Thai Nguyen University of Agricultural and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name TRAN THI KIM THU Student ID DTN1353110249 Thesis Title
INTRODUCTION
Western Australia
Western Australia (WA) is the largest state in Australia, covering the entire western third of the country with a land area of 2,529,875 square kilometers Bordered by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, and the Southern Ocean to the south, it shares its northeastern boundary with the Northern Territory and its southeastern boundary with South Australia With a population of approximately 2.6 million, WA accounts for about 11 percent of Australia's total population, with 92 percent residing in the south-west corner, predominantly in the Perth area, leaving the rest of the state sparsely populated.
The southwest coastal area features a Mediterranean climate and was once densely forested with towering karri trees, among the tallest in the world This agricultural region ranks as one of the nine most biodiverse terrestrial habitats, boasting a higher proportion of endemic species compared to many other similar regions.
Average annual rainfall in the region ranges from 300 millimeters (12 inches) at the Wheatbelt's edge to 1,400 millimeters (55 inches) in the wettest areas near Northcliffe However, from November to March, evaporation surpasses rainfall, resulting in generally dry conditions Plants in this area have adapted to both the low rainfall and the extreme soil poverty.
Snow is rare in the state and typically occurs only in the Stirling Range near Albany, as it is the only mountain range far enough south and sufficiently elevated
The highest observed maximum temperature of 50.5 °C (122.9 °F) was recorded at Mardie Station on 19 February 1998 The lowest minimum temperature recorded was −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) at Eyre Bird Observatory on 17 August 2008
Bullsbrook itself is a small townsite that services the local area and passing trade It is located on the Great Northern Highway, 25 kilometres north of Midland
The area is well-connected by major transport networks, including the Great Northern Highway and Railway Parade/Brand Highway to the north, Chittering Road to the east, and Neaves Road to the west Future enhancements will include the Perth Darwin National Highway and a proposed intermodal rail link.
Bullsbrook is primarily utilized for agricultural activities, while the City of Swan and the Department of Planning are exploring future prospects for industrial, commercial, and residential development in the area.
Bullsbrook experiences a warm and temperate climate, characterized by significantly higher rainfall in winter compared to summer According to the Kőppen-Geiger climate classification, this region is classified as Csa The average annual temperature in Bullsbrook is 18.4 °C, with approximately 703 mm of precipitation recorded each year.
The company and Supervisors want to show every techniques as well as the method to growing, caring, producing, and packing strawberry
Besides, they give the chance for student to approach the advanded technology and modern infrastructure in growing produce the strawberry in Western
Figure 1.2.Outside working area bekind the packing house
• Show the working skills in farm and the problems related to agriculture
• Practising the endurence and pressure of job outside and inside packing house
• Chances for student to exchange the experience and earn money in intership time
When I did not start it yet, I hoped I will been going to adapt with work environment I thought there are plenty of interesting things and I felt really elated to do it I expect that I can learn the knowledge and experience about planting, nursing and take care for the strawberry trees Besides, I can contact and exchange everything with every one who came from different countries in the severe working environment
During my practical experience, I learned valuable lessons that shaped my work ethic The challenging work environment fostered greater diligence and patience in everyone I became more mindful of my well-being, behavior, and health, prompting me to reflect on important questions about self-care and personal growth.
I do?” or “ What is the best way in order to get the best result in job?” and I felt a little
Starting a new job can be stressful, especially when it's in an unfamiliar environment I've become more conscious of my health, realizing that working long hours requires significant energy To maintain my stamina, I prioritize regular exercise and a healthy diet.
In working, we sharing, helping each other so that is the chance to adding friends, learning and exchance about languages, culture, and experience in different field in life.
List of works have been done in partical time
Profile of the cooperating agency
Ti Group of Companies, based in Bullsbrook, Western Australia, specializes in operating cool stores and freight loading services in both Bullsbrook and Wanneroo They provide 24/7 access to refrigerated airfreight loading facilities at Perth International Airport, ensuring timely handling of time-sensitive and perishable products.
Figure 4.1 A corner of the Ti Group’office
In early 2007, they leveraged insights gained from their interactions with growers, chemical and fertilizer suppliers, and agronomists to initiate plans for establishing their first strawberry farm.
Ti Horticultural Supplies Pty Ltd has acquired 150 acres of land on Old West Road in Bullsbrook, located about 60km from Perth, to enhance their fresh produce operations and establish their own strawberry farm, thereby expanding their business in the growing agricultural sector.
Their aspirations were realised in 2012
Year on year their planting capacity has increased to the current total of 3.3 million plants
In mid-2017, the farm established itself as the primary location following the completion of new office and packing facilities It features six advanced pressure-cooling and cold storage rooms designed to maintain the products in optimal condition prior to dispatch.
