TRI^T HOC, SO 4 (239), THANG 4 2011 NGHIEN Cllru VA HQC TAP QunN uim cun NHO GIRO VC ono inivi NGirdi NGUYEN THI THO •'''' Be ldm ro quan niim cda Nho gido vi dao ldm ngUdi, trong bdi viit ndy tdc gid dd[.]
Trang 1NGHIEN Cllru VA HQC T A P
NGUYEN THI THO •'
Be ldm ro quan niim cda Nho gido vi dao ldm ngUdi, trong bdi viit ndy tdc gid dd dUa ra vd ludn gidi khdi niem "Dao ldm ngUdi", dao ldm ngUdi qua cdc mdi quan hi (quan hi cua con ngudi vdi bdn thdn; quan hi cua con ngUdi vdi ngUdi khdc - vdi xd hdi) Theo tdc gid, vdi Nho gido, nhdn, nghia, li, tri vd tin dUpc dat trong quan hi cua con ngUdi vdi chinh bdn thdn minh
di tu thdn, de trd thdnh ngUdi qudn td; cbn chinh danh Id yeu cdu dao ddc dUac ddt trong quan
he vdi ngUdi khdc (vdi xd hdi) de moi ngUdi deu thUc hiin dung phdn sU cda minh, ldm cho xd hpi on dinh, phdt triin
tho giao - mdt hpe thuyd't chinh tri,
dao dflc ra ddi tfl Trung Qud'c, trai
qua hdn 25 the' ky tdn tai va phat
tridn nhflng vdn cdn dd nhfl sfl thach
thflc vdi thdi gian Niio giao ve sau da
khac nhieu so vdi luc mdi xua't hidn,
nhflng nd vdn cd didm chung - dd Id mdt
hoc thuyd't ehinh tri, dao dflc eiia giai
cd'p phong kie'n Trung Qud'e, chii trfldng
dung "Id tri", "dflc tri" de quan ly xa hdi
Khdng Txi ndi: "Diing dao dflc lam
dfldng Idi chinh tri thi nhfl sao Bdc Ddu
5 mdt chd nha't dinh ma cac sao khac
diu vay quanh"(Luan ngfl vi chinh,
1)(1) Nhflng nguydn tdc dao dflc eua
Nho giao nhfl nhan Id, nghia, tri, tin
vfla la ehudn mfle de tiiiu chinh hanh vi
ciia con ngfldi, vfla la nhflng bidn phap
de bao dam cho ehinh tri, nhan nghia
dfldc thiic hidn Bdi vay, Nho giao
khdng dUa ra dinh nghia nao ve khai
nidm "Dao lam ngUdi", nhUng qua cac
tac pham kinh diin, qua tU tudng eua
cae dai bieu Nho giao ed t h i tha'y, khai
nidm "Dao lam ngUdi" da dupe Nho giao
di sau khai thac
1 Dao lam ngxtbi
"Dao ldm ngUdi" la khai niem dfldc hinh thanh tfl rat lau, nhflng ngay nay, luan ban ve nd khdng phai la rapt tlieu
da cu, ed hu, Bdi le, tU khi cd con ngfldi
va xa hdi loai ngfldi thi nhiing mdi quan
he gifla eon ngfldi vdi eon ngfldi, con ngUdi vdi tu nhidn, con ngUdi vdi ehinh
ban than minh ludn nay sinh va do vay,
"Dao lam ngudi" ludn van hanh Ngay nay, khi xa hdi cang phat trien, trinh dp nhan thfle cua con ngUdi khdng ngiing dUde nang eao, mdi quan he gifla con ngUdi vdi tU nhien, xa hdi va chinh ban than minh nay sinh nhieu van de phflc tap thi "Dao Ikm ngfldi" lai cang dfldc chu y hdn bao gid hd't
(*) Ti^n si, Trflcing Dai hoc Sfl pham Ha Noi
(1) Ngd vdn Hdn N6m, t.l: Td thU Vien Nghien
cflu Han Nom, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi, 2004,
Trang 2Khi b^n dd'n "Dao Idm ngfldi", Nho
giao nha'n manh dd'n "Dao nhdn", "Dao
