing the water samples and measuring indicators but to easily compare and make conclusions, I used figures from the years 2017 and 2018 in this report In conclusion * According to the monitoring location, Cau River water flows through the area city Thai Nguyeny mainly manifestations organic pollutants,

compared with the 2011 levels of organic matter in the water slightly, the BOD value reached from 1.01 to 1.28 times, TSS pass from 1.78 to 3.69 times the Standard 08: 2008 / A2 column

Over time the water quality in the first year of Cau river mainly organic pollution in the period from June to the end of August, during this period increased organic matter content, the BOD value reached from 1.02 to 1.42 times, from 1.3 to 3.69 TSS beyond time

Date of

Submission:

23- Sep - 2019

CONTENT

Page

Introduction I

1 RESEACH QUESTION 1

2 THE AIM OF RESEACH 2

2.1 Overall objectives 2

2.2 Detail objectives 2

3 MEANING OF RESEACH 2

3.1 Scientific significance 2

3.2 Economic and society 2

PART 1: LETERATURE REVIEW 4

1.1 SCIENTIFIC BASIS 4

1.2 OVERVIEW OF WATER QUALITY 5

1.3 INTRODUCTION OF CAU RIVER 23

1.3.1 Natural condition 23

1.3.2 Rule of Cau river 28

PART 2: SUBJECTIVE, CONTENT AND METHOD………29

2.1 SUBJECTIVE AND LOCATION 29

2.1.1 Subjective 29

2.1.2 Location 29

2.1.3 Time 29

2.1.4 Location 29

2.2 CONTENT 29

2.3 METHOD 30

2.3.1 Document collection methods secondary data 30

2.3.2 Interviewing 30

2.3.3 Sampling method 31

2.3.4 Method of preserving and transporting water samples 32

2.3.5 Monitoring methods 32

2.3.6 Comparative evaluation method 33

2.3.7 Data processing methods 33

2.3.8 Methods of expression study results 33

PART 3: RESULT AND CONCLUSION 34

3.1 REALITY QUALITY OF CAU RIVER 37

3.1.1 Curent situation quality of Cau river follow survey data 37

3.1.2 Curent situation quality of Cau river followdata from relevant agencies 40 3.2 SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSNMENT FOLLOW DATA 45

3.2.1 Surface water quality in location 45

3.2.2 Surface water quality in time 53

3.3 SURFACE WATER QUAILITY ASSESSMENT FOLLOW MONITORING DATA 45 3.3.1 Surface water quality assessment in location 45 3.3.2 Surface water quality assessment in time 53

3.3.3 The proposed solutions to improve and protect the river bridge………72

PART 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMENTDATION… ……….77

1 CONCLUSION 77

2 RECOMENTDATION 77

PART 5: REFRENCE 79

INTRODUCTION

1 RESEACH QUESITON

Surface water has been used as the main source for several human's activities (bathing, drinking, agriculture production, etc .) since the early of history With the development of civilization, surface water issues are not domestic but international problems that challenge all races, regions and nations around the globe As the population grows, surface water has been damaged by massive waste discharged to the environment (including into the water), affecting not only the surroundings but also human health This leads to an urgent of accurate water quality control and wastage control to ensure the surface water quality for future generations and environment stability

Thai Nguyen city and Thai Nguyen province as a whole has been industrialized, modernized and urbanized in a fast pace within the recent years Being the Central of Northeastern Vietnam, Thai Nguyen still focus on agriculture, especially

rice, crops, vegetables and fruits according to certain regions of the province Thai Nguyen inherits abundance of water from Cau river, providing resources for daily activities as well as productions Therefore, we conduct a research on the topic:

”Quality analysis of Cau river surface water, on section that

flows through Thai Nguyen"

