THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY NGUYEN THI PHUONG THAO EVALUATION OF LAND – USE EFFICIENCY FOR TOMATOES CULTIVATION AT NATUREZA FARM, MOSHAV IDAN, ARAVA,
Research rationale
Land is a vital resource provided by nature, serving as the foundation for human settlement and the organization of economic and social activities In agriculture, land is not only a labor object but also an essential means of production that significantly influences agricultural efficiency It plays a crucial role in creating the environment necessary for food production Consequently, the effective and sustainable use of land has become an urgent priority for countries, ensuring the land's productive capacity is preserved for both present and future generations.
Israel, a small nation characterized by harsh natural conditions, has two-thirds of its territory covered by desert and the remainder consisting of bare rocky hills Despite its extremely dry climate, Israel has emerged as a leader in agricultural development, utilizing the most advanced technologies available The Arava Valley stands as a testament to this achievement, showcasing the remarkable ability of Jewish scientists to transform a wild and inhospitable landscape into thriving "gardens of paradise," reflecting the ingenuity and intelligence of the Israeli people.
Israel boasts a highly advanced agricultural sector that not only meets its domestic food needs but also exports significant quantities to international markets, particularly in Europe Conversely, Vietnam faces challenges in its agricultural development due to rapid population growth.
The development and expansion of industrial parks, urban areas, and entertainment zones have significantly increased pressure on land use Additionally, prolonged drought and saline intrusion are causing a reduction in agricultural land, which negatively impacts agricultural production To address these challenges, it is crucial to exploit land potential and apply modern science and technology to enhance efficiency, ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture and economic growth in both Israel and Vietnam.
Idan, a developed Moshav in southern Israel's Arava region, is known for its diverse crop production, significantly contributing to the country's food supply Over the years, the Moshav has seen a consistent increase in productivity and output, leading to continuous improvements in both material and spiritual life for its residents.
The goal is to acquire valuable knowledge from modern agricultural practices in Israel to enhance Vietnamese agriculture This initiative aims to enable Vietnamese farmers to adopt advanced science and technology, facilitating the country's global outreach and development In response to practical land use needs, the Advanced Education Program at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, under the guidance of Assoc Prof Dr Phan Dinh Binh, is conducting research on the topic: "Evaluation of land-use efficiency for tomato cultivation at Natureza Farm, Moshav Idan, Arava, Israel."
Research objectives
This article assesses the efficiency of agricultural land use at Natureza farm in Moshav Idan, Arava, Israel It aims to propose strategies for optimizing land use to enhance agricultural efficiency, aligning with socio-economic development goals for the future.
- Overview of agricultural production at farm Natureza
- Evaluation of the production, processing and consumption of tomatoes at farm Natureza
- Evaluation of agriculture land use efficiency on basis of natural condition – economic – society at Natureza farm
- Point out advantages, disadvantages and lessons learned.
Contents of work
- Accurate and reliable data collection
- Evaluate correctly, objectively, scientifically and in accordance with the actual development situation at Moshav Idan
- Indicate orientations that are consistent with reality
Scientific and practical significance of research
- Based on the knowledge acquired at the university, consolidating knowledge and applying practical knowledge during the internship in Israel
- Improve the ability to access, collect and process information during the project implementation
This article focuses on assessing socio-economic and environmental efficiency to identify optimal land use types These findings serve as a foundation for land use planning and policy development aimed at enhancing agricultural production, ultimately improving living standards for communities in the future.
Timeline
10 months working at Natureza Farm from 1 st October 2020 to 10 August 2021
Research overview
Israel, a small country on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea with Jerusalem as its capital, is bordered by Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and the Mediterranean Sea With a population of nearly 9 million and a total area of 21,640 km², Israel is characterized by its harsh topography, including 60% desert and an annual rainfall of about 50mm, significantly lower than that of Vietnam Situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, Israel has been a target of conquest for nearly 3,000 years by various empires, including the Roman Empire, Assyria, the Ottoman Empire, and England Jerusalem, a city of great significance to Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, is considered one of the most complex areas in the world.
Israel is divided into four regions: the coastal plain, the central hills, the Jordan Delta, and the Negev Desert
Figure 1 Map of Israel (Source: Google Map)
Israel experiences a Mediterranean climate, marked by long, hot, and dry summers, alongside short, cold, and rainy winters that differ by latitude and altitude The coastal areas are humid during summer, while the Negev region remains dry This climate is influenced by Israel's geographical position between the arid subtropical climate of Egypt and the humid subtropical conditions of the eastern Mediterranean January is the coldest month, with average temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 12 °C, while August can see temperatures soar up to 40 °C.
Although not favored by nature, the country has extremely limited natural resources, with only a few potash, copper ore, rock phosphate, magnesium bromide, clay etc but
10 with industry with the development of high technology and modern science and technology, Israel has achieved many great economic achievements
In 2016, Israel's GDP reached approximately 311.7 billion USD, with a growth rate of 2.5% and a GDP per capita of 36,023 USD The economy is structured with agriculture at 2.8%, industry at 37.7%, and services at 59.5% Israel places a strong emphasis on education, science, technology, and a knowledge-based economy, particularly through its "start-up" business policies Despite representing only 0.2% of the global population, Israel contributes to 23% of Nobel Prize-winning scientists.
