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Oxford collocations dictionary

OXFORD Collocations dictionary for students of English

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OXFORD

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common verbs S10-11

inside front cover

key to abbreviations, symbols and labels

‘month organization performance card direction professional rank religion sound subject stroke measure art

at entry business clothes colour computer teed trút ilness meeting sport

Preface

In recent years, teachers and students have become increasingly aware of the importance of collocation in English language learning, However, no matter how convinced learners are in principle of the importance of collocation, it is difficult for them to put these

prinefples into practice without the benefit of an up-to-date, corpus:

‘based dictionary of collocations We at Oxford University Press were determined to provide such a dictionary but it has taken us many years to produce the dictionary that we feel best meets the needs of students and teachers

Over the years, a large number of lexicographers and editors have been involved in this project and I wish to take this opportunity to

‘thank them all for the contributions they have made In particular,

| wish (o thank the three Managing Editors, Sheila Dignen, Jonathan Crowther and Diana Lea The Managing Editors worked on the policy for this dictionary, striving to ensure that it was in its design as helpful and accessible to users as possible Inthe introduction that follows, Diana Lea explains the principles that were established through, consultation and experiment to determine which collocates to include and where they should be listed

It is our hope that this dictionary will provide you with invaluable assistance in expressing your ideas cogently in idiomatic English 1f you wish to explore the dictionary’s potential as a learning tool, you will find the Guide to the Entries (page xit-xiii )and the Study Pages (between pages 446 and 447) very helpful

‘Moira Runcie

January 2002

Colin Hope Carole Owen

Gillan Lazar Valerie Smith

Page design: Feter Burgess and Holdsworth Associates, le of Wight

Study pages: Sarah Nicholson

Cover design: Richard Morris, Stonesfeld Design

Introduction

Imagine 2 student writing an essay on the environment She knows the themes she wishes to cover and the ideas and arguments to get across She already has a stock of

‘useful vocabulary, especially high-content nouns like environment, pollution, azone layer

‘What is missing are the words that can link these high-content vocabulary items together {nto a coherent whole ~ a narrative or an argument Pollution is a problem, but what neods to be done about it? Looking up the entry for pollution in the Oxford Collocations Dictionary and skimming down to the verbs section offers the choice of avoid/prevent, combat/control/fight/tackle,cut/limit/minimize/reduce ox monitor With the back-up help

of a good monolingual learner's dictionary (such as the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary) if need be, the student can choose the most appropriate verb, the one that expresses most exactly what she wants to say

What is collocation?

Collocation is the way words combine in a language to produce natural-sounding speech and writing For example, in English you say strong wind but heavy rain It would not be normal to say *heauy wind or *strong rain And whilst all four of these words would be recognized by a learner at pre-intermediate or even elementary level, it takes a greater egree of competence withthe language to combine them correctly in productive use To

a native-speaker these combinations are highly predictable; to a learner they are anything but

‘Combinations of words in a language can be ranged on a cline from the totally fre - see

4 man/ear/ book - to the totally fixed and idiomatic ~ not see the wood for the trees This iđlom is not only fixed in form, it also has nothing whatever to do with wood or trees Betwoon these two extremes, thor isa whole range of nouns that take the verb seein a way

‘hat is neither totally predictable nor totally opaque as to meaning These run from the fairly ‘weak’ collocation see a lm (which elementary students learn asa ‘chunk’ without pausing to reflect that this is not quite the literal meaning of see) through the 'mediam strength’ see a doctor to the ‘stronger’ collocations of see danger/reason/the point Al these

‘combinations, apart from those atthe very extremes ofthe cline, can be called collocation

‘And it is combinations such as these - particularly in the 'modinm-strength’ area ~ that are vital to communicative competence in English

Why is collocation important?

Collocation runs through the whole of the English language No piece of natural spoken

‘or writen English fs totally free of collocation For the student, choosing the right collocation will make his speech ané writing sound moch more natural, wore native- speakeriike, even when basic intelligibility does not seem to be at Issbe A student who talks about *strong rain may make himself understood, but possibly not without provoking a smile or a correction, which may or may not matter He will certainly be

‘hark down for it in an exam

‘But, perhaps even more importantly than this, language that is collocationally rich is also more precise This is because most single words inthe English language - especially

‘the mare common words embrace a whole range of meanings, some quite distinct, and some that shade into each other by degrees The precise meaning in any context is determined by that context: by the words that surround and combine withthe core word

ty collocation A student who chooses the best collocation will express himself mich more clearly and be able to convey not just a general meaning, but something quite precise Compare, for example, the following two sentences:

This isa good book and contain fot of interesting details

This tsa fascinating book and contains a wealth of historical det

Both sentences are perfectly ‘corect in terms of grammar and vocabulary, but which communleates more (both about the book under dseussion and the person discussing it?

vú:

Why use a Collocations Dictionary?

‘A normal dictionary, whether monolingual or bilingual, spits up meaning into individual

‘words; it has a lot of power in dissecting the meaning of a text Its power is more limited

‘when it comes to constructing texts Good Jearner’s dictionaries give as much help as they can with usage, with grammar patterns clearly explained, register labels and example sentences showing words in context Modern dictionaties are increasingly giving attention

to callocation But they are still hampered by trying to provide a whole range of information about any word besides its callocations A grammar provides an analysis of the general patterns that exist in a language But its productive power is limited by the egree to which it generalizes in order to come up with ‘grammatical rules’ A collocational dictionary doesn’t have to generalize to the same extent: it covers the entire language (or a large part of it) on a word by word, collocation by collocation basis It

‘manages this by not attempting to account for every possible utterance, only for what is most typical

By focusing on the specific rather than the general, a collocations dictionary is also able to ‘predigest’ a lot of the grammar involved, presenting collocates in their most typical form in context, even if this is not the usual dictionary citation form For example

at the entry for baby, you will find the collocation be tething, reflecting the fact that this verb is always used in the progressive tenses Use the collocations dictionary systematically and you become much more aware of the extent to which English makes use of the passive, an aspect of grammar that even advanced students may bo reluctant to pat to full productive use

By covering the language systematically from AZ, a collocations dictionary allows students to build up their own collocational competence on a ‘need-to-know’ basis, starting from the words they already know - or know in part Occasional, or oven regular, collocations exercises in coursebooks cannot fulfil this role, although they do a useful job

of raising the profil of collocation as an essential feature of the language, and teach some

‘useful collocations inthe process

Which collocations are included in this dictionary?

‘The approach taken to this question was pragmatic, rather than theoretical The questions asked were: is this atypical use of language? Might a student of English want to express

‘this idea? Would they look up this entry to find out how? The aim was to give the full range

of collocation ~ from the fairly weak (see a film, an enjoyable holiday, extremely complicated), through the medium-strongth (see a doctor, direct equivalent, highly Intelligend to the strongest and most restricted (see reason, burning ambition, blindingly obvious) ~ for around 9,000 headwords Totaly free combinations are excluded and so, for

‘the most part, are idioms Exceptions to this rule are idioms that are only partly Idiomatic: not see the wood for the trees may have nothing to do with wood or trees, but drive a hard bargain is very much about bargaining even ifthe expression as a whole can

be considered an idiom,

‘Tho first question ls this atypical use of language?) required that all the collocations

be drawn from reliable data The main source used was the 100 million word British

‘National Corpus From this, compilers of the dictionary were able to check how frequently

‘any given combination occurred, in how many (and what kind of) sources, and in what particular contexts The corpus also supplied many of the example sentences, most of

‘which were either taken directly from the authentic texts included in the corpus, or with

‘minor modifications to make them more accessible (but without, of course, altering any collocations) For fast-changing areas of language, such as computing ~ particulary rich in collocation ~ corpus information was supplemented by using the Internet as a resource

‘The second question asked (Might a student of English want to express this idea?) led to

‘focus on current English: language that students not only neod to understand but can be expected to reproduce It was folt that, for productive use, students were better concentrating on one variety of English, and British English was chosen Consideration

‘was also given to the kind of texts that students might wish to write Primary attention

‘was given to what might be called ‘moderately formal language’ ~ the language of essay

‘informal collocations and those very frequent in spoken language; and a few of the most frequent collocations from British journalism Technical, informal and journalistic uses are labelled as such,

‘The third question asked (Would a student look up this entry to find this expression?) Jed to the exclusion of noun collocates from verb and adjective entries When framing their

‘ideas, people generally start from a notn You might think of rain and want to know which adjective best describes rain when lot falls in a short time You would be unlikely to start

‘with the adjective heavy and wonder what you could describe with it (rain, Breathing,

‘damage, gunfire?) Similarly, you might Ve looking for the verb to use when youu do what you

‘need todo in response toa challenge, But you would not choose meet and then choose what

‘to meet (a challenge, an acquainiance, your death, the expense)

“The full range of collocation’, as well as implying collocations of different strengths,

‘also covers ll the following types of combination:

adjective + noun: bright/harsh/intense/strong light

‘quantifier + noun:a beam/ray of Hghe

verb + noun: cast/emit/ive/provide/shed light

noun + verb: Hight gleams/glows/shines

noun + noun:@ light source

preposition + noun: by the light ofthe moon

‘noun + preposition: the light from the window

adverb + verb: choose carefully

‘verb + verb: be sree to choose

‘verb + preposition: choose between two things

verb + adjective: make/keep/declare sth safe

adverb + adjective: prfectly/not entirely/environmentally safe

adjective + preposition: safe from attack

plus short phrases including the headword: the speed of light, pick and choose, safe and sound

‘Most of the collocations inthe dictionary can be called ‘word collocations’, that is, these fare the precise words that combine with each other: small fortune cannot be changed to tle fortune, even though smolt and litte would seem to be synonymous There is another area of collocation that might be called ‘category collocation’, where a word can combine with any word from a readily definable set This set may be quite large, but its members are predictable, because they are all words for nationalities, or measurements of time, for example At the entry for walk, one of the groups of collocstes is given as ‘three-minute, five minutes’ etc: the ‘ete’ is to indicate that any figure may be substituted for ‘three’ or

“five im these expressions

also happens that certain sets of words share all or most of their collocations This is particularly true of very strictly defined sets such as days of the week, months and points

‘of the compass, but it also applies to slightly Jess rigid, but still limited sets such as currencies, weights and measures and meals In order to show how these collocations are shared by a number of headwords, the dictionary includes 25 usage notes, each treating the collocations of a particular set The entries for the individual members of the set include a crossreferenoe to the usage note, In cases where all the collocations are shared (months, for example) the cross reference replaces all other information inthe entry In eases where some of the collocations are shared, but others apply only to an individual momber of the set (for example, seasons), the individual collocations are given at the entry, and a cross: reference directs the user to the shared collocations in the usage note A full list of the usage notes and where they may be found is given on page i The 9,000 headwords Include most of the commonest words in the language that upperintermediate students will

already know, plus some words that they will stat to encounter as they move to a more

‘advanced level of English, Some very common words ~ such as the verbs make and do - do

"not merit entries of their own This is because these verbs have no real collocations of

‘their own They themselves are the collocations of lots of nouns, and appear in the entries for those nouns There are also two pages of exercises in the central study section addressing this notorious area of difficulty

How to use this dictionary

‘This dictionary Is tntended for productive use, most typically for help with writing The collocations In each entry are divided according to part of speech; within each part af speech section they are grouped according to meaning or eategorx dn the example above from pollution, avoid and prevent are roughly synonymous, as are combat, conto, fight and tackle and soon) The groups are arranged in an order that tres tobe as intuitive ae possible: in ths case from the ‘strongest’ form of action (avoid/prevent) tothe ‘mildest (mmontor) Many collocate groups have lustrative examples showing one or mare of the allocations in context

Because this is a type of dictionary that may be totally new to many students i 8 recommended tha users faallarize themselves with how the dictionary works by working through some of the exeeises in the photocopiable study section in the centre of the dictionary The first ofthese aims to show the overall concept ofthe dictionary by looking

at a single entry dea) in some detail, The next few exercees take users systematically {hough the diferent seclons of the entries for nouns, verbs and adjectives Two pages of exercises get students thinking about the common verbs make, do, have, give and take, and {he remaining exercises range across the whole dictionary, testing collocatins linked to various themes, including pbtcs, jobs and money

Other information in this dictionary

‘The focus of this dlctionary is very much on collocation In order to make the collocational information as comprehensive and accessible as possible, non-collocational information has largely been excluded Definitions of headwords are given only insofar as they are necessary to distinguish different senses of the same word, when they have different collocations and need to be treated separately These are not full definitions, but rather

‘sense discriminators’, just detailed enough to allow the senses to be distinguished Register information is given when any pair of words in combination take on a different register from the two words separately Examples would be do drugs (informal) - though neither do nor drugs are informal in themselves ~ or hear @ lecture formal (Exceptions to this rule are collocates labelled taboo where the Iabel applies to the single word and to any

‘combination it occurs in.) Collocations are also labelled if they belong toa particular field fof language such as law or medical For a full list of the usage labels used in this dictionary, see inside the front cover: In addition to these labels, more specific usage restrictions such as “in football or used in journalism’ are given in brackets

"The most frequent usage label used in the dictionary is figurative It is a feature of

“English that when the meaning of a word is extended and used in a non-literal sense, the collocations of the literal sense are often carried over: that is, both literal and figurative

‘meanings of a ward may share collocations The dictionary indicates where this isso: for

‘example, at way, the collocation lose is given followed by the examples: She lost her way in

‘the fog and (figurative) The project seems to have lst its way With strong collocations that are slightly idiomatic, a short explanation of the meaning may be given For example, at bargain, the phrase drive œ hard bargain has the gloss (= force sb to agree to the arrangement that is best for you)

‘The dictionary also includes ten special pages an different topics such as business,

‘meetings and sport These pull together collocations from the different topics and can be

"used as the basis for topte work in class or for brainstorming vocabulary for an essay, for

‘example A full ist of special topic pages and where tofind them is given on page Ix

It is hoped that this dictionary will be of use not only to students of English of upper Intermediate level and above, but also to teachers (both non-native speaker and native speaker teachers, looking for ways to present collocations to their students), translators,

‘academics, business people, and all who wish to write fuent and idiomatic English The Guide to the Entries (pages xifxii) is there as a quick reference, to give help as needed, but the whole dictionary has been designed to be accessible, and (we hope) enjoyable to use

Guide to the entries

4 very high hit + ADJ big reat, high, huge, large lofty, massive tall, {towering | small | steep [ow { beautiful, dramatic, fine, majestic, spectacular | surrounding The sư rounding mountains make the city dieu to evacuate | distant | solated, ramota | inland | jagged, rocky, rugged, | snow-capped, snow-covered, snowy | holy {theholy mountalnoftheLapp community

“© QUANT chain,range achain/rangeaf mountains

fe VERD + MOUNTAMS ascend, climb, comalga up,

‘Scale | comeigo down, descend, walk down | walk Weer walking the mountains | cross over) MOUNTAIN + VERD Hse, soar, tower The mountains

‘are rset well over 2 000m, | tll Phe moundains fl ©

‘theeast othe flac expanse of the plateau | surround sth Towering mountains surroundad chevillage | shake The

‘arthiramor marl the mountain sha

7 + MODNEAIN + NOUN chal, range | area, country, verbs that come before mountain, a he Tớ“ Ổ 9F mountain country | eight We crosed the rugged

‘mountain heights (pass, path, road, rout, track | landscape, scenery {crag face, flank peak, ridge, ide, slope, top valley, wall | cave Take, stoar | alt

Sense numbers and short defnitions

distinguish between the different senses

adjectives that collecste with mouneain

‘or nouns that function like adjectives

prepositions that combine with

‘mountain ‘oat ives high up inthe mountains Ss punases the Mankisidelslope of @ mountaln, the

footbottomtop of a mountain 2arge amount/number of sth

‘© ADs great | dabt | paper | buter, food, ec The re:

‘ead Slutio to reduce Europe's utter moun

‘VERB + MOUNTAIN generate | reduce [ PuRASkS @ mountain of paperpaperwork The ơ:

‘uty generated mountanof paperwork

‘common phrases that include mountain

adjectives

‘verbs that come before famous famous ot

+ veR9s be become | make sbisth The schoo! was

inant by tocmctcin th Crk Dich

adverbs that collocate with famous = —— ¢".ny" really, very | quit | Internationally, locally intrnctbnely ances Tho gly Teese

seta somes eh eachr and a de tat tor The tow became famous forts ace en eh eee 28m2 deh ard move One dey eich and

ee

prepositions that folow famous

‘common phrases that include famous

verbs 1

that colocate with remind -—L-——— ¢ ADV constant, taqueny, epestey | gently She

Soest thet colocts wit ers gently reminded him that the baby was getting cold and Should 2 VENB = REND not have fo, not nea to Pm sure be ken indoors

don't need to remind you that ite have lost our fast ten ‘matches | serve ton eon ke hs serosa rind ‘hatwednothavecototover nature + PNEF bout ong to remind hi about the part of