In late 2017, four new fumigation chambers were installed and commissioned to meet phytosanitary requirements, complementing the existing cold storage and fumigation facilities in Wanneroo.
Ti Produce Marketing is a top fresh fruit export company in Australia, specializing in high-quality strawberries We focus on sourcing and handling premium fresh fruit for export to the Asia-Pacific and Middle East, while also distributing throughout Australia.
Ti Produce Marketing, established in 2003 by Lam Ti Muir and Jamie Michael, emerged from the need for a specialized strawberry export company in Western Australia With a robust background in the fresh produce sector, both founders brought extensive knowledge of the strawberry industry, gained through their experience with leading Australian exporters and wholesalers.
Ti Horticultural Supplies, part of the Ti group, combines farming production capabilities with a robust marketing infrastructure This integration allows for the delivery of customized products, including specialized orders, custom packaging, and branding, tailored to meet the unique needs of customers.
Quarantine Registered facilities enable quicker Quarantine Approval Procedures (QAPs), providing clients with the fastest turnaround for products When paired with integrated logistics, strawberries are efficiently packaged for optimal delivery.
10 delivered anywhere around the world within 36 hours of harvest There are also SQF200 and HARPS certified for quality and food safety
Ti Horticultural Supplies enables the precise growth and packaging of fruit to meet supermarket specifications Their integrated approach to production, sales, and logistics ensures the flexibility required to fulfill customer demands promptly, accurately, and cost-effectively.
1.4.2 Ti Education and Training school
The future vision for the farm focuses on enhancing its capabilities to train workers and create an educational facility named Ti Education and Training This initiative aims to offer international students the opportunity to study horticulture, with the Ti Horticultural Supplies Farm serving as a practical environment for their studies.
Students receive instruction and training on the thriving strawberry farm from expert professionals with years of experience in the field of Horticulture
The course covers all aspects of commercial horticulture and equips students with the comprehensive knowledge of the subject necessary to pursue a career in the field At Ti
Education and Training offer extensive programs that make career opportunities in Horticulture accessible to students They provide hands-on training with experienced professionals alongside detailed coursework, covering all aspects of a comprehensive education in commercial horticulture.
1.4.3 Information of training supervisor, particularly his/her position in the company
Sales at Ti Produce Marketing Pty Ltd
• Katherine Capaquira Alá Manager of packing house
Description of activities
During the strawberry season, my primary responsibilities involved picking and packing the fruit This experience marked my first opportunity to engage with advanced horticultural practices I collaborated closely with experts and professional supervisors in the field, alongside dedicated workers who contributed to our efforts.
Picture 1.5.1 Strawberry row in the field
Training in both the theory and practice of strawberry picking and packing is essential for all new students and workers This foundational job requires newcomers to become proficient in fruit picking, which involves working from morning until 5 PM daily.
Picture 1.5.2 Picking strawberry activity in the field
Picture 1.5.4 Training for picking strawberry
Picture 1.5.5 Using the work instrument to picking strawberry
After a week, we began packing fruit indoors, learning the essential rules in the packing house to maintain fruit quality and ensure the safety of all workers.
Picture 1.5.6 all strawberry shipped inside the packing house to pack
Picture 1.5.7 Packing strawberry in the packing house
Picture 1.5.9 Strawberry are ready to trade in the market
Timeline
The total months working at Ti Strawberry farm is 3 month, from 02/06/2019 to 02/09/2019
Figure 1.6 The period of tree in blossom
LITERATURE REVIEW
International literatural review
Agriculture significantly contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, exacerbating the greenhouse effect and climate change Conversely, the evolving climate is impacting agricultural production, posing future challenges to food security.
The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) reports that significant climate change has occurred since the 1950s, with global mean surface air temperatures projected to rise by 0.4 to 2.6°C in the latter half of this century, depending on future greenhouse gas emissions Agriculture is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and the intensification of agricultural practices to meet the rising demand for animal products—expected to increase by 70% from 2005 to 2050—could exacerbate these emissions.
Gradual increases in temperature and carbon dioxide may create more favorable conditions for some crops, potentially boosting yields However, in certain regions, extreme events like heat and drought during flowering may limit these gains Overall, climate change is expected to lead to decreased crop production in many areas throughout the 21st century, as illustrated in figure 1, which summarizes average crop yield projections across various emission scenarios and adaptation strategies, indicating a concerning trend of widespread yield declines.