lam ngUdi" Theo nghia dd, "Dao lam
ngUdi" dupe hieu la nguydn tdc chinh
tri, \k quy pham dao dflc va luan ly, la
dao ly tri qud'c va xii the' ciia con ngfldi
Ndi each khae, dao ldm ngUdi dUOc hieu
la dudng ldi, nguyin tdc dao ddc md
con ngUdi co bdn phdn gin gia vd tudn
theo trong ddi sd'ng Dd Id nhdn sinh
quan, la quan niim sd'ng trong sach,
thudn theo le phdi
Nguydn tdc chinh tri la tfl tfldng chi
dao vide tri qud'c, binh thidn ha, phan
anh he tfl tfldng eua giai cd'p edm
quyen Quy pham dao dflc, luan ly theo
quan nidm cua Nho giao chinh la tam
cfldng, ngu thfldng, trung hid'u, tam
tdng, tfl dflc, Dao Idm ngfldi ciia Nho
giao bao quat cae mdi quan he trong xa
hdi d radt pham vi ra't rdng Mdt ngfldi
cd dao dflc, cd "dao lam ngUdi" la cd sd
de ngUdi do thflc hidn td't mdi quan he
trong quan he vdi tfl nhidn, trong flng
xii xa hpi, flng xxi vdi chinh ban than
minh theo danh phan
Nho giao gpi con ngfldi dat dfldc cac
chuan mflc dd la "ngfldi quan tii", "da'ng
trfldng phu" Vdi Khdng tii, ngfldi quan
tii khdng thuan tuy chi dia vi xa hdi cua
ngudi dd, ma chii yd'u chi phdm chd't
dao dflc ma ngfldi dd dat dfldc Ong cho
rdng, "Ti Canh Cdng cd rapt ngan cd xe
bd'n ehd nhflng sau khi chd't, dan khdng
tha'y cd edng dflc gi rad khen Ba Di va
Thue Te ehdt ddi d chan nui Thu
Dfldng, nhflng dd'n nay dan hay cdn ea
ngdi "Thanh bd't di phu, diec ehi di di"
(that chdng vi giau, chi vi dflc la) Cd le
la ndi vi dieu nky chang" (LuSn ngfl,
Quy thi, 12)(2)
2 Dao lam ngUc*i qua cac mdi
q u a n he
2.1 Quan hi cua con ngUdi vdi bdn thdn
Nho giao la hpe thuyd't rd't chu trpng dd'n dao dflc con ngfldi, trong dd cd dao
dflc trong flng xii vdi chinh ban thSn
minh Vdi nguydn tdc dao dflc nay, Nho giao coi trpng sfl nghidm khdc trong vi^c tu than, tich dflc
Theo Nho giao, ngfldi quan tii ddi vdi minh trfldc hd't phai I^m nhflng viec khd, sau mdi dupe hfldng thanh qua (Nhan gia tidn nan; nhi hau hoach; kha
vi nhan by) (Ludn nga, Ung gid, 20)(3)
Dd'n ddi Tdng, Pham Trpng Yem cho rdng, ngfldi khd trfldc thien ha, vui sau thidn ha la ngfldi cd nhan Khac v6i
nhflng ngfldi bd't nhan, ngfldi quan tit,
nhan dflc la ngfldi ludn vui ve sdng trong ba't ky hoan canh nao, dfl do la vinh hoa hay ddi nghdo, tung thid'u Hp khdng bi phu quy, danh ldi, giau sang lam lung lac
Klii de cap dd'n mdu ngUdi quan til, Khdng Tut thUdng dua ra nhiing tieu chuan khae nhau, song chung quy lai, ngudi quan tii phai dat dUdc chin dieu sau: (1) Nhin thi phai di y nhin sao cho sang; (2) Nghe thi phai ldng tai nghe cho rd rang; (3) Sde mSt phai gifl cho on hda; (4) Tfldng mao thi phai gifl cho khidm eung; (5) Ndi nang phai gifl bl trung thflc; (6) Lam viec phai trpng sU kinh cdn; (7) Cd dieu nghi hoac tM phai hdi han; (8) Khi gian thi nghi de'n sil hoan nan cd the xay ra; (9) Thay ldi thi phai nghi tdi dieu nghia" (Luan ngQ,
