The effects of proliferation of technological innovation on organic oriented farms in thai nguyen city, vietnam, and luisiana laguna province, philippines

i bg THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY CUSTODIO RIZLYN PANLILIO THE EFFECTS OF PROLIFERATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION ON ORGANIC ORIENTED FARMS IN THA

i

bg

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

CUSTODIO RIZLYN PANLILIO

THE EFFECTS OF PROLIFERATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL

INNOVATION ON ORGANIC ORIENTED FARMS IN THAI NGUYEN CITY, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE, VIETNAM AND LUSIANA, LAGUNA

PROVINCE, PHILIPPINES

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode: Full time Major: Agricultural Economics Faculty: Advanced Education Program Batch: 2018-2021

Thai Nguyen, /11/2022

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Agricultural Economics

Student name Rizlyn Panlilio Custodio

Student ID DTN1854250001

Thesis Title The Effects of Proliferation of Technological Innovation on

Organic-Oriented Farms in Thai Nguyen City, Vietnam, and Luisiana Laguna Province, Philippines

Supervisor Professor: Đỗ Thị Thùy Linh

technological innovation on organic oriented farms in three different clauses; (i) a

whole farming process, (ii) Sustainable growth and (iii) Level of production

Filipino and Vietnamese participants were subjected to checklist-questionnaire survey Data were transcribed and analyzed Moreover, the main element behind smart agriculture is technology In an effort to sustain agricultural sector growth,

certain governments have begun boosting their investments in smart agriculture It might be difficult for farmers to adopt new technology, though Perhaps two of the many factors that affect how rapidly farmers adopt new technologies are their sociodemographic characteristics and how they perceive the advantages that the technology offers It demonstrated that there is a strong connection between technical innovation and its spread across the entire organic farm and its impacts Despite the undeniable effects that technological innovation has had on farms that are focused on organic farming, some farmers are still hesitant to employ innovative technologies in order to practice 100% organic farming

Keywords Technological innovation, organic-oriented farms, whole

farming process, sustainable growth and level of production

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise is due to the master of the universe, "Our dear God," who always leads

me and strengthens me, especially when I was struggling with this research This research doesn’t mean as the end of being a student it is rather the start of a new chapter in our lives as learners Some folks helped me along the way by offering assistance and encouraging comments The following people helped me finish this thesis, and I would like to thank them for their help In particular, I want to thank

my supervisor; professor Đỗ Thị Thùy Linh from the bottom of my heart, for her kindness and continues support in conducting this research Due to the pandemic situation, I had a hard time collecting data and finishing this research

on time but my supervisor has always been patient and considerate about me

I am truly grateful for her kindness, patience, motivation, immense knowledge and enthusiasm I could not imagine having other mentor for this study because

her guidance helped all throughout this research I also want to thank AEP

office for being always understanding and always guding us in doing this

research

My sincere thanks also go to farm owners for letting me conduct my research on their farms I am totally grateful to everyone especially for the farm owners and farmers who contributed the data I needed to finish this research I

am also thankful to Ate Rosette, for helping me in collecting primary data I

needed in Lusiana, Laguna

I am also glad to my friends, Ate Van and Ate Jax, Mich, Sab, Linh,

Shri, Frans and Divine who helped me contact the farms and went with me in

different farms so I can gather information/data that I needed Words cannot

express my gratitude to my closest friends Giselle, Sab, and Jewell who never

stopped loving me, supporting me, and inspiring me to finish this research

Last but not least, I want to thank my entire family for their encouragement and guidance throughout my journey, particularly my mother

Gina Panlilio My family provide me the motivation to complete my thesis. I will always adore you all, which is why I am dedicating this study to my family, friends, and loved ones, who are my source of strength Thank you, and may God continue to bless us