Figure 2.1: Figure SPM.7 | Summary of projected changes in crop yields, due to climate change over the 21st century
The figure presents projections for various emission scenarios across tropical and temperate regions, considering both adaptation and no-adaptation cases Limited research has focused on the effects of a global mean temperature increase of 4°C or more on cropping systems The data, spanning five near-term and long-term timeframes, is plotted over a 20-year period, with the midpoint of each future projection period indicated on the horizontal axis Changes in crop yields are measured relative to late-20th-century levels, with the total data for each timeframe summing to 100% © IPCC
Evidence indicates a rise in heat waves due to ongoing warming, with significant increases in both frequency and intensity While precise future predictions remain challenging, projections agree that heat wave occurrences will continue to rise in the UK, Europe, and globally The effects of heat waves are anticipated to be uneven, disproportionately impacting less developed countries Coupled with other climate change factors like increased droughts, these trends may worsen existing food security challenges.
The maps presented in Figure SPM.8 illustrate the multi-model mean results from the CMIP5 for the scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, highlighting the projected changes for the period 2081–2100 Specifically, the figure depicts (a) the annual mean surface temperature change and (b) the average percent change in annual mean precipitation.
Projected climate changes will not only lead to rising temperatures and heat waves but also significant alterations in rainfall patterns Some regions may experience increased droughts, while others could face heavy rainfall and flooding Coastal areas are at risk of losing agricultural land due to rising sea levels Additionally, warmer climates may exacerbate issues with pests and diseases, causing certain insects that transmit diseases to migrate to new areas, potentially exposing livestock to illnesses they have not encountered before.
Research has clearly defined how various stresses affect crop yields, highlighting the importance of quantifying these responses to identify periods of vulnerability in agriculture Effective crop-level adaptation to climate change is crucial for minimizing future yield losses and may include strategies such as altering crop cultivars, adjusting sowing times, and modifying cultivation and irrigation practices Ongoing studies are focused on overcoming the challenges of sustaining and enhancing crop production amid global changes Many farms worldwide are implementing effective solutions to mitigate the impacts of climate change and extreme weather, including restoring diversity in farm types, crops, and cultivars within food systems to bolster resilience and maintain production.
Enhancing crop resilience and stress tolerance is crucial for improving food security Implementing international strategies to address food shortages can help prevent price shocks, ensuring better access to food for all.
National literature review
Western Australia is experiencing a warmer, drier, and more variable climate, posing significant environmental, social, and economic risks The agricultural sector in WA is particularly vulnerable to these climate changes While WA producers have demonstrated innovation in adapting to a drying climate, ongoing climate change will require them to continue adjusting to various impacts Additionally, they face economic pressures and opportunities stemming from growing populations, shifting dietary preferences, rising input costs, competing land-use demands, and policy measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate change will have region-specific impacts on agricultural productivity, with some areas and enterprises experiencing benefits while others face challenges Variations in rainfall, temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels will influence pasture productivity, crop quality, nutrient cycling, and pest and disease dynamics, as well as livestock production and reproductive rates Increased interannual variability is expected, with declining rainfall being a significant negative factor While higher CO2 concentrations may enhance plant water use efficiency, temperature changes could yield mixed effects depending on the season and location These climatic shifts will ultimately affect the profitability and financial risks of farming, especially in regions at the edge of currently viable climatic zones.
In Western Australia, advancements in technology, agronomy, and crop varieties have significantly enhanced the rainfall use efficiency of broadacre crops, outpacing the decline in rainfall However, projections regarding the impact of climate change on future crop and pasture yields are limited by the constraints of climate and crop models, which often fail to account for improvements in technology and management practices, as well as extreme weather events.
21 events and changes in pest and disease activity However, some broad projections can still be made about the effects of climate change on agriculture in WA
Changes in rainfall patterns, especially the timing of rainfall, will significantly impact broadacre crop yields, despite increased CO2 levels enhancing plant water use efficiency Strawberry production on sandy soils faces particular challenges, as sand cannot retain moisture as effectively as clay or loamy soils Additionally, rising temperatures exacerbate dryness in sandy environments, necessitating larger water supplies for irrigation Consequently, effective water treatment becomes essential for successful strawberry cultivation.
The plant available water capacity of soil is crucial for growth, leading to more significant yield declines in clay soils than in sandy soils in eastern regions Increased temperatures, along with a slight decrease in rainfall, will accelerate development times and shorten the flowering and grain-filling periods.
The future climatic conditions will significantly influence agricultural productivity, particularly through their effects on temperature, precipitation, EV-B radiation, and atmospheric CO2 levels (Olesen and Bindi, 2002) Strawberries, a globally cultivated microclimatic crop, are notably produced in Western Australia, where climate change has impacted production in recent decades Additionally, climatic conditions can fluctuate greatly during the crop season, further affecting strawberry yields.