(2) Ngu van Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.513 (3) Ngd vdn Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.312
Trang 3Quy thi, 10)(4) Theo Khdng Tii, chin
diiu nay phai cd sii hai hda vdi nhau
ma dng gpi la "trung dung" De dat dfldc
nhflng dieu nay, trfldc hd't ngudi quan
ttl phai ren luyen dUde 5 dflc cd ban:
Nhdn, Nghia, Le, Tri, Tin Day cung la
tfl tfldng xuyen sud't dao Idm ngfldi ciia
Nho giao ndi ridng, he thd'ng tfl tfldng
Nho giao ndi chung Ngfldi quan tfl,
theo Nho giao, phai biet gifl dflc nhan
ciia minh, cd the vi nhan raa sat than
chfl khdng thd vi than rad hai nhan De
gin gifl dflc nhan, ngfldi quan tii phai tfl
kiem ehe' minh de tuan theo Id tid't ciia
xa hdi (Ludn ngQ, Nhan Uyen, 1), de
vflng vang, tram tfl nhfl mii trfldc mpi
thfl thach eiia cudc ddi (Ludn nga, Ung
gid, 21) "Khac ky phuc le vi nhan", tflc
la dieu g^ khdng hdp vdi Id thi diing
nhin, dflng nghe, dflng ndi, diing lam
Theo Khdng Td, la ngfldi ai ciing cd ndi
sd hai cua minh, ban than dng eiing ndi
nhieu dd'n ehfl "sd" (uy); nhflng khdng
ed ehd nao, dng khuyen ngUdi ta tham
sd'ng sd chd't ca NgUdc lai, dng cdn
khuyen ngUdi cd nhan va chi khi thi
phai bid't chpn cai chd't mdt each xflng
dang: "Ngfldi ed chi khi va ngUdi cd dflc
nhan khdng tham sdng ma hai ngfldi
Hp phai xa than de thanh nhan" Dd
dat dUde ta't ca nhiing phdm chd't dao
dflc dd, de hanh ddng nhfl mdt ngUdi
quan txi giup ddi, Khdng Txi cho rdng,
ngUdi quan tfl phai ludn la'y "tu than"
lam dau Tu than la cd sd de xay diing
nhan each cho minh, d i hanh dao giup
ddi (te gia, tri qud'c, binh thien ha)
Nhan la dao dflc can ban nhd't eua
con ngUdi; nd bao ham trong minh mpi
dflc tinh Do vdy, ngfldi ed nhan dong
quan tii "Ngfldi cd dflc nhan la ngfldi phai nghiem trang, te ehinh, rdng Ifldng, khoan dung, dflc tin, ldng thanh,
sidng nang, can man vk biet thi an vdi
nara dfle (eung, khoan, tin, man, hue) (Luan ngfl, Dfldng hda, 6)(5) Dd eung la ngfldi bid't ydu ngfldi dang ydu, bid't ghet ngfldi dang ghdt Ngfldi cd dflc nhan cung la ngfldi cd dflc le, vi bieu hien ra bdn ngoai ciia nhan la Id (khdc
ky phuc Id vi nhan) O pham vi qud'e gia, le dupe hieu la vide tuan theo ky cfldng phep nUdc va cac chudn miic dao dflc xa hdi Nghia dflde cac nha Nho dat trong mdi quan he vdi ldi Hp cd xu hfldng coi nhe Idi ma ehi chu trpng nghia Khdng Tfl cho rdng, "quan td hieu rd ve nghia, tieu nhan hidu rd ve ldi"(6) Do vay, Khong Tfl hay khuyen dieu nghia, cho nghia la rapt dieu can ban de lap than, vide gi hdp vdi nghia thi lam, khdng hpp thi bd Ld, Tin va Nghia gan bd chat che vdi nhau: "NgUdi