Rizlyn Panlilio Custodio

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF FIGURES - 1 -

LIST OF TABLES - 2 -

PART I INTRODUCTION - 3 -

1.1 Research rationale - 3 -

1.2 Significance of the study 3

1.3 Research questions and hypothesis 4

1.3.1 Research questions 4

1.3.2 Hypothesis 4

1.3.3 Research objectives 4

1.3.4 Scope and Limitations 5

1.3.5 Conceptual Framework 6

PART II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 7

2.1 Definitions of technological innovation and organic oriented farms 7

2.2 Organic oriented farms 8

2.2.1 Organic oriented farms in the Philippines 9

2.2.2 Organic oriented farms in Vietnam 12

2.3 Technological innovation in organic oriented farms 15

2.4 Organic Farms Vs Conventional Farms 16

2.4.1 Organic vs conventional fertilizers: impacts on the environment 17

2.5 Importance of technological innovation in organic oriented farming 18

2.5.1 Agricultural Technology and its importance 19

2.6 Farmer’s approach in technological innovation within an organic farm 20

2.7 Relationship of technological innovation and level of production of the organic oriented farms 21

Part III METHODOLOGY 23

3.1 Materials and Instruments 23

3.2 Research contents 23

3.3 Methodology 24

3.3.1 The research design 24

3.3.2 Survey 24

3.3.3 Respondents 25

3.3.4 Data Collection Process 25

3.4 Research Locale 25

3.5 Materials 26

3.6 Research Approach 26

PART IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27

4.1 Data Presentation 27

4.1.1 Demographic information of the respondents 28

4.1.1.1 Vietnamese respondents 28

4.1.1.2 Filipino respondents 30

4.2 Whole farming process 32

4.3 Sustainable growth 35

4.3 Level of production 38

4.4 Technologies used in organic oriented farms 40

PART V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 43

5.1 Conclusion 43

5.2 Recommendations 44

REFERENCES 46

APPENDICES 50

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework of Variables 6

Figure 2 Organic Producers Category 15

Figure 3 Organic versus Conventional Fertilizers 17

Figure 4 Conceptual Framework of Data Gathering 23

Figure 5 Research approach 26

Figure 6 Gender bar graph 28

Figure 7 Educational background 28

Figure 8 Work Position 29

Figure 9 Gender bar graph 30

Figure 10 Educational background 30

Figure 11 Work Position 31

LIST OF TABLES

Box 1: Actors behind organic farming in Vietnam 14

Table 4.1 A whole farming process: Vietnamese respondents 32

Table 4.2 A whole farming process: Filipino respondents 33

Table 4.3 Sustainable growth: Vietnamese respondents 35

Table 4.4 Sustainable growth: Filipino respondents 36

Table 4.5 Level of production: Vietnamese respondents 38

Table 4.6 Level of production: Filipino respondents 39

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale

Organic farming is defined as a type of agriculture system that uses fertilizer based on organic substances such as skeletal crumbs, farmyard manure, compost and areas that focused on techniques like direct seeding and intercropping Biological resistance of pests, merged cultivation and nurturing of insect predators are stimulated in organic farming The benefits of sustainable development, health security, food and health safety are encouraged in this area Thousand years ago, agriculture was practiced without using artificial chemicals In mid-19th century, the used of artificial chemicals started

Organic farming is currently developing in both Vietnam and Philippines According to the Tran Van Khoi, director of the Vietnam Agricultural Extension Center, the total organic farming of the country has expanded faster than the average global pace The number of farms that has been oriented and adopts the organic practices have been growing in the whole Vietnam (Khoi, 2018) Thai Nguyen City, in Thai Nguyen province Vietnam have several farms that have started/adopted these practices already (Doanh, 2018) While in the Philippines, the Department of Agriculture (DA) reintroduced Organic Agriculture (OA) through implementing the Republic Act 10068, popularly known as the "Organic Agriculture Act of 2010," In order for the act to work well, the legislation created

an organization that is set to guide the OA republic act in implementing agricultural activities Only 107, 911 hectares of the total agricultural farm areas in the Philippines (NOAP 2012-2016) were transformed to the OA

Between 2011 and 2015, the number of farmers that switched to organic farming surged by 400% (Nelson et al, 2019) According to (Balmeo, 2020), farmers in Lusiana, Laguna tend to try their best to achieve organic farming because they believe that as a farmer, they are planting not just for income but it’s

to provide food to people so they prefer practicing organic farming Growth in organic farming can be considered through the production level of the farms Using technology might have positive effects on industrial production but can have different effects on organic farming

This research will find out the different effects of technological innovation

on farms that are organic oriented or organic farms in Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam and Lusiana, Laguna, Philippines It will also show how does Vietnamese and Filipinos approached the technology innovation when

it comes to practicing organic farming The study will help the researchers and the farmers/farm owners that has not been practiced organic farming yet This research will be able to use as a reference of the effects of the technological innovations on organic farming

This study combined a descriptive and correlational approach to its methodology According to Mertler (2014), the descriptive technique is a research methodology that will support researchers in organizing and conducting studies in line with their goals The design was intended to offer comprehensive details about people, locations, and phenomena, frequently requiring extensive observation A correlational research design, on the other hand, evaluates the link between two variables without the researcher having any influence over either of them (McCombes, 2020) The methods that were used in this research helped the author

in determining the correlation between technological innovation and organic farms

in Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam and and Lusiana, Laguna, Philippines The method is done through survey checklist wherein the researcher conducted some survey questions that is answerable through checklist The process highlighted and emphasized the effects of technological innovation on organic farming in Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam and Lusiana, Laguna, Philippines