+ ‘She looked at her watch to remind him of the time,

PHRASES Reap reminging sb

verbs that come before remind

prepositions that follow remind

PHRASAL VERD remind sb of sb/sth common phrases that incude remind ‘The butting retinded me tranaly of oldsclel +20 foestly forty, sharply, strongly, vivly

rasletbly | cuddanly Twas suddenly reminded of «tiger

Pras verbs are reated separately at ning cu | say Noon ys inde

the end of the entry

other features of the entries black aut

A short use note shows a restriction on ‘abv, vary The sky looks very blak all #5 hands

Sn pitch bloc ‘vereal blackfrom messing about with theca

the use ofthe collocation pitch black —-—_ awaliblackememesna obout wi taco Au

ufc black hate o Iwas pitch black ouside

2 Special pageatcoLouk

a cross-reference to the special page at

colour, which has further collocat ons

of black and other colours abode noun

4403, humble (tumarous) Welcome VERB + ABODE take up your Yorma! or humorous) 1 tomy humbleabode Tred been invited to take up my abode at Government Register labels show that abode may be pails

formal humorous ora technical term in S PHRASES of no fixed abode (au) (= without a pee- law, depending on its context and ‘manent address) An J8yearsld man of nofixe abode ap- colocatons ‘poor af Teesside magistrates ‘Abode au) (=therighteliveine place) court yeterda.therighot

short explanations ofthe meaning of

particular phrases ; wilderness noun

“© ADs last | great | barren, desert, desolate | frozan uncharted | unspolt| potieal (igurative) the man tuho Brought the party backfrom the political wilderness + VERR + WILDERNESS transform They tronsformed the wilderness nto garden | explore They set out fe

In particular colocations wilderness ‘lore the earth’ lst great wilderness, Antari ll2Zoralorai.ercerte ‘ess years (= when ‘WILDERNESS » NOUN years (Mguratice) Mis wider he was out of polities and the pubile

(ye) nthe 19805 ware spent in North Americ

‘PREP Inthe~ We wer hapelessy lst inthe wilderness

‘etc! shows that words for other aristocracy noun

rationales also colocate with TT san Bdleh, Fmneh, súc, LIanded, landowning |

abandon seo

‘eave sb/sth

‘© ADY hastily The vilage had been hastily abondoned

‘Sukasis be foundieft abandoned Thecor as ound

‘Sbandoned ina nearby oun

2stop doing/supporing sth

'+ A2 altogether, completely, entirely, totally The gov

frnment does not propase 10 abandon the project al-

Together | effectively largely, vitwally This principe

hhasnow been eectivelyabandoned, | simply Traditional

polite were simply abandoned | ormally | quickly | {uletly The plons Jor rfarm were quietly abandoned |

temporal | voluntarily

4 VERB = ABANDON be orcedto | decide to

{PME forifeabandoned the arm for politics In favour

‘ot Sheabandaned teaching career in favour of sport

abashed ad)

‘VERBS be, look

ADI ali, slighty I suitably He glanced ot Julie a:

usingtyand she looked sult abashed

abbreviation noun

+ ADs, commen, standard

SAnmaeviaTiON = VERE_stand for The adbrevacion

PC standsJor personaleompue”

sPRER.~ for A/C is the standard abbreviation for

‘ocaun ef Adib sanction the lan phrase

abhorrent ø/

+ VERBS be | become | find sth

ADU totaly, uterly find tela totaly abhorrent

PREP to Such a savage punishment is abhorrent fo @

‘hilized socket

ability noun

1 skl/power todo sth

"© ADI exceptional, extraordinary grat, outstanding, Femarkable, uncanny | inherent, Innate, natural dis

covering the natural abilities ofeach child | preven |

‘scedomic, acting, ast, athlete, creative, intllec-

‘ual, tingulsti, mathematical, musical, reading, ếch”

‘lea | mental, physical

+ YEh ABILITY Rave | demonstrate, show Bot

‘layers demonstrated their ably to it ihe ball hard |

‘quire, develop | lack | lose seem to have lst my abil

lity toatractcllents | appreciate, recognize Fors abil

tes were soon recagnlzed

HIRASES tothe best of your ability We will keep you

Informed to the Best of our abil

2spoed with which sb learns

> abs high The school does nothing for ellen of high

Abii | mited, tow | average, mixed Tes much more

dificult ta teach mixed ability clase

punass a level of ability There was o high evel of

‘bil among the schoo! lave a range of ability fies Ftaugnta wide rangeoy abies

+ ADV wall y the time freighters were coed the house

— able od}

‘1able to do sthhhaving the ability todo sth

‘VERBS be, fel, prove, seem

1 ADV perfectly, quite, wel Hei wll ableto take coreaf ime | beter, more Once you've had some slep youll {fel better able cope | ust Iwas Jus able to make outa

‘dark gure in the distonce | barely, hardly, only Just, ‘scarcely [less

‘clever doing your job well

‘= Vins be, seem She seems very abe

4 aDw extremly, very | fay, reasonably abode noun

‘AD humble (humorous) Welcome to myhumbleabode

$ VERB » ABODE take up your Yormal or humorous) I hod been incited to take up my abode at Government House

‘PHRASES of no fxed abode (lau) (- without a per Imanentaddrss) An 18980" man of no fied abode op-

‘earedatTeessidemagisiaiescourtyestrday the right bode law) (= therighttotlveins place)

abolish vers + aby sogether, completely, totally Some MPs wantto abolish heraxaliogethor| virtually | largely Foreign ex

‘change controls were largeyebolished

2 VENB ABOLISH seakte | decide to, voteto

abortion now + ADs, backstreet, iega | leg

‘ous, therapeutic VERE © ABORTION ave When she got pregnant at 16

‘he decided ‘ma, perform Some nurses waned the Fght fo refuse to have an abortion | carry Out, do (nor Perform abortions ABORTION » NOUN law, leglsation the country’s Seretabortion ws Velinle, counealling

‘PREF ~on le carried oui an abortion ona fifteen-year old

‘PuleAsHS abortion on demand (= therghttohavean

‘bortion if you want one) Women’s groups are colin or Jreecontroceptionand abortion on demand

| Induced, spontan-

® VENh + anscxss develop, get developed an absess

fn my neck | burst, dain lance | tre

* ABSCESS + VERE Burat Once an obsess has burs

‘Should be bathed withetiseptic guid

absence non

‘fact of not being present

‘ADJ lengthy, long, prolonged | bie, temporary |

“inauthorized|

QUANT period, spell You will not be pl or the fll erlodof absence, ‘PREP duringfn sb's~ (= while sb is not there) 209 Sather didallthecooking ‘bsonce from work in my mother'sabsence | =Wrom

‘PHRASES conspleuousinotable by your absence ( very obviously absent when you ought to be presen)

absent

When tt came 1 clearing up afterwards, Anne was con

pleuous ty her absence leave of absenes (= permission

tobe absent Heasked for lave of absence from the army

2lack

‘ADJ complete, total | virtual | conspicuous,

able a conspicuous ‘PREP Inthe~of Inthe absence stone, most houses tn absence of evidence

theareaarebuilto wood

absent ad)

+ VBtnS be | remain A0 cempletely,entrey, quite, totally, vholy | vi

tually | lagel | emporany | conspleuouly,_ made

edly, notably, noticeably, strikingly Loca! people were

fanspicuousy absent from the meting | strangely He

‘laped with an abondon that was strancel absent from

his performance ast week

PREP fom Hewas bsentfrom workfor fico weeks

absorb ve

‘liguid/gas’energy, ete

‘ADV quicly, rapidly | directly, easily, realy

{Prep ‘into Nutrientsar absorbed int the bloodstream,

‘2make porto sthlarger + ADV gradually | inreasingly

{ unases be absorbed int sth These commitee were

{radually absorbed into the local government machine

‘3information/atmosphere ‘© ADY easily, readily The iormation ts presented so

Ihatitcan bereadit absorbed | passivaly

interest

“ ADY completly, total

imcompltely | deeply

absorbed ad)

‘VERBS appear, be, look, seem | become, get | ke

b A igsazpuzzlecan keep me absorbed for hours

Dv extromely, very | completely, ful, tote

{erty He was oall absorbed in his book ner in

abstract ad

+ VERh$ be

ADV highly, very | entirely, purely purely abstract

Grasing Vinereasingly | fay rather, somewhat

absurd ai,

‘+ VER®S be, look, seem, sound | become | find sth

‘She found herzholeconcepfatnly absurd

* ADV absolutely, completely quit, utterly | clea

‘manifesty, patently | tant, rather, slighty, some:

‘wat | wonderully

= PHRASES a senso of the absurd His sense ofthe ab-

Sura kept him from becoming too solemn

abundance nou

ADs great, sheer We were amazed by the sheer abu

ance fod | relative

VERB © ABUNDANCE have The country has an abun

anceafnaturalresoures | produce, provide

PRED in~ Beale plants grew therein gret abundence

‘A wrong/bad use of sth

"¢A04 sleohol, drug solvent, substance (= drugs or

Seivents)

evens ABUSE

‘use

PHRASES the abuse of power

open to The legal system ls open fo

2bad, usualy violent treatment ‘© ADs emotional, physical, sevsexual| child, elder of sb itis of child abuse | human rights ~s allegations of Jumanrightsabuses | alleged, suspected

1 QUANT case six cases ofsuspeced child abuse {VERE « ABUSE carryout, subject sb to She was su Jeeted to reular sexual abuse | suter take The child had takera ttof enotionalabuse | suspect sbot

‘ABUSE + VERB_ happen, occur, take place { ueases an allegation of abuse, & perpetrator of

‘Sbuse, a vietimof abuse 3insuling words

"= AD verbal | personal racial QUANT stream, torrent Hewes subjected ta torrentof

‘abuse * VERB + ABUSE hur, seream, shout, shower sb with, Subject sb to, yell | endure Phy had endure conta racial abuse

“PHRASES heạp abuse on sbisth Abuse ond scorn were reaped an the proposals a target fort abuse The tear tho lost Became tarset of abusefor angry fans aterm ot

‘abuse Calling someonestupi ede aterm of abuse abuse verb

+ Av emotionally, mentally, physically, sexually, ver Dally II hechiidren hơi been prysealy an emotionally ‘bute abusive ac

+ vERRS be | become get

1 ADW very I quite | openty He eeume openly abusive academic ad

+ VERBS be | become SADY merely, purely,

‘made ts purely academle 1

"ERD" ACADEMY atond, goto

‘PREP atanrthe He later stated atthe Royal Academs: accelerate vd

190 faster ADs, hard, quickly | smoothly The runners acceler

‘ted smeathly round the bend | suddenly | away The

cr purred into Ifeand acelrated away

2abiltyof a carto accelerate

"ADL fast, good This mode has the best acceleration of

‘enyavallaiesportscar | poor, slow

sion, oe, ions | pummy, pos, public scoot

cSiny | American case orbarn

Guu te Hr Penh necro tout

SSC eo, put on Sh pon sm th aca | pos et

‘Shenson the phn | eta | os et

hsmorthern acetate moun uth

‘one, inom Sh poe In road Midlands oxen

‘itideuton-etallman homer ocean

accept verb

‘take/receive ADV gladly, graciously, gratefully, willngly She gro

Ciously accepted my apa | raluctantiy

/ER8 ACCEPT be glad te, be happy to | be elue-

fantto, bs unwilling to | be unebie oem unfortunately

tunable to accep your Kind ination

PREP, tom Laceptadthe gram my sister

2agree/admit

= ADY reudly Some people readily accept that they may

have to payformedical treatment | tally + VERB» ACCEPT be happy to, be prepared to be

Feat to be wilingto | be reluctant to, be unwilling to |

be unable to, reuse to | canveannot, could (not,

wiwon't, would (not) The untversty cannot accept re

Sponsibliy for ms lost or stolen on ts premises | be

‘= VERBS be, prove, seem | become | make sth an at

tempt to make the reforms acceptable to both sles | eon

Sider sth, deem sth find sth ie must come up ith asale

ton tha our shareholders weil find acceptable

‘© AD eminently highly very Her Greeding and back

{round made her eminenty acceptable in roy circles |

Completely, entirely, fully, perfectly, quite, totally Yogurt 1s @ perfety aceptobe substitute for cream tn

coaking [falry, reasonably | (not) remotely the only

Inatonal newspaper even remotely acceptable to the lft

ting | generally, mutually, universally, widely | easly,

Teedly lequaly Ave ol! poltical and religious groupe

equally accrpable? | publicly | commercially, lural-

Iy, environmentally, ethically, grammatically, morally,

pelidealy,soclsly grammatically ocrproble sentence

+ A2 complete, ul otal, unconditional, wholahesrt

4 | conditional, grudging, reluctant | gradual | grat

oF, growing, increasing Alternative medicines are now

twinning grater acceptance among doctors | general

opular, publi, universal, wide, widespread | bind,

taey, immediate, ready, uncries, unquestioning, vol

Untary Ther atau was condemned as bind acceptance

gf authorts | imple, pessive, act |fermal,ofeal | ected

SVERB + ACCEPTANCE find, gin, win The idea was

‘Slow to gain general acceptance | seek The group ts now

‘seeking formal aceptonc

* ACCRPTANCE = NOUN speech

access noun

* ADI dieet, easy, free, good, ready, unlimited,

Unrestricted Ive deep inthe country withou easy

‘eas fo shops | limited, poor, restricted Access this in

Sormation's severelyrestricied | improved | immediate,

accident Instant, quick, rapld | equal Men and women should rave equal access aducation and employment | publ I'vabiculr, wheelchar | randem (computing) random

‘acesememory VERS» ACCESS have | gun, get | alvo (sb), offer (6b), provide (sb with) The new computer provides acess foallthejies | demand | seek | allow sb), grant(sb) |

‘deny sb, provent, reuse (sb), estit Some people are beng denied accesso proper medica care

‘ACCESS » NOUN roed, route (PREF ~for improved accessor disabled vistors ~to He teas finally granted access tothe medicalrcords

accessible ad:

Jableto be reached

"= VERBS be | become [remain | make sth

‘ADV directly, sally, toely, readily | fully | reason-

‘bly relatively 1 publily SSPREF by The muscum is casity accessible by public transport or the bulldngsareaceessblefor people in wheelchairs trom The garden is ocessble from the lane

to The Beach shouldbe evessile to everyone easy “VIER be | become to understand | make sth

1 apv easily, highly Immediately, ready, very It turiten in simple language, immediately accesible fo the

‘reader | widely

‘PREP to Thecartoon strips are designed tomake Shake-

‘Speareaccesibeto children accessory noun

‘extra item

"ADJ, eesenta, perfect, useful This sik scarf ls the perfect accessory for sợlidh summer evenings | bath- Teom,car fashion

person who helps in crime PRE ~to.anacossory tomurder

‘PHRASES an sccessory befrelfter the fect (=a per

‘Sm whe knows about crime before/after it was commit ted and protects the criminal) (lat) Ifyou were bing to

‘thepolice, then you have esr am acesory afr the factor ellthese years

VERS = ACCIDENT be Involved In, hove, meat with

Se met wth an cident on tytn Spb cause | prevent | survive

‘ACCIDENT » VERB happen, oceur, tke place (ACCIDENT | NOUN proventon | rates statistics

‘Sener Inenthe—

PHRASES an accident involving He was badly hurt in

‘an accident inaaling two cars and alors the scene of

‘the accident The ambulance took only six minutes to reach the scone ofthe accident

2th not plannedtin advance

"© ADA pur, shear By pure accident he had come across

‘hevery man wha could sole the mystery: ss PREP by~ Himet io acldentat the airpart

‘PHRASES be no accident that tis no acide that

‘men llmestof the top jobs by accent or design I hop- ened, whether by acidentor design that Steve and were

‘he last to people to leave

‘© ADJ grat | general, publi, universal, wide, wide-

‘Serena popular | ical er iatestnovethastzon great

Griicalaclain.| international, national, worldwide

VERB » ACCLAIM earn (sb), gan (6b), meet with ro-

Seive, win Hi dsenverie corned him wide actaim

PREP to = Pheplay opened last week ouniversatac

lim | ~for She recived international oclaim for her Interprdation af Chopin ~from acclaim rom theres

acclaim verb

‘21RASES be critically acclaimed, be highylner

‘ationalywidely acclaimed This book has Bean widely

‘ected aa medernclasse

accolade noun

4 404 greatest, highest, supreme, ultimate Four rs

furands have been awarded the highest accolade ý 0

The dar run"

VERB « ACCOLADE earn, rece, win | award (

bestow, grant(sb) | deserve )

accommodate verb

“* ApY comfortably, easily was large hal, wherea lot

{9 people could be comfortably accommodated

VERE + ACCOMMODATE canicould The car park can

‘ecommedateabout 20ers

accommodation noun

‘place Abs, comfortable, decent, good, suitabe for sb to fve/stay | inad-

‘Squate, poor, substandard | excelent, laxurious |

‘ue ie need more secure accommodation or youn pris

ners | student

+ YERB ` ACCOXMODATION hawe The council should

be able co help families who have no accommodation |

look for, seek I find, get, secure | offer (sb), provide

(bowith tisthedutyofthelocaleommuntty to provideae-

‘exmmodation forthe homeless

SACCOMMODATION e NOUN costs

2satistactory arrangement

‘= VERD » ACCOMMODATION come to, make, reach

‘work out | seek {= PREP ~betweon Someaccommodoton been conser

‘ation and tourism i esenial to occommodation the

hharshciramstancesefraralife~with They werefored to

each an accommodation with th reels

accompaniment now:

4 sth eaten/drunk with food

"© ADJ delicious, ood, ideal

VERE © ACCOMPARIBIENT be,make

{PREP ~forho These winesalsomokeo good accompant

nent for vegetarian dishes

‘2 music played to go with singing, etc "© ADs, Instrumental, musical, orchestral | plano,

tring ate

2 YENB + ACCOMPANIMENT provi

vn

SPREE to the~of She sang tothe accompaniment of gu

{ars with an prefer tosingwithan accompaniment

‘sth that happens athe same time

‘+ ADI essential, nevable, necessary

4 Pup ‘tothe-of Thewomen’s medica school opened tt

174, 0 the accompaniment of much ridicule of lady doctors withthe ofthe market, with ts inevitable ac-

‘campanimentofbustleand noise

accomplice noun

4 404, wing unviting { unvwiting | atogwa

‘aso "“in'She become Rs ulin econ i the Totter “toanacconplcetomurder

accomplish ve»

‘ADV safely, successfully A rather dificult task hod Deen successfully accomplished | easily

accomplished ad) + VERBS be I become

* abv extremely, highly wry | technically a technica

‘ocwomplshed musicion

‘PRED at Sarah had Become accomplished at running {he house im He came to London in 1975, alread accom plished in che Bnglish language

accomplishment nous 4.403 considerable, great real, significant | technical

“er technical accomplishment on hepianos staring

‘PREP of ~awork of real accomplishment | =la is {great accomplishment n singing totakethe melodieline Uptoa postion f energy ant hold there

accord noun

‘+ ADs draft | peace, trae 1S VERB « ACCORD draw up, negotiate, reach A peace

‘accord was reached on 26 March | endorse ray, sign

‘PREP ~between atradeaccordbenven Buropeond the United states~on an accord on environmental protection

‘with They signed trade accord with he Americans accord vers

‘AY, fly (PRE with His version of events doesnot accord fully tthe

account noun

1 description

‘© ADI brief, short | blow-by-blow, comprehensive, etal, fl, graphic vivid He gave use Dio bbl

‘count ofthe incident | accurate, clear, eyewitness, fac- tual, irst-hond, tre, verbatim | glowing, good S2e re ceved a glowing account of her son's progres | news Paper thenccspaperaccountof 1 VERB + ACCOUNT gve (Sb, provide (sb with, write tetra! (eb) Gan you piveusan acount af what happened? + PREP Inanthe~Dr Richardedesribes ths very tellin Risaccountof the events

‘ sunasts by all accounts (= accarding to what people Say) Pve never bean thar Bu fsa lovely plat by all a

‘iunts by sb's own account By his own account he ha

‘anunhappy childhood

2arrangement with a bank

‘ADJ bank, building society | current | deposit n- Yestment savings | personal | business | joint, sop- rate My husband and Ihave separate accounts | mum Dered Thay havea numbered account in Switzerland, + YERD + ACCOUNT have, hold Goand se the manager (Gy the bank wharesour account theta | open She opened {savings acount ofthe building society | close | ere

‘thto,peyiput sth into The money wil be credited toyour

‘account tomorrow, | debit ath from), draw sth out,

‘pay sth trom take sth out 00, withdraw sth (fom) She

Fd taken al her money out of her acount | overdraw

Your account overdrain - PREP ~at Heqpened an account ot bonk in Germany

with an acount wth Barclays Bank

accounts record of money a business earns/spends

"VERB + ACCOUNTS do, kaep Try o hep accurate ac

2u | aut, check, look at | submit Your accounts

tillnend tobe submited tthe tax oie

ACCOUNTS « VERB Bein order The accountsareall in

+ YERB + ACCOUNT have | open Fd ike 1 open on

Count, please | elowe | pay olf settles bs ose the

‘account each month | charge sth to, debit (sth from),

put sth on Charge hisiomy acount ploase | credit st

PREP on Ring for acabon account | ~avwith on oo

Countwithalargestore

account ver)

account for sth

“S ADW fully The increase can be fully accounted for

partly The difrences in achicvemént Betwoon the pupils

freportly accounted for by diferences nage

accountability noun

+ ADI greater, increased | local, publle demands for

[renter public accountabiy tn thepolicesecice | domme

‘rate, finaneial, managerial, moral parliamentary, po-

lice, polities! professiona | government, pollee

fe VERB + ACCOUNTABILITY enhance, Improve, In

frease, strengthen | reduce, weaken’ This prowss of

centralization further weakens occountoilit | ensure

SS PREP ~for to ensure accountability for decisions made

to police accountability tothe pubic

‘teases a demand for accountabity, a lack of ac-

‘ountabilty 2h apparent lack of acounabilf) af these

‘uri forcesa need for accountability There is ane for

‘ncredsed profesional accountability

accountable ax)

1+ VERBS be | become | make sb | hold sb The direct

ors are held accountable by the shareholders

uv fll, propery | eiectly Senior monagers are

Alirectlyoccountable to the Board of Directors | publicly

To outhortes should be publictyaccountebe 10 the

‘communities they sere | democratically ademecratial

‘paccounablepartamen| fancaly, {or In the end, we areal accountable pata for our ac

tons to Poiteiansare accountable oParlament

accountancy nour

1+ AD, chartrad | creative 1¢ had token consideroble

‘creative accountancy’ on my part to produce ase ff ures thot showed us making any profitatal

‘ACCOUNTANCY + NOUN frm, practice | body the

‘members ofthe diferent profesional accountancy bods

profession

‘Notes SUBLECT for more verbs and nouns)

accountant noun

1804 certified, chartered | professional, qualified |

{ralnee [retired | independent, self-employed | com

pany [ehiet We talked tothe company's chief accountant

4 ADv_ gradual slow | steady | rapidly

3 VERB ACCUMULATE begin to | be allowed to Dirt

‘mas not be allowed o accumulate | tend to Toxic Teals tend taccumlatein the bods chem

accumulation noun + AD) rapid | steady the steady accumulation of eu ence ty the police | slow | great, impressive, large,

‘massive a massive accumulation of fot abou the Moor industry | capital finance)

+ V#R + ACCUMULATION lead | prevent accuracy noun

‘+ ADL absolute, compete, deadly, perfect, pinpoint, {otal, unerring The newdle has to be pestoned wlth pl

‘Polnt accuracy | amazing, considerable, great, high (echnica, remarkable, uncanny | ressonahle, sưfl-

‘lant | factual, historical teehnlcal

‘QUANT dagree, level Themissilesoreenpableofa very High deprcaf accuracy

+ YERB ACCURACY Improve, increase We are hoping {To tmprove the accuracy of our forecasts | check, con firm, test | ansura Greatcoreisiaken oensurethe accu

“4O of research data | doubt, question any people

‘began to question theaccurocy ts PRE with~ Its possible of his statement predict the outcome with Peasonable accuracy

accurate ai)

JS, be, prove His predictions proved occur

S ADW deadly, extremely, highly, very | amazingly ro-

‘markably, surprisingly, uncannily | completly, per- fect, totally [not completely, not entirely, not gute,

‘ot stiletly, mot wholly The figures he gave were nostri Hacurate | partaly | broadly, fay, generally, large- 'y, prot, quite, reasonably, sufficteny | historically, statistcaily

2 PHRASES fulland accurate Hegaveafillandoccurote faccountof his movements

‘PRE amid~s He lad the country amid accusations of Fraud | “against You made a public accusation of mít

‘conduct against Nigel s Parasts being an accusation against sb Sherejcted

‘lithe accusations broughtogainst her accuse vert

1 ADV practically, virtually She proctiallyaccused me oy Starting the fr! | falsely, unjusty, wrongly | ange |

‘pen, publicly They openty accused her af dishonesty

2 YEBB ° AECUSE cannoUcould not You cơm accuse

"eq bảng sale, PREP of No one could ever accuse this government of hatearing about th poor

accustomed

+ PHIVAS¿S stand accused of He stands accused af mur

ering hiswifeand children

accustomed ai) accustomedto sth

‘ VERBS be | become, get, grow She had grown acus-

{omed a his ng absences

ADV quit, well was well accustomed hard work

ace noun

‘playing card

Nate at CARD

winning fist itn tennis

‘= VER + ACE serve Ra/ler has served fen aces inthe

match sofar

3person whois very good at sth

© Abs fighter, fying, goal, motoreycle, soccer, tennis

ache noun

‘physica pain * ADI_ dull, nagging, throbbing | fami

Stomach, tummy 'VERS + ACHE’ be aware of, foot fl the familiar ache

in my lower back | ease He changed his position ance

‘pain ease the ache is back

ACHE » VERE throb A dll ace chrobbed at the Back

(Davies head

‘PREP ina nagaing ache Inher knee

‘ punases aches and pains Ie was aleays complain

ing about hisvarious aches and pins

2agreat sorrow

‘ADI deep, dull, nagging

1 Vins + ACHE fool have She kept ecling the nagging

‘ache in ar heart

‘= PREF in She could hardly speak forthe ache in her

heart inside, ~ot he ache lonetiness nse him

1° VERB 6 ACHIEVE fail to The preset las has filed to

‘achieve ts objectives | be designed to | be cfcut to,

be easy to, belmposeible to, be possible to

achievement noun

‘thing 2/20), considerable, extraordinary, done successfully fine great import-

‘nt, impressive, major, no mean, not

onerete, sold | crowning, main, proudest, supreme | T modest | personal | architectural, artistic,

cultural, economies educations, engineering, lerary,

echnological S'VERD + ACHIEVEMENT be, constitute, represent

‘Thisconferencein sel constitutes asolld achievement

* Abs Righ 0 years of consistently high achievement |

positve | Individual, personal | human He believes

European chilzation ‘was the high point of human

achievement | academe, adveatinal, intellectual Suc

cess should not be measured solely by educational achieve

“PHRASES a feelingsense of achlevement Climbing

‘the mountain gave him a tremendous sense of achlee- ment a lock of achievement, e levelistandord of Achievoment, a record of schievementan impressive re cord af achievement

acid noun

‘chemical compound

‘ADJ concentrated, strong | dilute, weak | acetc, amino, earboie, etre, fle, hydrochlot, lcte ire, huctole,prusse, sulphuric, te

Vien + ACID produce [neutralize You will ned

‘Special chemical neutralize Shei * VERE burn sth The acid burned a hole tn her the acid

‘overalls 2ilegal drug

‘8 VERB + ACID dropsmokingjoints and dropping acid

“SNgestpRoG acknowledge v=»

‘edmivrecognize “ADV fll | rely, really | clearly, explicity | et fectively impli, tacitly The peace settlement efecice 'y acknowledged the country’s independence | formally,

‘offically | openly, publicly He acinotledged publicly {hat he might have made a mistake | prbvatly I relo- tantly, ruetully|

+ VERĐ © ACENOWLEDGE fallt, refuse to | be forced

to Mental lines car exist for years before families are forced to acknowledge the trish

‘PHRASES be generallyuniversalytwidely acknow- ledgeda truth hats universaliyacknotodged reply toletter

‘ ADY duly The company duty acknowledged receipt of

‘he tecier Vnereby Thereby acknowledge recip of Your eter of 25s

acknowledgement noun

1403, brit | explicit | tact I open, publle | formal,

‘fica | bolted | welcome SVEND « ACKNOWLEDGEMENT amount to, be Ths

‘amounted to an acknowledgement that she’ had been

‘wrong {get rcelve [rote to ther But never sot ay

‘acknowledgement | grunt, nod wave She merely nodded

‘cknotcledgement ef hs statement soxer in'~ (0 He raisad his hand ío her in einekledgơnenf | ~rm She is stl wating for some

‘cknetcldgement rom her fellow academics

PHRASES with due acknowledgement He borrowed Frama number of sources with due acknowledgement

acne noun

“+ Abs bod tere VERB + ACNE have, suffer trom He had terrible acne twhen he was unger 1 develop, get ie teenagers de-

‘velop acne | treat Doctors cam teat acne with pls or

‘SANE + VERB clear (up) Ane often clears up with a Change indice

acquaintance now:

‘tperson you know "°K ‘casual T bumped into casual acquatntance in

‘our | new I close, old | business, mutual, personal, social

VERB + ACQUAINTANCE bump Into, meet | greet (028) Hewas great as an old acquaintance

‘inasis tlends and acquaintances

+ An nodding, passing, sight a man with wham Thad

{passing acquaintance | bret, short | close intimate

ERD = ACQUAINTANCE make sbisth’s

Sequainte with sb/sty I first made his acquaintance in

1992 steko up [tt mer Siman in 986and stack upan

‘acquaintancewith im | renew

te of ab'e~ He introduced me to lady of his

Quaintance|~ with her acquaintance with modern

French philosophy

‘ EHRASES have an acquaintance with They have ttle

acquaintance with cologuial Brelish on closelcioser

‘cquaintance, on frst acquaintance On fist acquaint

lanceshe seemed litleedd

acquainted adi

‘familiar with sth * VERBS be | become

2 AD wot | fully

© DRED with Are oufllly acquainted with thefacts?

‘2knowing sb personally ® YEB8S be | become gt would tke to get acquainted

With her | get sb Playing a game withthe children isa

‘oad wayof getting them acquainted

5 ADY closely, intimately wll | personally

* Pren with am nor personally aequaied with hee

acquisition now

‘thing you have obtainec ‘© ADI, latest now, recent

2actof obtaining sth

+ ADI data language, property Lansuage acquisition

begins inthe first monthsaya baby’s ie

4° VERB + ACQUISITION Complete, make The company Jas just madeanother acquisition

acquittal noun

(VERB + ACQUITTAL return The Jury returned an ac

‘quital after only seventeen minutes | aect, order The

‘lal judge had directed an acquittal | galn (6), obtain,

‘Secure I lead to result in The lal resulted nah acquit

{al | uphold Phe Judge upheld thelr eoquttal

acre noun

<p NoteattzasuRe

act noun

‘thing that sb dows

‘ADs charitable kind | hero a heroic act of bravery |

Sggressive, barbaric, hostile, provocative erorit, vio

Tent appaling, despicable outrageous, terrible |

criminal, legal, unlawful, wrongful | eareles, foolish,

Impulsive | conscious, deliberate, postive voluntary

private a private act of revenge | public | ere-

ive, dramatic, physieal, political, symbole | homo

Sexual, sex/sexual | balancing, disappearing, juggling,

vanishing The UN must perform a difeul Balancing aet

‘etvoen the to sides in the confi

# VERB + ACT commit (law), perform charged with

omitting an actof gress indecency

‘PREP in the~of (= doing something) | ~ot For Jane,

head ofwriting was alwaysafeul

“PHRASES an aetof flth, ove, violence, wil, worship,

‘te, catch sb Inthe act (6 doing th) He wos caught in

‘he acta stating the simpaery act of doing sth The

ery actof writing out your plan clarifies what younead 9

aa

2also Act law made bya government

‘VERB + ACT bring in, introduce, pass The Actas

assed by amajrttyofTi5votes 10148 | amend | repeal

_action

‘Theol Act has now been repealed | breach, contravene

‘Thecompany had breached the 1994 Companies Act

‘Ace + VERR become law, come ino force The new

‘Ghiren’s Act will come into force next year | contain

‘th say sth, stato sth The Act contains regulations for Danksand building societies

SREP under anfte~ He was charged under the Fire farms Actor 1977

entertainment; entertainers ‘= aps class (informa (use for sb wo does sth well) Their new striker loks « class act | double comedy AdoubleactPronch and Saunders | ether reputation as

‘one of rock's most impressive live acts | main, support

‘Thema act will come on at about tn o'clock | eaboret, circus, comedy, song-and-dance, stage, variety +EBD + ACT do, perform He does tle song-and anceact | rehearse, workon

4đislonof aplay * ADJ opening | nai aek|fret sacone, et mee in (he) The king iskilled in theopening act Sinsinoere behaviour

‘VERB » ACT put on Don't take any notice—she's just Duting onan act!

act verb

do sth/behave '* Av at once, Immediately, promptly, quickly, swiftly {The government must act prompty to change this las |

correctly, legally, property| illegally "Impropery Unconstiutionally, unlawfully wrongly | reasonably, responsibly, sensibly, wisely | dishonesty,

‘ishonourably, unreasonably | oddly, strangely, sus

Plelously Jonny has beor acne rather strangely Poravely | decisively ettectvely | good faith His recent defence tas that he Rad acted in good ah | elt de {omce The ury acepted that he had acted sel dence | 3ecordingiy George new about the eter and acted ac cordingly

(*EREE against The overnment needs fo act against the Saleofthese dangerous os foron behal of sb is solic {ors are continuing to act for him ke Stop acting like a

‘spoilt chia hormones inthe Brain that ac lke natural Dainkilers on Alco! acts quickly on the Bain, out ot

“Etspectad that he was actin oof mali

SPIIRASES actin b's best interests Weareallacting in

‘hedest interests the children 2perform in play

‘ADV brilliantly, well | badly acting now

1 A04, briliant, excllent, good | bad, poor, wooden

‘Thefiimsspotled by some tery wooden acting fins + acTiNO do did quite alot of acting when T teas areola * AEFISO + NOUN carver, profession

fs have agreed on joint action to combat terrorism | leaplspringiewing into The emergency services suoung {nto action as soon asthe disaster tos reported | cary

‘ut, perform, take Only te priest can perform these ac fons © We shall take whatever actions are necessary |

‘galvanizeprodispur sb into We have ro galvanize people

Into acion | bring/putsth Into We ned o put hese ideas

Intoaction | keepiputsbsth out oir has pu the foc

toryoutef action ‘e PREP In~ Fhavenot yet seen the machines inaction out

Of= He is out of action following an ankle injury |

against against drug dealers ~on The government is

‘aking strong action on refugees

2 PHRASS a coures of action Is this the Best course of

‘ction to fol?