quan txi la'y nghia lam gd'c, theo Id ma thflc hidn, ndi ra bdng Idi khidm td'n va
hokn thanh bdng thai dp thanh thUc
Nhu vay that la quan tfl (Luan ngfl, Ve Linh Cdng, 17)(7) Manh Tfl cdn bai xich Idi hdn, dng chi thd'y cd nghia ma khdng cd ldi Nha vua chi ndi dieu nhan nghia, ha ta't phai ndi tdi ldi Tri la tri tue, la tri thflc, hiiu bid't cua ngfldi
quan txt, la cd sd dd hanh sfl Ngfldi hoan
thanh, dat dfldc vide tu than la ngfldi lam trdn, lam diing phan sfl cua minh
(4) NgU van Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.512
(6) Gian Chi va Nguyin Hien Le Dai cUOng Triet
hoc Trung Quw:, t.2 Nxb Thanh nien, Ha Noi,
2005, tr.452
Trang 4(chinh danh) Trdn cd sd ldm trdn phdn
sfl cua minh ma md rdng ra vide lam
trdn phdn sU, nhidm vu eiia minh ddi vdi
ngUdi khae trong mpi mdi quan hp
Ydu cdu eiia Nho giao vi tidu chuan
dao dflc di con ngfldi tu than la rd't to^n
didn Khdng nhflng d i cao tinh thdn tu
than, ban thdn Khong Txi cdn la mpt
ta'm gfldng ve tu than Ong mud'n ca xa
hdi tu than dd tao thanh radt "vfldng
qud'e eiia ngfldi qudn tii" Quan nipm
cua Nho giao ve dao lam ngfldi trong
quan he ddi vdi ban than cho de'n nay
vdn cdn nhflng gia tri nhd't dinh, giup
chung ta rdn dua ban than, tu dfldng
phdm cha't dao dfle, sd'ng dung danh
phan eiia minh
2.2 Quan hi cda con ngUdi vdi ngUdi
khdc (vdi oca hdi)
Trong xa hpi, eon ngfldi phai duy tri
ddng thdi nhieu mdi quan he khae
nhau, nhu quan he kinh te', quan he
chinh tri, quan he luan ly dao dflc,
quan he tdn giao, quan he gia dinh ,
trong do quan he kinh td' la cai ddng vai
trd cd ban NhUng ngay tfl sd ky, eac
nha Nho da khdng quan tam dd'n quan
he kinh td', cung khdng quan tam de'n
cac quan he phap luat, tdn giao Hp
tuydn bd: "Trong xa hdi, mpi nghe
nghiep deu la tha'p kdm, duy chi ed
nghe dpe sach Id cao quy" (Van ban giai
ha phdm, duy hau ddc thU cao) Vi vdy,
sii tap trung cua cae Nho gia chii yd'u
vao Iinh vUc ehinh tri, dao dflc, dieu
nay phu hdp vdi dudng Id'i dflc tri, vdi
quan nidra eho rdng chinh tri, dao dflc
quyd't dinh sU an nguy eiia trieu dinh,
su dn dinh eiia xa hdi
Khdng Txt \a ngudi dau tidn neu Idn
mdi quan he gifla eon ngfldi vdi eon
ngudi, gifla "ky" (minh) va "'nhan" (ngudi) Vdi dng, nguydn tdc ddi xii giiia ngUdi vdi ngudi la xem ngUdi eung nhu minh, cdi gi minh khdng raud'n thi dflng lam eho ngUdi (thi chU ky nhi bdt nguydn, di^e vdt thi fl nhan), minh mud'n lam ndn thi giup ngfldi lam nen, minh mud'n thdnh dat thi giup ngflcfi thanh dat (ky due Idp nhi lap nhan, ky due dat nhi dat nhan) Vdi quan nidra
vi "ky" vk "nhdn" nay, Khdng T^ da