Israel ranks among the top 10 most developed countries globally and consistently features in the top 25 nations for per capita income Beyond its robust defense capabilities, Israel is renowned for its advanced high-tech science and technology sector, with three primary export industries: technology, chemicals, and diamonds.
Israel, recognized as the Jewish state, was founded as a homeland for the Jewish people The Law of Return allows all Jews and individuals of Jewish descent to obtain Israeli citizenship While approximately 75% of the population is Jewish, they represent a wide range of cultural and ethnic backgrounds.
Israel recognizes Hebrew and Arabic as its two official languages, with Hebrew being the predominant language spoken by most of the population daily The nation places a strong emphasis on education, reflecting its deep-rooted historical values that trace back to ancient times.
Israel as education is considered one of the basic building blocks of ancient Jewish life and civilization
Central Arava, located in Southern Israel, is recognized as the country's most remote area, situated between the Dead and Red Seas Most of this region lies below sea level and is approximately 130 km from the nearest urban centers, Eilat to the south and Beer-Sheva to the north The area comprises seven communities, including five co-communities (Moshav): Idan, Hatzeva, Ein-Yahav, Tzofar, and Paran, along with the Sapir regional community center and the new ecotourism facility in Zuqim.
The Arava Valley experiences extremely low rainfall, averaging just 50 mm annually, which limits natural crop growth without the use of soil additives However, the region benefits from abundant sunlight and significant temperature variations, which help keep pests at bay Moshavs in Arava utilize modern technology to cultivate a variety of crops, including tomatoes, watermelons, flowers, and dates, primarily for export to Europe and America.
Figure 2 Map of Arava Central (Source: Google Map)
Idan is a dynamic and thriving agricultural moshav, it falls under the jurisdiction of the Central Arava Regional Council In 2005, population of Idan is only 150 In 2019, it raised population to 392
Figure 3 View of Moshav Idan (Source: Google Map)
Moshav Idan, established in 1980 by immigrants from Canada, the United States, and South Africa, is named after the nearby Idan stream, which derives its name from the Arab Wadi al-Aidan Following the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, some of Idan's lands were transferred to Jordan, and a service road known as Peace Road was created between Idan and Hatzeva This route, paved by the Jewish National Fund after the 1994 peace treaty, runs along the Arava Cliffs, opposite the Edom Mountains, and is surrounded by agricultural fields and sandy landscapes, benefiting the central Arava community.
Overview of Israel agriculture
Israel boasts advanced agricultural practices, particularly renowned for its innovative drip irrigation technology Despite over half of the nation's land being classified as desert and semi-desert, with the remainder consisting of forests and steep hills, only 20% of the land is suitable for cultivation The country's harsh climate and water scarcity present significant challenges for agricultural development.
In 2014, agricultural land comprised 24.2% of Israel's area, with agriculture currently contributing 2.5% to the nation's GDP and 3.6% to its export value Despite employing only 3.7% of the labor force, Israel successfully produces 95% of its food requirements, relying on imports for grains, nuts, seeds, oil, meat, coffee, cocoa, and sugar.
Israel's diverse soil types and climates enable the cultivation of a wide range of crops Notably, wheat, sorghum, and maize are cultivated across 215,000 hectares, with 156,000 hectares dedicated solely to winter crops.
Fruits and vegetables such as citrus, avocado, kiwi, guava, mango, and grape thrive in the Mediterranean coastal plain, while tomatoes, sweet peppers, cucumbers, and squash are cultivated nationwide Melons are specifically grown in the valleys during winter, and the subtropical regions produce bananas and dates The northern hills are known for apples, pears, and cherries, and vineyards are widespread across the country, contributing to Israel's competitive wine industry on a global scale.
Israel is the birthplace of two unique types of farming communities, the Kibbutz and Moshav cooperative communities, made up of repatriated Jews from around the world
Figure 4 Moshav Nahalal in the Jezreel Valley, Israel (Photo: Flickr/Ofir Ben
Scientific basis of land use efficiency assessment
2.3.1 Characteristics of evaluating the efficiency of agricultural land use
The world's agricultural land is finite, while the demand for food continues to rise Consequently, enhancing the efficiency of agricultural land use is essential, which can be approached from several perspectives.
The efficiency of agricultural land use is primarily assessed by the outputs generated per unit area, typically measured in hectares This evaluation takes into account various inputs, including costs and labor investments, to determine the overall productivity of the land.
- On agricultural land, crops and rotation systems can be arranged, so it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of each crop, each rotation system (Chu Van Cap, 2001)
Intensive farming involves the in-depth utilization of agricultural land, significantly impacting both immediate and long-term efficiency in land use Consequently, it is essential to examine the effects of fertilizers and pesticides, as well as the implications of increased investment in intensive farming practices on land utilization (Nguyen Van Bo, 2000).
- Agricultural development can only be appropriate when people know how to make the environment grow together (Duong Hong Dat 1994)
Therefore, when assessing the efficiency of agricultural land use, it is necessary to pay attention to the effects of agricultural production on the surrounding environment
- Production activities are deeply social
When assessing the efficiency of agricultural land use, it is crucial to consider the effects of agricultural production on social factors, including job creation, income enhancement, and the improvement of educational levels in rural agricultural communities.