Strawberry plants, a vital berry crop, are cultivated globally in diverse environments, including temperate and subtropical regions as well as Mediterranean climates With a total production of approximately 6 million tonnes, China and the USA lead as the top producers The agronomy of strawberry cultivation varies significantly, with methods ranging from open field planting to the use of low or high plastic tunnels, and techniques such as matted rows and hydroponic systems.
Australia annually produces approximately 72,000 tons of strawberries, primarily in Queensland, Victoria, and Western Australia Southeastern Queensland, with its subtropical climate, accounts for about half of the total crop, yielding strawberries from May to October each year.
Florida also produce strawberry fruit in a subtropical environment under similar growing and production conditions as in Queensland (Whitaker et al 2012)
At Ti Strawberry Farm, choosing the right crop-level adaptations is essential for enhancing the overall quality throughout the season This includes changing crop cultivars, adjusting sowing times, and implementing effective cultivation techniques and irrigation practices.
Picture2: Test the water systerm
STATUS OF CONSIDERED ISSUE AT THE TRAINING AGENCY
Methodology
- Data collection and research materials through magazines, internet
To effectively understand the current status of farm operations, it is essential to engage directly in the work process, conduct interviews with key individuals such as farmers and workers with five years of experience, and gather pertinent documents This practical approach ensures a comprehensive insight into the farm's activities and challenges.
- Picking strawberry project, Packing strawberry, weighing, measuring and recording
We conducted data entry and data processing on the computer to make the research results
Figure 3.2 A tray of strawberry in the packing house
DISCUSSION AND LESSON LEARNING
Results
4.1.a Compare the number of strawberry trees planted each year (the period from 2015 to 2019)
Figure 4.1.a The number of strawberry trees planted each year (the period from 2015 to 2019)
Depend on the good weather and factors, in 2017 the strawberry farm planted more than 3,4 millions of strawberry trees and received a huge income in that season
4.1.b The number of different kind of strawberry on each strawberry tree (punnet) from 2015 to 2019 (anticipate)
Table 4.1.b The number of different kind of strawberry on each strawberry tree (punnet) from 2015 to 2019 (anticipate) ( x: not grow; 1 punnet≈ 250gram)
The table displays the quantity of strawberry punnets harvested from each strawberry tree In 2016, the Suncost variety yielded an average of 3.91 punnets per tree, with each punnet weighing 250 grams, resulting in approximately 0.9775 kilograms of fruit per tree.
Figure 4.1.b The percentage of different kind of strawberry on each strawberry tree from 2015 to 2019 (anticipate)
From 2015 to 2019, the Suncost and Festival strawberry varieties demonstrated consistent growth, indicating their high quality and productivity, leading to plans for continued cultivation In contrast, the Palomar variety was discontinued due to poor crop-level adaptation The Paris strawberry, known for its sweetness and positive customer feedback, will be included in the Ti farm's selections for the upcoming year Additionally, the Frontera variety, introduced last year, has shown exceptional results in productivity, flavor, and appearance, positioning it as a key variety for the next strawberry season.
Discussion
Many producers worldwide are implementing effective solutions for strawberry production to address the impacts of climate change These solutions include enhancing infrastructure and adapting irrigation methods to better suit plant needs.
Suncost Festival Palomar Paris Fronteras
To extend the strawberry growing season while minimizing costs, 27 farmers are utilizing high tunnel production These large hoop houses, covered in plastic, are significantly more affordable than traditional greenhouses By extending the season, farmers can sell their berries at premium prices during early and late periods, thereby increasing their market share (Washington State University).
The growth of strawberry plants in Western Australia exhibited a pattern of increase over time, peaking before the end of the growing season Initially, the focus was on vegetative growth, while later stages emphasized flower and fruit development This progression led to notable changes in both dry matter production and distribution A significant correlation was observed between flower and immature fruit growth and leaf expansion, highlighting the critical connection between potential yield and carbon assimilation in this subtropical climate.
Yields in the study varied from 675 to 966 g/plant, with 'Suncost' experiments showing a range of 427 to 977 g/plant and an average yield of 690 ± 64 g/plant (Chandler et al 2000) Transplants were planted in March in Bullsbrook, with fruit harvested from late May to mid-November The productivity of strawberries is influenced by cultivation in regions with a Mediterranean climate, extended production seasons, and diverse cultivars.
The average fresh weight of fruit remained consistent over the five-year study, but significant variations in fruit size were observed throughout individual seasons Fruit size is crucial as it directly impacts yield per plant and profitability, with smaller fruits requiring more time for harvesting and packing compared to larger ones For instance, research by Herrington et al (2012) indicated that increasing the average fruit weight from 17 to 30 grams led to a 22% increase in gross margins in Queensland Therefore, it is essential to focus on developing and selecting cultivars that produce larger fruits, particularly in warm subtropical climates Additionally, various cultivation systems across different countries provide insights into effective strawberry growing practices.