khang dinh tfl tfldng dao dflc coi trong con ngfldi cua Nho giao Nguydn tdc thii hai ma Khdng Tii de eao la "Trung dung", 'Trung hda" 'Trung hda la cai tinh tfl nhidn eiia trdi dd't, trung dung
la cai dflc hanh eua ngfldi ta Trung la gifla, la khdng thidn lech ve bdn nao Dung la thfldng Trung dung nghia la dung dao Trung lam Id sd'ng thUdng ngay vay"(8) Nghia la dao Trung dung ddi hdi con ngUdi diing thai qua ve minh, eiing diing thai qua vi ngUdi No
gid'ng nhu mdi tUdng quan gifla "vkn"
vk "cha't": "Cha't ma trdi hdn van thi tho
kdch, van ma trdi hdn chd't thi phu phid'm, van va cha't deu hai hda thi mdi
la quan txt (Luan ngfl, Ung gia, 16)(9)
Manh Tii da khai quat mdi quan he ciia con ngfldi trong xa hdi thanh 5 mdi quan he cd ban, dd la: quan - than (vua
- tdi), phu - txi (cha - con), phu - phu
(chdng - vd), trfldng - a'u (ngfldi Idn tud'i
- ngfldi nhd tudi, anh - em), bdng hflu (ban be) Cd sd eua mdi mdi quan he da dfldc Manh Tii thuyd't minh rd rang:
"Cha con thi cd tinh than rudt thit, vua
(8) Doan Chinh Dai cUcfng lich sCl triei hoc phUdng Ddng CO d^i Nxb Thanh nien Ha N6i, 2003,
tr 189-190
(9) Ngd vdn Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.326
Trang 5tdi thi cd nghia, chdng vd thi ed khach
bidt, Idn tudi va it tudi thi ed thfl tfl,
ban bd thi ed dieu tin" (phu txt hflu
than, quan than hflu nghia, phu phu
hflu bidt, trfldng §LU hflu tfl, bdng hflu
hflu tin)(10) Manh Tii gpi nam mdi
quan he do la "nhan luan", ed nha Nho
gpi dd la "ngu luan" Dd la nam mdi
quan he dfldc coi la tidu bidu eho cae
radi quan he xa hdi luc bd'y gid Cac mdi
quan he nay ddn ddn quy ve 3 mdi quan
he Dd la quan hd vua - tdi, eha - con,
chdng - vd, cdn gpi la "Tam cfldng" Day
dfldc coi la nhiing mdi quan he gifldng
mdi, lam tru cdt cua xa hdi phong kid'n
Trung Qud'c tfl thdi Han trd di
O giai doan dau, cac nguydn tdc ddi
xxi cua nha Nho cdn mang tinh hai chiiu,
yeu cdu ngfldi dfldi ed nghia vu ddi vdi
ngfldi trdn va ngfldi trdn ciing phai cd
nghia vu vdi ngfldi dUdi NhUng vi sau,
khi che* dp phong kid'n tap quyen dUde
xac lap, tinh dang ca'p dUde de eao,
nguyen tdc iing xxi dan chuyen sang ydu
cdu khdt khe vdi ngUdi dudi, ddi hdi
ngfldi dudi phai phuc tung vd dieu kien
ddi vdi ngUdi trdn Trong mdi quan he
gifla vua va bi tdi, nguydn tac dao dfle
eua Nho giao, ve ed ban, la quan nhan
thdn trung Ca quan vk than diu phai
dap flng nhflng ydu cdu sau:
Tha nhdt, phai chinh danh Dflng
trfldc thflc trang xa hpi rdi ren, Khong
Tii cho rdng, dd khdng phai Ik nguydn
n h ^ mdt sdm mdt chiiu, ma la mot
qua trinh bat ngudn tfl sU sa dpa ciia
cae thd' lfle cdm quyen, lam cho "danh"
khdng dupe "chinh", tflc la "danh"
khdng phu hdp vdi "thUe" Vi vdy, dng
ydu edu vua trUdc h i t phai "chinh