Make full use of resources, exploit comparative advantages in science, technology, land and labor to develop crops and livestock with high commodity ratio, increase competitiveness and aim for export
To enhance agricultural land use, it is essential to focus on specialization and the production of goods aligned with commodity lines and product groups, while adopting comprehensive and continuous intensive farming practices Improving the efficiency of agricultural land involves diversifying ownership forms, organizing land use effectively, and expanding the variety of crops and livestock.
16 transforming the structure of plants and animals suitable for living conditions and environmental protection (Vu Thi Phuong Thuy, 2000)
Enhancing the efficiency of agricultural land use in the district should align with the socio-economic development goals of both the region and the nation It is crucial to prioritize targeted investments in economic zones to serve as a compelling driving force, while also ensuring substantial investments are made to bridge the gap between urban and rural areas, as well as among different population classes (Vu Nang Dung, Le Hong Son, Le Hung Tuan, 1997).
-According to Article 13 of the 2003 Vietnam Land Law, the total natural land area is divided into 3 large groups: agricultural land, non-agricultural land, and unused land (Vietnam Land Law, 2003)
The agricultural land use group encompasses various types of land, including those designated for annual and perennial crop cultivation, afforestation, aquaculture, salt production, and other agricultural activities This land is crucial for the economic development of nations, as it contributes significantly to the production of food and other essential products for society (Pham Duy Doan, 2004).
Israel's agricultural sector primarily operates under two models: the cooperative business model known as Kibbutz, which features shared ownership of production facilities and products, and the farming village model called Moshav.
Moshav has separate production activities for each household but cooperates in branding and raw material purchasing activities
2.3.4 Basis for assessing types of sustainable land use in agricultural production
On the basis of the evaluation of the efficiency, we evaluate the sustainability of the land use types through the following three criteria:
Economic efficiency is a crucial concept that measures the effectiveness of economic activities Its primary goal is to satisfy the growing material and spiritual needs of society As production resources become more limited, achieving efficiency becomes an essential requirement for all social production processes (Nguyen Dinh Hoi, 1993).
Economic efficiency refers to the relationship between the outcomes produced and the costs incurred in production and business activities It is defined by the value of the output product as the result achieved, while the costs represent the value of the input resources This relationship should be analyzed through both absolute and relative comparisons, highlighting the interconnectedness of these two factors (Do Thi Tam, 2001).
Social efficiency, closely linked to economic efficiency, embodies the objectives of human economic activities However, measuring social efficiency remains challenging, particularly when it comes to qualitative indicators like job creation, hunger eradication, and poverty alleviation.
18 cultivation, determination housing, social justice, raising the level of life of the whole people
Social efficiency in agricultural land use is primarily influenced by job creation within the agricultural sector Currently, the evaluation of the social impacts of various land use types is a significant focus of research This topic has garnered considerable attention from scientists, as highlighted by Nguyen Duy Tinh in 1995.
Sustainable land use practices are essential to maintain soil quality and prevent contamination from chemicals, ensuring soil fertility and preventing degradation and erosion It is crucial to enhance soil porosity and fertility while protecting the ecological environment Additionally, factors such as vegetation coverage, land use efficiency, plant species diversity, and seasonal crop rotation should be prioritized for effective land management.
Efficient production activity is defined by its ability to avoid harming the environment, including soil, water, air, and biological systems True efficiency is achieved when the production process not only avoids negative impacts but also enhances the environment, resulting in a greener, cleaner, and more beautiful world (Do Nguyen Hai, 1999).
In agricultural production, environmental efficiency is a long-term effect that ensures current benefits without adversely affecting the future It is closely associated with the
19 process of exploiting, using, and protecting natural resources soil resources and ecological environment (Le Trong Yen, 2004).
Studies in the world and in Vietnam on the assessment of land use efficiency
Docutraiev's land assessment emphasizes the importance of analyzing the natural capacity of the soil to effectively evaluate land He argues that the natural capacity is a key factor in determining both the value of the land and its overall potential.
+ The soil evaluation factors and their criteria are different in different regions
+ The predictive soil evaluation factors are mainly those that are closely related to crop yield and are expressed as relative values in points
The main soil evaluation factors can be:
Analytical data on soil properties, including chemical and physical characteristics, is essential for effective land evaluation It is crucial to select land evaluation factors that align with the specific climatic and socio-economic conditions of the region.
At the 10th International Conference on Soil Assessment held in Moscow in 1974, Rozop and his partners presented a groundbreaking thesis on soil assessment that received widespread agreement The key points of Rozop's thesis emphasize innovative approaches to evaluating soil quality and sustainability.
+ Land evaluation must be based on different geographical areas and soils and with different soil evaluation factors
+ Land evaluation must be based on plant characteristics
+ The same type of crop, the same type of soil, but it is not possible to completely apply the land evaluation criteria of one region to another
+ Land evaluation must be based on the level of intensive farming
+ There is a strong correlation between soil quality and crop yield
Evaluating soil fertility through crop yield is challenging, as it largely depends on the expertise of the land user, according to British soil scientist Ruanell Consequently, using crop yield as a measure for soil evaluation serves only as a rough guideline for assessing the fertility of various soils.