This research will help not only the farmers and farm owners in Thai Nguyen City and Lusiana, Laguna but also the future researcher and other farmers that are practicing organic farming This research will provide information and guidelines about how innovated technologies affects the whole farming process of the organic farms and what are the things should be done to avoid future disturbances due to innovated technologies

1.2 Significance of the study

This research will benefit not only the farmers and farm owners in Thai Nguyen City and Lusiana, but also future researchers and other local farmers

that practice organic farming This study will provide information and guidance

on how innovative technologies affect the entire organic farming process, as well

as what should be done to avoid future disruptions caused by innovative technology

1.3 Research questions and hypothesis

1.3.1 Research questions

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of technological innovation on farms that are organic oriented in Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen Vietnam and Lusiana, Laguna Philippines

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1 What are the outdated and updated technologies used in different farms that are organic oriented?

2 What are the impacts of technological innovation on farms that are organic oriented in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam and Lusiana, Laguna Philippines?

3 How do farmers improve the level of production of organic plants with the innovated technologies?

Specifically, this research aims to;

1 Examine the effects of technological innovation on organic oriented farms in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam and Lusiana, Laguna Philippines

2 Determine the difference of the technological innovation on organic farming or organic oriented farming and non-organic farming

3 Examine the different impacts of old and new technologies on the farms that are organic oriented

1.3.4 Scope and Limitations

This study was conducted to know about the Effects of Proliferation of technological innovation or organic oriented farms in selected town in Vietnam and in Philippines Using a checklist survey, the data was gathered and analyzed However, this study is only limited to the farmers and farm staffs and owners of selected farms in the chosen place

Five barangays in Luisiana, Laguna Philippines, and 5 selected farms in Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam are chosen to conduct a survey in selected farms in doing this research paper Those places helped the researcher, because the chosen place have farms that are organic oriented and helped in providing data needed in the research

INNOVATED TECHNOLOGIES

Independent Variable

Whole farming process

Figure 1 illustrates the relationship of innovated technologies as independent

variable and the dependent variables which are sustainable growth, level of

production and whole farming process

PART II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies to gain some insights on the conduct of the study to be able to enrich the content

2.1 Definitions of technological innovation and organic oriented farms

Technological innovation significantly affects organizational communities

by transforming industries, transforming the relative value of capital, attempting

to put organizational learning capacities to the test, and changing the competitive environment (J.A.C Baum, 2001) Over the last decades, technological developments have resulted in an unprecedented increase in the usage of electronic tools for learners of all ages These global changes necessitate continued progress

in electronic e-learning assessment Evaluation is the process of defining what should be and comparing it to what already exists in order to make more informed decisions about success and how to achieve it (D.D Williams & C.R Graham, 2010)

Organic agriculture is a form of farming that is environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable Despite the fact that several studies on organic agriculture have been conducted from scientific, economic, and ecological perspectives, there's been no investigations into the forms of technology used for this type of production, particularly from an ergonomic basis (M.J.A Tereso et al, 2012) Organic agriculture is a type of farming that prohibits or limits the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and growth regulators To store carbon, farmers can utilize agricultural rotations, crop leftovers, animal dung, legumes, green manure, and off-farm organic waste (Lampkin et al., 2009) It can also contribute in

minimizing carbon pollutants by reducing the use of fossil fuels in the production

of synthetic materials' compounds

According to UNCTCN 2009 also known as UN Climate Technology Centre and Network, "organic farming encourages the use of intercropping, green manures, compost, biological pest management, mechanical weed control, and biological pest control in addition to conventional farming practices These strategies take advantage of the natural ecosystem in order to boost agriculture production Natural insect predators are cultivated, and legumes are planted to fix nitrogen into the soil Crop rotation and natural materials like potassium bicarbonate and mulches are utilized to manage diseases and pests

Organic farming is known for its crop diversity Organic farming, on the other hand, began as a small-scale operation with operations ranging from under 1 acre (4,000m2) to under 100 acres (0.40km2) Crop rotation, cover cropping, low tillage, and compost application are examples of organic agriculture approaches” Accordingly, organically related innovations are often characterized through comparisons to their traditional counterparts: organic processing methods are those that do not use pesticides, artificial fertilizers, or genetic modification, and so on (Lassen, 2015) In this study, one of the objectives of the researcher is to find out the differences of the traditional technologies and innovated technologies used by the selected organic farms