2legal case

A4 court | ev criminal, bot

{Vins + ACTION bring take outer husband Brought

{clollacion PREP “against against her tr thế divorce

fighting ‘ADs enemy He as hlled during enemy action

Svino "ACTION see T'never sau action during the

PHRASES bled missingiwounded in ection Ze was

eportedmissing inaction

active ad

' VERBS be | become | keep (iyorma, remain Try to

heepactivetn te cold weather

‘ADV extromaly, highly, very highly active vleono |

Increasingly I fay quite, reasonably | equally a bus

ressman who is equally active tn pollcs | mentally,

Dhyseally rs important to remain mentally active ator

Fetrement | sexually A minrtyof children are sexually

active fore they are etree | economically pol:

{cally When did youfrst become polutcall active?

‘PREF against drugs that are active against cance in

‘Shetas been active local plies for some years

activity now

3 A04, frantic, trent, heightened, increase, intense

Teriminal, egal, subversive, terrorist | classroom,

Group | extra-curricular, leisure, leisure-time, outdoor,

leetual, politica, selntie | government, military, pox

‘union | human [ electrical geological, vleanic

+ G0AXT Barat Murry There was a flurry of actty as

the fim stor appeared on the balcony | vel Newspapers

report a higher level of activity in the foreign exchange

markets

VERB + ACTIVITY do Here's an actly you can do iuch maxed abit classe | be Involved in, engage In,

Participate In, take part in undertake We suspect he may

‘e bnotoad tn egal activities 9 Teachers here are not

llowed to engage in any politcal activi | stop, sus-

‘end, terminate The pars activities have been suspend

| stimulate 1 wil only be possible to stimulate bust

ness eto wtthan injection of publicfunds | eur | e-

‘Sumo {buzz with (only used when tho aetvity fs tn

Countable) Theroom was Buzzing with arity ‘PHRASES a lve of activity (= «very busy place) The

Classroom was a hive of acy as te children prepared

Jor theconcer.asign of activity Police watched the house

‘llday, buttherewasnosien of ately

actor, actress noun

+ ADJ accomplished, born, brillant consummate, ex-

Derienced, fine, good, great talented, wonderful Youre

@ born acior'| Soughtafter, star, veteran, wellknown celebrated, famous, leading, principal | successful |

bie-part ‘struggling, unknown mmployed | aspiring would-be | frustrated Lacturers | outotwork, un-

(re often frustrated actors wha eley performing before tive "Gudience | amateur | professional | character

Classical, comedyicomic, Shakespearean, straight |

‘actos who ualoned for thepartof Hamlet SNoteat 300

acumen now:

4 Abd, considerable, great | business, commercial,

‘teal, financial, poitical {VERB + ACUMEN demonstrate, show He hal demon: Sroted considerable business acumen

acupuncture nou + QUANT: course My doctor recommended a course of scupuncture

VERS + ACUPUNCTURE have Fm having cupuncture Jor tad back | give sb, practise, use Acupuncture has

‘been practised in Chinafor thousands of years ‘ACUPUNCTURE + NOUN point Needles are inserted Into specific acupuncture potnts nthe body | needle

4404 classified full-page, small Yu can put your own Sinailadsn localpapers | magazine, newspaper, radio, {slovision/TV | detergent, ob, tobacco, te

‘VERB ~ AD place, put, take out She ook outa full Page ad in a women’s magazin | publish rn, show |

‘answer, reply o, respond to

AD + VERS appear The ad appeared an all major Channels | say sth show sth, state sth | feature sbisth

AD + NOUN campaign | agency

2 Phe n anAhe= A at claims are made inthe ad | Mor Tvadssorcars

adapt ver

‘change your behaviour

“*ADY, successfully, well The children have adapted tut othe het | quickly | easly, realy The company

‘an easily adapt to changing demand | accordingly We eed fo assess the naw situation and adapt according “aoAPT be abletunable to, canlcannot | must | needto

1 PuRASES the ability to adapt Some animals have are-

‘markable abil 1 adapt to changing environments find

\Walfteulthard to adapt A foc af companies have found It hhardoadepttothenew system

‘+ VERBS be, prove | bocome | make sbisth

4 ADV highly, vary Many old market buildings have

‘rove highly adaptable | fay qulte| easly, ready

‘REP to The vehllesarelargeandnoteaslyadapeable ona uses

Jour home ADAPTATION + VERB oceur Adaplctions i plants

‘cur over dhousands¢f years

+ PREP ~for The Antarctic species have ew speialadap-

ations for polar Wie adaptation tethe workplace

‘PHRASES a process of adaptation The process of

ladoptotion toa new schoo! is dificult for seme children

24m, TV programme

‘D4, film, screen, toleviion’TV He specializes in

Screen adpiationsof lassi novel

VERE + ADAPTATION lm, make, produce,

add verd

1 ADV quickly, softly Headed soft, ‘Tmissed you

Sivena ADD’ hasten to 1 hasten fo add that I knew

hothing othe fraud atte tine

| computer, tolevi-

‘lon et Mor yours boys bcome computer odd

addicted ax

4+ VERBS be | become, got

ADV, totally | hopelessly

‘PREP lo Shehad become addicts to tronqullizers

addiction noun

ADS aleohol, cocaine, drug, oe

VERE © ADDICTION become, turn Into A habit con

fasily become an addiction | have | cause, lead to |

feed He iol: money fram hs parent fad his odicton

[Treat | beat cure, overcome serugling fo Bot his her cinedtction

* PRE ~to She had an odttion to heroin

“© AD4, useful, valuable, welcome, worthy | Important,

‘major, notable, significant | latest new, recent

+ YERB ADDITION make We have made several add-

‘tins to thecollection rece 4 PREP ~1o the latest addition to the fomily (= a new

baby)

2process of adding numbers amounts

+ ADI simple le worked out through simple addition

SERB + ADDITION do She cam do addition, but she

hhosn'tlsarned subtraction yet

address nou:

‘where you live/work “= AD home, private | business | contact Peas leose

(contact address | forwarding, return There tas nore

turn address on the back of the envelope | postal | full

Please write your full pst! oddres | alse, wrong He

(govea false address othe pola | eorree, ight | uaslul

secret | fashionable Cheyne Wolk was avery fashion:

abieaddrese

VERB + ADDRESS glve, leave, weit

ADDRESS + NON Doak

PREP at athe I'm afraid there's nobody clad Wi

lomsatthivaddres

+ PHRASES achange of address Pleas inform ueofany

Siang of addres name and address, no Mixed addrees

‘lection | presidential '* VERE + ADDRESS dolver, give The prime minster de

"Hong the keynote address athe conference

+ PREP in athe fle gave details of the polcy in an ad

‘ress to party members| ~by an adress by the Chancel loroythe Unicersity=tocradioaddres othe nation address vr’

‘write name and adress +AD9, correctly, property | personally The minister

“id nocreply tom leterclthough sonally Taddresse ito him per PHRASES 4 stamped addressed envelope Please send

‘stomped addressed envelope and we will end you copy four brochure 2saysthtosb

“© ADV by name, directly She did not address him by homeo Henever addressed her directs

‘DRE toHeaddressed his comments tothechalrman '3deal with problem

ADM directly, expicty, specifically I fully | ad-

‘quately Thestconcerns were notodequoelyoddressed thereport | suecesstlly

+ YERh ° ADDRESS setk tothe problemsizeareseoking Toaddress | fallto

‘PHRASES address yoursol to sth The authors ofthe book addres themselts tothe question af unemployment adept oa),

+ YERsS be,ssøm | become

3 ADY eeemely.hlghly,vay | qule PREP atHHewashighlyadeptotavolding rouble adequate adi

‘VERBS be, prove, seem | remain | consider sth think sth The rains were no considered adequate for use onthe medernriloays

ADV really vory | perfectly, quite, totally | more than The system ls more than adequate o deal with any problems | barely hardly, less than, not entirely, not wholly The grants given to students ore lss than od

‘quate | more orless Theamountef moneyve have ben {given ismoreorlssadequate | sil | no longer PREP for Theold computer isstiliperfectlyadequatefor Inostinsks,

ly, sicủy Thị principle must be src adhered ta | fly property The guidelines were not alas fll od- hereto

adherence noun

1 ADs, blind, close faithful em, rgi, slavish, strict

‘nae “tostrictadherence adie!

adjacent o«) + VEt8S be, be situated, lia, stand The vineyards of Vrzyieadjocentothoseef Vrsenay 4 ADs, directly immediately There iso row of houses im- Inediately adjacent tothe foctry PREP to Phe miller’ house stands adjacent tothe mil.

vdjective

adjective noun

+ An, atibutve,predlealeAtiribiớloeadJeciesprex

‘ade the noun | possessive My isa possessive adjective

f° VERB + ADJECTIVE apply Enterprising’ isnotonod-

Jretiveyou SADICHVE «VERS describe adjectives deseribing would apply him

texture | modity, quality Adjectives qualify nouns | fol

low Predcotveadjectivesfolow the noun | precede

adjourn verb

+ AD Indetntely The trial was adjourned indefinitely

PREP for At midday the meeting was adjourned for

Tuneh pending The inquest was adjourned pending fur

‘her abetigations to Shall we adjourn o our offs?

adjust vero

‘change ‘= ADN slighty | ely ts importantto sth sightly have equipment

‘ha canbe finely adjusted | automaticaly | carefully |

‘accordingly Children are sensitive dlsapprovaland ad

Just thei behaviour accordingly | downwards, upwards ‘hisestimatemayhavero be odjused downwards,

+ PRE for Salaries arcadjusted for inflation

‘2 get used to new situation

‘ ADW qulehly,roplly 1 gradually slowly 2 Vạn " Abstisr be difieuthardto

VERB + ADJUST needake time to may take title

time to adjustothecimate here

VERE » ADJUST tyto

‘PREP to Shewill gradually adjust 0 her new role

adjustable ad)

+ VERBS be

© ADW fly Pestrapsare fully adjustobleto fit any size

adjustment noun

‘1small change made

' ADA delist, fine, minor, slight,

‘rafor, significant | appropriate, nec

1e] tnancial

* VERĐ » ADJUSTMENT meke The mechanle made the

hecessary adjustments to theengine | need, require PREP ~fora cut of 1.5% In real terms (fer adjustment

Jor inflation) ~In adustments inthe exchange rates ~t0a

‘fewominor adjustments tothe timetable

2pracess of changing ‘ADJ successful | emotional personal, socal

agp ~to The company’s adjusonent tthe new mar-

Ietshas been succesful

‘SPHRASES 8 period of adjustment There inas a long

Deriod of adjustment under the nw bss he process of ‘sdjustment The process of adjustment to Wein another

‘ountrcan be very dificult

administer verb

1+ ADV, effectively, efctent | centrally locally The le

{ilaton was to be contally admintstre by the Board of

‘Baueation | jinty

‘VERS " ADMINISTER be difculveasy/simple fo, be

‘cheaplexpensiveto

administration noun

‘organizing how sth is done

' Abs effective, efficient, good | poor The college oses

4 or of money through poor administration | day-to-

‘ay, routine | goneral | office | bureaucrat | central

Tere, business, educetiona, inane, justice, social |

ew contition administration wasformed

Agivinga drug "ADJ intravenous, oral | drug admirable ad:

‘VERBS be [find sbisth

1 ADV very | wholly She had actin ways that hefound

‘admiration for the nurses | express, show She wrote 1

‘him expressing her admiration | compel, draw, fl sb with gain, win a dignity that compels admiration o The tuayhe doit with hecrsisflledme with admiration He

‘ined the admiration of thousands of people | be

‘worthy of Asa irter he fs certainty worthy of amir

‘ttn | Vase He never lst the admiration of his students (SPREP_In~ Ste stared at him in open admiration with~ {zing at her with admiration | for admiration for is

or + PHRAsES 0 gasp of admiration The picture was gret- wlth gasps of admiration have nothing but odmit-

‘lion for sbisth have nothing butadmirationfor ‘shetackled those ules the way admire vero

‘thave high opinion of sb/sth ' ADV deeply, enormously, greatly, hugely, particular-

ly, realy He admires you enormous | rath | clearly,

‘panty | seerely Shc secretly admired and envied him oTienb «ADMIRE have to You have admire thelr ded- feationand commitment

‘PRR about What do you most admire about her? for I Father admirehin for Misdtermination

‘PHRASES be generallyividely admired He (s widely

‘admired os @ journalist can'veouldnt help admic Ingt admlre could’'s help But admire MS determin

“lon you can only admire sbisth You can oniy admire her courage nd determination

2iook at sth attractive '* VERB + ADMIRE pause to, stop to | standistep beck {oe stoad back io admirehishondtuork

admirer now

‘| AD2 ardent, devoted, fervent, great, keen | secret Perhaps heflnoere were sent bya secret arr! ' QUANT band, circle, host She was aways surrounded byacireleof admirers + YERB + ADMIREE have | gain, win She soon gofned

‘admirers England and France

‘Sriikasns ‘lends and admirers The funeral was at- [ended by the singer's friendsand admires

admission now

‘entrance

* ADJ fee, haltprce | emergency emergency admis

Sionsto hospi! | cinema, hospital, school, university

+ VERB + ADMISSION apply for, seek He's applied for

‘admission tothe toca college | gain fo gab admission to

Univers | grant sb | retuse sb

+ ABMISSIBN ° NOUS charge, tee, price | entra, pol-

ley | procedure | rate hasptaladmission rates

+ Pep on~ On admission to hospital you wil be exam:

ined byadoctor |=t0

2statement admiting sth

ADJ clear frank full his iso clearadmlscion that you

teerewrong [tae | grudging

‘ene + ADMISSION make

‘PREP “of She has made no admission of any involve

iment in the plot

Ty She sow his

{folure by 0's own admlesion By his oto admission he

‘shoul never have driven soft

admit vr

“© ADW toely, realy He freely admitted that he had

{aken_ bribes | frankly, honesty | openty | privately

‘Some ministers dnt privately that unemplayment could

‘continue to ris | grudgingly, reluctantly i the end he'd

‘donea goodjon Caroline aditted grain

{VERB « ADMIT be forced to, have to, must I must

‘adm thot the results were disppeinding [refuse to |

be honest enough to, be prepared to, be the fist o, be

willing to, dare (to), have the courage to He was hovest

‘rough admit Ms mistake © She loud Be the ist to

‘admit tha she is very dificult to work with 0 She dared

‘not adnit her fa | be ashamed to, be embarrassed to,

be lath to, be reluctant to, be unuiling to, hate to,

ore to hate to admit ut [think he ls Pigheo He

coused her marepain than shecored to admit

‘PREP toHecdimitedofelingabittred

{PHRASES 1 don't mind admiting J was seared and I

Sort mint admitting

admittance noun

* YERB + ADMITDANCE gain Thợ were unable to gain

‘2dmittanceto the hall | allow sb | deny sb, refuse sb

PREP ~to The rckt will allow you admiltonce fo the

“ADL aly tate

‘VERB ADOLESCENCE reach

‘PREF duringiin= She developed the problem in early

ADV loglly Thechild as now been legally adopted

‘ pueasts ave sb adopted She was frend t have her

aby adopted

2take and use sth

‘ADV formally, ofcaly The polley has not yet been

Formally adopted

‘VERO > ADOPT tondto | decideto | be forcedto

REP towards te polices employers adopt towards he

labour force

advance adoption now

Aof child

‘VERB » ADOPTION offer sb for, place eb for, put eb

up for She has decided f0 put the child up for adoption, The availabe for Whe will he child be avaladle for

‘adoption?