In 1972, the World Food Organization (FAO) created the "Soil Assessment Outline," which was published in 1973 This outline was further developed during the Rome Soil Assessment Conference in 1975 and received FAO approval Enhanced by contributions from leading soil scientists, it culminated in the 1976 publication of the "Framework for Land Evaluation." This foundational document continues to be studied and utilized by numerous countries today.
The FAO emphasizes that land assessment across various ecological zones is essential for establishing a stable, sustainable, and rational productive capacity This evaluation defines land as a specific area of the Earth's surface characterized by relatively stable or cyclically variable properties, including atmospheric conditions, soil type, geological and hydrological factors, as well as the presence of flora and fauna Additionally, it considers past and present human impacts, all of which significantly influence the current and future uses of the land.
Thus, according to this thesis, land assessment must be considered on a very wide scale, including space and time, taking into account natural, economic and social
Soil properties can be measured, estimated, or quantified under 21 conditions It is crucial to select a suitable land evaluation criterion that significantly influences the study area.
Vietnam has one of the lowest per capita land areas globally, and with increasing population pressure and rapid urbanization, the country's land, particularly agricultural land, is diminishing This decline poses significant challenges for food security, making the efficient utilization of agricultural land resources increasingly vital for the nation.
Since the 1990s, the Institute of Agricultural Planning and Design has conducted numerous research and evaluation projects across Vietnam's nine ecological zones and various specialized cultivation areas Notable works include Nguyen Khang and Pham Duong Ung's 1994 study on land resource assessment and Nguyen Cong Pho's 1995 evaluation of land use in the Mekong Delta In January 1995, the Institute hosted a workshop focused on land assessment and planning through an ecological and sustainable development lens, which reviewed the application of FAO's assessment regulations in Vietnam and identified key areas for further research to enhance effective agricultural land use planning.
Object and scope of the study
- The total area of agricultural land in Natureza farm, Moshav Idan, Arava, Israel
- Land use types at Tomatoes farm
- Tomato varieties at Natureza farm
- The thesis is researched at Natureza farm, Moshav Idan, Arava, Israel
- The thesis focuses on research the land use efficiency of three tomato varieties
Place: Natureza farm, Moshav Idan, Arava, Israel
Research content
- History and status of the farm
3.2.2 Production, processing and consumption of tomatoes at Natureza farm
3.2.3 Evaluation of land use efficiency at Natureza tomato farm
- Evaluation of economic, social and environmental effects of tomato cultivation
- Indicate the sustainability and applicability in Vietnam of the on-farm production model
3.2.4 Advantages, disadvantages, lessons learned and suggestions.
Research Methods
Conducting a direct interview with the owner of Natureza farm provides valuable insights into the overall implementation of the farm model and its current status This discussion reveals the advantages and disadvantages of the farm's operations, as well as future implementation trends Additionally, it highlights the crucial role of the workforce in executing various tasks on the farm.
Direct observation involves systematically monitoring events and their relationships within their context, making it an effective method for verifying local responses This approach was utilized during the research to evaluate the actual organizational status of the farm owner.
The secondary data collection method involves gathering existing information and data, typically sourced from agricultural extension reports and published documents This information is often obtained from various agencies, organizations, and offices.
+ Data on natural environmental conditions, socio-economic conditions at the research farm
+ Statistics of Moshav Idan collected in newspapers and on the internet related to the development of the farm economic model
3.3.3 Methods to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural land use:
+ p: is the volume of each type of product produced/ha/year
+ q: is the price of each product in the market at the same time
+ T: is the total product value of 1 hectare of arable land/year
+ N: net income of 1 hectare of arable land/year
+ Csx: production cost of 1 hectare of arable land/year including material costs quality and labor cost
- Efficiency of capital use (H): H = T/Csx
- Value of working days: H =N/number of working days/ha/year
The analytical criteria are evaluated in monetary terms based on current prices, while qualitative (decentralized) assessments are determined by high and low levels Greater economic efficiency is achieved as targets increase.
- Value of agricultural work day
- Level of job creation and labor attraction
- Products consumed in the market
- The ability to protect and improve the land
- The level of impact of pesticides on the environment
- People's awareness in the use of pesticides
Natureza farm overview
At moshav Idan, hundred dunams of desert land area are used for farming efficiently
Natureza Farm stands out as a prominent and expanding agricultural establishment in the region, recognized for its consistent and effective growth Established in [year], it has become a model of stability and development in the local farming community.
Since its establishment in 2012, Natureza has developed into a prominent agricultural company specializing in the cultivation and packaging of high-value crops such as zucchini, tomatoes, melons, eggplants, mangoes, grapes, onions, garlic, lychees, and dates With a large-scale operation in Israel, Natureza employs around 100 workers from diverse countries, including Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Sudan, Bedouin, Fiji, and Kenya This farm not only achieves impressive yields and sales but also serves as an ideal destination for young individuals worldwide to gain hands-on experience and learn about advanced agricultural practices, particularly those prevalent in Israel.