2.2 Organic oriented farms

According to Organic Farming Research Foundation (OFRF, 2020), being

an organic farmer is one of delicate task to have Organic farming is an agriculture that cultivates nutritional foods, with healthy plants, soils, habitat and all natural

inputs that needed in crop productivity Organic farming places a high priority on nutritious food, good lands, healthy plants, and clean environment in addition to crop productivity Organic farmers employ organic fertilizer inputs and management techniques like cover cultivation and crop diversification to enhance soil quality and increase organic soil materials By increasing the amount of organic matter in the soil, organic farmers reduce the effects of drought and flooding while boosting the soil's capacity to absorb water Enhancing soil organic matter also helps plants absorb and store the carbon and other nutrients they need

to create strong, disease- and insect-resistant crops Nowadays, time is the most valuable thing that everyone has Most of company/farm owners prefers a higher production in a given time to have more profit but in organic farming, it’s the quality that counts over quantity Farmers are prohibited to use chemicals or some innovated technology because all inputs or things used in organic farming should

be all naturals That’s why, most farmers are still learning and trying to be organic oriented to provide a natural or organic products

2.2.1 Organic oriented farms in the Philippines

As stated by Perlas (2020), 30 million hectares of land, or 47% of the total land area, are devoted to agriculture in the Philippines, making it an agricultural nation Rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane, pineapple, bananas, coffee, mango, tobacco, and abaca are the main crops of the nation The nation's 234,000 hectares

of organic production land served the export market in 2015 The coconut products that are sent to countries like the United States (58.5%), Japan, and Korea (32.8%) make up the majority of the organic farm produce Sales of coconut water from the

Philippines have increased by 100%, and this trend is anticipated to continue in the years to come

The use of non-chemical agricultural inputs in organic farming can aid in reducing soil fertility issues as well as air and water pollution Despite being more labor-intensive, organic farming may not be an appealing alternative to traditional farming due to its low yield in the early years of implementation Promoting organic farming in the Philippines requires an understanding of the traits, expertise, attitudes, and practices of organic farmers (Nelson et al 2017) As evidenced by the Republic Act 10068, also known as the Promotion and Development of Organic Agriculture in the Philippines, which provided government assistance to this sector, the Philippines began to acknowledge the significance of this agricultural technique in 2005 The Organic Agriculture Act of

2008 was passed after that, which helped organic farming become more well-liked

in the nation According to Genota 2022, sustainable agriculture encompasses organic farming, but it is not a subset of it Organic agriculture (OA), which has been established since the 1930s, is a technique of agricultural production that avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, growth regulators, pesticides, livestock feed additives, and genetically altered products The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM), an international group that represents each stage of the production process, was founded in 1972 (Baradas et al 2001) Relies on biological processes, biodiversity, and cycles that are tailored to local conditions rather than using inputs that have negative impacts, as stated by IFOAM Organic farming blends science,

creativity, and tradition to benefit the environment as a whole, foster just relationships, and improve everyone's quality of life

The Department of Agriculture (DA) passed Republic Act of 10068, also known as the "Organic Agriculture Act of 2010," in order to convert agricultural production in the Philippines into an ecologically sound and economically viable system To serve as a guide for the implementation of OA activities in the Philippines, a comprehensive National Organic Agriculture Program (NOAP) was created by legislation The NOAP 2012-2016 states that by 2016, at least 5% (483,550 hectares) of all agricultural farmlands in the Philippines shall be converted to organic farming; however, only 107, 911 ha have been converted as

of this writing In the Philippines, organic farming is gradually expanding, and for many farmers, the organic produce niche market is still untapped In 2016, there were more than 165,000 organic farmers in the Philippines, it is according to data from an international assessment on organic agriculture (Biofach, 2016) Complex and expensive certifications are necessary for organic farming Despite its growing popularity, there are only 85 certified organic businesses in the Philippines as of July 2019 This is due to three things: high certification costs, stringent soil amendments, and expensive fertilizer experiments Fertilizer trials (Experimental Use Permit) allow fertilizer to be tested on each crop to determine which is best for the crops, and organic farms must be certified for up to PHP70,000 every year Soil testing has a maximum or limit of 5-10% for nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) For small-scale farmers and farm owners, certification such as the Philippine National Standard for Organic Agriculture (PNSOA) is complicated and expensive The researcher selected 5 chosen farm that is either organic or

organic oriented in Luisiana, Laguna Philippines The researcher selected only 5 farms because organic farming is not that popular in Luisiana Philippines

2.2.2 Organic oriented farms in Vietnam

India, Ethiopia, and Mexico have the most organic growers worldwide (Lernoud et al, 2018) Despite being one of the greatest agricultural producers in Asia and having managed to manage its agricultural sector over the past 20 years, notably for rice, Vietnam is regrettably not included on the list of organic farmers Currently, this nation exports rice at the third-largest rate in the world and the second-largest rate in Southeast Asia (Nguyen, 2022) It is challenging to determine how organic farming has changed historically and currently in Vietnam This challenge is acknowledged by Simmons (2008), who also note the scarcity of information on organic farming in Vietnam The majority of references are newspaper articles or a summary of a report on organic agricultural efforts There are no statistics available about the number of organic farmers, the kind and quantity of organic food, or its export to foreign countries This knowledge gap makes it difficult to learn about recent developments in organic agriculture in Vietnam