danh" Chinh danh Id "vua cho ra vua", nd'u danh bd't ehinh thi ldi ndi khdng dung ddn, ddn de'n vide Idm sai, khi dd ngUdi vdi ngUdi trong xa hpi khdng kinh trpng nhau, khdng cdn hda khi, luat phap Idng leo va ngUdi dan sd md't ndi
tin cdy, nhd va (Ludn nga, Ta Ld, 3)
Khi dan khdng cdn trdng cay, nhd va, thi dan se khdng cdn tin d bdc cam quyin, luc dd du mud'n hay khdng thi
xa tdc cung khd tranh be suy sup
Tha hai, phai cd sfl tdn trpng ciia ca
hai phia vdi nhau Khdng Tii ydu cau:
"Nha vua sai khid'n bi tdi thi dfla vao dieu ll, be tdi phung sfl nha vua thi dfla vao diiu trung" (Quan sii thdn di Id, than sU qudn di trung) (Luan ngfl Bat dat, 19)(11)
Kd' thfla quan diem nay cua Khdng
Td, Manh TL( cdn manh me hdn, khi dng khuydn Te Tuyen Vfldng rdng: "Nd'u nha vua xem be tdi nhU tay chan thi be tdi xem nha vua nhU Idng da cua minh; neu nha vua xem be tdi nhU chd ngUa thi be tdi xem nha vua nhU ngUdi dUng trong nUdc; ndii nha vua xem be tdi nhU co da't tlu b i tdi xem nha vua nhfl ke thu" (qudn chi thi thdn nhfl thii tuc, tdc than thi quan nhfl phuc tam; quan chi thi thdn nhfl khuyen ma, tdc than thi quan nhu qud'c nhSn; quan chi thi than nhu thu gidi, tdc thdn thi quan nhU khau
thu) (Manh TvL, Ly Lau ha) (12)
Tha ba, ea vua va bi tdi deu dfldc
Khdng Txt coi la ngUdi cdm quyin; hp
phai dat dUdc ea nhdn dao va thidn dao
(10) Ngd van Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.698 (11) Ngd vdn Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.253 (12) Nguyen HQu Vui (Chii bi&n) Lich sd triit hoc
Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2004, tr.35
Trang 6Bcli Id, mdt d n g v u a ddng thdi c u n g p h a i
la ngUdi thdy e u a d a n , p h a i \k ngUdi
n h a n dUc nha't t r o n g nhflng ngfldi n h a n
dflc Ngfldi l a m e h i n h t r i m a cd dflc
n h a n t h i nhfl dflng vao vi tri ciia sao
Bdc ddu, vi t r i mk td't ca eac ngdi sao
k h a c d i u p h a i hfldng dd'n (Ludn nga, Vi
chinh, 1) V u a p h a i d a m bao cho d a n
dUdc no a'm, p h a i xay dUng dupe lUc
lUdng q u a n sU hflng h d u va dae bidt,
p h a i cd dupe long tin e u a dan Khdng
nhflng the', v u a p h a i l a m eho d a n giau
va bid't giao h d a dan(13) V u a s a n g cdn
la ngUdi bid't t r p n g d u n g ngUdi dfle dp,
tai n a n g , p h a i biet r d n g Iflpng ddi vdi be
tdi ciia m i n h V u a p h a i la ngfldi hd't
long vi d a n c h u n g M a n h tfl da k h u y e n
cac bac v u a c h u a : "Ngai vui cai vui cua
d a n t h i d a n c u n g vui cai vui c u a m i n h ,
ngai lo cai lo ciia d a n t h i d a n cung lo cai
lo cua m i n h Vi t h i e n h a m a vui, vi
thidn h a m a lo, thd' m a k h d n g lam
vUdng t h i chUa cd vay" (Manh Ta,
LUdng Hue VUdng) Ngoai r a , v u a cdn
p h a i thflc hidn c h i n h sach dien dia cdng