2 THE AIM OF RESEACH

Being able to evaluate the quality of Cau river's surface water in order to analyze reasons and propose solutions to lessen water pollution and improve surface water quality of Cau river Therefore, the surface water quality of Thai Nguyen city could be better off

projects

Understand the pollution degrees of Cau river in scientific data, so that accurate solutions can be done to prevent further damage to the water resource of the city

Being able to improve water quality of Cau river is significantly important for the development of the city Better Cau river water quality ensures better well-being of citizens along the river, reduces dermatological, intestinal, dengue diseases Also, it helps boosting the economic and better river transportation, increasing living conditions and trustworthiness of city government in the community

PART 1

LETERATURE REVIEW

1.1 SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND OR FUNDAMENTAL

Cau River is the most important river in the Pacific river systems, is one

of Vietnam's major Basin Cau river has a special geographical location, diversity and abundance of natural resources as well as on the history of economic development - society of the province in its basin Iron River provides water for drinking and industrial water supply for irrigation, hydroelectric service, transportation service, river sand mining [3]

Cau River area has the dynamic economic development, with diverse occupations of most of the current production areas in the country [33], [34] Therefore, along with the trend of economic development -

economic development of the country, provinces Cau river basin in the development process towards an economic structure dynamic efficiency, has accelerated the pace of development of the industry economic

strength is considered the spearhead of the province However, with rapid growth in economic and associated with environmental

issues According to the study results showed that the Cau River water quality has been declining, many places have been serious pollution, particularly of the river flowing through urban areas, industrial zones and craft villages [35]

Middle segment Cau River flowing through the city of Thai Nguyen, this

is the area with economic development level is relatively high [3] This river section to receive a large amount of waste water (about 150 million m3 / year) from operating activities, industry, agriculture, services

[4] The water quality of this segment has declined dramatically Most water quality indicators are substandard quality of Grade A (Standard number 08: 2008 ) Many places, many indicators do not meet Class B source, especially in the dry season, when water upstream at [19]

Meanwhile, the competent authorities have not yet found a solution to save the river sync Pollution and degradation of receiving capacity of the river to alarming levels, while forecasting the environmental impact

of the process of economic development - society will continue to rise sharply in the future Thus, assessing the status of surface water quality

of the Cau River, flows through the city of Thai Nguyen will partly determine the pollution levels of pollutants in surface water Cau River flows through the city of Thai Nguyen, from that building programs and

measures to minimize environmental pollution of surface water Thai Nguyen city

1.2 OVERVIEW OF WATER QUALITY INDEX

1.2.1 The soluble inorganic ion

Many inorganic ion concentrations are very high in natural water,

especially in sea water In urban waste water always contains a large number of the ions Cl -, SO42-, PO43-, Na+, K+ In industrial waste water,

in addition to the above ions can be inorganic such as highly toxic compounds of Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Sb, Cr, F

* Nutrient (N, P)

Salts of nitrogen and phosphorus are nutrients for plants, in appropriate concentrations they create conditions for plants, algae

grow Ammonium, nitrate, phosphate is the nutrients typically present

in natural water sources, and production activities of humans has

increased the concentration of ions in natural water

- Amoni and amoniac (NH4 +, NH3): surface water

typically contains only a small amount (less than 0.05 mg/L),

ammonium ion (in acid environment) or ammonia (in alkaline

environment) Ammonium concentrations in groundwater are

often higher than surface water Ammonium concentrations in urban sewage

industrial waste water or food processing is usually very high, at up to

100 mg/L national technical regulation on the quality of surface water (QCVN 8:2008/BTNMT) prescribing the maximum concentrations of ammonium (or ammonia) in water resources use in the purpose of living