According to Voan (2006), organic farming began to take off in Vietnam around the middle of the 1990s However, interest in organic farming remained extremely low until the late 1990s The organic region was still only home to a plantation of organic tea, essential oils, and spices The majority of these goods were exported to Europe (Simmons, 2008) The growth of organic farming was still gradual until the late 2000s, but it made great strides in the previous two to three years with the current range of products, including tea, spices, vegetables,

rice, honey, and aquaculture (Voan, 2006) The Vietnam Agriculture Association (VOA) convened the inaugural organic agricultural congress in May 2012 in Hanoi

as the culmination of its organic agriculture journey (Vietnam Plus, 2012) This initial appearance also symbolizes Vietnam's acceptance of organic farming

Thai Nguyen is a Vietnamese city and municipality It is the province's and the country's political, cultural, and socioeconomic center Due to its convenient position, it has played an important role in the socioeconomic growth of Thai Nguyen province and the entire northern mountainous provinces Thai Nguyen is the provincial capital of Thai Nguyen province, and it is one of the largest cities in the North Vietnam It is also the country's tenth most populous city and the heart

of the country's midland and northern mountainous regions (Bao Lam, 2016) Since 1962, Thai Nguyen has been a city, and it is regarded as an industrial center (Bao Lam, 2016) Being the largest city in Thai Nguyen Province, Thai Nguyen city has a large area which is 189.7 km² There are 638 farms in Thai Nguyen Province and there are over 20 farms in Thai Nguyen City wherein nine of them have started practicing an organic farm The researcher selected Thai Nguyen City

as a research locale and chooses selected organic farms that was used in the study

2.2.2.1 Actors Behind Organic Farming in Vietnam

Despite the fact that the precise number of organic farmers in Vietnam is unknown, Simmons and Scott (2008: 3) have managed to classify these farmers into three categories: traditional organic farmers, reformed organic farmers, and certified organic farmers They assert that there are very few organic producers in each category

Box 1: Actors behind organic farming in Vietnam

(Source: Indonesian Institute of Sciences 2018.)

The final group has more organic farmers than the other two among the three types in Vietnam The current environment demonstrates that organic farming in Vietnam involves partnerships between domestic organic farming enterprises and local farmers, as well as between international agencies and private businesses or local farmers Due to the large investment required for organic farming and the lack of domestic certification for organic products in Vietnam, there is a very evident dependence on foreign agencies (Vietnam News, 2017)

2.2.2.2 Vietnam's Organic Growth in the Future

In a sense, the expansion of organic agriculture in Vietnam may be encouraged by the rising demand for organic products from other nations The

Actors behind organic

farming in Vietnam

Traditional Organic

Farmers- They typically

reside in Vietnam's center

and northern highland

regions They use

conventional farming

practices and have never

used agrochemicals in their

farming operation

According to Simmons and

Scott (2008: 3), rather than

environmental concerns,

the reason why these

farmers do not use

of agrochemicals

Farmers- Farmers that

have earned their organiccertification or are in theprocess of doing so make

up the final group Thesefarmers are typically part

organizations that teachthem about organicfarming techniques, withprivate trading firms

locomotives

Data from Research Center for Regional Resources – Indonesian Institute of Sciences 2018.

following two variables will have a major positive impact on the growth of organic agriculture in Vietnam

Figure 2 Organic Producers Category

Source: Research Center for Regional Resources – Indonesian Institute of Sciences 2018

However, according to the Vietnamese Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, organic farming is still in its infancy in Vietnam (The Saigon Times, 2018) Vietnam has a lot of homework to do in order to transition to organic farming, which will also affect how it develops in the future

2.3 Technological innovation in organic oriented farms

Agriculture is the world's oldest economic industry (Dutia, 2014) Until the mid-twentieth century, the manufacturing industry was the primary driver of agricultural development Following that, agribusiness underwent significant changes as a result of chemical and biological advancements, and fertilizers have become more essential (Dutia, 2014) New innovations, such as nanotechnology and biotechnology, arose at the turn of the century, largely powered by large

1.