bdng, p h a n m i n h , g i a m td thud' cho d§.n,
cai t h i e n ddi sd'ng n h a n d a n Dd cung la
nhidra vu t r p n g yd'u eiia ngfldi cai t r i
da't nfldc Nho giao k h u y e n v u a k h d n g
ndn l a m d u n g h i n h p h a t dd dp d^n di
vao t d n t i t r a t tfl, m a n e n b d n g dflc
h a n h Id nghia, vi dflc h a n h cd sfle
raanh cam h d a con ngfldi va l a m cho
con ngfldi bid't h d t h e n k h i l a m sai: "Dat
d a n (dan) b d n g c h i n h p h a p , siia t r i d a n
b d n g h i n h p h a t , t h i d a n chi t a m t r a n h
k h d i dupe tdi Idi, chfl k h d n g cd Idng h d
t h e n Nd'u d a t d a n b d n g dao dfle, sxia
t r i b a n g Id giao, t h i d a n k h d n g nhflng
cd ldng hd t h e n m a cdn c a m h d a quy
phuc"(14) Dflc h a n h va Id tid't d day
e h i n h \k nhflng tidu e h u d n ve dfle tinh,
la nhflng quy d i n h ve giao t i e p , le nghi
m a eon ngfldi p h a i cd, p h a i t u d n theo
T r o n g dao l a m tdi, K h d n g Td: d i cao chfl "Trung", nhd'n m a n h Idng bid't dn, sfl p h u c tflng, t i n h t h d n p h u c vu hit Idng hd't sfle e u a be tdi ddi vdi vua, vdi qudc gia T h e o dng, ngUdi lam tdi, lam
q u a n trUdc h d ' t p h a i la ngUdi cd diic
t r o n g mpi h a n h ddng, cd t h a i dp diing 6 mpi ndi, rapi luc, chfl k h d n g phai khi
n h d n chflc tudc mdi la ldm q u a n Khi chflng kie'n c a n h xa hdi ed chid'n tranh,
h u y n h dd tfldng t a n , M a n h Tii da phe
p h a n nhflng k e l a m q u a n m a khdng
d u n g d a n h p h d n ciia m i n h , ehi bid't hua theo dieu ac e u a v u a , phd v u a chi biet siia s o a n b i n h dao di d a n h chiem nfldc
k h a c , g a y chie'n t r a n h O n g ket tdi:
"Hfla t h e o dieu ac ciia v u a m a khdng
c a n n g a n la tdi nhd, xui giuc d i i u ac cua
v u a la tdi Idn Nhflng q u a n d a i phu thcii
n a y d e u xiii giuc dieu ac ciia vua, cho ndn bao r d n g q u a n d a i p h u thdi nay la ngfldi cd tdi ldn"(15) Vdi ldi kd't tdi nay, dng da n e u len tfl t u d n g v i "Dao lam quan": "Khi t h i d n h a ed dao t h i dem dao
t h e o t h a n raa r a lara q u a n Khi thien
h a k h d n g cd dao t h i d e m t h a n theo dao
raa lui ve d dn" (Manh Ta, Tdn tdm ha)
O n g c u n g t h d n g t h d n ndi: ' T h a d bac dudi la d a n , k h d n g c h i u d e m minh la ngUdi h i i n m a t h d d n g v u a vd dao"
(13) Ngii:vdnHdnN6m.Sdd.,iT.429 (14) Ngd vdn Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.244-245 (15) Doan Chinh Bai cuang lich sH triei hoc phuang Bdng cd dai Sdd., tr.253
Trang 7(Manh Ta, Cdo Ta ha) Tfl do, dng da
neu ra ba trfldng hdp ndn ra lam quan
va ba trfldng hdp ndn tfl quan (Sd tflu
tam, sd khfl tara) Tha nhdt, ldm quan
khi tha'y cd the hanh dao dfldc Tha hai,