is 0.1 mg/ L (measured in N) or from 0.2 to 1.0 mg/L for other uses

of nitrogen-containing substances contained in the waste of

people and animals In natural water nitrate concentrations are

usually less than 5 mg/L Due to industrial waste, spill water

containing fertilizer from agricultural areas, the concentration

of nitrates in the water can rise, affect water quality and

aquaculture Children who drink water containing various

nitrates can be methemoglobin syndrome (syndrome of

"pale") QCVN 8:2008/BTNMT prescribed maximum

concentration of nitrates in surface water sources used in the

purpose of living is 2 mg/L (calculated as N) or from 5 to 15

mg/L for other uses

- Phosphate (PO4 3-): like nitrates, phosphates are

nutrients needed for the growth of aquatic plants The phosphate

concentration in the water source pollution usually smaller than 0.01 mg/L of contaminated river water due to urban wastewater, industrial wastewater or water flow from overflow field contains many types of fertilizer, phosphate concentrations can have up to 0.5 mg/L phosphate does not belong, types of toxic chemicals to humans, many water quality standards do not prescribe the maximum concentration for phosphates Although not toxic to humans, but when present in water in relatively large concentrations, along with nitrogen, phosphates will cause eutrophication phenomena (eutrophication, also known as obesity)

According to many authors, when phosphate concentrations in water reaching ³ 0.01 mg/l (calculated according to P) and P:N rate: C exceeds 1:16:100, will cause

Statue of eutrophication of water resources From eutrophication is derived from Greek, means "good upbringing" Eutrophication status of only one Lake are strong

growth of algae Although algae thrive in conditions of eutrophication can support the food chain in the country, but the development boom of algae will cause the consequences do decreased water quality Eutrophication phenomena often occurred with the indoor, or at least circulating water exchange When the new formation, the outdoor status in nutrient poor (oligotrophic) are quite common in the lake water After some time, due to the penetration of the nutrients from the water drains to overflow, the growth and decay of aquatic creatures, the Lake began to accumulate large amounts

of organic matter At that start happening eutrophication phenomena with the development boom of algae, the lake water becomes green, a large amount of sludge sedimentation formed

by the body of the dead algae Gradually, the Lake will become wetlands and finally the dry land, the life of aquatic animals in the Lake was stopped

* Sulfate (SO42-): The natural water resources, particularly water and brackish water, often with high sulfate concentrations Sulfate in water may be microbial metabolism generate sulfite and sulfuric acid can cause corrosion of pipes and concrete At high concentrations, sulfate can be harmful to plants

* Chlorua (Cl-):

As one of the important ion water and wastewater Chloride combines with other ions such as sodium, potassium causes you to water Water has a high concentration of chloride

capable of metal corrosion, damage to crops, reducing the life

of concrete works, Overall chloride is not harmful to human health, but chloride could cause salty water so less intent affecting eating and living

Pb, Hg, Cr, Cd, As, Mn, often in industrial wastewater Most heavy metals are highly toxic to humans and other animals :

- Lead (Pb): Lead in wastewater of battery production facilities, battery, metallurgy, petrochemical Lead also be put into the aquatic environment from pollution caused by air traffic emissions Lead capable accumulate

in the body, neurotoxic, lethal if severe poisoning Lead is very toxic to aquatic life Organic lead compounds toxic than 10-100 times the

inorganic lead to fish

- Mercury (Hg): metal mercury is used in agriculture (fungicides) and in industry (electrodes) In nature, mercury is released into the environment from volcanic gases In areas with mercury mines, mercury concentrations

in water is high Many types of industrial wastewater containing mercury

in the form of inorganic salts of mercury (I), Hg (II) or the organic

compounds containing mercury Mercury is a highly toxic heavy metal to humans In the 50s, 60s, mercury pollution in Minamata Bay Organic, Japan, has caused accumulated Hg in seafood More than 1,000 people have died from mercury poisoning after eating seafood caught in the gulf This is one of the most serious environmental accidents in modern history

- Arsenic (As): Arsenic in the water can be caused by natural pollution sources (minerals containing arsenic) or artificial sources (metallurgy, mining ) Arsenic in water typically present as arsenide (AsO33-),

arsenate (AsO43-) or organic arsenic (arsenic methyl compounds can type

in the environment due to the metabolic reactions of biological inorganic arsenic)