Picture 4.2.2 Da Lat, Viet Nam strawberry farm
Lesson learned
After finish the intership time in Ti strawberry farm, I had a interesting discovery and I got a plenty of knowledge about horticulture
During the strawberry production season, I learned essential skills in picking and packing strawberries while working with modern machines and robots in the packing house This experience allowed me to adapt to a challenging environment and connect with friends from various countries Although it was difficult to adjust to a new country, home, and my first job, I faced my fears and committed to giving my best effort.
Working on a farm is challenging yet fascinating, providing valuable insights into the hard work and dedication of farmers, workers, and staff throughout the season.
CONCLUSION
Training for picking strawberry
Picture 1.5.5 Using the work instrument to picking strawberry
After a week, we resumed packing fruit indoors, where we learned the essential rules of the packing house to maintain fruit quality and ensure the safety of all workers.
Picture 1.5.6 all strawberry shipped inside the packing house to pack
Picture 1.5.7 Packing strawberry in the packing house
Picture 1.5.9 Strawberry are ready to trade in the market
The total months working at Ti Strawberry farm is 3 month, from 02/06/2019 to 02/09/2019
Figure 1.6 The period of tree in blossom
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 International literatural review
Agriculture significantly contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, exacerbating the greenhouse effect and climate change Conversely, the evolving climate is impacting agricultural production, posing future challenges to food security.
The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) reports that significant climate change has occurred since the 1950s, with global mean surface air temperatures projected to rise by 0.4 to 2.6°C in the latter half of this century, depending on future greenhouse gas emissions Agriculture is a major contributor to these emissions, and as climate change reduces production, the intensification of agricultural practices to meet the growing demand for animal products—expected to increase by 70% from 2005 to 2050—could exacerbate the situation.
Gradual increases in temperature and carbon dioxide may create more favorable conditions for some crops, potentially boosting yields However, extreme events like heat and drought during flowering periods are likely to limit these gains in certain regions Overall, crop production is expected to decline in many areas throughout the 21st century due to climate change, as illustrated in figure 1, which summarizes average crop yield projections across various emission scenarios and adaptation strategies, indicating a concerning trend of widespread yield decreases.
Figure 2.1: Figure SPM.7 | Summary of projected changes in crop yields, due to climate change over the 21st century
The figure presents projections for various emission scenarios across tropical and temperate regions, considering both adaptation and no-adaptation cases Limited research has focused on the effects of a global mean temperature increase of 4°C or more on cropping systems Data for five near-term and long-term timeframes are plotted over a 20-year period, with the midpoint of each future projection period indicated on the horizontal axis Changes in crop yields are measured relative to late-20th-century levels, with total data for each timeframe summing to 100% © IPCC
Evidence indicates that heat waves have increased due to prior warming, with projections suggesting that their frequency and intensity will continue to rise in the UK, Europe, and globally While predicting future heat wave patterns remains challenging, there is a consensus on the upward trend The adverse effects of heat waves are expected to be uneven, disproportionately impacting less developed countries and potentially worsening food security issues alongside other climate change factors like increased droughts.
The maps presented in Figure SPM.8 illustrate the multi-model mean results from the CMIP5 for the scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, highlighting the projected changes for the period 2081–2100 Specifically, panel (a) depicts the annual mean surface temperature change, while panel (b) shows the average percent change in annual mean precipitation.
Projected climate changes will not only lead to rising temperatures and heat waves but also significant alterations in rainfall patterns Some regions may experience increased droughts, while others could face heavy rainfall and flooding Coastal areas are at risk of losing agricultural land due to rising sea levels Additionally, warmer climates may exacerbate issues with pests and diseases, causing certain disease-carrying insects to migrate northward, potentially exposing livestock to new health threats.
Research has clearly defined how various stresses affect crop yields, highlighting the importance of quantifying these responses to identify periods of vulnerability in agriculture Effective adaptation strategies, such as changing crop cultivars, adjusting sowing times, and modifying irrigation practices, are essential for minimizing future yield losses due to climate change Ongoing studies are focused on overcoming the challenges of sustaining and enhancing crop production in the face of global changes Many farms worldwide are implementing effective solutions to mitigate the impacts of climate change and extreme weather, including restoring diversity in farm types, crops, and cultivars within food systems to bolster resilience and maintain production.
Enhancing resilience and improving crop stress tolerance are crucial for addressing food shortages Implementing well-defined international strategies can help mitigate food price shocks, ensuring better access to food for all.