lara quan vi giao td' cd Id Tha ba, lam
quan khi vua bie't trpng dung, nudi
dfldng Khi ra lam quan rdi, thi phai
trung vdi vua, hd't Idng hd't sfle thd vua,
nhflng cung khdng vi vay ma bid'n minh
thanh ke "ngu trung" NgUdi Idm tdi
trung con Id ngudi bid't can gian vua,
khi vua lam dieu trai dao; khdng nhflng
thd', cdn cd the phd' trua't ngdi vua, khi
thay vua la ke vd dao
Bdn canh quan he vua tdi, trong gia
dinh ciing cd nhieu mdi quan he, nhflng
mdi quan he ma Nho giao quan tam
nha't, eoi la cd ban nha't, lam rfldng cot
cho cac mdi quan he khac la mdi quan
he gifla cha va eon, gifla thd' he trfldc va
thd' he sau Tieu chuan trong mdi quan
he nay, theo Khdng Tii, la "Phu tfl txi
hid'u" Nho giao giai doan sau da day
mdi quan he nay len mflc tuydt doi la
"Phu sii txi sfl" (Cha quyd't, con phuc
tung) Dd dn dinh gia dinh, vai trd eua
ngfldi cha "tfl" cung rd't quan trpng,
nhflng quan trpng hdn la sfl phuc tung
cua ngfldi con Do vdy, Nho giao dSc
biet de cao Hieu, khi coi Hid'u la ngudn
gd'c cua mpi dflc hanh Nd'u Khdng Td
coi dao Hid'u la mdt loai y thflc luan ly
eua con cai ddi vdi cha me, thi dd'n Tdng
thanh Tang Tii (dng Thanh eiia dao
Hid'u) da phat tridn dao Hid'u Idn thanh
mdt khai niem trflu tfldng, pho bie'n,
mdt nguyen tdc cua mpi dflc khac, la
cd sd eua mpi dfldng ldi chinh tri td't dep Pham trfl trung tam trong hpe thuyd't Nho giao la Nhan, thi Hid'u dupe coi la gd'c rd eua Nhan
Hid'u cung cd quan he chat che vdi Trung Theo Nho giao, xa hdi Id sil md rdng radi quan he cha con ra ca nfldc, ca thidn ha la quan he vua - tdi va md rdng dao Idm con, dao Hid'u ra pham vi a'y la dao lam tdi, dao Trung Dao Hid'u trong quan nidm ciia Nho giao cd nhieu ndi dung sau sdc va mang dam tinh nhan van
Ngoai ra, Nho giao cdn di cap dd'n dao dflc trong moi quan he chdng - vp, huynh - de, ban bd, vdi nhflng ydu edu dao dfle rd't cu the
Vdi Nho giao, nhan, ll, nghia, tri, tin dfldc dat ra trong quan he ciia con ngfldi vdi chinh ban than minh de tu than, de trd thanh ngudi quan td, cdn ehinh danh la yeu cdu dao dflc dupe dat
ra trong quan he vdi ngfldi khac (vdi xa hpi) dd mdi ngfldi thflc hien dung vide, dung phan sfl ciia rainh lam cho xa hpi
dn dinh, phat tridn Nhflng quan niem nay cua Nho giao cho dd'n nay van edn nguyen gia tri va cd y nghia thdi sfl ciia
nd Trong dieu kidn hidn nay, khi mdi quan he cua con ngfldi vdi con ngfldi cang dfldc md rdng, khi xa hdi dang co nhflng bieu hidn xud'ng ca'p vi mat dao dflc, te quan lidu, tham d, tham nhung dang didn bie'n phflc tap, thi tU tudng
ve dao lam ngUdi trong mdi quan he vdi
xa hdi cua Nho giao lai cang cd y nghia, gdp phan diiu chinh hanh vi ciia mdi ngUdi de xay diing xa hdi ngay eang td't