Điểm của bài asm còn tùy thuộc vào người chấm. Chỉ cần paraphase bài này là có thể pass. 1 trong nhưng tool paraphase mình recommend là quillbot.The submission is in the form of 1 document.● You must use the Times font with 12pt size, turn on page numbering; set line spacing to 1.3 andmargins to be as follows: left = 1.25cm, right = 1cm, top = 1cm, bottom = 1cm. Citation andreferences must follow the Harvard referencing style. ASSIGNMENT FRONT SHEET Qualification BTEC Level HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Resubmission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Student ID Class Assessor name Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice Student’s signature Grading grid P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D1 ❒ Summative Feedback: Grade: Lecturer Signature: ❒ Resubmission Feedback: Assessor Signature: Date: Table of Contents I Network Network definiton Ξ First of all, network also known as computer networking, which can be understand as a group of computers utilizing a principles of general communication protocols over digital connections for the intention of sharing resources located upon or accommodated by network nodes ... https:www.dnsstuff.comdatabreach 10 1 Dobran, B., 2 019 Information Security Risk Management: Build a Strong Program Online Available at: https:phoenixnap.combloginformation security riskmanagement garg, r., 20 21 Threats... List and give examples with dates 12 Propose a method to assess and treat IT security risks (M1) 18 TASK DESCRIBE AT LEAST ORGANIZATIONAL SECURITY PROCEDURES (P2) .20 Definition... Dan Swinhoe, 20 21 The 15 biggest data breaches of the 21st century, s.l.: s.n Ohri, A., 20 21 What Is DMZ Network Online Available at: https:www.jigsawacademy.comblogscyber security whatisdmz
INTRODUCTION
Introduction Purpose Of Research
Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has faced significant challenges in e-waste management due to the rising demand for electronic products Informal e-waste recycling, particularly in "craft villages," has led to severe environmental issues, including pollution and health risks for workers and residents This research will explore the detrimental effects of improper e-waste handling in northern rural areas, highlighting the lack of concern from both the community and authorities A hypothesis regarding these challenges will be presented and supported through comprehensive research methodologies.
Project Research Scope And Objectives
My research focuses on the current state of e-waste and public attitudes towards it in northern agricultural provinces of Vietnam, including Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Bac Ninh, and Ninh Binh I specifically examine areas with prevalent informal recycling facilities To gather data, I conducted surveys with over 200 respondents, ensuring randomness by distributing surveys across popular social networks like Facebook, Telegram, and Twitter, as well as through interviews and observations on YouTube The collected data will be analyzed objectively to assess the impact of informal recycling and the public's perception of it.
Research reveals that improper handling of e-waste in the northern countryside significantly harms the environment, exacerbated by a lack of awareness among residents and insufficient action from authorities.
Some points of the report:
What happens if the e-waste from electronic manufactory is discharged directly to the landfill?
What is the status quo regarding e-waste effect on the countryside in VietNam?
Why are industries discharging more and more e-waste?
What e-waste items could industrial areas recycle?
Why should electronic components be handled properly and prevented from going into landfill?
Why is it Important to recycle e-waste?
What happens to the e-waste if not recycled through proper channels?
What are the electronic manufacturer recycling programs?
How do the industries ensure their e-waste is disposed of properly and securely?
LITERATURE REVIEW
Review “What is the environmental effect of the e-waste on the countryside in the northern
the northern region if they are handled improperly and lack of concern from residents and even authorities? ” In General
E-waste refers to electronic items that have reached the end of their useful life Depending on their state and density, e-waste goods include dangerous elements to humans The toxic nature of these compounds endangers both human health and the environment Electronic garbage is being produced in large quantities in India, owing to the country's rise as an IT powerhouse and the modernisation of its culture (A Patil &
M Sharma, 2015) If not properly disposed of, refrigerators, cell phones, abandoned laptops, mobile phones, and batteries, among other items, can leak lead and other toxins into the soil and subterranean water
Vietnam currently lacks official statistics on annual e-waste generation, but estimates from UNU suggest that the country produces approximately 115,000 tons of e-waste each year, equating to 1.34 kg per person With the ongoing growth in electronic equipment ownership and a decrease in usage duration, the projected e-waste generation for 2024 is expected to exceed 190,000 tons Despite having one of the lowest per capita e-waste creation rates in the region, Vietnam's political stability has spurred significant growth and increased consumption of durable goods, contributing to the rising e-waste stream (Le & Pham, 2020).
E-waste has become one of the waste stream's fastest-rising wastes in recent decades, thanks to the rapid upgrading of electronic items In this context, increasing efforts and concerns have already been directed toward treating and managing this waste To limit their detrimental effects on the environment and society, effective e-waste management solutions must be implemented (Doan et al., 2019,).
Review the impact of E-waste on human beings in the past and current now (how it
In recent years, Mr Nguyen Trung reported that approximately 8,803 tons of e-waste were generated in 2006, while the Vietnam Environment Administration (VEA) estimates that over 12,000 tons of e-waste are produced annually This figure includes the illegal importation of e-waste from other countries The discrepancy in actual waste amounts arises from insufficient official records, poor monitoring of both imported and locally generated waste, and unaccounted potential sources of waste.
A survey conducted by the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (INEST) at Hanoi University of Science and Technology predicts that Vietnam's electronic waste could reach 250,000 tons by 2025 The country experiences an annual increase of approximately 100,000 tons of e-waste, primarily generated from households, offices, and the illegal importation of defective electronic devices.