Arsenic and its compounds are highly toxic substances (for humans, other animals and microorganisms), it is likely to accumulate in the body and cause cancer The toxicity of the compound of arsenic: As (III)> As (V)> organic arsenic

1.2.2 Organic substances

* The organic material susceptible to biodegradation (substances consume oxygen)

Carbohydrates, protein, fat normally present in domestic wastewater,

municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater processing of food is organic material susceptible to biodegradation In domestic sewage, around 60-80% of the organic matter of a kind susceptible degradable organic vulnerable

biodegradable often harmful effects to aquatic resources, because when

decomposed these substances will reduce the oxygen dissolved in the water, leading to dead fish

1.2.3 Grease

The grease is insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents The grease has very complex chemical composition Crude oil contains thousands of different molecules, but mostly the carbon Hydrogen a carbon number from 2 to 26 In crude oil also contains sulfur compounds, nitrogen, metals The following fuel oil refining (oil DO2, FO) and some other oil products also contain toxins such

as PCBs, PAHs, Therefore, the grease is often highly toxic and relatively stable in the water environment Toxicity and effects of grease to the water not the same ecosystem that depends on the type of grease

Most of the vegetation are the harmful effects of grease The aquatic vegetation easily dies due to grease prevented the process of respiration, photosynthesis and

the energy level However, some types of algae back less sensitive to grease, so

in terms of pollution, many types of algae thrived

Marine transport, mining and transport crude oil in particular is polluting

sources mostly grease for the water environment

Pure water has no color, but water in nature usually due to substances present in water as:

-Organic substances by plant decomposition determining iron and manganese glue form or dissolved form, the waste industry

-Industrial wastes (food coloring, chromium, tannin, Lignin, )

The real color of water created by the dissolved or colloidal substances

contained in water The apparent color of the water due to suspended solids in the water In addition to the harmful effects of these substances cause color in water, the water was colored is not standard in terms of perception, causing obstacles for many different purposes

Many substances can cause odor to the water In particular, many substances have harmful effects to human health as well as causing harm to other fauna and ecosystems such as:

-The organic matter from sewage, urban waste water industry

-The products of decomposition process correctly

-Grease and greasy products

As well as the color-causing substances, odor-causing substances can be harmful

to plant and animal life and reduces the quality of the water in terms of

perception However, some minerals present in the water create natural water,

indispensable in clean drinking water, because they are the source of

microelements essential substances for the human body When this minerals content of low or no, drinking water will become very bland

1.2.5 Pathogenic microorganisms

Many pathogenic microorganisms present in water harmful to use water in daily life These organisms can transmit or cause disease in humans This disease-causing organism which are not rooted in the country, we need to parasitize host, grow and reproduce A number of pathogenic organisms may live a long time in the water and the potential risk of disease transmission These organisms are bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminths

* Bacteria

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms, which are composed of cells, but no complex human structure, heading prokaryotes and usually colorless Bacteria are the lowest life forms capable of self-synthesis of protoplasm from the

surrounding environment The bacteria are usually rods (bacilli), spherical

(cocci) and comma-shaped (spirilla, vibrios, spirochetes) The types of bacteria

in the water often causes intestinal diseases, such as cholera (cholera, Vibrio comma due), typhoid (typhoid, caused by Salmonella typhosa)

Viruses are groups of microorganisms without cell structure, very small size, can squeeze through bacterial membranes So far, the virus is the smallest biological structures are known, can only see the virus through the electron microscope Full virus carrying genetic information essential for the reproductive process and the need to live parasites bind to host cells (from bacteria to mammalian cells, plants) Viruses in the water can cause diseases related to disorders central nervous system, polio, hepatitis, Normally sterilized by the different processes

in the processing stage water can kill are viruses But the specific effect of the sterilization process has not been properly appreciated against the virus, because the virus is too small in size and no quick test method for analysis.

