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Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HA NOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
LE THI TRANG
ARGUMENTS IN DRAMAS BY
LUU QUANG VU
Major: Linguistics Code: 9.22.90.20
SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS ON
LINGUISTICS
HA NOI - 2023
Trang 2This thesis is done in Hanoi National University of
The thesis can be found at:
- Vietnam National Library
- The library of Hanoi University of Education
Trang 3LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE THESIS TOPIC
BY THE AUTHOR
1 Le Thi Trang (2016), “About argumentation in "Hon Truong Ba, da hang thit" (Truong Ba's Soul in the Butcher's Body) of Luu Quang Vu”, Language Magazine, (6), pg 69-80.
2 Le Thi Trang (2020), “Argumentation connector in
drama by Luu Quang Vu”, Language and Life Magazine, 11A (304), pg 45-49.
3 Le Thi Trang (2021), “Argumentation opertator in
dramas by Luu Quang Vu”, Language and Life Magazine, 1(307), pg 34-37.
4 Le Thi Trang (2022), “Conclusions of argumentation
in dramas by Luu Quang Vu”, Literature and language in the contemporary world of identity and intergration (National Scientific Conference), pg 740-
747.
5 Le Thi Trang (2022), “Single argumentation in dramas
by Luu Quang Vu”, Applied linguistics in the international integration trend (National Conference
on Linguistics of 2022), pg 1472-1477.
Trang 41 The urgency of the topic
Argumentation is all around us; it is formed and developed along with theformation and developing journey of language Argumentation even seems tohave become a natural, instinctive part of the language of humankind, of eachnation, and of each individual That is why, oftentimes, we are not truly awareand do not care what argumentation is, how argumentation is made, or howmany paths an argumentation can take to reach its goal By choosing to studyargumentation, the thesis author wishes to deepen understanding of themechanism, nature, and form of a familiar linguistic phenomenon that plays animportant role in our lives
Learning about argumentation in literary works is a new researchapproach Thanks to that, it is possible to see how the characters in those works,
as they participate in the dialogue, illustrate their points, or persuade theircommunication partners At the same time, it helps clarify the artistic value ofthe works as well as clearly points out the philosophy, intellect, and talent of theauthor
The language of drama is artistic and at the same time, oral and close tothe daily colloquial language Therefore, the study of argumentation in drama notonly brings knowledge about argumentation, authors, works, and literaryappearance but also has applicability in real life, especially in dailycommunication
As a playwright who had a great influence on social life as well as onnational literature in the 80s of the twentieth century, Luu Quang Vu (1948-1988) was considered as "the greatest playwright of Vietnam" This century(XX), is a culturalist" (Phan Ngoc), a "giant", has a "special aptitude" for theevents of life (Ngo Son), a "phenomenon" of life living in literature and art(Pham Thi Thanh)… With her dedication, in 2000, Luu Quang Vu wasposthumously awarded the Ho Chi Minh Prize for Literature and Art To thisday, Luu Quang Vu's plays still have great attraction One of the things that giveslife to his plays is the sharp arguments, philosophical but also very mundane.However, from a linguistic point of view, there has been no in-depth study ofLuu Quang Vu's argument in drama
by Luu Quang Vu" as the research topic.