In May 2015, Vietnam initiated the implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) through Prime Ministerial Decision No 16, mandating the return and recycling of abandoned items such as personal computers, laptops, mobile phones, and major household appliances starting in July 2016 This decision holds manufacturers responsible for creating effective collection, take-back, and recycling systems However, challenges remain, including illegal e-waste imports and the environmental and health risks associated with informal recycling practices.
Vietnam is experiencing a steady increase in e-waste due to rising product demand, with ICT hardware sales soaring by 103% to $23 billion in 2012, representing 94% of the country's total IT income While the growth rates of discarded e-waste are projected to slow—7.7% for TVs, 9.7% for refrigerators, 11.7% for washing machines, 21% for air conditioners, and 13.7% for computers from 2011 to 2020—Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Bui Cach Tuyen highlights that the significant growth in ICT sales and discarded products positions Vietnam as a promising market for WEEE recycling.
By 2023, Hanoi is projected to dispose of approximately 185,000 TVs, 102,000 PCs, 188,000 refrigerators, 146,000 washing machines, and 107,000 air conditioners In contrast, Ho Chi Minh City is expected to discard a significantly higher number of appliances, including 710,000 TVs, 294,000 PCs, 428,000 refrigerators, 349,000 washing machines, and 336,000 air conditioners.
The increasing levels of e-waste pose a significant challenge, particularly in rapidly developing economies This surge in e-waste raises concerns as it puts additional pressure on existing waste collection and treatment systems, resulting in a shift towards environmentally harmful recycling and disposal methods.
Informal business and trade often operate without environmental oversight, leading to significant ecological damage that the public remains largely unaware of The inherent value in electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) is overlooked, prompting the need for special clearance from the Ministry of Environment and Forests for the importation of electronic waste To address this issue, the government has initiated steps to promote awareness of environmentally sound electronic waste management practices within the informal sector (Nguyen, 2020).
Open burning is a common method for e-waste treatment in many artisan villages, primarily employed by informal recyclers to separate organic and inorganic materials, such as burning cables to extract copper This practice poses significant acute and chronic risks to both human health and the environment Additionally, while less common, incineration of e-waste processing waste and spontaneous combustion at open dumping sites also fall under open burning, leading to similar detrimental effects Spontaneous combustion can occur at these sites when components like batteries ignite due to short circuits.
Open burning and thermal treatment, such as in industrial smelters or incinerators, fundamentally share the same process; however, their environmental and health impacts differ significantly The lack of emission regulations in open burning, combined with the inefficiency of informal sector techniques, leads to greater harm to both the environment and human health.
Page 9 of 56 resources Furthermore, open-burning leftovers are often disposed of at open dumping sites, resulting in further negative environmental and health consequences from chemicals leaking into the soil and groundwater
Vietnam is currently undergoing a transitional phase characterized by a blend of official and informal sectors within its emerging e-waste collection and recycling ecosystem Although the country boasts a strong repair and refurbishing industry, it faces challenges due to insufficient technological capacity for large-scale e-waste processing The Vietnam Environment Administration (VEA) has authorized over 100 facilities for hazardous waste management, yet only 15 possess the advanced technology required to effectively disassemble and recycle e-waste, handling approximately 2.5 tonnes per day.
In agricultural provinces like Hung Yen, daily e-waste dismantling varies between 1 to 10 tons, influenced by buyer demand On average, the monthly production capacity for e-waste dismantling and sorting reaches 40-50 tons.
Informal recycling poses a significant challenge in many developing Asian countries, where unlicensed and often illegal backyard recycling operations thrive These practices not only endanger the health of recyclers and their communities but also harm the environment Furthermore, they are inefficient, failing to maximize the value of the materials being processed (Nguyen, 2020).
Open burning and acid bath recycling in the informal sector significantly harm the occupational health of workers Additionally, many formal facilities do not employ adequate technology and standards, which puts both employees and the surrounding community at risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals This exposure has serious repercussions for human and environmental health, along with social and economic impacts on workers' families and their communities.
In the absence of protective items such as gloves, glasses, masks, and so on, inhalation of and exposure to dangerous chemicals and substances directly impacts employees' health
Inappropriate e-waste management has been linked to various health issues, including altered thyroid function, reduced lung capacity, adverse birth outcomes, stunted childhood growth, negative mental health effects, impaired cognitive development, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity Families of informal recyclers, who often reside and work in close proximity to these hazardous materials, as well as communities near informal recycling sites, face significant health risks due to indirect exposure to these harmful compounds.
In 2013, 23 epidemiological studies from 1650 records published between January 1,
Identify My Topic In The Wider Context
This study draws on a diverse array of published literature, initiative reports, and cleaner production assessment findings from various companies, primarily utilizing data from previous research conducted by scholars.
Stefan Petrus Salmhofer, a researcher at the Department of W.A.E, highlights significant challenges in e-waste management in Vietnam, including the absence of specific legislation, the involvement of "craft villages," and insufficient monitoring data Factors such as pollution levels, waste production, and the health of workers and residents near recycling facilities hinder access to these artisan communities, resulting in an incomplete understanding of e-waste management in the country Through expert interviews with INEST, local authorities, and specialists in metal processing, he identified that e-waste in Vietnam arises from the disposal of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), the importation of old EEE and e-waste, and industrial activities at electronic enterprises EEE used for residential purposes is discarded once it reaches the end of its useful life, contributing to the growing e-waste problem.