Western Australia is experiencing a warmer, drier, and more variable climate, posing significant environmental, social, and economic risks The agricultural sector in WA is particularly vulnerable to these climate changes While WA producers have demonstrated innovation in adapting to a drying climate, ongoing climate change will require them to continue adjusting to various impacts These include economic pressures from growing populations, shifts in dietary preferences, rising input costs, competing land-use demands, and policy measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate change will have varying impacts on agricultural productivity across different regions and enterprises, with some benefiting while others face challenges Changes in rainfall, temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels will influence pasture productivity, crop quality, nutrient cycling, and pest and disease dynamics, as well as livestock production and reproductive rates Increased interannual variability is expected, with declining rainfall being a significant negative factor While higher CO2 concentrations may enhance plant water use efficiency, temperature changes could have mixed effects depending on the season and location These climatic shifts will ultimately affect the profitability and financial risks of farming, especially in areas on the edge of currently suitable climatic zones.
In Western Australia, advancements in technology, agronomy, and crop varieties have significantly enhanced the rainfall use efficiency of broadacre crops, outpacing the decline in rainfall However, projections regarding the impact of climate change on future crop and pasture yields are limited by the constraints of climate and crop models, which often fail to account for improvements in technology and management practices, as well as extreme weather events.
21 events and changes in pest and disease activity However, some broad projections can still be made about the effects of climate change on agriculture in WA
Changes in rainfall patterns, especially the timing of rainfall, will significantly impact broadacre crop yields, despite increased CO2 levels enhancing plant water use efficiency Strawberry production on sandy soils faces particular challenges, as sand cannot retain moisture as effectively as clay or loamy soils Additionally, rising temperatures exacerbate dryness in sandy environments, necessitating larger water supplies for irrigation Consequently, effective water treatment becomes essential for successful strawberry cultivation.
The plant available water capacity of soil is crucial for growth, leading to more significant yield declines in clay soils than in sandy soils in eastern regions Increased temperatures, along with a slight decrease in rainfall, will accelerate development times and shorten the flowering and grain-filling periods.
All Strawberry shipped inside the packing house to pack
Picture 1.5.7 Packing strawberry in the packing house
Picture 1.5.9 Strawberry are ready to trade in the market
The total months working at Ti Strawberry farm is 3 month, from 02/06/2019 to 02/09/2019
Figure 1.6 The period of tree in blossom
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 International literatural review
Agriculture significantly contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, exacerbating the greenhouse effect and climate change Conversely, the evolving climate is impacting agricultural production, posing future challenges to food security.
The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) reports that significant climate change has occurred since the 1950s, with global mean surface air temperatures projected to rise by 0.4 to 2.6°C in the latter half of this century, influenced by future greenhouse gas emissions Agriculture is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and the anticipated intensification of agricultural practices to meet the rising demand for animal products—expected to increase by 70% from 2005 to 2050—could exacerbate these emissions.
Gradual increases in temperature and carbon dioxide may create more favorable conditions for some crops, potentially boosting yields However, extreme events like heat and drought during flowering periods are likely to limit these gains in certain regions Overall, climate change is expected to lead to decreased crop production in many areas throughout the 21st century, as illustrated in figure 1, which summarizes average crop yield projections across various emission scenarios and adaptation strategies, indicating a concerning trend of widespread yield declines.
Figure 2.1: Figure SPM.7 | Summary of projected changes in crop yields, due to climate change over the 21st century
The figure presents projections for various emission scenarios across tropical and temperate regions, considering both adaptation and no-adaptation cases Limited research has focused on the effects of a global mean temperature increase of 4°C or more on cropping systems Data for five near-term and long-term timeframes are plotted over a 20-year period, with the horizontal axis representing the midpoint of each future projection Changes in crop yields are compared to late-20th-century levels, with total data for each timeframe summing to 100% © IPCC
Evidence indicates a rise in heat waves due to ongoing warming, with significant increases in their frequency and intensity While precise predictions for future heat wave occurrences remain challenging, projections agree that both frequency and magnitude will continue to rise in the UK, Europe, and globally The effects of heat waves are anticipated to be uneven, disproportionately impacting less developed countries Coupled with other climate change factors, such as increased droughts, these trends may worsen existing food security challenges.
The maps presented in Figure SPM.8 illustrate the multi-model mean results from the CMIP5 for the scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, highlighting the projected changes for the period 2081–2100 Specifically, panel (a) depicts the anticipated annual mean surface temperature change, while panel (b) shows the average percentage change in annual mean precipitation.