ADOPTION + VERB go through They were so happy

‘when te adoption went through sucessful

sADoerioN » NOUN agency 2taking/using sth

‘ADI general, widespread | formal The porty an hounced the formal adoption of George Smith as their

——

{VERE + ADOEEIOX reeommend,urge The cormnifee

‘ecommonded the adoption of naw safety procedures adore ver

‘+ ADV, absolutly, simply She absolutely adores her srandehilren | elesry, obviously

mT Burst, flow,rush, surge He lta surgeaf pure

‘adrenalinashewon therce + YERB = ADRENALIN fool {ADRENALIN + VERB course, flow, pump, surge The

‘edrenalin wos coursing through Missy

"ADRENALIN + NOUN rush + PHEAsEs ge the adranaln fowlngigolng We start with obitf dancing to get theadrenaln going adrift aa)

+ VERBS be | come Zneariysuffated when the pipe of Iny breathing apparatus came adr | cast sbisth cut sbisth sat sath Telr boat had been set adrift + PREP: trom (lguratiee) She hod Deen cut adr rom ferything she hod known gurative) cast adrift ina ulgar materialist sociey

‘PREP duringln~ His problems began in early adule had, into~ Her childhood problems persisted into adult hod towards~astep towards adulthood

advance noun

‘forward movement ‘ADJ rapid | Allied British, German ot

‘vines ADVANCE make The regiment made an ad bance on the en ins order The general ordered an advance to hejront lie | halt resist stop

tdvance

+ HP on~ the advance on Leningrad to, towards ~

he Russian oavance towards Bern

2development

= ADs big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, grat,

Spectacular, substantial, tremendous | important

‘major, notable, remarkable, significant | rapid, steady

rapid adoances tn scence and technology | recent | co-

homie, educational, medica, politcal seientic, social,

{echnical technologial | theoretical + VERB e ADVANCE make Wenesd more money weare

lomake ny further advance in thisareaf science

-+FREP in~ tao major adeances in orthopaedic medicine

fon an advance onthe existing techniques towards~ an

‘advance towards a beter understanding f God

3monoy "© ADJ large | cash

VERB + ADVANCES give, pay The publishers have

ald mean advance | gut eceive

‘PREP ofan adoanzeaf £10000 ~on Hewas pai 5 000

‘san advanceon raya

4advances soxual ADJ, amorous, sexual

‘vino « ADVANCKS make He made amorous advances

Tooneophis students PREP =o

advance verd

move forward

* ADY quickly rpldy | cautiously, slowly

+ PREP Trom advancing from the south Into The troops

‘adeanced Ino central Burope onlupon The army ed-

‘anced on hecapial towards Headvanced wards met

aggressive spe

2develop

‘= ADW Considerably, greatly, significantly | raplly

‘ paee bayond Soci needs vo advance beyond pelu-

2 ADV ta,gfeay, well The disease was too for advanced

Jordoctrstooperate | faiy, quite | forther

advancement noun

+ ADJ Individual, personal | collective | career | so-

ial | material society's ned or material advancement |

feconomie, sclentife, technical, technological

S'pRR in aduancements tn clece 0 edeancerant in the profession ~to er advancement fo the poston of

‘Supereisor

{= PHRASES an opportunity fr advancement There are

Goad oppartuniiesforaduaneament wlihin he compan

advantage noun

‘thing that helps ‘© Abs big, considerable enormous, great, huge over-

Winelming | claar, decidediecisive, definite, tint,

Iaterial, obvious, positive, real BreosGeeding afters

Clear advantage (0 your babs | kay rain, malorImport-

‘ant, significant [ dubious | unfair The company has an

lunfatr advantage ver iscompectars | added, adton-

‘at These computers have the added advantage of being

‘cheap | special | potential | comparative, relative |

‘mutual The plan would be fo our mutual advantage |

natural the natural advantages of countries with lw la-

‘our costs | commercial, competitive, economic, edu- ational, electoral, financial military, personal pol teal, practical, psychologlea, soca, stratogc, tactics, technica, technological | cost price, speed, tax + VERB + ADVANTAGE have | gain, got He would gain Considerable advantage from staying In that Job | bring (sb), glve sb, offer (sb) Another qualification would pive mea bis advantage at Jb incervtews | press home The

‘cammanders were keen o press home ther advantage with {further afensive inthe north | outweigh They argue

‘ha he possible risks acached to such vaccines vastly ou ueigh any advantages

‘PREP 10 ss ~ [ris fo your adoantage to delay things for as lang as possible |= There may be some advan

‘age ayn dou a clearer procedure Over Rast coast resorts have the advantage over West east ones = to the

‘advantage to both countries cose econamt tes ‘ pnAstS to good advantage, to sbsth’s best advan- tage The bright lighting showed the jewel to ther best advantage

2take advantage of make use of ' abs fll,maximum We cok ful advantage of the hotel Sects

advantageous ad

+ vEnBS be, prove Membership ofthe union could prove

‘adeantagecuis | become | make sth Lowe ares make

‘adoantagecus travel inne | find st You may fn adeantageous watsa few weeks bebrerepiying

‘+ ADV axtramely, highly, very ‘This trade arrangement could be mutually advantasecs | fay, quite | mutually

| economiealy financially | poiteally 1s PREF for This schemecotld ‘on low incomes to The new tax system is advantageous be advantageous for people to Rlgherraietaxpayer

1 Vik ADVENTURE embark on, have | be looking for, want Phose of you looking jor adventure can shoot he rapids | offer Perhaps the war fered adventure travel use for hiss

ADVENTURE + NOUW film, novel story I holiday | playground

S PHRASES quite an adventure (= very exciting) Our

‘rip to London was quite an adventure forthe children 9 Senselspritof adventure The Journey began cheerlly witha senseof adventure

adversity now

4 VERB + ADVERSITY be faced with, meet with When Jocedtcth adversity she teas never tempted to give up | ‘overcome, triumph over ter I~patence in adversity

SHRASES inthe face of adversity courage in thefoceat tadeersty

advert noun

4 AD4, classified, frontpage, fuk

‘ewspaper television TV | chocolate

+ VENfB + ADVERT place, put take out {put an advert

Inthe local neespaper0 She wok out afull page advert in

‘@ magazine | carry publish, run, show The paper ron

(aur adver last wok | find, oe, spot sau the advert tn

“Phe Times | answer roply to, respondto

+ ADYEET + VERB appear The advert appeared in The

Guardar’ say sth, show sth state sth | feature

sbisth The advert aturedadolphin swimming around &

' AD\ heavily These products have been adverts very

heavily | widely Thereare plans to advertise the job more

‘widely | Wocally nationally

+ PRED for Weareadvertsing ora babysitter

advertisement now

c0gereRe,Job,ete

+ YERD + ADYEETISEMEVT plaee

laced advertisements in a number of national news

oper Leary, display, publish run, show Television

‘and radio refed to carry advertisment forthe record |

find seo, spot | answer reply t,respond to

put, take out We

S ADVERTISEMENT + VERB appa

‘+ ADJ constructive, excellent good helpful, practical,

Sensible, sound, useful, valuable That's very sound ad

lee | ad wrong {dink my solictr gave me the rons

‘advice | clear | general | detailed | conticting | con=

{dential | Impartial, independent | free | expert, pro-

{essiona, specialist | financial legal, medical

‘© QUANT Bt pice, word Con give ouariendly word 2/edulet'

'2YEBP + ADVICE lve (sb), offer (sb), pass on, pro-

Vide (sb with) hope I can pass.on some useful adie |

‘9 obtain, recive take chink you need torake legal ad- ‘le | a8k (or, goto sb for, seek, turn to sb for Coro

‘your doctor and ask for advice o She asked her mesher's

‘advice | accept, act on, follow, heed, Iisten to, take

‘wished hat ad ellowed her aduice | ignore, reject

ADVICE » NOUN contre The Local Authority runs on

‘adic centre ‘Tent againetab'e~ Permission was glen against the in he ten

lade of the planning officers on b's On the advle of

his experts he bough ancther compar: | ~about advice

about bringing up children ~for Here is some advice for

‘pregnant women on Can you give me some advice on

twhere fo buy good maps? to My advice you would eto

waite few months

+ vznns bbe, seem | consider sth, doom sth think sth

Iwethought advisable to seek poli assistance

“+ ADw abaya is altays advised omakec will

advise ver

‘tell sb what you think they should do

* ADV strenuously, strongly Istronely advise you not to

‘Wadeised trey on their support © Yeu would be better dadisedo consult an accountent

2inform sb of sth

‘VERB + ADVISE_be pleased to Lam pleased to advise Jouthatyour application hasbeen accepted | regret to sPREP af SPHRASES kaop sb advised Please keep me advised of

‘ew developments in thiscse adviser noun

+Api chief, toad, principal, senior, spacial the 8ooerhmenf ch medical adiser | close, trusted The

‘duketwas the king's most trsted adviser | personal | ex Per, professional | independent | government, prost- Sontial | business, careers, economic, environmental Financial egal, medical military, palieyipoteal, public relations, scent, securty, technical

‘VERB «ADVISER act as | appoint, appoint sb (as) | have Do you have a fnancil adviser? | eoneult (with),

to You ought tocensultan inde

‘VERB advise sbisth

‘PREP ~on an adiser on environmental isues~to She

‘cts asan adviser tothepresident advocate noun

‘1b who supports sh

“ADJ ardent enthusiastic, frm, great, outspoken Dower, staunch, strong shu's a staunch advocate of

‘eeivad | ehletleading ‘PREP ~forHeisoneof the leading advocates fora more main, principal

‘modern soleofworshin “ofan advocate af pacitsm

advoeal

‘ADV seriously strongly Heart specials strony ad

‘ocak low cholestrol diets,

2 PHBAsEs be widely advocated These policies have Deen widely advocated

‘e AEROPLANE + VERB fly aeroplancs fling overhead | {ako off | come down, land | rash | cary sbisth The

‘aeroplane was carrying 30 people

(SPREE In athe~ fying inan aoroplane on atthe The

‘President was never onthe aeroplane atl, — affair noun

‘Teventsitvation

‘© ADJ, whole She su the whole afar as a erat joke |

‘ltering grand 7 knew dha the wedding Would De 2 grandafar | sordid, sory, squala

9 VENB + AFFAIR deal with, Randle Many people have

In Poe never

‘rtictzed the way the government handled the aff: | be

Involved n | Investigate

+ PHRASES sb's Ivolvementn the affair Hehas ried fo

‘lay down his involvement in the ara state of ata

owdid hs sateof agers comecbout? wash your hands

ofthe affair (= to refuse tobe responsible for sth or in

volved insth)

2 sexual relationship

‘© ADL brief, casual | clandestine, sacret | adulterous,

‘extramartal | passionate, torrid | unhoppy love

torrid oveatfatr

+ YERB + AFFAIR earry on, conduct, have He's having

‘anqfair witha coleague

(AFFAIR + VERB go on H long has the aff been

soing ont

‘PREF, ~betwoen Is the sory of secre affatr betwen

‘@married teacher and her enage student ~withan aftr

‘olka married man

‘Beth that concerns one person/small group

+ ADI family, personal, sb's own I'safemily aff

2 PHầA§ES b's afta Whar do atthe weekend ismy af

Jeirno affar of b's Thats no alr of yours

4 affairs important matters

+ AD4 currentacurren agers programme on televsion

T pevat, public | domestic, home, interna, national |

‘community local | European, foreign external ntar-

national, word the minister for foreign aftrs | bush

‘es, financial, legal | commercial consumer, cultural,

‘conomie, environmental, military, politcal, religious,

social

+ VENB + AZFATRS administer, orrange, attend to,

Conduct, manage, run Jam trying arrange my father's

Jinancia\ airs | sete, windup | Inleferein, medđie

im

= PHRASES affairs of state The Cabine willbe discus

Ing certain firs stat pulse your affairs inorder 7

want to put my affatsin order before Idi stato of af-

fair the current stoteofaforsin schools

affect verb

‘inuence

' ADV greatly, matrialy racially, significantly, vory

‘much | baraly,harly, not unduly Sales did no sem un

duly aftced | slightly {clearly | đraety | ndieety | ‘adversely, badly seriously severaly

+ YERh » AFFECT be laly to developments that are

key tape the environment

1° VERB + AFFECTION fool, have, hold sb in, retain He

{as held great fection by hundreds of students địa

play, expr, give sb, show (b) | get, receive | crave

‘eed want Hejustwantsa ita afetin | galn win She

hadiriedhard'o win hisaffection | dlenala

‘PREP with~ HEU be remembered with genuine afc

tion | ~for Ihave a dep affection for is mother ~toho-

wards The teacher showed action towards all her

Pupils

{PHRASES a dleplay of affection don't go Infor public

c4gpiso/aJecion.afeelngef aifeetene sơong/eelhd:

‘of afecion lov and affection yearnjor {Faction Ioncehad the object of sb's affections the loveand af The object

af his affections was young operasingera sign of affec-

tion, a show of affection

4 strong feeling that you tke/understand sb/sth

“ADs close, great, natural, real, special, strong era reat afin with the peopl of the Highlands | natural Hehasanaturel afin with numbers

4° VERB + AFFINITY feol, have, share I's important That you share an dfinlg with your husband | đieplay,

‘show PREP ~betwoon an affinity between the 100 women

‘or Many girs do show an ant for erat sis ~to- wards Joes 0 great afinity towards Pamela ~with a7,

‘eff withanimals 2similar quali in two or more peoplesthings

"2 ADJ close, grt

3 8UAr degree, love!

+ VENB + AFFDNITY have A fous design should have ome afinlty with the surrounding erchtecture | show Inhis poems heshowed some inty with Coleridge

‘PREP ~botwoen There isa close affinity been these

wo species with an affinity with erie poets flict verb

bv, badly severely + PHhases be affited with He's badly afte with @ kindisorder

afford vert ' ADV easily, wall She can well afford to pay for herself | barely har (only Just, not really a amount whe

we could itt ford to pay + VERB + AFFORD be abla/unable to, canleant, could (ot Zeon‘ ard to eatin restaurants

‘heir news boat afloat onthe lake | keep sth strains 19 eepthe vessel oat

abla to survive financially

"VERBS hoop, stay He (8 struggling fo keep afloat aftr Series of emotional and heats problems keep sth They

‘had to sell ihetr assets to hep the business float afraid oa

‘= VERBS be, foal, 100k, seem | become, grow I make

‘Sb Whet has made you so deeply afraidof your boss? ‘ADV deeply, desperately, extremely, horribly, mor- {ally relly, eebly very I simost Shes tense, elmost afraid open he tier | ait alae, rather, slight

ty He was hal afraid fo ook ct her jus, simpy You do Bros don't you? Youarejustafrid tellme | genuinely Vsuddenty Hestoppad abruptly suddeniyafrotdtosay the

‘words out oud | physically

‘PREP for Roger teas ver) c/a for her of Chari ts

‘pra of marriage

PHRASES nothing to be atald of Dont worry There's hothing tobeafridet

aftermath noun '# A04, immediate The president sted the region tn the Immediate qfermath ofthe disaster

"VERB AFTERMATH cope with, deal with How doesa

‘country cope with the aflermathof ar?

+ PRED, In the~of Heirs ook office in the aftermath of

thecivit wor

afternoon noun

+ A01 tia, tomorrow, yesterday | Friday, Saturday,

te | early, late | Apri, May, ee | spring, summer,

tte: long the long sunny afternoons I golden, hot,

sunny warm | grey, rainy, wet

SER AFTERNOON spend We spent the aflernoon

siting bythe pool

(AFTERNOON + VERB progress, wear on As the after

‘hoon woreon he began tolook unhopps

® AFTERNOON + NOUN tea Afternoon tea fs sooed on

{ha terrace light, sun The afternoan sun shone ful on

her

‘rar, by~, during the-Inthe,on Monday, ot.~

‘SirRaskS anvthe afternoon off You deserve an ajter-

hoon

age noun

‘Thow old sb/sthis {P04, early, young He was sent away to school at on

‘arly ope | advanced, great, old He was sll active even

‘tthe advanced ape of 87 White hair isa sgn of great

‘age 0 Shedveadedold age | middle «pleasant woman in

‘arly midile age | ebildbearing, pensionable, ree

iment, school, schooleaving, voting, working children

ef schoolage

1° VERB + AGE attain, goto, liveto,reach When you get

Tomyoge yousgeta ferent perspective on i She lived

{othe age of 7 | fel took She was beginning to fel her

‘age (fal that she was getting old) | lowe, raise The

‘ota age was lowered from 211018 ears

fe AGE + OUR group, range init

PRE ata/the= Aryour age, [hod atredy started work

Between thes children between the ages of fie and

leven by the ~ He could read by the cea four for is

[Hes qultea big boy for his age over the Toele milion ‘people in Greot Britain oreover retirement age under~ It

fs llega sll alcohol to children soho are underage

‘otlogally eld enough) under the~ Ii epattosellalc-

hholto children under the ago 1 with~A lot of wines

‘prove wtthage | ~ofHeleftschoolattheageaf s PuRASES the age of consent The general age of con 18

Sen for sexual activity i 1 s8's own age She needs @

“Prend of her oun age to play with years of age Hes 20

‘yearsofage

800010 aoe

2poriod of history ADs another, diferent This exquisite tile hovel

Seemed io belong toa diferentege | Elizabethan, Victor

‘ete | Bronze, le, Stone | computer, modern, nic

5, ete | golden the plden ageof cinema

Ren during the ~ He lied during the Elzabethon

{age in athe 11 a age when fw women became pol

{elons, her corer was unusual trough thes an exh

ittnafspinning through theapes | ~of theageef wireless

2 PIRASES_ InÄhis đấy and age (= inthe period we now

ive in) Why dresssoformallyin thsdayandage?

agesfn agen very ing te

SAGE spend, take! ook an age for seo get

nthe Boo

PHRASES absolutely ges Fve been siting here or ab-

“nhạchy ages ages ago Caries et azes az forages We

‘had to wait foreges!