Page 11 of 56 trans boundaries from other countries (e.g., Cambodia, Japan) to Vietnam (Vietnam exclusively imports used EEE from China, e.g., uninterruptible power supply—UPS, mobile phones), and they are mostly re-exported to China (Tran & Salhofer, 2018)
Research indicates that craft villages in Vietnam, which focus on independent manufacturing and processing rather than agriculture, significantly contribute to rural economic development by providing employment and income for local residents These villages not only produce agricultural goods but also engage in industrial activities, attracting workers from surrounding areas However, common practices in e-waste dismantling, such as open burning of copper wires and improper disposal of plastic components, pose serious environmental and health risks to both workers and nearby communities.
Stefan Petrus concluded that e-waste recycling in Vietnam relies heavily on craft villages specializing in various recycling processes, including e-waste, plastics, aluminum, copper, lead, and steel These villages create a supply chain where dismantled materials are transported to other artisan communities for further processing While his findings reflect the current state of e-waste and plastic recycling, they are partly outdated due to reliance on older research and statistics Vietnam is now implementing new recycling programs with substantial funding and advanced technology However, Petrus's assertion regarding the lack of specific e-waste legislation in Vietnam, which has sparked considerable debate, remains a rational perspective.
Natsuo Uchida, a researcher at the Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management, conducted a field study from 2017 to 2019 in northern Vietnam to investigate the environmental impact of e-waste processing The research focused on analyzing surface soil samples from e-waste processing sites, open burning areas, and rice paddies to assess the dissemination of harmful compounds.
The primary research focus is on Hung Yen province, where two main industries operate: agricultural rice farming and informal domestic e-waste processing, which has been prevalent since the early 2000s Households engage in e-waste processing in their backyards while farming, with common items including personal computers, CRT screens, audio equipment, and small appliances (Uchida & Go, 2018) The e-waste consists of various materials such as copper, iron, aluminum, plastics, CRT tubes, electronic circuits, integrated circuits, capacitors, and printed circuit boards Copper is extracted from PVC wires through open burning on rice field walkways (Uchida & Go, 2018) Brokers collect and sell usable metals obtained from e-waste processing, while unsalable materials, like lead glass from CRT tubes and magnetic tape from video cassettes, are often discarded in open areas, including roadsides and riverbanks.
Improper recycling processes can release harmful chemicals, including toxic metals and organic compounds like flame retardants, which pose risks to ecosystems and human health In northern Vietnam, recyclers and children near e-waste processing plants are particularly vulnerable to the ingestion and inhalation of these toxic substances Despite studies indicating the presence and dangers of exposure to these hazardous materials, the current environmental emissions from e-waste processing facilities remain unclear.
Research indicates the urgent need to clarify the extent of pollution spread due to e-waste processing activities, such as open storage, dismantling, and open burning, which often take place near residential areas and food production sites.
Page 13 of 56 areas such as rice paddy fields) in a "village" engaged in informal e-waste processing His conclusion also is quite similar to my thinking, each province in Vietnam needs to refine the statistics and the status quo of their e-waste processing in villages to support the major parties on environmental protection and environmental authorities in providing suitable legislation and principles
Rapporteur Nhu Trung from the Bangkok rapport office presents a thesis on the current state of e-waste in Vietnam, highlighting that the country has one of the lowest per capita e-waste generation rates in the region He supports his findings with a variety of statistical data from both official and unofficial sources Additionally, he notes the growing trend of second-hand electronics markets, particularly among small businesses sourcing from craft villages Many Vietnamese individuals turn to these markets to maintain a high-tech lifestyle despite financial constraints that prevent them from purchasing the latest devices.
As a result of this demand, second-hand businesses such as refurbishing, repairing, and manufacturing discarded electronics have a stronger foothold than trash sectors such as e-waste recycling
Vietnam faces significant challenges in e-waste recycling management due to the absence of a dedicated e-waste recycling industry, primarily stemming from insufficient and inconsistent e-waste inputs The country lacks an effective management system to oversee large volumes of e-waste and recover valuable materials Currently, intermediaries who disassemble electronic devices for resale are the primary beneficiaries of the economic gains, as households often sell their discarded electronics to these middlemen.
This research highlights the increasing concern of e-waste, particularly in rapidly developing economies The escalating volumes of electronic waste pose significant challenges to existing waste collection and treatment systems, leading to detrimental environmental impacts.
Page 14 of 56 unsound recycling and disposal As a result of an ever-rising throughput rate of EEE consumption paired with shorter usage duration for most EEE, there is a bigger and continually increasing quantity of domestically created e-waste With this conclusion and his opinion, I agree with this conclusion and even his thesis when performing this literature review Not just me, anyone who realistically tries looking at reality also recognizes that the volume of e-waste is rising day by day and seems to not have any sign of decline With an ever-growing throughput rate of EEE consumption combined with a shorter usage life for the majority of EEE, there is a larger and continuously increasing quantity
The research conducted by the three scholars has yielded significant statistical insights into the e-waste issue, highlighting the current state of e-waste and related topics However, upon closer examination, gaps in their studies become apparent Mr Stefan's work primarily critiques the informal recycling practices in Vietnam, yet it offers limited evidence on their environmental and health impacts In contrast, Mr Natsuyo focuses on the effects of e-waste recycling on agricultural villages, providing extensive statistics but overly concentrating on chemical emissions without clearly articulating the broader implications for health and the environment Lastly, Mr Nhu Trung presents comprehensive data on the overall e-waste situation in Vietnam, particularly the absence of legislation, but fails to clearly explain the specific effects on rural and agricultural communities.
Review research methodologies
a) Discuss previous methodologies with examples
Surveys play a crucial role in research methodology by enabling the collection of substantial real-time data efficiently and cost-effectively (Kumar, 2010) Researchers often favor quantitative surveys over qualitative ones due to their ability to provide numerical results and precise data.