2 Research objectives and tasks
2.1 Research objectives
We set our objective to analyse and evaluate the roles of argumentationwith artistic issues in dramas by Luu Quang Vu as well as the roles of it in
Trang 5researching literarture works in general
2.2 Research objectives
- Give an overview of theoretical issues as the theoretical basis for thetopic They are the problems in the argumentation theory and the researchsituation about Luu Quang Vu and his dramas
- Identify, classify, describe and analyze the formal structure of theargumentation, based on the position and presence of its components, thecomplexity of the argumentation, and the characteristics of the components such
as arguments, conclusions, connector, operator, and topos
- Explore the roles of argumentation in building the language of dramaand the climax of plays and in expressing characteristics of characters and theartistic notion of the works Through that, the outstanding features in the writingstyle of this famous author can be revealed
3 The subject and scope of the research
3.1 The research subject
The research subject of the thesis is the argumentation of characters indramas by Luu Quang Vu
3.2 The research scope
The thesis studies the argument in the dramas of Luu Quang Vu in suchcontents as: argument structure (structure forms of argument, argumentcomponents, argument instructions, basis of argument), role of argument Therole of arguments in expressing the artistic value of the work and the author'sthoughts
3.3 Research subjects
The drama consists of two lives, namely the life of a play as a performanceand the life of a literary script Within the spectrum of this thesis, the authorstudies the dramas of Luu Quang Vu in the form of scripts Those works areselectively chosen from the series "Hon Truong Ba, da hang thit" (Truong Ba'sSoul in the Butcher's Body), published by Writers’ Association PublishingHouse in 2013 The series includes five special works by Luu Quang Vu,
allocating all writing aspects that he did, from fork-originated works (like Hon
Truong Ba, da hang thit (Truong Ba's Soul in the Butcher's Body), Ong vua hoa
ho (The King turned tiger)), to historical-theme works (Ngoc Han cong chua (Princess Ngoc Han)), and modern topics (Toi va chung ta (Me and us), Dieu khong the mat (What can't be lost).) Tìm hiểu năm tác phẩm nêu trên, luận án đã
khảo sát và phân tích tổng số 2163 lập luận trong lời thoại của các nhân vật.Working on these above five plays, the thesis has surveyed and analyzed in atotal of 2163 argumentations in the dialogues of characters
Trang 64 The research methodology
4.1 Research method
- The method of discourse analysis: This method will be utilized to
describe and analyze argumentation in correlation with the contexts in order toclarify the characteristics of the argumentation structure, the components andtopos in argumentation The discourse analysis method is used to highlight theartistic value of argumentations in the work
- The method of description: This method plays a crucial role in thisthesis This method is used to clarify the source of survey materials with specificdata and content We describe the types of argumentation structure, and theargumentation components and compare them with each other to serve as thebasis for the analysis and point out the characteristics of the argumentation inLuu Quang Vu's drama
- An interdisciplinary approach: The topic of the thesis is closelyrelated to literature and some fields such as culture, social psychology, and so on,therefore, we have used interdisciplinary research methods of different majorssuch as linguistics - literature, linguistics - ethnology, etc
4.2 Research technique
- The technique of statistics and classification: This is a basic method forthe pre-deployment phase of the research We use this method to make statistics ofargumentation, types of argumentation, argumentation components, andargumentation instructions present in the dialogues of characters in the work Aftermaking statistics of the argumentation, we proceeded to classify them according tothe criteria of structures and characteristics of each argumentation component
- The technique of modelling: This technique is used todiagrammatically model specific argumentations Through these general models,
we can identify the structures, forms, types, and characteristics of argumentationcomponents
- The technique of comparison and contrast: This technique is used incomparing and contrasting cases to make an assessment and general judgmentabout the trend of using aspects of the argumentation
5 Contribution of the thesis
5.1 Theoretically
Researching the topic "Argumentation in dramas by Luu Quang Vu"
contributes to systematizing and clarifying some problems in the argumentationtheory: structure and components of argumentation, and the basis of argumentation.The thesis also affirms an interdisciplinary research approach of language -
Trang 7literature from the perspective of pragmatics, namely the application ofargumentation theory to understanding the dialogue of the characters in the drama.