• assistance from numerous universities,organizations dedicated to organic agriculture,and other industry professionals Manyprofessors and medical professionals fromVietnam's universities are currently involved

in and serving as advisors in organicagriculture (Vneconomy, 2010) Theirexpertise and viewpoints will unquestionablyaid in the growth of organic farming inVietnam and eventually increase the country'sorganic consumer base

2.

unique criteria and lengthy procedure involved

in organic cultivation, organic food costs 10–40% more than non-organic food

multinational corporations The previous study failed to indicate the technological failures and the affected area nor person in the technological innovation indicated

in the study Some studies also failed to enumerate the exact effects of technological innovation in agriculture especially in organic agriculture Additionally, because the outcomes of technology advancement are only partially predictable, incumbents are put in jeopardy An innovation's impact cannot be felt until it is too late for incumbents utilizing outdated methods to compete successfully with new entrants However, placing too much faith in a single innovation too early could put an incumbent's existence in danger if that technology fails to gain traction Therefore, underlying breakthroughs and technical advancement may have a big impact on the dynamics of competition and the development of organizational populations (Baum, 2001) Innovation can lead

to motivational deficits known as the "appropriability dilemma" because innovators frequently find it difficult to absorb all of the unfavorable changes in economic benefits that their contributions generate Innovative practices often carry a high risk of technical failure and (especially) consumer demand misinterpretation (Scherer, 2001)

2.4 Organic Farms Vs Conventional Farms

Due to conventional agriculture, there is an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, and water contamination, which primarily endangers human health While restoring natural ecosystems for cleaner water and air and protecting and improving soil health, organic farming also has a lower carbon impact The primary difference between conventional and organic farming is that the latter employs chemical intervention to manage weeds, pests, and to feed the

plants This is a reference to synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers Organic farming, on the other hand, relies on ecological ideas like biodiversity and composting to produce a surplus of healthful food It's important to note that

"organic production" goes beyond simply avoiding synthetic inputs in favor of natural ones or avoiding traditional chemical inputs altogether Crop rotations, the use of composted animal manures, and green manure crops are just a few examples

of the traditional farming techniques that organic farmers still employ in ways that are commercially feasible in modern society The interaction of management techniques is the primary concern in organic production, and the overall system's health is emphasized Organic farmers employ a variety of strategies to improve soil fertility and maintain biological diversity (USDA, 2007)

2.4.1 Organic vs conventional fertilizers: impacts on the environment

Figure 3 Organic versus Conventional Fertilizers

Source: Rodale Institute and the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural

Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD),

2.5 Importance of technological innovation in organic oriented farming

Rural modernization programs focused on transforming subsistence farming into industrial farming and introducing new production technologies, including chemical pesticides and fertilizers, seed varieties, monoculture cropping systems, mechanized farm labor and irrigation systems, and intensive animal production methods Food production at home dropped, and diets switched from plant-based to animal-based, from whole foods that hadn't been processed and home-cooked meals to more processed, ready-to-eat, and convenience foods Additionally, agri-food firms expanded their worldwide, vertical, and horizontal integration (Barska, 2018; Okrent and Kumcu, 2016; McMichael, 2009; Scrinis, 2007)

Due in major part to technical advancements in the form of sensors, machinery, devices, and information technology, modern farms and agricultural operations run very differently from how they did a few decades ago Modern agriculture regularly makes use of robots, temperature and moisture sensors, aerial photography, and GPS technologies These cutting-edge technologies, robotic systems, and enhanced farming practices can help businesses become more prosperous, productive, safe, and environmentally friendly (Allen, 2018) Based

on the previous statement, technological innovation has been helping most of the whole production of a farm, but in accordance of Canwat (2022), despite increasing agricultural output, the modernization of the agri-food sector brought about a number of issues The degradation of the land and soil, contamination of the water and land, and a decline in the diversity of the animal, plant, and wildlife

are only a few of the environmental issues that the production practices have led

to

The health and environmental issues caused by traditional production methods are addressed by organic agricultural practices, which also include a number of alternative ideas, such as alternative distribution and retailing networks and the counter-cultural wholefoods movement (Scrinis, 2007)

Food production and consumption have also been linked to a number of illnesses and health issues These include food-related health issues linked to processed-industrial diets, diseases linked to starvation and famine, food scares like the avian flu and food contamination, farm workers' exposure to chemical pesticides, and chemical residues and additives in both fresh and processed foods (Barska, 2018; Scrinis, 2007) Although technological innovation can have a large role in organic-oriented farm, farms can still be affected by it negatively

2.5.1 Agricultural Technology and its importance

The word "agricultural technology" refers to machinery and other equipment created with an applicable and unique application in mind for food, natural resources, and agriculture in relation to the study and development of suitable goods and projects (Canwat, 2022) Benefits include:

 Higher yields output

 The use of less water, fertilizer, and pesticides results in lower foodcosts

 Lessening the effect on ecosystems in the natural world

 Reduced chemical emission into groundwater and rivers

 Increased workplace security

 Robotic technology also enables more precise monitoring and management

of natural resources, such as air and water quality

2.6 Farmer’s approach in technological innovation within an organic farm

Modern natural farming is becoming increasingly well-liked around the globe, especially in wealthy nations The use of organic farming methods is a choice, and a suitable management strategy would help to improve the soil health environment and, as a result, increase crop quality and productivity The natural farming method makes use of incredibly complex living classifications that are integrated to produce a harvest and inventory output that can be sustained Since it revitalizes the soil, improves the foundation of natural resources, and maintains organic production at levels that are compatible with the carrying potential of the managed agro eco-system, organic agriculture is a potential option (Yuvaraj et al, 2020)

Farmers may be able to maximize the harvesting window with the aid of smart monitoring Farmers may benefit from monitoring crops for quality traits, such as fruit color and sugar content, in order to increase crop yields and profits The use of smart and autonomous farm machinery may advance with more precise GPS controls combined with sensors and computer vision Farmers would save time and other resources by using a range of machines on their land simultaneously and without human involvement Furthermore, autonomous robots are more accurate and productive in their field operations than human-operated ones, which may lead to less fuel use and increased yields By 2030, improving connection might increase the autonomy of machinery and add $50 billion to $60 billion in value (Goedde et al, 2020)

According to (USDA, 2022) also known as United States Department of Farmers are no longer compelled to apply water, fertilizer, and pesticides uniformly throughout entire fields in agriculture Instead, they can employ the barest minimum, concentrate on very specific areas, or even treat other plants in a different way It also gives farmers and other producers greater control over the raising, managing, distributing, and storing of plants and animals, which results in:

It also gives farmers and other producers greater control over the raising, managing, distributing, and storing of plants and animals, which results in:

 Greater efficiency and Lower Costs

 Safer food and environments for growth

 Lessening of impact on ecosystems and the environment

2.7 Relationship of technological innovation and level of production of the organic oriented farms

According to Goedde et al (2020), The agriculture industry has changed significantly over the last 50 years Because of technological developments, farm machinery has gotten bigger, faster, and more productive, enabling the more efficient cultivation of vast areas Fertilizers, irrigation, and seed have all been significantly improved, which has assisted farmers in increasing yields The current revolution in agriculture is being fueled by connectivity and data, and it is still in its early phases Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, analytics, networked sensors, and others could increase yields even more, improve the efficiency of water and other inputs, and promote resilience and sustainability in cattle rearing and agricultural output A production system is considered to be organic farming if it generally forgoes the use of synthetic fertilizers, advancement

promoters, pesticides, and feed supplements for farm animals The organic farming system must include intercropping, organic manure, legumes, animal wastes, crop residues, off-farming environmental waste, and biological pest management to the maximum extent practicable to maintain soil fertility and productivity to support plants while reducing pests, diseases, and weeds (Yuvaraj, 2020)

However, agriculture is still less digitalized than many other global industries Most earlier developments were mechanical, like more powerful and efficient machinery, or genetic, like more fruitful plants and fertilizers The next level of productivity increase currently requires the use of digital technologies that are far more sophisticated There are already a few tools available to help farmers use resources more wisely and effectively, though more sophisticated ones are being created These new technologies may facilitate better decision-making, allowing for better risk and variability management to maximize yields and enhance economics When used in animal husbandry, they can improve livestock welfare, addressing the rising concerns regarding animal welfare Technological innovation can make the work of farmers easier and faster It can also help the level of production of organic farms since it improves work works and outputs of the farmers (Goedde et al, 2020)

Part III METHODOLOGY

The chapter briefly discusses the methodology employed in the conduct of the study It includes research design, population and sampling, data gathering procedure, research instrument and statistical instrument and statistical treatment used in the study

3.1 Materials and Instruments

This research is quantitative research that seeks to understand the effects of proliferation of technological innovation in organic-oriented farms in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam and Luisiana, Laguna, Philippines Data gathering methods included conducting participant surveys using tools such a notebook, pen, questionnaires, and online surveys Additionally, information from survey forms and journals was transcribed and analyzed on a laptop

3.2 Research contents

To collect data, we follow conceptual framework of the study;

Figure 4 Conceptual Framework of Data Gathering

(Source: Damaso, 2020)

Input

• Primary data: Checklist survey

• Secondary data: existing researches, books, or journals

Process

• Survey

• analysis of the transcribed survey data

• cite visitation and observation

• evaluation and comparability of the available research

Output

• Evaluate the effects of proliferation of technological innovation in organic-oriented farm in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam and Luisiana Laguna, Philippines