+ ADV conslderaby, greatly, ot, really The shock has

‘ged her cnsiderab © My mother has realy aged since

She became il | le He had put on weight and aged a

‘5204 fil federal government public state |

UN | externa, independent outside | commercal,

‘ate | voluntary | International, focal | mullateral |

‘adoption, edvertising, aid, dating employment, estate, Intaligence, marketing, news, press recrltment, eit, research, travel ec te Details of the prob {Dol blogpe by the lp Desk tal wh wl econ tact the appropriate agency

‘© PREP through anthe Diroughanagency

=pNotest ORGANIZATION (or verbs)

‘henext election | ve-pointete.An 16pointagenda was ddraen up or the meeting \ hidden, secret e accused the government of having @ hidden agenda | rea | ful |

‘arrow The party hasa rather narrow political agenda |

‘adieal | public | domestlc,Interetional | economle, isltive, policypolitial research

“VERB = ACENDA have | agree on, draw up, estab- ligh, set The college needs to draw up an agenda for change | follow We were following an agenda set bythe Students thơnslues | add sth to put sth on Iwill put

‘ison theagenda forthe nextmacting | Weave sth off e-

‘move sth from, take sth off The question a pay hd beer Teta theagenda.|eiculate A copy ofthe agenda is cir

‘ulated to delegates a month before the conference AGENDA » NOUN Mam

+ PREP onalthe~ Safty at work ison theagenda fr next

‘month's meting of the (gurativ) An expensive hol day is defintely af the agenda tis year ~ not sth we can fonsider | ~for Weave an agreed agenda fraction

‘PHRASES flemlyhigh on the agenda In our compan, {quality 1s high an the agenda an item point on the

‘gends, next onthe agenda Nex¢on the agenda i decid- Ing where we're going five top of the agenda Ipro0- ing trade Denween the tuo countries will Be tp of the agenda at theta

‘Special page at wEaTINo

agent noun Aworks = abd advertising, election, estate, insurance, land, in an agency leting, literery, managing, parliamentary, patent, press, pUBICIV, travel | local The company has de elped Soles through local agents key markets

‘S VERS + AoKT employ, have, use I have an agent taho deals with altmy controcts | appoint, engage, got (eb), hire 7 you want to get published, get yourself an

‘agent! | actas | sack

‘* PRE through an~ Ste got the work ươaghơn agent T-toranogentforashipping company

=pNoteat 308

lgence | enemy, foreign | federal, govern- {ment | secret, undercover | double As a double agent

‘heworkadfor the Americansandthe Russians

VER» AGENT work as

‘person thing that has an effect

“© ADJ chief, main, primary prime, principal | effective human | moral rational | fre told him Feouldn' sop dim, hewasa frecagent

1s PREP for The charity san ogentforsoclatehanse

- #HRA$ES en agentforiof change

aggravate

aggravate ver»

+ ADv greatly, seriously, sovealy Ther negative reac

Honshavepreailyazeravoted hesitation | further

aggression noun

“= ADs, extreme, Intense | controled, mild | naked,

‘pen adsply Teasing pent-up agaression | unprovoked | physleal of naked aggression | pent-up ways ofr

verbal | human | external, foreign ‘The president an

hhounced tha the country would nt tolerate foreign of

{resion | American, British ec | miltry, police

S auaNr act Acts of aggression apoinst local shop

‘uners should berepored tothe pole

VERB = AGGRESSION display, express, show the

‘rutattyand aggression displayed by thesolters | chan

fel, elirect He managed fo channel his ageression Info

Sport leontrl | release | encourage Do fay guns er

courage aggression?

‘PREP ~ against, ~by Aggression by one nationality

‘agoinst another ofen lads aggression wards other dogs fo wer: towards I showed no

aggressive ad)

‘kel to Aght/argue with other people

'* Vians be, fel, look, seam, sound | become, get |

‘maka sb Witching violence on TV makes some chilren

hortagireslit

ADy edomoly, parielaly, really, very | nereas-

ingly que, rather I openty Fer mood become openly

agressive when hisname was mentioned i towards He warned that his dog was aggressive

fowardesirongers

2 behaving ina determined way

VERBS be

‘ADV extremely, highly, very the company’s highly ag-

bresivemarketing techniques | fly, somewhat

aggrieved og

‘VERS, be feo, look, sound

ADV deeply, much, very | rather, slighty somewhat

Prt at mes was rather aggrieved at Cameron BY

The villagers felt deeply ogerieved by the closing of the

railway station

agility noun

“© ADs considerable, great, surprising | mental, phys-

{cal admired hisconsderablementalagity

= Vino + ACILITY have | show Sheshous great gilty

‘nthe tennis coure

+ PREP with~ He Jumped over the wall with surprising

seis:

agitated adj

* VBS be, feel, Wok, seem, sound ie sounded very

Agitated onthe phone | become get grow | make s>

*D\ deeply, extramaly, highly, very | increasingly | tle quite rather, slighty I visiy

nr about She's apitaed abou geting thereon tne

Shestartedo grow agicted at thesightof the spider

‘PHRASES In an aglated state By now he was ina very

‘plied sate

agitation nous

Aworry/excitement

"* ADJ acute, considerable, extreme, great

{Vins + AGTEATION show trying no to show her agt-

lation | conceal, hide Hecould nt hide isagttation

# PREP in sb's~ He Knocked his glass over inhi agita:

tion with She was wrigeling onthe set with agitation

* PHRASES afeelingiatateof agitation

+ PREP against There hos been moss agitation ogotnst {he president for There i growing agitation fr reform focal government

‘azons | prolong Don't prolong the agony Just tll me the result | grean In, seraam in| be contorted In,

‘wrth in His face was contorted in agony ashe rid tof Dimsef outa thechate

‘PREP In~Thesoldir ded in agony in an~ot She mum bet an apology nan agony of embarrassment {PHRASES a groaniscream of agony

agree verb

4 share opinion

“ADV early, strongly, vary much Ivey much caree

‘oiththeprimeminiser | absolutely completely, etie- 'y, fully, wholebeartedly Zagres entirely with what you ‘havesaid | broadly, ganerally Is generally opreed that more funding 8 needed for education | unanimously | ‘revel, lamely, maak, soberly, tarly ‘Thor's true she

‘greed gravel VERO AGREE cannot | be Inclined to Fm inclinad ogre there's nothing wecan da

+ PREP about We don't always agree about everthing Snlupon Arewe all agreed on tis with Dosouagre ith eta the scheme wor tork?

‘PHRASES | couldn't agree more {couldn't agree more {eit wha has just Been said gute agree, sure you willagres Ym ure you'll agree that thistssue Ista tm ortanttothe suet of theconan

2say yes

* ADV voluntaly | readlly She suggested © watkin the

‘pen air and he readily agree | grudgingly, reluctantly indy Ei Harlow has kindy greed oh actly

| provisionally {© PREP to He agred oour proposots

‘wards mutually agreed goals inernationallyinationally

‘reed nationally apred guidelines agreeable ai

‘pleasant

"* VERIS be, look, sound Ital sounds very ogreeable | find sbisth He ins her very agreeable | make yours

‘Shed her best to make herself agrecable highly most, particularly very wasamastagreeabecvening | quite

S aDW mutually We tied negotiate mutually ogre

‘blesottion

2wling to aocept/do sth VERBS be

2 Abe perfectly, quit

* Pmur, to Hewasperfetty agreeable to the idea

‘contract decision

ADs draft The draft agreement willbe avallabe two

{ooo before Iypbinging Phe agreement the mestng | formal, written | legal legal- be legally binding | infor-

mai, tact, verbal | voluntary | definitive | bilateral,

International, mulateral, national | ceasefire, creat,

hire-purchase, peace, trade

+ YYEB + AORERMENT negotate, work towards We

‘reworking towardsa formal czasgire agreement | con-

‘ude, enter Into, reach, sgn 4/terhoursaf talks the gow

‘ernment and the union have reached am agreement |

have We have an agreement to always fl eachother he

truth about everythin Ube bound by We siened the

‘agreement s0 we are no bound by (c | sdhere te, hen

ur kop to, stick to You ho ọt hẹp to ou”dư82menC

| Beak, go bacK on, renege on, violate Some employers

‘reneged on agreements once the raesion set in

‘nee In anithe ~ o clause in the agreement under

‘nithe Under dheagreeman, the farmer isnot allowed a

tse this fl | ~between an agreement Betseen the cor

_Bany and the unions ~on They signed to agreements on

Improving economic cooperation = with a trade agree

‘monte China

‘TrunAskS breach of agreement He sued the company

Jor breach ef agrecment the toms of the agreement The

‘ermsay theagreementdo not allow such exports

2state of agreeing “© 401, absolute, complete, fl, total | broad, genera

‘Midospreed | mutual

c2 VERP 2 AOREEMEST are at, come to, reach fam

hopeful tat wean come oan agreement © The wo sdes

{failed reachagreement | nod enodded 1 got We wil need 0 get the agreement ofthe loca council his agreement

1 PREr by~ The separation s by mutual agreement in

Think we areal In agreement tha pres shouldbe kept

lo new [am tn agreement with you that she should

Degtoen more responsibilities with~ Wh te agreement

fall membors ofthe club, we decided t organize ai |

‘among Theres agreementariong teachers that changes

‘ew be made between As ed here isnaagreement be

foen the to sides ~ on AS 3 there Is no agreement on

policies

'28peclalpagestubxTIxG

agriculture noun

‘#404, modern | efficient | intensive | organic | sus-

{ainable | traditional | peasant | subsistence

+ VERR + AGRICULTURE be employed in, be engaged

In, workin | depend on 50% ofthe counts population

depend on agriculture

aid noun

money, food, etc

(PADI emergency { humanitarian | cash, develop-

‘ment ecanemle, Fellt Lega ald(- government nancial, food legal medical miltary, money for legal advice ts

@ fundamental part ef our system af Justice | federal,

‘government, state | iletera, external, foreign, inter-

Rational, oversees The country relieson foreign ald

{VERB + AID appeal fo, call for The county's pret

“ent has appealed for international ad inthe wake of he

disaster Vextond, give (Sb), grant (sb), provide (sb

‘with, send (ab) | Get, receive 'depend on, rely on |

Promise [cut (off, suspend, withdraw, withhold The

[Bltsh government hasnow suspended humantarian id

tothearea

# AID + NOUN ageney, worker | budget, package,

Programmed s14milin aidpackage

2help 1S VERH + AID ask or onlstWeenlsedtheaidaf John

and his family | comsigo to sb (= to help someone)

‘Shescreamed loudly and to people came to he aid PREP in'~ of collting money in aid of charity Vrthiwithout the~of She is note able fo walk with hea efastick

‘person thing that helps ' ADJ effective, essential, excellent, important useful Valuable classroom, teaching, training | audio Visual, computer, visual | hearing walking I memory | buoyancy

= PREP ~toessential ads olearning

“2 erinsrain aide now

1 ADs, close, trusted one ofthe prime minister's ctsest {ides | senior, top | Junior | personal, president royal

VERB + AIDE actas,sorve as, work os

1 PREP “to served asan aide tothe former president Aids noun

*# ADs fulbblown Once you are infected you will—sooner

or later—develop ful blown Aids ' QUANT case SixcusesofAlds have been reported {VERB + AIDS have, suffer from | betbecome infoct

‘ed with, contract, develop, get | die of | diagnose

‘AIDS » SOUN patient, sutferr, victim | virus

‘S punasss the spread of Aldsa wordwidecampaign to (prevent the spreadof Aids

Special pageat uvEss

‘raveaclearaim view | ambitious | high worthy Sin pile truth must be the highest aim of any reat enquiry | Tinted, modest | legitimate | common I want 10 sae strong and united country tn which people work together

‘wih common alms | underlying Although the report

‘covers many areas, is underlying alms toensure that an ‘other accident never happens | immediate, itl | or

‘inal | eventual, ultimate His ultimate aim was force

‘the prime minister ¢o resign | long-term, short-term |

‘vowed, declared, expressiexpressed, stated The ex _pressalmof the treaty ts to eep the whole region feejrom

‘hucear weapons | war | poley/poliical, strategie

‘VERB » tw have | set youself | achieve, fulMl You {el nave to work hard te aceveyour aim |frther pur

‘sue They were intent on furthering their aims Thecour- tryst pursuing tsaimf fining the EU

“PREP with the~ of She sartd dhe organization wlth {the alm of helping loc people

‘= PHRASES alms and objectives What are theaims and objectives ofthis?

2pointing weapon, etc

Abd careful FL take more careful aim next time | oor Hs am was par and he missed the targe sVERD Ai take

(PRE, “at Hetookaimatthetargetand red

aim

aim verb

1 ty/plan to achieve sth

‘abi directly

‘PREP at She's aiming ata scholarship this year 0 The

Initio is med at helping your people fr Hei ain:

Ing fora win in thisrace ‘PHRASES aim high (to attempt to achieve a Tot) a

‘young man whe s prepared toaim high

2intand sth for sb

ADY clearly, rectly, squarely | largely, mainly,

‘mostly primarily, principally | particulary, specfealy

‘DURASES be aimed at edacational courses aimed par-

eulrly at oder people

Spoinvdrectsthat sb

‘ADV directy, straight | deliborately

PREP at Sh med the gun straight ot the Intruder for

‘Aim for hs legs, nots boty

alr noun

4gas/space

= ADi hot warm | eh, cold, cool crisp | cleen,cler,

fresh, pure We need some fresh atin this stuf room! |

sweet ‘The air was sueet with incense | fouvour

Smalling polluted tale the polluted air af our cies othe

Imustysmellofstlcatr | damp, humid | ary sti Not

{ng moved inthe stil ab | tin I's dificult carrying such

‘hay loads nthe thin alr af the mountains | tlek The

‘alr ws thick with cigarazte smoke | country, mountain,

Soa | evening, morning, night Muss led hemor

‘QUANT blast, gust We fella blast of cold air as she

‘pened the door 1 eurrnt warm currents ef air | breath

“Hedra inanother breath ofa

‘¢ VERB « AIR breathe (in), gulp In, suckin Zand crabs

breathe air and eanner sim o Shẻ gulped inthe fresh

‘mountain alr | ightfor, gasp for She was gasping, air

‘assheran out ofthe burns Rouse | small ai The do

‘ruched and snifed the abe 1, hang In The tans of someuild herd hung in the ale

+ AIR + VERB blow, se, waR The co! night alr wafed

Inthe open windows

‘AIR + NOUN pollution I quality equipment to mont

“orair quality | pressure | current

+ PREP: Inlnko thạc Ï ri the ball high into the az

Through the~ Spicy smells wafted rough the ate

‘= PHRASES inthe open air(= outside) The markets held

intheopen air

2for planes

AIR + NOUN travel | fare {tafe We are cleared by

‘Air Trapie Cantroiotaxiand akeaft | eras, disaster |

tack, sike Three buildings were bombed lst nigh

‘anatrstrikeon heel ‘PREP by~(=by plane) Ztonby takes three hows by att

from the The hideout scleary visible from dhe a

‘* PHRASES Inmldal The zo planescollided in midab:

‘impression

fe VERD + AIR have, rota Youhavean alr of authority

1 ada, bring, lve (st) A stone Balcony toes he Bulding

anatraf elegance

pear with athe fe leaned wards Melissa with an

ir of erat confidentiality | ~o

air ved

‘© ADW in publi, openly, pubely The issues wereepenly

‘lred and ascussad by the group

aircraft noun

4+ AD4 fixed-wing, Jet, light, low-ying, icroight,

‘Supersonic attacks by helicopters and ixed-wingatrraft

[cargo cvileviian, commercial passenger private |

combat, fighter, miltary, reconnaissance, suvellance,

transport | enemy | burning, crashed, damaged,

‘Stricken | model ispassion is making madelaireaf + VERR + AIRCRAFT fly, plot The airerat was lun by

‘young Amerian pilot | land | crash Thepllo overshot ‘therntay and crashed Ms eer | shoot down Tobe

‘an aceyou had to shoot doun five enemy avert + ATRCRAFT + VERB fly | takeoff The aircrafts due to lake aff at midnight land | tox! The alraft taxied along (he runcay | rash | carry sth | attack sth Bomb sth AIRCRAFT + NOUN Industry | production | manu- facturer | engine perts | engineer | hangar | noise He lated thatetrraft nose was the worst form of ar poll ton in London | wreckage

airline noun + ADs big, large, major | domestic, International, na- onal | cornmercil privat, staterstate-owned He oper- ates private diilne | charter, scheduled Prices on Charter erties are usualy lower

VERD + AIRLINE operate,run AIRLINE + VERB fy, operate The altline operates

‘mainly between Florida and Puerto Rica AIRLINE © NOUN business, company, Industry | ight, service All scheduled aitine services wil beaffe+

‘edty ihesrihe | employee, operator pilot | passenger [reservation ticket

airport noun

‘404, big large, major | small | busy | domestic, international, local, regional | civilian, military

4 VERB «AIRPORT dopart fom, y fom, take oft from

We will fy from Chicage’s O'Hare airport | ative at, land at, touch down at The plane ouched down at Glas gow arport jus before midday | pass trough, use

‘AIRPORT « NOUN building, terminal | lounge | se Sun | holei

5 PREP atanNha~tooldng f(heafpor:

airspace noun + ADs controled, restricted | British, French, ote

$ VERB AIRSPACE cross (Into), dit into, enter, My Into, stray into, violate The et had crossed nto Russian Airspace | fy out of, pats out of | open They have de ied 6 ope thi pace commerce treat PREP in~ The glider was in Dutch airspace out of~