Currently, the total land area of all farms is 1200 dunam (10 dunam = 1ha = 1000m2)
In which, the total number of tomato farms is 60 dunam (6ha)
Figure 5 Vietnamese student working at cherry tomato fields
4.1.1 Technologies used in the farm
The farm is equipped with essential living quarters for workers, providing both material and spiritual support It features a spacious warehouse and packing facility designed for efficient loading and unloading of agricultural products The agricultural production machinery includes tractors, forklifts, and spraying machines, along with specialized equipment for arable land, anti-erosion, seeding, harvesting, and intensive farming irrigation.
The technology of greenhouses and net houses has become essential in Israel for ensuring a consistent supply of high-quality agricultural products throughout the year while reducing chemical usage This innovative approach effectively addresses challenges posed by unfavorable climatic conditions and limited water and soil resources Although greenhouses demand significant investment in construction and maintenance, they are predominantly utilized for high-value crops, including the seedling industry, cut flowers, and nurseries.
28 and vegetable crops Due to large investments, growers are always looking for methods to reduce manipulation and make them more cost-effective
Drip irrigation technology, significantly advanced by Israeli water engineer Simcha Blass, revolutionized agricultural practices by demonstrating that balanced irrigation could lead to substantial plant growth Although the method predates the establishment of Israel, Blass's innovation in the 1960s led to the creation of Netafim at Kibbutz Hatzerim, establishing a new industry focused on this efficient irrigation technique Regular drip irrigation boasts a watering efficiency exceeding 90%, effectively conserving 30% to 50% of water typically used in irrigation.
Figure 6 Drip irrigation system at tomato farm
In addition to maximizing water efficiency, drip irrigation has also been successful in: + Limit evaporation
+ Reduce the need for fertilizers and chemicals
+ Allows effective control of plant diseases
+ Facilitating the transportation of pesticides and other materials to prevent plant/plant infection
+ Prevent the soil from being salty
Israel's innovative micro and drip irrigation solutions are becoming increasingly popular globally The newest models feature self-cleaning technology and ensure a consistent flow rate, regardless of variations in water quality and pressure.
Tomatoes rank as the second largest vegetable crop globally and are linked to cancer prevention through the consumption of tomato products Rich in lycopene, a natural antioxidant, tomatoes offer significant health benefits.
Insoluble solids 25% - proteins, pectin, cellulose
Organic acids 12% - citric + maleate acid
In Israel, greenhouse tomatoes are cultivated in the fall, particularly in Moshav Idan, Arava, to enhance production for export to Europe and beyond Initially, this crop had a limited yield season from December to March However, advancements in technology and innovative growing techniques have allowed for year-round tomato production in greenhouses and net houses across the country.
Production, processing and consumption of tomatoes at farm Natureza
Growing tomatoes in greenhouses offers an effective way to create optimal conditions for plant development and enhance yield quality This advanced technology, particularly with its heating systems, allows for year-round cultivation, even in cold weather The greenhouse environment not only boosts productivity and product quality but also leads to significant savings in operating costs related to energy, irrigation, and pest control, while minimizing the risk of plant diseases.
At the start of a new crop, farmers typically purchase seeds from commercial companies, opting for hybrid tomato varieties due to their superior vigor, quality, and production capabilities These hybrids are particularly valued for their resistance to diseases In the region, nearly all farms rely on a specialized supplier that provides seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers, along with technical support.
31 care process for the farms, and can also support the farms with the transportation of seeds if needed
Effective soil preparation is crucial for achieving high tomato production and quality Most soil types, except for those with high limestone content and poor drainage, are suitable for tomato cultivation Ideally, tomatoes thrive in light to medium sandy soils that offer adequate natural drainage and maintain a slightly acidic pH range of 6.2 to 6.8.
Before growing tomatoes in a greenhouse, it is crucial to conduct a soil test to assess potassium and phosphorus levels If the phosphorus level is 35 ppm or higher (based on the Olsen technique), additional phosphorus application is unnecessary; however, it is advisable to apply it if levels fall below 35 ppm Furthermore, incorporating organic compost into the soil every two years is recommended, with a suggested application of 40-50 m³/ha during soil preparation and farming.
Drip irrigation systems operate efficiently even when tomatoes are not being cultivated, as they are programmed to automatically release water and fertilizer at set intervals Each irrigation session lasts approximately 30 minutes, ensuring consistent moisture and nutrient delivery Unlike traditional methods in Vietnam that apply large quantities of fertilizer at once, this system provides daily doses of just the right amount of nutrients to support plant growth.
Tomato plants face various diseases and pests, with some affecting multiple crops while others are specific to tomatoes Effective pest control is crucial, as it constitutes a significant portion of the expenses associated with tomato production.
In recent years, the use of pesticides has declined due to several factors, including the desire for cost savings, the need to prevent harmful residues on fresh produce and food items, and the aim to reduce air pollution and environmental impact.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management, by the coordinated use of pest and environmental information
Tomato harvesting and packing: Tomatoes must be hand-harvested to be marketed
Tomatoes typically require 60-90 days from planting to harvest, depending on the chosen stage of fruit development They are ready for harvest when they exhibit a bright red color, uniform shape and size, and are free from pests, diseases, and insect damage After harvesting, tomatoes are packed in cartons and stored in a packing house prior to shipping.