This work can also be used as a reference for playwrights
6 The structure of the thesis
Apart from the Introduction, Conclusion, References, and Appendix, themain content of the thesis is presented in 3 chapters:
Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation and theoretical basis
Chapter 2: Characteristics of the structural features of argumentation in
dramas Luu Quang Vu
Chapter 3: The value of argumentation in Luu Quang Vu's dramas
Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION AND THEORETICAL
BASIS 1.1 Overview of the research situation
1.1.1 The research situation on argumentation
1.1.1.1 In the world
Argumentation is a linguistic problem that has been studied very early.Originally, argumentation was considered a domain of rhetoric - an "art of speech" Itwas presented in the work "Rheology" of the famous philosopher Aristotle (384-322BC) By the 5th century BC, argumentation was studied in logics
In the Middle-Modern period, argumentation was studied in two major directions, namely formal argumentation, and dialectic-informal argumentation The direction of argumentation from the pragmatic-dialectical point of view, the study according to the formal logic, recognizes the argument as a complex of linguistic acts, appearing as a part of natural language activities and having common purposes and particular information The direction of informal logical argumentation provides principles that help people find ways to build
argumentation in daily life; it also improves critical thinking and analytical ability in legal, ethical, religious, scientific, and philosophical situations
In the second half of the twentieth century, the argumentation theoryattracted the attention of many researchers and obtained many results Muchresearch works on arguments was born that provided new interpretations ofargumentation Authors with major contributions to this period include
Trang 8Perelman, Olbrechts-Tyteca, S Toulmin, Gize, O Ducror, J Anscombre, etc
It can be seen that argumentation has received great attention fromresearchers Starting from studies it in debates, up to now, this object has beenwidely studied in general communication by scientists
1.1.1.2 In Vietnam
In Vietnam, absorbing the achievements of global linguistics, in 1993, forthe first time, argumentation theory was introduced and put into teaching and
research in the textbook General Linguistics (Volume 2, Pragmatics Section) by
Do Huu Chau Along with this textbook is Pragmatics (Volume 1 by researcher
Nguyen Duc Dan The problems presented in these two books are relativelycomplete and comprehensive in terms of argumentation theory Since then, thesebooks have become the theoretical basis for many research topics onargumentation
Thus, the general theory of argumentation has been mentioned by manylinguists in the world, including as a field of pragmatics in Vietnam
According to our research, there has not been any research onargumentation in dramas by Luu Quang Vu However, around the issue ofargumentation and drama, we see that there have been the following studies:
First, there are separate studies on the components of argumentation.
These are works that contribute to giving a theoretical overview of someimportant linguistic phenomena in argumentation Clarifying the above contentswill contribute significantly to affirming the rigor and logic of argumentation inlinguistic communication
Second, the research works on argumentation in texts are theses that
have contributed to deepening understanding of argumentation in a particulartype of text These works have successfully applied argumentation theory todiscover the value of argumentation for specific types of texts and works.Besides, it also shows that argumentation is still an attractive object to be
model in advertising discourses" by Tran Thuy Linh (2011), "Arguments in thecharacter's dialogue (through Vietnamese prose material, period 1930 - 1945)”
by Chu Thi Thuy Phuong (2016)…
Our thesis topic is a continuation of the above studies
1.1.2 The research situation on Luu Quang Vu’s dramas
1.1.2.1 From a literary perspective
There have been many studies on Luu Quang Vu's dramas in the literaryapproach They are articles in magazines, newspapers, and even in-depth studies
Trang 9in thesis and dissertations Luu Quang Vu is an author who interests manyliterary researchers His drama compositions have been intensively studied frommany angles, from individual works to collections of works.
1.1.2.2 From a linguistic perspective
following aspects: language action ("Question-answer dialogue, response in Luu Quang Vu's play" (2016)– Dam Thi Ngoc Nga), assemblyDialogue (“Conversation movement in the play Truong Ba’s soul, the butcher’sskin by Luu Quang Vu” (2009) – Tran Thi Thanh Van), argues in a specificwork (“Arguments in the dialogues of individuals in Truong Ba's soul, butcher'sskin" (2016) - Le Thi Trang), perception ("Conceptual metaphor in poetry anddrama Luu Quang Vu" (2017) - Tran Lan Anh)
imperative-With the topic “Argument in drams by Luu Quang Vu”, we hope to contribute to further perfecting our understanding of Luu Quang Vu and his dramatic works from the approach of argument theory
1.2 Theoretical basis
1.2.1 Overview of argumentation
1.2.1.1 The concept of argumentation
Argumentation is giving reasons to lead the listeners to a certain conclusionthat the speaker wants to reach At the same time, argumentation is also used torefer to the results of the argumentation including components such asarguments, conclusions, argumentation relations, argument instructions, andtopos
It can be modelled the argumentation relations among contents in speecheslike this:
p1, p2, … r
In which: p1, p2, … are arguments and reasons; r is the conclusion.Example: For example: "Truong Ba: - You can't be one thing inside, another can't be outside (p) I want to be whole (r).” [118, p.69]
1.2.1.2 Arguments and logical reasoning
Logical inference towards the goal is the truth value, while the everydayargument towards the goal is effective, leading and convincing
A conclusion is drawn from an argument In an argumentation, the
conclusion can be present or implicit An argumentation can have one
conclusion or multiple conclusions The symbol of it is r.