*Protozoan

Protozoan is the smallest living forms, the body has single cells, but the function complex than bacteria and viruses Protozoa can live independently or parasitic, can kind of pathogenic or not, have very small sizes but also large sizes

visible Celled animals easily adapt to external conditions should they exist very popular in nature, but only a handful of secret pathogenic organisms In the environmental conditions are not favorable, the single-celled animals often create cocoon wrap (cyst), it is difficult to destroy in the process of

sterilization So normal during water treatment processes require filtration to eliminate protozoa in this cocoon shape

Worms is the creatures have parasitic life cycle associated with the owners of two or more animals, humans can be one of the hosts of this Waste of human and animal is put worms into the water source Water transport is

environmentally important helminths However, the water treatment method to destroy worms present very effective Who are often exposed to the untreated water can risk helminth infections?

1.3 INTRODUCTION OF CAU RIVER

1.3.1 Natural condition

1.3.1.1 Topographic River Bridge is one of the major river systems with 47% of the Thai Binh river basin area Bridge River originates from the mountains of Tam Tao (peak

1.326m) flowing through Cho Don district (Bac Kan) Bac Kan, Cho Moi, Thai Nguyen, Bac Ninh, Bac Giang and final point of this river is Pha again, Chi Linh, Hai Duong The total length of 288 km Iron River with a total water flow

of 4.5 billion m3/ year (5.4% of total national water) Cau River Basin has

complex terrain with three (3) typical ecological areas: lowland, midland and mountainous Basin has 68 rivers and streams more than 10 km in length

[3] The main tributaries of river basins including Cau river, Cong river, Ca Lo river , Ngu Huyen Khe river, Nghinh Tuong river, Du river, Thiep river

Cau River basin shaped stretches from north to south Valley upstream and middle in between bow and bow Gam Ngan Son - Yen Lac Fuse upstream section from north to south, reaching an average altitude of 300 - 400m, narrow and very steep riverbed, many rapids and meandering coefficient large (> 2.0) average width of season runs about 50 to 60 m, 80 - 100 meters during the flood season, the slope of about> 0.1% Middle section from New Market, Bridge

River flows from the Northwest - Southeast on a fairly long period and then return to the old direction to Thai Nguyen This segment was lower terrain significantly expanded riverbed slope also dropped to about 0.05%, still higher degree bend [5]

Downstream demand is calculated from Waterfall Case to Pha Lai, from this flowing direction Predominantly Northwest - Southeast, terrain has an average elevation of 10 to 20 meters, the river bed is broad 70 to 150m and slope

significantly reduced, only about 0.01%

Basin Bridge has long format, total area of 6030 km2 were identified as, water concentration coefficient at 2.1, plain terrain dominated catchment area, an average elevation of the basin so well quite low (190m) The average slope of the basin is average 16.1%

Image 1.1 Map of provinces in Cau River Basin

* Climate

Climate Cau River Basin have basic characteristics of tropical monsoon climate

is hot and humid with relatively cold winters, hot summers and rainy

Temperatures strong divergence in the entire basin Lowlands (less than 100m) the annual average temperature is about 22.5 – 230C, the height to 500m, the annual average temperature of about 200C in highland above 1,000 meters, the annual average temperature is about 17, 5 - 180C

The highest temperature in the basin reaches 40oC (at Hiep Hoa - Bac Giang), while the lowest temperature is – 10OC (Bac Kan)

Iron River basin area has considerable rainfall, annual rainfall ranges from 1,500

- 2.700mm In the basin center exists a heavy rain that Tam Dao, where annual rainfall can reach 3,000 mm This rain area extends to east through the city of Thai Nguyen, with annual rainfall of 2,000 mm exceed [3]