Table 1 Tomatoes varieties grown in Natureza farm
Table 2 Total costs for 1 year tomato growing
Plant protection products (biobee, biological insecticide, …), bees for pollination
Machinery (plows, tractors), maintenance costs, gasoline, labor tools
9 Others (Checking doctors, house for worker ,…) 180.000 1.260.000.000
- The average harvest time starts from November to December of the previous year to April to May of the following year Continuous harvest for 5-7 months
- Before harvesting, tomatoes will be isolated with pesticides for about 7-8 days
- When the fruit reaches the maximum size, the color changes from green to red or from green to 80-90% of the fruit, it can be harvested
During the harvesting process, fruits are carefully hand-picked to prevent scratches and crushing, which can diminish their value Once harvested, the fruits are packed into cartons, each weighing between 20 to 25 kg per barrel.
After harvesting, tomatoes are transported to the packing house, where each box is stamped with the company's brand to verify its origin before entering the market.
(Unit: ton/ha) (Source: Natureza’s farmer)
Table 3 Yield of tomato harvest by month
Varieties Month Regular Tomato Cherry Tomato Cluster Tomato
Figure 10 The chart of tomato harvest yield by month of 3 varieties (ton/ha)
The chart illustrates the total yields of three tomato varieties at Natureza farm, revealing that cluster tomatoes achieve the highest yield at 77.5 ton/ha, followed by regular tomatoes at 67.9 ton/ha, while cherry tomatoes yield the least at 54.6 ton/ha, all cultivated in the same 2ha area.
Evaluate land use efficiency
In today's economic climate, assessing the economic efficiency of agricultural land use is crucial for maximizing land potential The market acceptance of agricultural products hinges on their quality and quantity, which must align with seasonal demands while ensuring hygiene and safety for consumers.
Dec-20 Jan-21 Feb-21 Mar-21 Apr-21
Regular TomatoCherry TomatoCluster Tomato
Economic efficiency is a crucial factor in evaluating land use efficiency, serving as a key foundation for identifying technical solutions and selecting suitable land use types The assessment of land use efficiency can be conducted through various criteria.
Through the actual survey process at the farm Natureza, conducting statistical processing on economic efficiency and giving the following results:
Economic efficiency is evaluated by comparing production value to production costs A greater difference between these two factors indicates higher economic efficiency, which is a primary objective across all material production industries.
It is feasible to cultivate various tree species or different varieties of the same species on the same land Economic efficiency plays a crucial role in selecting suitable varieties, emphasizing the need for high-quality products that align with market demands throughout the seasons Additionally, ensuring hygiene and safety in usage is essential for maximizing economic benefits.
The economic efficiency of tomato plants is shown in the table showing the sustainability of the production model at the Natureza farm
(Unit: ton/ha, 1Shekel = 7.000VND)
Table 4 Yield of tomato varieties in export markets and supermarkets
Figure 11 Compare the ratio of export markets and supermarkets of three tomato varieties
Moshav Idan is renowned for its agriculture, particularly in tomato production, with Natureza's farm leading in quality and safety for consumers Natureza farm excels in exporting tomatoes, demonstrating that Cluster tomato varieties yield higher quantities compared to Cherry and Regular tomatoes.
Regular tomato Cherry tomatoCluster tomato
39 varieties With the volume sold to supermarkets, Cherry tomato account for 8% lower than Regular tomato and 17% lower than Cluster tomato
Table 5 Economic efficiency of land use type for tomato cultivation Natureza farm
No Varietie s Gross output Production cost Net income
Efficiency of capital use (time)
Three tomato varieties are known for their high income potential Among these, Cluster tomatoes stand out, offering greater yields and profits when grown under identical production costs, soil types, and care compared to the other two varieties The capital efficiency of the Cluster tomato variety is notably superior.
7.8% higher than that of Cherry tomato and Regular The value of the working day of
Cluster tomato is also high in Regular and Cherry tomato is 2,329,797.14 VND/day
Cherry tomatoes typically yield less than Cluster tomatoes due to their smaller and more uneven fruit size, as well as lower disease resistance Like Regular tomatoes, Cherry tomatoes are also sensitive to extreme temperatures, whether high or low.
Tomatoes often suffer during their growth period due to insufficient water, diseases, saline soil, and natural disasters such as sandstorms and damaged greenhouses, leading to decreased productivity To achieve high economic efficiency in tomato cultivation, it is essential to address these challenges effectively.
40 addition to production experience, the investment costs need to select varieties and prepare measures to prevent diseases
The social effectiveness of various land use types is evaluated based on key criteria, including the assurance of food security, the fulfillment of farmers' needs, the value of agricultural labor days, job creation, and the ability to attract labor.
Agricultural production plays a crucial role in job creation for both farm owners and workers, generating wealth that supports the livelihoods of farming families while providing goods for market trade Effective land use, characterized by high economic efficiency, significantly enhances quality of life, transforms agricultural landscapes, ensures local food security, and alleviates poverty by addressing labor demands Conversely, improper land use results in low income, insufficient job opportunities, and can contribute to societal issues during leisure time The social impacts of various land use types are detailed in the accompanying table.