Projected climate changes will not only lead to rising temperatures and heat waves but also significant alterations in rainfall patterns Some regions may experience increased droughts, while others could face heavy rainfall and flooding Coastal areas are at risk of losing agricultural land due to rising sea levels Additionally, warmer climates may exacerbate issues with pests and diseases, causing certain disease-carrying insects to migrate to new areas, potentially exposing livestock to illnesses they have not encountered before.
Research has clearly defined how various stresses affect crop yields, highlighting the importance of quantifying these responses to identify periods of agricultural vulnerability Effective adaptation strategies, such as changing crop cultivars, adjusting sowing times, and modifying irrigation practices, are crucial for minimizing future yield losses due to climate change Ongoing studies are focused on overcoming the challenges of sustaining and enhancing crop production in the face of global changes Farmers worldwide are implementing effective solutions to mitigate the impacts of climate change and extreme weather, including restoring diversity in farm types, crops, and cultivars within food systems to bolster resilience and maintain production levels.
Enhancing crop resilience and stress tolerance is crucial for improving agricultural productivity Implementing international strategies to address food shortages can help prevent price shocks, ensuring better access to food for communities.
Western Australia is experiencing a warmer, drier, and more variable climate, posing significant environmental, social, and economic risks The agricultural sector in WA is particularly vulnerable to these climate changes While WA producers have demonstrated innovation in adapting to a drying climate, ongoing climate change will require them to continue adjusting to various impacts These include economic pressures from growing populations, shifts in dietary preferences, rising input costs, competing land-use demands, and policy measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate change will have varying impacts on agricultural productivity across different regions and enterprises, with some benefiting while others face challenges Changes in rainfall, temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels will influence pasture productivity, crop quality, nutrient cycling, pest and disease dynamics, and livestock production Increased interannual variability is expected, with declining rainfall being a significant negative factor While higher CO2 concentrations may enhance plant water use efficiency, temperature changes could have mixed effects depending on the season and location These climatic shifts will ultimately affect the profitability and financial risks of farming, especially in areas on the edge of currently suitable climatic zones.
In Western Australia, advancements in technology, agronomy, and crop varieties have significantly enhanced the rainfall use efficiency of broadacre crops, outpacing the decline in rainfall However, projections regarding the impact of climate change on future crop and pasture yields are limited by the constraints of existing climate and crop models, which often fail to account for improvements in technology and management practices, as well as extreme weather events.
21 events and changes in pest and disease activity However, some broad projections can still be made about the effects of climate change on agriculture in WA
Changes in rainfall, especially its timing, will significantly impact broadacre crop yields, despite increased CO2 enhancing plant water use efficiency Strawberry production on sandy soils faces particular challenges, as sand cannot retain moisture as effectively as clay or loamy soils Additionally, rising temperatures exacerbate dryness in sandy conditions, necessitating larger water supplies for irrigation Consequently, effective water treatment becomes essential for successful strawberry cultivation.
The plant available water capacity of soil is crucial for growth, leading to more significant yield declines in clay soils than in sandy soils in eastern regions Increased temperatures, along with a slight decrease in rainfall, will accelerate development times and shorten the flowering and grain-filling periods.
Future climatic conditions will significantly influence agricultural productivity, particularly through their effects on temperature, precipitation, EV-B radiation, and atmospheric CO2 levels (Olesen and Bindi, 2002) Strawberries, a globally cultivated microclimatic crop, are notably produced in Western Australia, where climate change has impacted production in recent decades Additionally, climatic conditions can fluctuate greatly during the growing season, further affecting strawberry yields.
Strawberry are ready to trade in the market
The total months working at Ti Strawberry farm is 3 month, from 02/06/2019 to 02/09/2019
Figure 1.6 The period of tree in blossom
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 International literatural review
Agriculture significantly contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, exacerbating the greenhouse effect and climate change Conversely, the evolving climate is impacting agricultural production, posing future challenges to food security.
The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) reports that significant climate change has occurred since the 1950s, with global mean surface air temperatures projected to rise by 0.4 to 2.6°C in the latter half of this century, depending on future greenhouse gas emissions Agriculture is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and the anticipated intensification of agricultural practices to meet the growing demand for animal products—expected to increase by 70% from 2005 to 2050—could exacerbate these emissions.
Gradual increases in temperature and carbon dioxide may create more favorable conditions for some crops, potentially boosting yields However, extreme events like heat and drought during flowering periods are likely to limit these gains in certain regions As a result, crop production is expected to decline in many areas throughout the 21st century due to climate change Figure 1 illustrates this trend, summarizing average crop yield projections across various emission scenarios and adaptation strategies, highlighting a growing trend of widespread yield decreases.