Cost-effective, however, costs vary depending on the survey method
Remote administration is possible via the web, mobile, mail, and email
Capable of gathering data from a large number of responses
Numerous questions regarding a subject can be asked, providing a great deal of freedom in the data processing
Surveys using closed-ended questions may have a lower validity rate than other question types
Data inaccuracies may occur as a result of non-response to questions
Respondents may not feel encouraged to submit accurate, truthful replies
Interviewing is a common method for collecting information from individuals across various fields It involves face-to-face or person-to-person conversations between two or more people, conducted for a specific purpose.
It allows interviewers to be more flexible
The interview receives a higher response rate than postal questions, and persons who cannot read or write can also respond
The interviewer can assess the respondent's nonverbal conduct
Conducting interview research may be both costly and time-consuming
Biases can occur during an interview Interview studies allow less anonymity, which is a major worry for many respondents
A questionnaire is a structured set of written questions designed for respondents to answer Participants read and interpret the questions, providing their responses in written form (C R Kothari, 2004).
Adaptability for respondents over where and when to finish their questionnaire Cons:
Observation is a key method for collecting primary data, involving a deliberate and systematic process of watching and listening to interactions or phenomena as they happen It is particularly effective for understanding group dynamics, assessing nutritional habits within a population, evaluating a worker's functions, or analyzing an individual's behavior and personality traits.
Time-consuming b) Justifications for the choice of methods selected
Surveys are an ideal choice for my research as they allow for the collection of a large volume of data quickly and cost-effectively For students, they represent a more affordable option compared to other data collection methods This approach is not only efficient but also convenient, especially when utilizing archives or trace studies Additionally, surveys can be easily designed and distributed, making them versatile tools for gathering information on various topics, including personal details, attitudes, past behaviors, and opinions.
Surveys designed with yes/no questions often lead respondents to answer "yes," which can skew the results In Vietnam, e-waste is a particularly sensitive issue, making it essential to ensure anonymity for both creators and respondents in these surveys.
Page 18 of 56 anonymous, respondents can provide more truthful and valid responses To obtain the most accurate statistics, responders must be as open and honest as possible with their responses Surveys performed anonymously provide for more honest and unambiguous responses than other sorts of research approaches, especially if it is explicitly specified that survey results would be kept fully secret
Forcing participation in a survey can lead to fabricated responses, compromising the accuracy and usefulness of the results To effectively research my topic, I need to collect extensive data from various communes and districts, making surveys an ideal tool for testing ideas and gathering diverse perspectives from a large audience This approach can be particularly beneficial for obtaining specific feedback later in my study when focusing on a niche group Surveys enable me to gather primarily quantitative insights on subjects where I possess substantial knowledge, yet not enough to rely solely on automated data collection.
Researching scope: Some communes, districts or agricultural regions in Vietnamese northern provinces such as Son La, Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, etc
Some resident groups in these regions
Anyone who cares about this topic.
Identify Some Propose Hypotheses
The trend of buying and selling so many cheap and low-quality e-devices is gradually leading to the big rise of e-waste in the countryside
A lot of people who live near craft villages are somewhat unaware or lack understanding about the harmful effects of the informal recycling process
The little attention from authorities about informal recycling also partly implicitly leads to increasing the effect of e-waste
RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION
Interview
To conduct an interview, I have made an appointment with some guys who live in the agricultural region in some northern provinces Then give the conclusions to the research:
Hello, I’m Sir Hoang, the head of the Northern Environmental Research Organization My team is conducting a study on the current state of e-waste in the northern provinces, and we seek specific information and opinions from local residents to support our research hypothesis I assure you that your responses will be kept confidential Would you kindly take a moment to participate in our interview?
Interviewee Yeah, I’m about to engage in the interview
Interviewer Could you tell me how old are you and where you actually live?
Interviewee I’m 23 years old and I'm living in Thai Binh province currently
Interviewer All right, Let’s take some questions
Interviewer Do you know about e-waste? What does e-waste or waste of electronic equipment mean?
Interviewee I think e-waste is electronic devices nearing the end of their “useful life” or becoming unwanted, not working or broken Computers, televisions, VCRs, headphones, copiers, and mobile phones are common electronic devices They could be recycled or discharged
In our family, we often find that various electronic devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops, are nearing the end of their useful life These devices frequently experience malfunctions or crashes, leading to frustration and the need for replacements.
The interviewee expresses uncertainty but believes that their family often underutilizes small household appliances, including electric razors, toasters, lamps, and children's toys, as well as input devices like touch screens, keyboards, and mice These items tend to malfunction and break down shortly after being used.
Interviewer So, do you know why these devices come old, malfunction and crash quickly?
Interviewee I don’t actually know the right reason Maybe because we use and put them pretty carelessly as well as these e-devices are mostly bought from electronic second hand stores with very cheap prices
Interviewer I see So, when an e-device is unuseable, what do you usually do with it?
Interviewee It maybe sounds quite not organizationally and not environmentally
I often dispose of items directly in the trash, waiting for garbage collection However, I sometimes consider repairing them and store them in my toolbox For valuable electronic devices, I prefer to sell them at nearby second-hand markets.
In addressing the issue of unwanted electronic devices, the interviewer inquires about the process of handling e-waste before recycling They highlight the importance of attempting to repair unusable e-devices, emphasizing the need for responsible disposal methods.
Interviewee I just throw it into my tool box again if it turns out to be e-waste
Unusually, I give it to the recycler
Interviewer Could you tell me anything about your recycler?