Both primary and secondary data were used as study inputs Transcripts of interviews that were treated to different topics formed up the primary data As well

as the secondary data are made up of previously conducted studies from reputable journals, books, articles, and other sources Then, by creating numerous topics, the survey's recorded data was examined through descriptive analysis Additionally, the existing research was compared and correlated The effects of the spread of technological innovation on organic farms in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam, and Luisiana Laguna, Philippines, are the concluding topic

3.3 Methodology

3.3.1 The research design

According to Mertler (2014), the descriptive technique is a research methodology that will support researchers in organizing and conducting studies in line with their goals The design was intended to offer comprehensive details about people, locations, and phenomena, frequently requiring extensive observation The author uses descriptive research to establish a relationship between technological advancement and organic farming in Thai Nguyen City, Vietnam, and Luisiana Laguna, Philippines

3.3.2 Survey

In collecting primary data, a survey was done through checklist questionnaire The respondents were grouped into five groups; (i) agricultural staff, (ii) agricultural technician, (iii) farmer, (iv) municipal agriculturalist and (v) farm-owners

The survey focused on the following aspects: (a) the demographics information, (b) evaluation statements which is grouped into three; (i) whole farming process, (ii) sustainable growth, and (iii) level of production For the demographic’s information, the researcher obtained the age, gender, educational background, year of working experience and employment

3.3.3 Respondents

The researcher selected the number of participants that are willing to collaborate and give information about the said thesis Since most farms in both Thai Nguyen and Luisiana are not organic oriented, a total of 96 participants were selected for the survey interview The selected respondents are composed of 51 Filipinos and 45 Vietnamese

3.3.4 Data Collection Process

The information was gathered from chosen respondents over the course of

a 5-month face-to-face and online survey Online surveys or printed checklists were used to record the surveys All respondents were respectfully asked about their consent by having them sign the survey form below, and this was done out of

an ethical concern for all respondents For improved interaction and comprehension between the researcher and respondent, all questions were translated into the town's native tongue Moreover, to study secondary data sources relevant to the study, books, online databases, and scientific journals were used

different farms were chosen in Luisiana laguna, Philippines while 4 selected farms were chosen and used in thai Nguyen City, Vietnam

3.5 Materials

A researcher-made questionnaire checklist was utilized in this investigation

to collect the necessary data The researcher's prior research, professional literature, and published and unpublished theses pertinent to the study were all

taken into consideration when developing the questionnaire draft

Farm staffs

Quantitative study within the effects of innovated technologies

Data and compilation

analysis

PART IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter deals with the presentation analysis and interpretation of data gathered to answer the question stated in the statement of the problem in Chapter

1 The effects of Proliferation of Technological Innovation in Organic-oriented farms

In this part of the study, the presentation analysis of data gathered and interpretation of data were discussed The presentation contained the dependent variables: Whole farming process, sustainable growth and level of production while the independent variable is the innovated technologies used in organic-oriented farms Transcribed data were analyzed in order to provide in depth effects

of technological innovation in that farms selected in terms of the three dependent variables mentioned above Moreover, secondary data was also utilized in this chapter Certainly, the indicated results in this section provided answers to the research questions of the present study

4.1 Data Presentation

In this part of the thesis, the data gathered were summarized and presented with the use of tables and figures

4.1.1 Demographic information of the respondents

4.1.1.1 Vietnamese respondents

Figure 6 Gender bar graph

Figure 6 illustrates the percentage of both male and female that answered

the survey It is divided into two groups; (i) 26 male which is 57.8% and (ii) 19 female which is 42.2% This concludes that there are more male workers in farms

than female workers Based on the observation of the researcher, Vietnamese female tends to have labor work compare to other countries like in the Philippines

Figure 7 Educational background

Figure 7 illustrates the percentage of educational level attained by the

Vietnamese respondents It is divided into five groups; (i) 19 respondents attained bachelor’s degree in farming which is 43.2%, (ii) 11 respondents attained secondary school graduate which is 25%, (iii) 7 respondents attained technical/vocational course which is 15.9% (iv) 6 respondents attained middle school/ elementary graduate which is 13.6% and (v) 1 respondent is undergraduate and it’s 2.3% the total population Almost half of the Vietnamese respondents have

attained bachelor’s degree This concludes that workers in organic-oriented farms

in Vietnam really have the knowledge about their work and the farm itself So even

if they’re not organic farms yet, the workers have the wisdom and information about it

Figure 8 Work Position

Figure 8 illustrates the percentage of work positions of the Vietnamese

respondents It is divided into 6 groups; (i) 28 farmers which is 63.6%, (ii) 10 agricultural staffs which is 22.7%, (iii) 3 agriculture technician which is 6.8% and

the remaining three which are municipal agriculturalist, farm-owner and assistant coordinator only have 1 respondent each which is equivalent to 2.3% each of the total population