Table 6 The social efficiency of tomatoes farms in Natureza farm
Criteria for evaluating social efficiency
Meeting the needs of farmers
Tomatoes High High High High High
(Source: Collect data from Natureza farmer)
Through the above survey, tomato farms are assessed as having high social efficiency because the criteria for assessing the social efficiency of tomato farming are at “High”
The agricultural process, from planting to harvesting and packing, requires significant labor, particularly during the tending and harvesting stages This demand for labor not only creates job opportunities and increases income for workers but also contributes to reducing poverty rates The sector attracts a diverse workforce, with a substantial number of long-term employees being Thai workers, while annual labor includes many international students from countries such as Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Kenya, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste.
Land use is influenced by natural factors, social development, and human activities, leading to increased environmental pollution and degradation of land resources This decline results in reduced soil quality, a polluted environment, and loss of biodiversity Environmental performance reflects the relationship between different land use types and their environmental impacts To achieve environmental efficiency, it is crucial to ensure that land use does not harm the environment or degrade soil quality, particularly for agricultural production This approach contributes to environmental protection and improvement The evaluation of environmental efficiency for the land use types at Natureza farm, Moshav Idan, will be based on specific assessment criteria.
- The ability to protect and improve the land
- The level of impact of pesticides on the environment
- People's awareness in the use of pesticides
Environmental effects and impact levels of different types of land use are shown in the following table:
Table 7 Evaluation of the environment efficiency in Natureza farm
Ability to protect and improve the land
Level of impact of pesticides on the environment
People's awareness in the use of pesticides
Tomato High High High High Medium High
(Source: Collect data from Natureza farmer)
The assessment indicates that tomato farms exhibit high environmental efficiency, characterized by a significant coverage rate due to the short rest period between crops Farmers prioritize soil protection and enhancement, recognizing its essential role in producing healthy products The soil is enriched with natural fertilizers, including organic and green manure, as well as compost Additionally, these farms demonstrate effective water conservation through a modern drip irrigation system, which utilizes automatic controls and sensors to ensure optimal water supply for the plants.
Fertilizers should be applied at concentrations recommended by experts and local regulations They are mixed with water in a tank and delivered through drip irrigation systems directly to the base of tomato plants, ensuring optimal growth while protecting soil health.
At the farm, we prioritize the use of biological pesticides, such as Neem B, a natural and non-toxic oil derived from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica Juss, which belongs to the Meliaceae family and is native to the Indian subcontinent Neem oil is one of the least toxic botanical insecticides available, demonstrating minimal toxicity to humans and beneficial organisms.
Figure 12 Some bio- pesticides and bio- fertilizers are used on the farm
Choosing land-use type obtains economics – society – environment efficiency
4.4.1 Sustainable land use type standard
Based on the actual conditions and requirements of the farm owner, Natureza has made the criteria as a basis for selecting a promising land use type:
- Ensuring the life of farmers
- Consistent with the development goals of the study area
- Sedentary cultivation, settlement and application of scientific and technical advances
- Good impact on the environment
Based on the established criteria and findings from the production investigation, we evaluated the land use efficiency of three tomato varieties while analyzing the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the farm The results adhere to the specified standards.
1 In line with the agricultural development goals of Natureza farm
2 To be suitable to land conditions and farming practices
3 Ensuring the life of farmers
6 In line with the needs of the market
7 Protect and improve the land, environmental protection
The type of land use for tomato cultivation is the type that effectively meets all three aspects of economy - society - environment
Vietnam, being an agricultural nation, primarily relies on agriculture for its income To boost earnings, generate employment opportunities, and safeguard the environment, the country can implement advanced tomato growing technology.
Tomato cultivation is prioritized in regions with low rainfall, as excessive rain can lead to fruit rot during the harvest season.
In Vietnam, where the climate is characterized by heavy rainfall and high humidity, growing tomatoes in a greenhouse can be an effective method However, the increased moisture levels also lead to a higher prevalence of pests and diseases Therefore, it is essential for researchers and farmers to collaborate and develop innovative strategies to manage these challenges effectively.
Currently, the product output faces significant challenges, lacking a commitment to stability, which results in precarious production values tied to market prices This limitation highlights the need for support from ministries and local authorities to ensure that those utilizing high technology in production can achieve more stable output.
Government support is essential for stabilizing prices and providing access to seeds and fertilizers Additionally, agricultural extension workers play a crucial role in directly guiding farmers on effective production techniques, including soil preparation, seed germination, and fertilizer application.
Developing specialized farming models tailored to the unique advantages of each region enhances commodity-oriented production This approach not only expands market access but also streamlines purchasing and consumption of products.
To enhance agricultural development, it is essential to implement policies that provide farmers with investment capital for new planting and care during the foundational construction phase This includes boosting the mobilization of local resources and securing external support from international organizations, as well as funding from district, provincial, and central budgets.
- Open training courses on care techniques, use of pesticides, application of farming methods suitable for each growth stage of tomato plants
To effectively tap into consumption markets for agricultural products, it is essential to gather and regularly monitor market information and forecasts This enables producers to confidently invest in their offerings Utilizing mass media for advertising and promoting products, along with forming joint ventures to secure investment partners, presents significant potential for the future of tomato product consumption Consequently, it is crucial for authorities at all levels to foster the development of watermelon cultivation in Vietnam.