Interviewee I don’t really know about them I just know they work in the craft recycling facility near my uncle's house
Interviewer Ok, do you know what happens to the e-waste if it is not recycled or handled properly in an informal recycling facility?
Interviewee I have heard about it but don’t really understand I just know that when electronics are improperly handled and disposed of in landfills, toxic chemicals could be released, affecting the air, soil, water and, dangerously, human health
Interviewer Do you think why Should E-waste Be Handled Properly
Interviewee Just because we want to avoid their bad effects
Interviewer Do you know what happens to e-waste after the recycling process
Interviewee Sorry sir but I really don’t know about this
Interviewer It’s okay Have you seen or known how your local recycling process works? Is there any modern recycling equipment
During my final year of high school, I visited a craft recycling facility with my uncle to dispose of an old refrigerator, where I witnessed their labor-intensive recycling process The facility employs fewer than 15 workers, who manually sort, separate, and process e-waste using outdated tools Unfortunately, much of the discarded material is either burned or improperly disposed of, and the recycling equipment is in poor condition, lacking adequate safety and environmental protections.
Interviewer Good observing If you have seen this process, have you ever seen which electronic scraps are discharged from the recycling facility?
Interviewee Unusable or broken plastic cover of e-device, copper cable has melted, a pile of chip pins, torn electrical wire sheath and old Styrofoam box are what I saw
Interviewer I think we could dive more into this topic So, what solutions have been put in place and implemented by authorities to reduce e-waste in your area?
Interviewee Sometimes, they remind some small local manufacturers on e-waste issues, sometimes they sometimes propagate this issue They seldom provide some punishments on invalid throwing e-waste
Interviewer Another question, what do you think about the ways of your local authorities?
Interviewee I’m not sure, but I think they are not good enough
Interviewer And the last question, how do your local authorities manage the recycling craft villages? Do they subsidize money or equipment for them?
Local authorities show minimal concern for recycling craft villages, often only addressing them during neighborhood meetings Their support is limited, with only a small amount of funds allocated to assist these recyclers.
Survey
The survey begins by collecting data on residents of the northern provinces, featuring two initial questions that focus on personal information such as age ranges and the specific territories in which they reside.
Over 200 unique respondents participated in the survey, which was distributed across various northern brotherhood groups on popular social networks in Vietnam, including Facebook, Telegram, and Twitter, to ensure a random sampling of data.
The survey revealed that 40.2% of respondents were aged 28 to 40 years, while 29.7% were between 18 and 28 years old, and 15.7% were older than 40 The majority of participants were from the 18 to 40 age group, indicating a significant engagement with social media and a growing interest in the topic of e-waste.
The survey focuses on residents of northern provinces, revealing that 47.4% of participants hail from the Red River Delta, a region known for its significant agricultural and craft recycling activities Additionally, 33.8% of respondents are from the East Northern area, while 18.9% come from the Northwest.
Page 24 of 56 b) Group of research questions
The survey includes 16 research questions focused on the attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors of individuals regarding e-waste in their local areas By gathering and analyzing this data, we aim to draw conclusions about the negative aspects of informal recycling processes and the current state of e-waste in rural regions.
The survey question seeks to gauge consumer preferences regarding the purchase of electronic devices, offering options that range from "super old but still usable" to "brand new." Respondents can select multiple choices, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of their buying habits and tendencies when considering new e-devices.
According to the survey results for this question, up to 28.8% of respondents consider buying a like new e-device, 20.8% prefer to buy their e-devices at second-
Page 25 of 56 hand stores and 21.7% tendency to buy very old products, indicating that the common tendency of purchase electronic product of those is buying an old device instead of a new one Maybe, they believe that buying new devices is not essential when the old devices are still well usable Additionally, 14.2% of responders select new and 14.6% selected brand new The reason why few respondents chose the brand new and new is maybe that they care about the quality of e-devices more than their prices
The data indicates that most participants prioritize convenience over the quality and reliability of their daily e-devices, possibly due to financial constraints Additionally, many respondents lead busy lives, necessitating dependable devices at home The prevalence of second-hand electronic stores in their local areas further enhances accessibility, making it easier for them to acquire devices without much concern for their quality.
In our family, various electronic devices frequently experience malfunctions or crashes, including small household appliances like electric razors, toasters, and children's toys Temperature exchange devices such as radiators, refrigerators, and air conditioners also face issues Input devices, including touch screens, keyboards, and mice, are prone to failures, as are information processing devices like microchips, transistors, and capacitors Output devices, such as projector screens, printers, and headphones, can also malfunction Additionally, monitors and screens, including LCD technology, notebooks, laptops, and televisions, often encounter problems, along with small computer gadgets like GPS devices, mobile phones, and smartwatches.
A recent survey revealed that 26.2% of information processing devices, including microchips, transistors, and capacitors, frequently malfunction or crash at home Additionally, 16.2% of small household appliances and 21.7% of temperature exchange devices also show high failure rates, suggesting that these items are often purchased second-hand and may be of low quality Other devices, such as input devices (11.4%), monitors and screens (8.3%), small computer gadgets (7.4%), and output devices (6.6%), also experience malfunctions These products are essential for various electrical and electronic devices, particularly modern technology like computers and TVs, which are often replaced with newer versions Their tendency to crash when connected to other faulty products may contribute to their frequent disposal.
When considering the purchase of an e-device, the primary criteria that come to mind include affordability, usability, and quality Many consumers prioritize options that are inexpensive yet functional, while others seek a balance between reasonable pricing and a satisfactory usable lifespan Ultimately, the emphasis on quality and durability remains a significant factor in the decision-making process.