‘They werenow out of controled alrspace

‘* PHEASES @ violaon of alrspace The presdew said tha all future violations of our airspace would result seriousconsequencs

ajar ad:

‘= VERBS be, stand The oficedoor stout ajar | leave sth

‘She had leftthe kitchen deor slightly ajar

= abv slighty akin adj akin to sth + VERBS be SADV, dessly This game is closely akin to rugby: |

‘lomewhat A Balalaia ian instrument somewhat akin toaguitar

‘PHRASES something akin to sth She wos wearing Something akin toa pineapple on her head

larm noun

‘A fear/worry

‘© ADs considerable, grat | growing | sudden | pub-

le Theretsgrawingpublicalarmat iis Increase in crime unnecessary

+ VERB + ALARM cause, create, provoke The head

{eacher's policies have provoked alarm among parents |

fexpress, register Many people have expressed alarm at

the plans His face replsterednoclorm at all when Told

im the news

“= PREP In~ Heshouted {nt alarm she announced that she intended oun alarm to sh's~ To her per: to trel the

word with~ The news has Been greted with alarm |

bow atowar There has ben considerable alarm about

the new proposals

* PERASES alarm and despondency (often humorous)

“He loves spreading alarm and despondency cause for

alarm [seena cause for alarm as she often arrives inte,

2warning ' ADI fale The Are service was coed out, but It was a of danger

Jalseatorm

‘* VERB + ALARM give, raise, sound The guard raised

the clarm when he discovered that stx prisoners had e

spa,

{© ALARM + NOUN call Many birds give alarm cals to

learnaf danger

3device

' ADJ fire, smoke | burglar, Intruder, security | car |

personal, rape Lise was carrying a rope alarm Dut it

oasout reach n her handbag |redlo

= VERB » ALARM set/set my alarm,or 830 | activate

Setott, tigger Unfortunately any te notsecan set af the

Alarm: | swnte of, turn off | batted with There br

‘gade recommends thot every house Is ited with a smoke

arm | Insta | test

® AFARM + VERE go of, ing, sound The alarm went

(fat T'clock © Suddenly he alarm sounded and they all

had 0 ave the builing

‘SALARM + NOUN bal, clock, signal, system | call

Bookanalarm call youneed fo make on early sar

larmed adi

‘+ VERBS be, fel, look, seem, sound | become, get,

‘grow She bezon 10 grow alarmed when she realized how Toeettwas

+ ADV exramely, greatly, seriously, thoroughiy, vay |

Increasingly Ifalnty, 2 ite, quite, rather, slighty |

(ot) unduly The government is not unduly alarmed by

these figures

PREP at She was alarmed at the prospect of travelling

‘lone by Twas slighty alarmed by what Susan told me

* PHRASES nothing to be alarmed about The doctors

Ihave decid o heey him in hospiol overnight but ther is

nothing to bealarmed about

larming s4

‘# VERBS be, seam | find sth nd the prospet of being

Toithout work extremely alarming

4 ADV extremely, particulary, very | faint, 2 ttl,

‘uit, rather, slightly

album now

1book

‘ADs, family, wedding | phetojphotagraph,slemp'

OREP inane Phetpthe photorephstnn album

2cD/cassette/rocord

‘aps bast-soling, good, great ‘Their bestselling

‘album hoc ơn three zards | debt, tat | double | lve [sole 'sthesinger'firstsoloalbum | eompilation

+ VERB » ALS maka, produce, record The singer re

Corded her secand bum in Los Angeles | put out, Fo-

tease She has nor put ura new album ths year

ALBUM + VERD come out Mis ates album comes out

1 pure pssibleforcarsto run on pure olahol?

- QUAN drop, unt You ne to Be careful how many lunts of alcohol ou drink ina week | evel ‘had more than the permited lee of alcoho nhs bcd The diver

‘VEE + ALCOHOL consume, drink | avoid, keep of, hot touch, stay off Fhaven' touched a dropay alcohol or

‘hree weeks | abuse formal) Most drinkers do roxabuse

‘alcohol ata

® ALCOHOL, + NOUN content, level It con take o long {ime for bled alcohol levels to fl | eansumption, In take, use | abuse, addiction, misuse | problem People

‘anfind ithard toadmdt they havean aeohol problem + PHRASES lo aleohal (- containing very lite aeo- hola law alcoho beer

alcoholic noun + A01 chronic | reformed (SVER + ALCOHOLIC become, turn into Howe was turning into analeholic eeaus of thesress af his}oh * ALCOHOLIC + VERB dry out,recoverIdon' think an

‘leohaiccan dry our without proper medica! hel, alcoholism noun

1+ ADs chronic {ERB s ALCOMOLISM suffer from Thre people inthe amity suffer romaleohotism | combat, teat

> Special page st iLLwESs ADE, fina, good This pub specialize in fine ales | real (C made and stored in the traditional ay) traditional he

‘growth in demand for real ale | brown, light, pale |

+ Ai rad His sutden disappearance triggered a red

le among his friends | nationwide | bomb, fe,

‘ood, pollution, security A securiey alert was sued after our men escaped rom the prison

‘:VEND + ALERE leeue, pụt out, raise, sound They Tang the church Des to sound the alert andthe villagers

‘then fled | spark, tigger | eal off The alert was called (af whenit was found that the bomb was note

ST ALERT » VERB go outA nationwide alert went out for

alert oa

‘= VHS be, Jook, seem | become | remain, stay | keap sb The machine should help to hep the pilot ler

“+ AD vay | uy | immediately, instanty, suddenly

“There was noiseoutsde ways, constantly | mentally He was as mentalyclertas and hea sudden alert | ale

‘man halyhisage {PREP to Climbers ned Dealer! to possible dangers

Alevel

Alevel noun

# ADs, mock Fad allright in my mock levels an then

Jailed thereatexams {e VERE A LEVEL do, sit take She's doing her Aleve

{his year | retake | do wall in, pass | do badly in all, ‘unk | have Sho has four A levels | prepare for ovis

fore car'teameout—he'sreising for Ms level

A tEVEL = NOUN course | exom |

“sion | paper questions | grades

‘eprar In yours What grades did you get tn your A

levels | ~in tes gt levels in maths and history

VERB + ALIAS adopt, use After her escape from

‘ison, Claire Potter adopted the lias Margaret Sith Sree under anthe~ (using another name) Five

‘earsago ead tv in France underan alias,

alibi noun

+ Abs, eastiron, good, perfect slid She was in the of

Fiecalley Wednesday ‘= VERD + ALIBI have | establish provide, supply The and sohasacast-ron alibi {alse

ideotape would have ben usefulto establish ais for the

dgendant PREP ~for The accused was notable to provide an alibi

Jorthecvoning

#04 enemy During the war, he was imprisoned as an

fnemyatien | Magalllegalalensare usually deported to

‘ety country of rtm | undesirable | resident

alien ad)

‘+ VERBS be, feel, seam | become | find sth It was an

‘ctaf eiolence that she found alien and shocking SDN very [completely entirely, totaly, uttery |

{ulte, somewhat | essenially ving in a esentially

Daur “from his growing alienation from hisfamily

+ PHRAsEs a fe9lnglsense of alienation There is @

rong elngt letafen anang youre weno

alight aa),

‘burning + VERBS be | catch Ze clothing caught alight Ire

tnain, stay hopin tha the ire would remain aight ovr

right | set sth The butlding had ben st alight by the

Alter kaep sth The fires hada behepralighteach night

{© ADW well The/ireshould be wel aight by now

‘= Apw accurately, correctly, propery | fully | roughly T horiontaly, vertialy

‘PREF along He argued shar important historia sts

twee aligned along straight lines of mastic ner with

Tnispillarisroughlyaligned with ethers

align yourself with sb/sth * ADY closely firmly Thegroupdoes notwanticallgn

Se tc closely withthe government

alignment noun

‘arrangement incorrect position VERE ALIGNMENT bring sth Into PREP in=with sth) The doar neds wo be tn allgnment

‘oith he frame before ou star workan it eutof~ Ase af

‘he tiles were clear out of alignment 2poltical support

ADD clone | military, politcal

2 Ÿ#Ra + ATIGNNBP establish, form | maintain PREP ~ between Iris very dificult 19 maindain the fllgnment between the tuo countries since the trade di

‘pute with Britain formed a cose alignment with Fsypt Inthetasteentury

alike ad, + YEBS be, took, seem

$ apv remarkably, very (much) | exactly Though John and Andrew lok exactly ale, they act quite different PREP in The co tuns are very much alle size and eputaion

alive od)

‘ving ‘+ VERBS be, seem | romain, stay Last and so far from father human life, he faced & desperate strug t stay alive | keep sb Dociors fought to keep her alive | be buried be burnt

AlN vary much The old rascal stil ery much alive

Í banly,enhy hal or four days he seamed barely alive | stil wasr'tsure s Panases lve andhicking he wassillaive My mother ssitalive and Fiching alive and wall At any mament he may turn up alive and well dead or alive The pole are desperate fo

‘atch chs man dead or alive lucky to be alive Iwas @ ery narrow escape and ize are lucky 10 be alive more

‘deed than alive Poor child she loks mare dead than alne

2Ulof ife

# VExBS be foal, seem 1/elrelly alien the country! |

‘Some The cy eames alive at night | bring sbisth The ‘wealth of dz in hs book really brings iealve

‘bv really, tly, very [uly | Intensely | only halt

‘She realized thar she had only Deon half alive fr the ast our years | suddenly His eyes were suddenly alive with PREP with Thehallwasalive with the sound of oes

‘continuing to exist

“© VERS be | romain | keep sth The people try to keep the old rodiionsalie + ApV, very much The old customs are still very much .aBcelnthisrgfom

' PNRAS8S alle and well The artof debate i alive and tell nour shoals

aware of sth ‘VERBS be | become |

3 A0, ven muếh | keenly {rnep fo Heremained keenly aliveto the dangers allegation noun

4401 damaging, serious | false, unfounded, un- Droven, unsubstantiated, untrue wild | trua The end fants inthe libet ease maintain that thelr allegations are

‘ru | fresh, further, new There have been fresh allege tionsof atrocities | widespread | corruption Vin + ALLEGATION make, publish [retract with

‘raw false you ithdraw your allegation before Teor {act my layer | be a the centr of, ba confronted with, face the school atthe centre ofthese allegations | deny, dismiss, dispute, raject | answer, counter, refute The Iminiter haste right to ansuer specfialegations He

‘will need to counter ailegctions that he accepted money

Sromeriminas | prove, support The committe ‘evidence support allegations of smuggling | disprove found no

11 ook over czo months to disprove the allegation | lve

Fise to, lead to prompt provoke The sudden collapse oF

‘the business led toallegatons ocorruptdeas | examina,

Investigate, look ino, probe (used in journalism) The

governor ofthe prison i investigating allegations that a Drisonerwasatacked and beaten by prison warder

BREF amidiamidst~ He has resigned amid corruption

“tlgations |= aboutconcerning allegations aout the

‘president's prvateife~agalnst He has mode certain alle-

‘tions against the compa

allegiance noun

' Abd, fll, strong We wil give our fll allegiance to the

‘arty and everthing i believes in| tedltional | chan

Ging, shiing 1s har keep up wich the changing alle

‘lances betwsen the various polital partes {poleal,

religous | clas, party

S'VERD ALLEGIANCE gle, owe He owed his alle

{ance 16 the organization tha had given him al his o>

portunities | pledge, sweat Theredelsnaw have toswear

Allegiance tote queen they hate | abandon Many people

hhave abandoned ther traditional party allegionces.|

change, shift switch, transtar | claim The various spin

‘ar groups all claim allegiance tothe true sprit of the

‘movement | laim, command Cathaicim claims alle

‘lance srom more than 80% ef the population | ratan The

union needs retain te allegiance of all its members for

the strike to sucreed

‘PREP to~ He is now very rich but his allegiance this

tworking class origins isl strong “PHRASES an oath ofalagiance Roery day the school

‘hlkdren pledge a oath of llegtance thelr counts

VERB + ALLE suffer trom | deve

‘Cause air and fatherscan couse allergies,

ALLERGY + NGUX suferee developed an oleay to pollen

' ADV considerably, greatly These problems have been

‘greatly cllecioted by he passing ofthe new Act | party, Somewhat

S'VERD = ALLEVIATE be designed to, help (to) These

Ieasures are degre alleviote the station | doe

‘einothing to Her iors di eo alia hs fears

alley nam

Ans dark [itle, narrow 2 maze of narrow alleys |

‘stinking don't want tbe left for dead in some stinking

ales |eobbled | back side

ALLEY + VERS lead onto sth lead to sth The alley

leads othe village aware

{PREP along anithe~ 1 walked back along aside alley

‘down anithe~ a bookshop down a ite alley In anithe=

‘They had cornered him in a ale through ante She

wandered through the backaleys up aAhe~

alliance now

4 Apa, broad The organization is @ broad lltance of

‘many diferent groups | grand | close | powerful

‘trong | agile, loose, uneasy a loose alliance o oppo inom groups'o The uneasy altioncebetusan such aiferent

‘people Just cannot last | shifting the shifting alliances ‘among the various pottial groups | formal, informal |

strategic, working | unholy an unholy dilonex 0tr

‘he Fascists and the Communists | unitly | temporary

| global | defensive, military | electoral, political | class | marriage

VERB» ALLIANCE have They hove alliances with Other companies | build (up, ereate, enter tnt forge form, make, strike up The government has tried forge attanees with environmentalist | coment To cement the gian with England, Charles married Margaret, sister

‘ofthe English king | break off They broke aff the alliance twith Sparta | seek

+ PREP In~ wlth The government in alliance with the

‘army: has decided to ban allpublicmeetingsforamonth | against old clllances agaist enemies that no longer

xi betwoon an allanceBeueen Brtoln and Frome with analtlance with Germany

allied ox) + VERnS be

` Ap clesely | looselyơnffrslue ly sz0en lanslydi: Tiedguerilla groups ‘© PREP tolls dectston to move to Landon tsclosely allied

to his ambition Become manager of the compar with

‘The party tsaled th the Communist

‘process of giving sth out

‘Abs effllen, Inefficient | random | budget, grant housing land, resource, ume se VERB + ALLOCATION make The allocation must be Imade according toa src st oferiteria

2amount givento sb

nerous, large | modest | total LOCATION give The school gave them o Generous allocation of money with which to purchase books | get, receive | increase, up The charley i trying

‘ogetitsallocation vpped or nextyear | eut.reduce

allowance nan

‘1amountof sth that you ae alowed

‘ADS baggage holiday

‘ks "ALLOWANCE be entitled to, gt, nave I get Jour weeks holiday ellawancea year

‘2amount ‘* ADs, generous, large | meagre, small | annua, of money sb receives regularly

‘ally, monthly, weekly [child deabitty, family, hous:

‘ng.tiving, travel VERE ALLOWANCE be entitled to You may be en {ldo housing allowance youre ina twpaid jo |

‘et receive | give sb, grant The company gives me ø

‘ratel allowone

= Pei ~for The weekly allowance foreach childs 18,

allusion nou

4 ADs clear, direct | indirect, veld She was made un-

‘mfortable yh tele also tothe previous might 1 Claseical cultural terary

+ YERD + ALLUSION make He makes several allusions Tothese evens ths latest Book

— ally noun

‘= AD1 great, Important, powerful, strong | close

almond

(Charts remand close aly ofthe Prench king | Noy

rellble, staunch, rusted I natural, useful, valuable

ld, treitional Portueal isa tadiionaoltyof Briand |

frstwhile, former | wartime | potential | European,

NATO, Western ete | poles!

+ VEEb + ALLY have Jone fel that she had an aly |

find, gain, get | lose

‘e PREP “against He now had an ally aginst hs bss

‘mteasis findhave an ally in sb She had founda ally

alone aw

1 VEROS be foo, sit stand These islands ortoo mal! to

Standalone as independent sats | leave sb, et sb Dont

touchme! Leave mecone!

ADW very much [fer clnerableand very much alone

1 at,compleety entirely, quite Carol felt ai alone inthe

word ¢ He Rl fost and completely alone | together Fi

nally the azoof us were alone together

PREP with She did natwant toe alone with Rim

‘= VERBS hold (yours, keep (yourself), remain, stond

‘Some thought that Britain oas standing cof from Bur

‘ope | keep sb There were many things thet had hept her

‘leaf and apartfrom the crowd

apn largely

‘PRE from He has remained largely aloof from the

Drury bury of partiomentary polis

alphabet noun

+ 404 Arable, Cyrille, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, Roman |

‘phonetic runic + YERP + ALPHABET know learn

1 PREP in the~ How many eters ar cere in the Crock

‘iphabe?