1.2.2.3 Relation of argumentation
A relation of argumentation is a relation between an argument and a
Trang 10conclusion, or between arguments In an argumentation, that there is a relationamong arguments means that p1 and p2 are put towards a certain conclusion.When an argumentation has two or more arguments, the arguments have twotypes of relations: concurrent argumentation and opposite argumentation
1.2.3 Classification of argumentation
1.2.3.1 Based on the organization of the argumentation’s components
- Single argumentation: An argumentation that has only one conclusion
- Complex argumentation: An argumentation that has two or moreconclusions
1.2.3.2 Based on the position of the argumentation’s components
- The deductive type: This is a way of presenting, organizing, andarranging ideas from the general to the particular, the specific, and the argument.This type has the conclusion that precedes the argumentations
- The inductive type: This is the type of argumentation that goes fromindividual, specific opinions, then synthesizes and generalizes those opinionslater
- The synthesis-analysis type: This is a type of argumentation that states
a general problem, then break the problem into small parts for consideration oranalysis, and finally generalizes again the problem to upgrade it into the analyzedproblem
In addition to the three types outlined above, in Luu Quang Vu'sdramas, we also find the argument with the conclusion standing between thearguments, and the argument with the conclusion or the argument standingindependently
1.2.3.3 Based on the presence of the argumentation’s components
- Full composition argumentation: This type of argumentation has two components: arguments and conclusions in one argumentation
- Argumentations that only have the argument component
- Argumentations that only have the argument component
Trang 111.2.5 The basis of argumentation – Topos
1.2.5.1 The concept of topos
Topos are "ordinary truths that are empirical, not necessarily andmandatory like logical premises bearing local or national characteristics with thegeneralization features Thanks to them, we can build our argumentation"
1.3 Some features of dramas and Luu Quang Vu’s dramas
1.3.1 The language of drama
Language is a very important means of expressing dramatic action In drama, there is no narrator, so there is no narrator language The drama is performed on a stage with only the characters' language The basic feature of the drama character's language is that it must be action-oriented, verbal, concise, andhighly synthetic, and at the same time must be suitable to the character's
personality An important feature for us to research on the characteristics of drama language is that drama language is very close to everyday speech The language of drama has an oral nature but has not turned into pure oral language
1.3.2 The feature of dramatization
Dramatization is a special tensitive state of contradictions and conflicts,created by actions that express the personality tendencies and free will of people
It is in dramatic situations that the contradictions are pushed to the extreme andthe argumentation of the characters maximizes their roles Argumentation canbring drama to a climax and can also untie contradictions
1.3.3 Drama characters
Drama characters are portrayed from the character's language, from thecharacter's argumentation without much support from the indirect words of thenarrator Through their argumentation, the characters can show up with diversepersonalities, many different living environments, and different circumstances
1.3.4 Some traits about life and dramas Luu Quang Vu
Luu Quang Vu was born on April 17, 1948, and died on August 29, 1988
He was talented in drawing, writing poetry and dramas, etc In any field of art, healso achieved certain successes Luu Quang Vu's dramatic talent blossomed inthe 1980s With ten years of composing, he left behind more than 50 dramas,significantly contributing to a period in which our home country’s theaterindustry was in its golden age
Trang 12Sub-conclusion of Chapter 1
Argumentations are present in every utterance and relate to all aspects of