Page 27 of 56 o Newest and high quality
A recent survey revealed that 29.7% of respondents prioritize purchasing reasonable and usable electronic products, while 24% opt for affordable yet functional devices Notably, 21% show a preference for older products, suggesting a trend towards buying used devices rather than new ones, possibly due to the belief that older devices remain adequate Additionally, 15.3% of participants favor the latest high-quality products, and 10% prioritize overall quality This indicates that many consumers value the quality of electronic devices over their novelty and price.
The data indicates that most participants prioritize convenience over the quality and reliability of the e-devices they use daily, possibly due to financial constraints Additionally, many respondents lead busy lives, necessitating dependable devices at home to ensure proper functionality The prevalence of second-hand electronic stores in their local areas further enhances accessibility, making it easier for them to purchase devices on the go.
Question 4: Could you count or estimate the current number of unusable e- devices in your house?
A recent survey revealed that 27.2% of respondents have between 10 to 25 crash products in their homes, while 22.3% reported having 1 to 10 crash products Additionally, another 22.3% claimed to have no crash products at all, and 13.4% indicated they possess between 25 to 40 crash products, with some respondents having more than 40 This data highlights that a significant portion of the population is dealing with crash e-waste at home, although a small percentage reported having none Notably, the number of crash products identified is substantial, considering the survey included only 224 participants.
Question 5:What do you do with e-devices you no longer use?
According to the findings, 27.2% of the responders count 10-25 crash products in their homes 22.3% of responders choose 1 - 10 22.3% of responders claim that
Page 29 of 56 there are 0 crash products 13.4% have 25 - 40 crash products and the others have more than 40 This result demonstrates that almost everyone also has crash e- waste in their home; However, there are some people who have 0 crash products However, the number of crash products shown here is quite big for just 224 responders in this survey This is one of the pieces of necessary information
Question 6: How often do you see e-waste thrown indiscriminately around your neighborhood?
Observation
Observation Link 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vz_vKcSuy0c
The video highlights the significant environmental challenges posed by socio-economic development, particularly illustrated by the electronic waste collection site in Binh Duong commune, Vinh Tuong district, Vinh Phuc province Established for three years, this site has become a clear environmental hazard, yet local authorities remain perplexed and lack effective solutions The manual processes of sorting, pre-processing, melting, and casting metals from e-waste exacerbate the situation, making it difficult for the state to manage the dispersed sources of electronic waste effectively.
Observation Link 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvqzP5i6sOs
Many informal recyclers are aware that various chemical components in waste can be harmful to humans, yet they continue their recycling processes due to the potential recovery of valuable recyclable materials The volume of e-waste remaining after recycling an electronic device can range from 5% to 30% Among the 1,450 rural artisan communities, approximately 90 engage in e-waste recycling practices.
Observation Link 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v7LZqpY_ds
The responsibility for managing e-waste often falls between two communes, yet the waste incinerator continues to pose a threat, emitting toxic smoke that affects local residents Unregulated recyclers contribute to this issue by improperly separating materials, such as burning cables to extract copper, which harms both human health and the environment Additionally, while less common, spontaneous combustion at open dumping sites and the cremation of e-waste processing waste also represent forms of open burning, leading to similar detrimental effects.
Observation Link 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnyoaU4bbXw
The current state of e-waste is a significant societal concern, as it encompasses discarded electronic products like televisions, computers, and broken circuit boards E-waste poses environmental hazards due to its composition of heavy metals, semi-metals, and various chemical compounds Unfortunately, there is widespread confusion among individuals regarding the proper handling and classification of e-waste.
Observation Link 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gPwDQw2E7E
The video highlights the dire conditions of e-waste recycling in craft villages, where residents face severe health risks from lead contamination in the air While these communities may experience economic benefits from recycling e-waste, they endure significant pollution and are at high risk of metal poisoning, particularly lead poisoning The recycling process often involves hazardous wet chemical leaching methods, commonly referred to as acid baths, to extract valuable metals like gold, silver, palladium, and copper from printed circuit boards (PCBs) and wires.
The extraction of a soluble component from solid e-waste involves using a solvent in a process that includes a series of acid or caustic leaching steps Unofficial recyclers commonly utilize solvents such as aqua regia or sulfuric acid for this purpose.
FINDING OF RESEARCH
The research findings reveal a growing insensitivity among individuals in the study area towards the prevailing e-waste situation Both survey and interview results, along with observational data, indicate that many people continue to engage in activities that contribute to e-waste generation, often without considering the potential consequences.
Many individuals believe that the annual increase in discarded electronic devices is due to their outdated condition at the time of purchase Despite this, a significant number of consumers still choose to buy older electronic devices, even those that are considerably outdated The results of the survey support this observation.
Survey results indicate that a majority of respondents prefer purchasing second-hand e-devices over new ones Despite acknowledging that this preference may contribute to quicker device failures, with approximately 71.3% still favoring the lower prices of used devices, the trend remains prevalent This behavior presents a complex issue within the context of the research.
Many individuals exhibit poor disposal behavior regarding electronic waste, often influenced by their circumstances E-waste primarily arises from the disposal of end-user electronics, newly imported devices, and both legally and illegally imported used devices, as well as transboundary e-waste and industrial sources When surveyed about their handling of unusable electronic devices, most respondents reported that they accumulate in storage, while others admitted to discarding them directly into trash cans This improper disposal leads to a significant loss of energy associated with the production of these products.