Figure 2.1: Figure SPM.7 | Summary of projected changes in crop yields, due to climate change over the 21st century
The figure presents projections for various emission scenarios across tropical and temperate regions, considering both adaptation and no-adaptation cases Limited research has focused on the effects of a global mean temperature increase of 4°C or more on cropping systems Data for five near-term and long-term timeframes are plotted over a 20-year period, with the horizontal axis representing the midpoint of each future projection Changes in crop yields are compared to late-20th-century levels, with total data for each timeframe summing to 100% © IPCC
Evidence indicates that heat waves have already increased due to warming, with projections suggesting that their frequency and intensity will continue to rise in the UK, Europe, and globally While predicting future heat wave patterns remains challenging, there is a consensus that their impacts will be uneven, particularly affecting less developed countries Additionally, the rise in heat waves, coupled with increased drought occurrences, is likely to worsen existing food security challenges.
The maps from the CMIP5 multi-model mean results illustrate the projected changes for the scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 during the period of 2081–2100 Specifically, they depict (a) the annual mean surface temperature change and (b) the average percent change in annual mean precipitation.
Projected climate changes will not only lead to rising temperatures and heat waves but also significant alterations in rainfall patterns Some regions may experience increased droughts, while others could face heavy rainfall and flooding Coastal areas are at risk of losing agricultural land due to rising sea levels Additionally, warmer climates may exacerbate issues with pests and diseases, causing certain insects that transmit diseases to migrate to new areas, potentially affecting livestock that have not previously encountered these threats.
Research has clearly defined how various stresses affect crop yields, highlighting the importance of quantifying these responses to identify periods of vulnerability in agriculture Effective adaptation strategies, such as changing crop cultivars, adjusting sowing times, and modifying irrigation practices, are crucial for minimizing future yield losses due to climate change Ongoing studies are focused on overcoming the challenges of sustaining and enhancing crop production in the face of global changes Many farms worldwide are implementing effective solutions to mitigate the impacts of climate change and extreme weather, including restoring diversity in farm types, crops, and cultivars within food systems to bolster resilience.
Enhancing resilience and improving crop stress tolerance are crucial for addressing food shortages Implementing well-defined international strategies can help prevent food price shocks, ensuring better access to food for all.
Western Australia is experiencing a warmer, drier, and more variable climate, posing significant environmental, social, and economic risks The agricultural sector in WA is particularly vulnerable to these climate changes While WA producers have demonstrated innovation in adapting to a drying climate, ongoing climate change will require them to continue adjusting to various impacts These include economic pressures from growing populations, shifts in dietary preferences, rising input costs, competing land-use demands, and policy measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate change will have varying impacts on agricultural productivity across different regions and enterprises, with some benefiting while others face challenges Changes in rainfall, temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels will influence pasture productivity, crop quality, nutrient cycling, and pest and disease dynamics, as well as livestock production and reproductive rates Increased interannual variability is expected, with declining rainfall being a significant negative factor While higher CO2 concentrations may enhance plant water use efficiency, temperature changes could have mixed effects depending on the season and location These climatic shifts will ultimately affect the profitability and financial risks of farming, especially in areas on the edge of currently suitable climatic zones.
In Western Australia, advancements in technology, agronomy, and crop varieties have significantly enhanced the rainfall use efficiency of broadacre crops, outpacing the decline in rainfall However, projections regarding the impact of climate change on future crop and pasture yields are limited by the shortcomings of climate and crop models, which often fail to account for improvements in technology and management practices, as well as extreme weather events.
21 events and changes in pest and disease activity However, some broad projections can still be made about the effects of climate change on agriculture in WA
Changes in rainfall, especially its timing, will significantly impact broadacre crop yields, despite increased CO2 enhancing plant water use efficiency Strawberry production on sandy soils faces particular challenges, as sand cannot retain moisture as effectively as clay or loamy soils Additionally, rising temperatures exacerbate dryness in sandy conditions, necessitating larger water supplies for irrigation Consequently, effective water treatment becomes essential for successful strawberry cultivation.
The plant available water capacity of soil is crucial for growth, leading to more significant yield declines in clay soils than in sandy soils in eastern regions Increased temperatures, along with a slight decrease in rainfall, will accelerate development times and shorten the flowering and grain-filling periods.
The future climatic conditions will significantly influence agricultural productivity, particularly through their effects on temperature, precipitation, EV-B radiation, and atmospheric CO2 levels (Olesen and Bindi, 2002) Strawberries, a globally cultivated microclimatic crop, are notably produced in Western Australia, where climate change has impacted production in recent decades Additionally, climatic conditions can fluctuate greatly during the growing season, further affecting strawberry yields.