an utterance, from form to content, and details to the whole In order tounderstand the characteristics of argumentation in Luu Quang Vu dramas, wepresent some theoretical issues about argumentation to serve as a basis for thetheoretical basis for the thesis
Argumentation is giving reasons to lead the listeners to a conclusion oraccept a certain conclusion that the speaker wants to reach An argumentationconsists of two main components - conclusion and argument The conclusion isthe basis for defining an argumentation, and for separating argumentation intotwo categories: single argumentation (with one conclusion) and complexargumentation (with two or more conclusions) There is an argumentationrelation among the arguments and between the argument and the conclusion: itcan be either concurrent relation or opposite relation The argument andconclusion components of the argumentation can be presented explicitly orimplicitly and can appear flexibly in different positions in the argumentation.Argumentation instructions include operators and connectors playing the role oforienting the readers to the conclusion of the argumentation The basis forbuilding argumentation is not logical premises but topos Topos are ordinarytruths that are not necessarily mandatory Topos is the basis of argumentation,leading the arguments to the conclusion There are topos that are objective or arelaws of cause and effect, or there are topos based on the relationship betweenactions, words, human qualities, or scales There are also specific topos that arespecific for individuals
studies on his drama in many ways, especially from the perspective of literarystudies However, from a linguistic point of view, so far, there has been nosystematic study of this author's dramatic compositions based on argumenttheory
Chapter 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF ARGUMENTATION IN DRAMAS OF LUU QUANG VU
2.1 Types of argumentations in dramas by Luu Quang Vu
2.1.1 The complexity of argumentations in dramas by Luu Quang Vu
2.1.1.1 Single argumentation in dramas by Luu Quang Vu
Up to 1823/2613 argumentations in the works are single argumentations,
Trang 13accounting for 69.77%, divided into 28 main types of argumentations.
Table 2.1: Argumentation in dramas by Luu Quang Vu
No Types of argumentations Number of
occurrences (Times)
Percentage (%)
Single argument has the highest percentage (46.58%) For example:
"Nguyen Hue: - Not everything we are good at (p) I wish there were people smarterthan me (r)” Through the analysis of statistical data, we find that Luu Quang Vu'sdramas uses a variety of simple arguments, which contributes to the diversity ofcharacters' personalities and contradictions in each dramatic situation
2.1.1.2 Complex argumentation in dramas by Luu Quang Vu
- Complex argumentation type 1: This is a type of argumentation with a
Trang 14very flexible and diverse structure: partial argumentation can explicitly conclude
or implicitly conclude, which can lead to the conclusion of the wholeargumentation but can also lead to a different conclusion Out of a total of 790complex argumentation, there are 378 argumentations of this type, accountingfor 47.85%
Table 2.2: Complex argumentation type 1
r1 p1, p2…
r2
39
20
7180
3
20
4151
11 2
10 2
4 8 378
In which: I: Hon Truong Ba, da hang thit (Truong Ba's Soul in the Butcher's
Body), II: Ong vua hoa ho (The King turned tiger), III: Ngoc Han cong chua(Princess Ngoc Han), IV: Toi va chung ta (Me and us), V: Dieu khong the mat(What can't be lost)
For example: “Hoang Viet: - Don't be sad! (r1) Me too (p1) There is no place for me (p2) My place is created by me (p3) We will create here, this enterprise, our reason for being.” (r2) [118, p.261] This argument has the structure: r1 p1, p2, p3 r2
- Complex argumentation type 2: Argumentations have complexity right
from their components, creating a hierarchy and complexity for the organization
of argumentation These can be argumentations that are complex with argumentsand conclusion, or both arguments and conclusion In our statistics, this typeappears 412 cases, accounting for 52.15% of total complex argumentation
44
55 39
Hồn Trương Ba, da hàng thịt Ôn g vu a h óa h ổ Ngọc Hâ n cô ng ch úa
Tôi và chún g ta Đi ề u khôn g th ể m ất Tổn g