In Vietnam, several provinces have successfully implemented Israeli agricultural technology, notably the high-tech tomato cultivation model at Ban Me Hi-tech Cooperative in Dien Bien province This innovative approach has significantly enhanced economic efficiency for farmers, improving their livelihoods and contributing to the region's economic and social development Greenhouse production has led to a remarkable 15-fold increase in crop yield compared to traditional methods, allowing for year-round tomato cultivation with a shorter harvest cycle Currently, the cooperative produces over 2 tons of Beef tomatoes from 2,000 roots, with a market price of 30,000 VND per kilogram.
Figure 14 Model of tomato cultivation according to Israeli technology at Ban Me
Advantages, Disadvantages, Lessons learned and Suggestion
The Israeli government actively supports farmers and invests in agricultural production, promoting cost reduction through specialization and the discontinuation of low-margin products The agricultural sector thrives on collaboration among the state, scientists, farmers, and entrepreneurs, who work together to address the country's agricultural challenges Additionally, Israel boasts numerous advanced scientific and technical innovations that enhance agricultural output, notably the development of drip irrigation technology, which optimizes water usage through a modern irrigation system.
Agricultural production on farms uses greenhouse technology Greenhouse farming is seen as a key technological solution in Israel's high-tech agricultural development
Agricultural production in farms is applied information technology Currently, almost all stages from cultivation to harvest, preservation and consumption on the farm are applied information technology
- The qualifications of workers do not catch up with high-tech knowledge, lack of experience, language barriers make it difficult to communicate with employers
- The consumption market is far from the farm, making the product quality lower
- Drip irrigation system due to long use will be clogged due to a lot of soil, causing some plants to die
- Severe weather in both summer and winter, affecting production as well as workers when working on the farm
Experience advanced tomato cultivation techniques and innovative production and consumption models directly at the farm Gain insights from farm owners on effective farm management and discover strategies for identifying and reaching consumer markets.
Observing the drip irrigation system directly on the farm highlights the critical role of water resources and demonstrates how this advanced technology can significantly enhance water conservation.
- Be guided to participate directly in the stages from planting trees, picking fruit, packing fruit to the smallest thing, cleaning the farm after each crop
- Learn more about how farmers use bio-pesticide products and bio-fertilizers
- From actual observations, better understand the use of the greenhouse system, how the greenhouse affects plants and the environment
From there, learn and understand more about modern agriculture in Israel, find out some limitations of the country's agriculture
To enhance the efficiency of agricultural land use sustainably, Vietnamese authorities must focus on optimizing land potential through crop restructuring, product diversification, and the application of scientific and technical advancements in production.
- Implement synchronously policy solutions, infrastructure development, science and technology solutions, market solutions to promote production
- The process of land use must be associated with the reclamation, fostering and protection of land, and environmental protection
Accordingly, research for sustainable development of tomato cultivation in Vietnam to create more income for people and improve product types in Vietnam
Conclusions
Through the time of researching and evaluating land use at Farm Natureza, Moshav Idan, there are several comments drawn as follows:
Israel, a small country in the Middle East, faces challenging natural conditions, with two-thirds of its territory consisting of desert and the remainder being bare rock in an extremely dry climate Covering an area of 22,145 km², Israel has approximately 4,100 km² of agricultural land Despite unfavorable factors such as location, soil conditions, climate, and hydrology for agricultural production, Israel has leveraged science, technology, and the ingenuity of its people to achieve remarkable advancements in agriculture, positioning itself as a global leader in the field.
Farm Natureza, located in Moshav Idan, spans a total agricultural area of 120 hectares, with 6 hectares dedicated to tomato cultivation The region's favorable soil, climate, and hydrological conditions contribute to high crop yields Tomatoes not only provide significant economic benefits but also create job opportunities and increase incomes for workers both locally and globally.
Tomatoes are grown and packed with high-tech processes, products ensure Israel's export standards and strict European standards, Israeli tomato products increasingly have a foothold in the international market
Recommendations
After studying and researching at Farm Natureza, Moshav Idan I have the following recommendations:
Universities in Israel, a global leader in agricultural development, must enhance access to advanced high-tech models for students This initiative will facilitate study and research opportunities, enabling students to gain insights into modern agricultural practices By understanding the limitations of agriculture in their home country, students can propose production models tailored to Vietnam's economic and climatic conditions.
Tomato cultivation holds significant potential for future growth in Vietnam, making it essential for government authorities at all levels to foster an environment conducive to the widespread development of high-tech tomato farming.
The government should provide support in the form of subsidies for prices, seeds, and fertilizers Additionally, agricultural extension officers must offer direct guidance to farmers on essential production techniques, including soil preparation, seed nursery management, and fertilizer application.
Supportive policies are essential for farmers, focusing on investment capital for new planting and care during the basic construction phase Enhancing the mobilization of local capital, alongside securing external support from international organizations and funding from district and provincial budgets, is crucial for sustainable agricultural development.
+ Open training courses on care techniques, use of pesticides, application of farming methods suitable for each growth stage of tomato plants
- For farmers: Farmers in Vietnam need to actively participate in training courses of agricultural extension techniques to produce in accordance with the technical process,
To enhance agricultural productivity, it is essential to leverage scientific and technical advancements, particularly in areas currently underperforming Shifting the focus from self-sufficient farming to a commodity-oriented approach can significantly increase incomes and improve the quality of life for individuals in these regions.
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