The increasing trend of purchasing cheap, low-quality electronic devices is significantly contributing to the rise of e-waste in rural areas This surge in e-waste necessitates more energy and water for the production of new products, leading to higher greenhouse gas emissions and resource depletion Disposing of old electronics in landfills not only squanders the natural resources used in their manufacturing but also highlights the irresponsibility of consumers regarding the e-waste crisis Many materials used in electronic devices are rare and depleting rapidly, underscoring the urgent need for responsible consumption and disposal practices.
In a recent survey, the majority of respondents expressed dissatisfaction with their craft recyclers, indicating that they do not consider them effective Notably, a higher number of individuals reported frequently donating e-waste to informal parties rather than to formal recyclers.
A study by Trung (2020) reveals that many Vietnamese individuals, unable to afford the latest technologies, rely on second-hand marketplaces for electronics, leading to a less developed e-waste recycling system In Vietnam's agricultural provinces, approximately 90 craft communities manually recycle e-waste, with 80 to 90 percent of old devices being repaired or refurbished, while the remaining 10 to 20 percent are disassembled for recycling This informal recycling sector not only harms the environment but also negatively impacts the economy, as most recycled materials are exported to China, leaving hazardous residues behind E-waste residue can constitute 5 to 30 percent of the original product's volume, and while 1,450 rural artisan communities exist, only about 90 engage in e-waste recycling Research indicates that many residents in northern provinces are unaware of the detrimental effects of informal recycling, often ignoring the consequences of their actions despite some awareness of the issues.
Local authorities are making gradual efforts to reduce e-waste generation, but these measures appear insufficient as observed in the recycling processes at craft recycling facilities The video from observation stage 5 highlights the dire conditions of e-waste recycling, where craft villages face severe pollution and health risks, including lead poisoning While these villages may experience economic benefits from recycling e-waste, the environmental and health costs are significant Recyclers often resort to hazardous wet chemical leaching techniques, such as acid baths, to extract valuable metals like gold, silver, palladium, and copper from printed circuit boards and wires This process involves using solvents like aqua regia or sulfuric acid, raising serious concerns about the safety and sustainability of these practices.
While 23.6% of respondents believe their local authorities are inactive, the majority assert that efforts have been made to address e-waste issues However, observations suggest that these measures are insufficient and often irresponsible Research by Tran Duc Chung and Stefan Petrus Salhofer identifies key factors contributing to the growth of the informal e-waste recycling sector, including consumers' reluctance to pay for proper disposal, a lack of awareness about e-waste dangers, insufficient attention from authorities, limited local funding for recycling technologies, and ineffective management strategies Highlighting these issues is essential for improving e-waste management practices.
Residents of the Vietnam region tend to retain e-waste and used electronic devices at home, often opting not to dispose of them due to the potential for future resale, upgrades, or repairs This behavior has led to a growing market for secondhand e-devices, highlighting a trend towards refurbishment and the purchase of used electronics The survey responses further emphasize this developing market.
A significant portion of respondents (32.3%) are uncertain about their continued approval, highlighting a lack of attention from authorities towards informal recycling, which exacerbates the e-waste issue During observation stage 3, it became evident that despite community discussions on limiting e-waste, waste incinerators continued to emit toxic smoke, primarily due to unregulated recyclers who improperly handle materials, such as burning cables for copper recovery, posing serious health and environmental risks Additionally, spontaneous combustion at open dumping sites and the cremation of e-waste processing waste contribute to open burning, resulting in similar detrimental effects Research by Natsuyo U & Suzuki Go (2018) indicates that hazardous metal pollution from e-waste processing can disperse through particles, contaminating soils and sediments, further compounding the pollution problem.
The study highlights that hazardous metal concentrations from e-waste processing have increased, although the differences between sampling periods were not significant It emphasizes the need for local authorities to regulate open-air e-waste processing to prevent emissions of harmful metals and to prohibit open burning The research also points out the unresolved issues regarding the elution properties, mobility, and bioavailability of these dangerous metals, as well as their migration paths to the environment and organisms, which are critical for assessing health risks to residents and workers Despite clear findings indicating a lack of concern from local authorities regarding informal recycling activities, the reasons for their inaction over the years remain unclear.
LIMITATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS IN THE FUTURE FOR MY RESEARCH
Limitations
The deadline for this research has extended beyond one month, during which I have gained insights into the impact of e-waste and informal recycling on health and the environment However, understanding these effects remains challenging To effectively monitor and assess both visible and hidden impacts, I require additional time to meet the deadline.
The study's flaws stem from design or procedural elements that hinder understanding of the findings Limitations arise in generalizing and applying results to real-world scenarios, as well as in assessing the effectiveness of the findings These issues are rooted in the chosen analysis framework and the methodology employed to evaluate both the internal and external validity of the results amid unforeseen testing challenges.
Sampling errors occur when a probability sampling method is used to collect data, but the resulting sample fails to accurately represent the target population, often due to the survey being primarily distributed through social media This situation results in "sample bias" or "selection bias."
The issue of having little access to these responders has come up for my research
I perform my research in light of this restricted access
Financial constraints pose significant challenges when conducting research, as funding is often needed for essential software, data collection personnel, statistical programs, and participant incentives Limited financial resources can hinder these critical aspects of a study.
Improvements
To enhance the research's scope, we expanded our investigation beyond the northern region, where participants previously lacked the objectivity to evaluate the impact of weight management apps on self-monitoring behavior We included additional locations such as Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang, Can Tho, Da Lat, and Ca Mau to ensure a comprehensive data collection for the study.