SPIKASES theleters ofthe alphabet

altar noun

1 ADs high, main | makeshit portable | sacrificial

S'veRp ALTAR’ approach, go up to The bride ap

roochad theatar

SALTAR + NOUN Boy | loth, font | ral | table

prep stanthe~ Helen and Tony knelt at the ala be-

{ore anthe = He lay prostrate before the high altar on

aniine= eplacedthecandlss on the altar

alter vr

+ ADV considerably, dramatically, dretielly,funda-

‘mentally, greatly, radically significantly, subsiatilly

Hehad notltered great inthe lasttenyears | slightly

‘PHRASES not slfer the fact that Unemployment has

ome down slightly but this does not alter the fot that itis

sulla major problem

alteration nou

+ Abs, dramatie extonsive, fundamental, major, mater-

ial, radical, significant, substantial | minor, slight, smal, subtle

VERB + ALTERATION make | need, require The lea latsrequire no attration from year year

+ te: ~ïn There wil Be no alteration in corporation Tax ~to We wil have to make a slight alteration tothe plans

ternative noun + AD4, attractive, constructive, effective, good, radical Useful | acceptable, ovallable, credible, possible, proc: tical, real, realistic, reasonable, satisfactory, serious, Ssulteble, viable Is here a viable allernative prison? | lear, obvious | cheap, healthy, interesting, safe a

‘eatthier alternative fizy drinks + VERB © ALTERNATIVE hove Te Aare two alterna lives Voter, provide His idea seme to afer o possible

‘alternative | seek seeking olernatives to nuclear power find Wet have findonaternative

+ PREP for There smo alternative for thos with no car (tar own to I there on alternative surgery fortis complains?

= PHRASES have itlano alternative butt) She had no ernadte uta dos he sat leave sb with no alterna tive (but to) Hewas le with no alternative butt hobblet0 the nearest felephone box

‘The avatars reported thecolumnsof smoke ising io ana

‘tude of 2000fc | goin | lose The plane sudden sar

ad oloseataude SALPFEUE + NOUS sickness TREE atanthe No ees wil growat that atitude

2sb whos not very good at sth

"= ADA fank, real The others had been sng since they

‘ould watkand madeher look rankamater amaze se

# ADY cally His shillasadoncer realy amazed me Seka» AMAZE never cease to 1t never ceases £0

‘amaze me what some people il do for mane

amazed ed

* VERBS be, look, soem, sound, stand Abe absolutely, quite, totally utery | milly |

‘Genuinely | always, constendy, continually | stil at

‘Bilamazed tht she oon fire prize

‘Re at Frances eas amazed ai er sudden srenth

by Twas tally amazed by the bilianceaf her paintings = PHRASES never eoase tobe amazed [never cea be

‘@mazedat the way people hurt one another, amazement noun

“+ ADI complete sheer, utter | mock Sheraised her eye

‘rows mackamazement

2 Vena « AMAZEMENT express

‘PREP Ín~ He stared ofthe animal in amazement to b's To her amazement she got the job with~ Laura looked around her with amazement ~at He expressed

‘amazement being toutes the match

a amazing ai)

+ VERBS be, took, sound taste | fine sbisth

1 ADV just pretty, really, truly He remembered our

‘hams fram ten years ago~ isn't that just amazing? oa

‘uly amazing achievement | absolutely, most, quita 7

‘saw the most amazing lm yesterday!

ambassador nour

+ 404 former | British, French, ete,

[Mahe = AMBASSADOR serve’ as | appoint, appoint

Sb (2s), make sb She's been appointed British ambas

Sadar tothe UN.| send The King sent an ambassador to

Poris | recall, withdraw The US ambassador was re

called to Washington SPREE In the Iroell embassador protest | expel In London =to He

Serva asambassador to Syria

ambiguity num

4 possible, potential | moral, sexu

S Quant degree, element There ls a degre of ambi:

liyinthis statement

= VERB » AMBIOUITY lead to Incorrect choice af words

Teas to ambigulty forthe reader | aveld The dacument

‘has Ben carefully writen to avoid ambiguity | reduce |

remove, resolve They had change same ofthe wording

{nthedociment a resolve theam bgt

s AMBIOUITY + VERB arise, oceur Ambiguity arises

tohen students poken English is very lit

‘PREP ~ about There will always be some ambiguity

‘Shout what actually happened ~in Tere cas some abt

‘uty what esa * PHRASES source embiguity

ambiguous ac)

'¢ VERBS be | romain | make sth, onder sth The para

(raph isronderedambiguous by theterr seareesuseaf

pronouns

' AnV highly, very | rather, slighty, somewhat} de

Mibertely, Intentionally I suspect that he was Being de

Hberatelyambigueus

ambition now

{strong desire to be successful

“S ADI driving, great naked She's woman of driving

“ambition | persor

*VERD » AMBITION have He's got litle ambition |

Tock

+ AMBIHION + VERB BumaAmbidonburnsduVĐinher

2th you very much wantio have/do

“Abd, big, Burning driving great, high, main, overrid- ing, uitimate Fer Dgest ambition oasto climb Everest |

Mflong, life's, longstanding Af lost he had realized his

ye’sambition | modest | personal | secret | youthtul

| tus0ated,thưarted, vtuIled THs ts 0 tale of feat

‘usy and tivated ambitions | career, imperiavimper-

Sitter, poten, ơssdenil soco Sporn

terror

+ VERB + AMBITION cherish, harbour, have, nurture

[i hod only one ombition in lft | abandon, give up |

‘achieve ful realze | limit restrain | frustrate, thwart “Hefeltereatrecontment at having hisambtion strated

ambitious oc)

‘determined tobe successful ‘= vis be, seem

3 ADv extremely highly, very He is @ highly ambitious

oldekm | seelaly + ?REP for Sheisvery ambitious for her fur children

2aiffeult to achieve '* VERBS be, seem

amenity

‘© ADW, extremely, hugely, very | rather | overly Phases 2and sscem overt ambitious

+ VERB + AMBIVALENCE feo! | express, show The

‘ocument expressed semeamibivalence over thedocrineaf predestination Thee with~ She viewed her daughter's education with

“ambiwalence | ~about thir ambivalence about support ing the government ~ over his ambivalence over mene)

‘towards Sheela artim ambivalence awards him

ambivalent ad)

‘VERBS be, feel, sound | remain

‘ADY deep, highly, very The party's position on nu lear weapons is deeply ambivaten | feity, rater, somewhat

(PREP about He fels rather ambivalent about his role

‘stacher ambulance noun

Ai sắc

3 YRR + AMMBILANCE ca đod, ge, phoneinglaele-

‘hone for, sendfor Quick, callan ambulance! | drive {AMBULANCE + VERB ben its way Dont worry the

“ambulance is on ts way [arive, come When the amb lancecame Tearried her out

AMBULANCE © NOUN service | crow, stat | diver,

‘nan, worker | tation

‘ken by = She teas rushed to hospital by air ambi lance in anthe~ He entintheambulance with Liss ambush noun

4 VERB + AMBUSH lay, prepare, setup The soldiers st

“upanambush on the rad Vein, waitin Thesolders lay

‘Mrambush forthe enemy troops Tear out stage They staged anambush onan army parol | be caught In, run Into, walkinte We ran intoanambush ‘ANUS = VERD take place in thevaliey

‘Shae in ante~ Tstoe men were killed in the am bush |~enanambush on anarmy parol

le nothing was toomuch trouble

PREP to You should find him amenable to reasonable arguments

amendment noun

4 Abs important, major, significant A maior amon

‘ment was introduced into the lexislation | minor, sight, ‘Small drat proposed | detalled | constitutional Venu = AMENDMENT Introduce, maka | drat The Commie doesnot adequately consult others when drafe Ing amendments | move, propose, pul forward, ug- (est table emaved ‘Shment to corain very serious crimes | withdraw She an amendment tins capital pur withdrew her amendment and eft the meeting | accept,

‘adopt, approve, cary, pass ratty, support, vote for Parliament accepted the amendment andthe bill was

‘passed 0 Onaree vote, the amendment was carried by 252 totes to 246 | oppose, reject | be subject to The pro-

‘grommets ‘he without= The new elause subject toamendment was accepted without

“amendment | tan amendment ote lean Water Act

‘amenities | public The building wit! be developed as @

Dublicameni | reeretiona, socal

{SVERR + AMENITY have The hott has excellont aman

lies | ote, provide They wil provide an amenity for

local residents | ck The flats lacked basicamenities

amiable od

‘+ VERBS be, look, seem, sound

1 AD¥ vory | perfectly perfectly amiable young man |

‘enough, qulte Pee only met Jane once but she seems ar:

‘ble enoueh

‘404 live | blank

QUANT round

VERO + AMMHUSITION carry, have | issue They fe

Sued tive ammunition tthe troops Lr, use| run out

OFA fewer the Jeeps had runoutof ammuaiion

{= ANIMUNITION + NOUN dump, store

n nan

amnesty noun

+ AĐ general,polfieal

® YER8 © AX/NVESTY give sb, grant, offer The goDern-

‘ment granted an omnes) 10 al political prisoners | ane

net, under anthe ~ He was released from prison

under on amnesty |~for They announced general am

rest for erimes commited during the war

amount noun

“© ADI considerable, copious ~s, enormous, huge,

Turge, massive, significant, substantial, wemendous,

‘esta considerable amount ef money 9 He drank copious

‘amounts of beer | dlspropertionate, excessive, Inorin-

ate | increasing | far Mere eas flr amount of traffic

fon the roads limited, minute, moderate, negligible

‘small tiny [fal total Yu riust payback the full amount

ff money that ou ow | maximum, minimum He aimed

‘tocause the maximum amountof eriborrassment | exaet

equal, equivalent aftx the colours in equal amounts e

‘an amount equivalent 10 03% per annum | varying Tap

‘water also contains varying amountsofrustand grit

‘VERS ~ AntOUNT double, Increase | decrease, limit, duce They want to limit te amount of eash avatlebe

SAMOUN? + VERE double, Increase The amount of re

lated glass used in industry has doubled inthe las ive

‘years | decrease, fall The average amount of pocket

‘money rected by eenagers Alto £40 week this eo

‘= ADW greatly Her discomfort amused him great

+ VER + nMUSE saam to The tought of me on the

Stageseemed toamuse him | ry to

(PREP with Heamused wsteth his stories

amused od)

‘+ VERIS be, look, seem, sound She looked faintly

‘amused | Koop sb He eps thechildren amused for hous

‘ADW greatly, highly, much, vastly, very He was much

‘amused by allthis talk | notatall was no¢orallomused

{of they had eaten al he cake | aye, ly,

‘uit, rather, slightly | cleerly Afr Stopes was clearly

‘amused bythe confusion | genuinely | wryly | quietly

fe PREP at Tony tos very amused af the story by She

seemed greattyamused by hisjokes,

amusement noun + feeling of wanting to laugh

mild | quiet | Ionie, sac:

‘ment to sb's~ Mucho their amusement, couldn’ tet the door open with~ Shechuckledwithamuserent

* PHRASES a source of amusement Fis son was @con

‘rontsourceof amusement io him, 2sth that makes time pass pleasantly * ADJ popular She disapproved of popular amusements Suchasfairs

AMUSEMENT © NOUN arcade, park | machine amusing od

1 VERDS be, sound | find sth

‘ADV extremely, highly, most, rool, very I milly,

‘uite, rather, vaguely [not romotaly There fs noching ven removely amusing about the sttuation

anaesthetic now D3 gener lo VERB + ANAESTHETIC administer, give sb He wos [vena genoralancesthaic | use The operation was com pleted in en minutes using ony loa! anaesthatic | have

‘Shehada local anaesthetic tostop he pan | come ound trom, recover from

ANAESTHETIC + VERD take effect, work The anaes {etl bepan take fect | wear off

PREP under would hove tbe done under

‘ancesthet without (1 futanaestheti

analogous a7, + VERBS be

S ADY closely | diecty, exactly | broad The two situationsareroughly analogous

+ PREP to Phecompany is ina position closely analogous

fo thatof its main real with The national debt is analo-

‘gous with privatedebt

roughly

analogy noun 140s sppropriate, apt useful | close, obvious A close

‘nology with thearteysinging canbe mere

'2YBRb + ANALOGY draw, make, suggest use She Grew an onatogy between running the economy and 2 housewie’s weekly budget

+ ANALĐ0V + VERn ft hold The Wild West analogy foes no(ft henc

+ PP by~(lolwith) We cam understand this theary by

“analogy wtih human Beings |= between She suggested fan analogy betsen the human heart and a pump = for The computer 1 @ wseful analogy for the brain ~ with

‘Thereisonanalogy here withthe way an engine works

‘= PHRASES argument bytrom analogy Argument from

‘nalogysnovatoas valid analyse werd

+ ADY caret, ertealy, fully, In depthideal,

palns-ohingly, seleniealy, systematally The results must

.eandloseltnrdseiL

4 VERB + ANALYSE attempt to, try to | be dificult to

be impossible to The precie reasons for the disaster are

Aligiculttoanatyse | be possible

analysis noun

+ A04 earoful, close, comprehensive, detailed, in-

Gepth, systematic, thorough | bret | objective, sub-

jective | comparative, erica, qualtatve, Statistical, theoretical | cost-benefit, discourse, oco- quantitate,

‘omic, financial, historical, lIngulede, sưategle se:

tural, stylistic

+ VERB » ANALYSIS carryout, do, make, perform They

Earried cut an indepth analysis of the results| give He

‘govea briefanatysisof the preset economic situation

S ANALYSIS + VERB Indicate sth, show sth Analysis of

‘he wine showed that contained dangerousadditvs

‘ner in anthe~ In his analysts ofthe novel he dis

‘Cussesvarious aspects the author soun We

‘PHRASES in the fnatlast analyse nthe fnal analy

Ss the kiraspower was greater thon the bishop's

# ADS leading « lading business analyst | business,

Computer data financial, industry, investment, market,

military, policy, polities etal systems

sain sofHecasashrewdanalystafplayer'strengths

‘and weoknesses Note sts08

anarchy noun

1+ A01, complet, total | near, virtual The high number

(of strthes resulted in nea anaes

‘VIRB 4 ANARCHY cause, crete, lead to, result in

‘The defoatf the government would wad oanarehs | coke lapse into, descend into, slide into Uris rise thecoun

‘ryenul sie nto anarchy.| prevent, save sth trom The

aries joined forces tose the country fromanarcks

anatomy noun

1 ADJ animal, human | female, male | comparative

3 YERB + ANATOMY study studying PHRASES part of your anatomy (fen humerous) He human anatomy

twas hitina rather sensitive partafhisanatom’

ancestor noun

4 ADJ direct The builder ofthe manor house is a drect

fancstor of the present cuner | immediate | sistant,

ary, remote adisiant ancestor of mine 9 Our eres an:

“8g lived Ina world fraught with danger | commen ‘The two Species share @ common ancestor | ustious

‘The Romans but these monuments to glory ther us

frlows ancestors

1: VERB + ANCESTOR be descended from have, share

‘Alotaf the people there are descended fram a common ar

‘aston | trace He can trace his ancestors back to the rele

(fJamesthe First

ancestry now:

1 ADs commen ‘Te te species have developed from œ

fummon ances | Calle French, ec

1 VERB © ANCESTRY claim, have, share She shares

common ancesry withthe Queen | Wace Weean trace our

lanes back othe tthcentur

SANCESTI + VERB datelgolreachistetch back to ‘Thefirmclaimsanancesry dosing backto 1727

iRASES beo French, German, ec ancestry Helsof

\welgh We raised the anchor and set sail We weighed an

‘hor next morning and sailed south | Wo at ie at The Ship lay atanchar inthe ba:

‘PREP at~dheshipsatanchor tthe harbour anchor verb

‘© ADW firmly, securely The craneis securely anchored at

4 AD4, amusing entertaining humerous | personal

1 VERB + ANECDOTE relate, tell She 1s good at telling

“anecdotes | exchenge, swap

‘PREF ~about We swapped anecdoves about old friends

‘theavenly boing ‘© Ans guardian | avenging He hed 0 think af himsely

‘san avenging angel fighting or justice | falen a ook

‘bout ant heroes and fallen anges

1 QUANT ehotr hosta hol hast angel 2.go0d/kind person

‘ADJ absolute, ttle Deborah's children are title Angels | ministering {could hardly se Lisa nthe role of Iministeringanget

‘PHRASES be an angol Be on angel and make theta, will ou? be ne angel Pm no angel, but I wouldn't dream

Of dong a thing ike that

“QUANT burst, it outburst le slammed the door aie efanger

1S VERB + ANGER be fille wit, foo, shake with, tem-

be with Hs epee were file with anger She tos trom Dllng with anger | express, give vent to, show, vent,

‘olce Chilzren sive vent to ther anger in various oa |

‘onto, hie, suppress I! sno health 0 suppress your

‘anger | arouse, cause il sb with, fuel, provoke, sirup

‘is words fuelled her anger change to, give way to, turmto soy soon turned to anger whan heheard full san

SANGER + VERB boil everup, bubble up, build up, flare (up), grow, mount, rie, well up Henry stood up, his anger rising | abate, drain, evaporate, fade, subside

‘The anger drained from hisface 0 Her anger subsided as dquickyasit had flared up

‘= PREP In~ He raised his vice in anger with~ His face teas flushed with anger | ~against her flings of onser

‘agains the murderer at fetta sudden anger at his sug {gestion espa ~towards her anger towards » over There is much ange oer plans foclse the her parents

‘= PHRASES feeling of anger, ina moment of anger He had walked outina moment of anger