October (where later: River Swing and river Co.) Flow during flood season will not exceed 80-85% of water all year During the flood, the month with the

largest flow of 7, 8, 9, flows over 50% of the annual flow

The dry season lasts from November to April, flows account for about 18-20%

of annual flow Three months shallow as 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.6 to 7.8% accounted flow [3]

1.3.2 Rule of Cau river

Cau River Basin is one of the largest river basins in Vietnam Cau river made cultural features characteristic of the midlands and mountainous North Delta, the important rivers in the river system, the Pacific and the arterial waterway

economic engagement - culture between localities Cau river has a special

geographical location, diversity and abundance of natural resources as well as

on the history of economic development of the province-social in its basin Cau River Basin annually provides hundreds of millions of cubic meters of water for production and daily life of the people and has the function of balancing

ecosystems and natural landscapes throughout the region

According to the evaluation of the Environmental Protection Committee of Cau River Basin approximately 300 kilometers in length with an area of over 6,000

km2 natural total annual water volume of 4.5 billion m3 River provides water for irrigation, for drinking, for industrial production, aquaculture activities [35]

River Bridge is also receiving environment, convey waste from human

activities Thai Nguyen province only private institutions, metallurgy, steel,

machinery equipment manufacturing concentrated in Thai Nguyen with total wastewater than 16,000 m3/day Thai nguyen Iron and Steel Industrial Park each year more than 1.3 million m3 of waste water was discharged into rivers Bridge lead So Cau River contains a huge amount of waste water [34]

Also river bridge has many important roles and others such as: serving

waterways, engaged in the water cycle in nature, maintaining ecosystems

healthy However, these functions of the river gradually disappeared due to production activities both man-made, making rivers severely polluted

PART 2

SUBJECTIVE, CONTENT AND METHOD

2.1 SUBJECTIVE, TIME AND LOCATION

Bridge River surface water, flows through the city of Thai Nguyen

- Location : Cau river including flows thought the city ( Thai Nguyen)

- Time : Research conducted at the present time, every 02 samples analyzed

1 times

- Content : Studies assessing specific indicators say water pollution,

including pH, DO, BOD5, TSS, Coliform

2.1.3 Time

The study was conducted from June 2017 to June 2018

2.2 CONTENT

Research topics include the following 4:

Contents 1:

- Summary of the basic situation of the city of Thai Nguyen affect Cau River Water Environment

- Characteristics natural Thai Nguyen City

- Characteristics of Economic - Social of Thai Nguyen city

Contents 2:

- Status of Water Bridge River, flows through the city of Thai Nguyen

- Make Cau river quality status according to survey data

- Entity status Cau river water according to data from the relevant authorities from 2011 to 2017

Contents 3:

- Assessment of the status of the Cau River water quality, flows through the city

of Thai Nguyen according to data analyzed in 2017 - 2018

- Evaluation of surface water quality Cau river flows through the city of Thai Nguyen on location monitoring

- Assessment of surface water quality of the Cau River, flows through the city of Thai Nguyen in time

- Proposed solutions to improve and protect the Cau River flows through the city

of Thai Nguyen

2.3 METHOD

Collect data on natural conditions, economic, socio - Thai Nguyen, Thai Nguyen city The secondary data collected from the Committee, Office of Natural

Resources and Environment of the city of Thai Nguyen, the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Thai Nguyen, Thai Nguyen Bureau of Statistics In addition, during the implementation process thesis I have collected reports, maps, books, information on the Internet relating to the subject

2.4.2.1 Content of interview sheet :

- Demand for water use in Cau river

- The collection and treatment of solid waste

- The collection and treatment of sewage

2.4.2.2 Conducting interview

Conducted interviews with 60 families and individuals, where each area

interview survey of 10 households and individuals (6 regions are: Region Son Cam, the area near the outlet stream of the Phoenix area near the Gia Bay, near Cactus stream outlet, outlet stream near Orange Price and outlet streams near Pho Huong) according to random criteria