To enhance the research, I aim to incorporate additional methods such as questionnaires and focus groups for data collection, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of responses across various areas This approach will yield rich, easily analyzable results that can inspire new ideas.
Extending the research duration for the project is essential, as a timeframe of just one month is insufficient for thorough investigation If the project is approved, we will implement a research phase lasting 3 to 4 months This extended period is crucial, as it significantly influences the depth and breadth of our research, allowing us to uncover more hidden aspects related to the effects of e-waste.
To enhance my research, I must learn from existing studies and gather insights from various theses While I have already consulted multiple sources, it is insufficient for the context of my topic Therefore, I need to broaden my research scope by exploring additional academic books and reports.
Research proposal
Student Name: Nguyen Huy Hoang Student Number: GCH200739
Tutor: Do Tien Thanh Date: 22/09/2022
Propose title: The environmental implications of e-waste and ways to reduce it
Section One: Title, objective, responsibilities
What is the environmental effect of the e-waste on the countryside in northern region when they are handled improperly and lack of concern from residents and even authorities?
What happens if the e-waste from electronic manufactory is discharged directly to landfill?
What is the status quo about e-waste effect on the countryside in VietNam?
Why are industries discharging more and more e-waste?
What e-waste items could industrial areas recycle?
Why should electronic components be handled properly and prevented from going into landfill?
Why is it Important to recycle e-waste?
What happens to the e-waste if not recycled through proper channels?
What are the electronic manufacturer recycling programs?
How do the industries ensure their e-waste is disposed of properly and securely?
Section Two: Reasons for choosing this research project
Reasons for choosing the project :
Vietnam generates approximately 115,000 tons of e-waste annually, equating to 1.34 kg per person, with projections indicating an increase to around 130,000 tons in 2019 Despite the current figures being relatively low, the rise in ownership of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and the decrease in usage duration contribute to the growing e-waste problem This trend highlights the need for research into effective e-waste management and its impacts in Vietnam.
Analysis of recycling structures for e-waste in Vietnam | SpringerLink
E-waste in Vietnam is primarily managed and recycled by approximately 90 craft villages, predominantly located in the northern (61 villages), central (25 villages), and southern (5 villages) regions These small-scale operations often rely on outdated technology and manual processes, leading to a lack of awareness regarding the health and environmental impacts of e-waste recycling This situation underscores the need to investigate the effects of e-waste on rural communities.
Country Report on E-Waste of Viet Nam
In Vietnam, the popularity of reusing and recycling e-waste is evident through the growth of second-hand electronics markets and various e-waste recycling initiatives launched by major technology companies like Dell and Samsung.
Therefore, I want to know whether it could improve the status quo of e-waste in Viet Nam or not
I am somewhat pretty interested in researching the problem related to e-waste
I am the kind of person who loves the natural environment
(e.g links to other subjects you are studying, personal interest, future plans, knowledge/skills you want to improve, why the topic is important):
Section Three: Literature sources searched
The initial sources which could help me to answer those questions:
1 Hazardous metals emissions from e-waste-processing sites in a village in northern
It shows the existence of dangerous compounds and the hazards of exposure to them and the current state of environmental emissions of these toxic substances from e-waste- processing plants
2 Analysis of recycling structures for e-waste in Vietnam
This one highlights the specific characteristics of e-waste management and treatment activities in Vietnam
3 Country Report on E-Waste of Viet Nam
This article offers a comprehensive overview of the e-waste situation in the country, highlighting key facts and information It also includes a case study on the e-waste collection program implemented by Vietnam Recycles.
4 E-Waste: How the Ghosts of iPhones Past Haunt Vietnam's Low-Income Communities - Saigoneer
The e-waste dilemma in Vietnam highlights a significant societal issue of environmental injustice, underscoring the urgent need for discussion on the connection between economic disparity and exposure to pollutants.
5 Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: an updated systematic review - The
Lancet Planetary Health In Asia
Research on the health consequences of e-waste exposure in Asia reveals the significant impact of improper e-waste disposal on human health.
Use of key literature sources to support your research question, objective or hypothesis:
Section Four: Activities and timescales
1 Collect materials relating to research’s question and objectives
3 Milestone 1[11-6]: Get feedback from the Tutor about the research proposal
5 Writing literature review and represent the findings in term of hypothesizes
6 Check project progress: research proposal, plan, literature review
7 Preparation for primary research(to confirm the findings in literature review or clarify the questions might arise after the literature review)
8 Milestone 2[25-6]: Get feedback from the Tutor about the plan of primary research
9 Milestone 3[27-6]: Get feedback from the Tutor about the result of literature review
11 Milestone 4[16-7]: Represent the findings in primary research and get feedback from
12 Writing assignment 1 which contains LO1, LO2
15 Writing Assignment 2 which contain LO3, LO4
17 Milestone 8[12-8]: Presentation - put everything together
During the research project, key activities will include conducting research, developing and analyzing ideas, writing, collecting data, performing numerical analysis, holding tutor meetings, producing the final outcome, evaluating results, and writing the report The duration of each activity will vary based on the project's specific requirements and timelines.
Target Date(set by tutor)
Target Date(set by tutor)
Section Five: Research approach and methodologies
Research classes: quantitative and qualitative
Research methods: interview, survey and observation
Type of research approach and methodologies you are likely to use, and reasons for your choice:
What your areas of research will cover:
Comments and agreement from tutor
[This part not for student]
I confirm that the project is not work which has been or will be submitted for another qualification and is appropriate
Comments and agreement from project proposal checker (if applicable)
[This part not for student]