Design and construction of jackfruit drying system

However, because the field of agricultural processing is very diversified and the knowledge in this field is limited, the team decided to focus on the research and manufacture of jackfru

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING

GRADUATION PROJECT AUTOMATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

JACKFRUIT DRYING SYSTEM MODEL

SKL 0 0 9 3 5 9

ADVISOR: M.S PHUNG SON THANH STUDENT: TRAN THE ANH

LE HUNG HIEU

EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING

GRADUATION PROJECT

TRAN THE ANH STUDENT’S ID: 18151001

LE HUNG HIEU

Advisor: M.S PHUNG SON THANH

Ho Chi Minh City, August 2022

STUDENT’S ID: 18151009

Major: AUTOMATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JACKFRUIT

DRYING SYSTEM MODEL

EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING

GRADUATION PROJECT

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JACKFRUIT

DRYING SYSTEM MODEL

TRAN THE ANH STUDENT’S ID: 18151001

LE HUNG HIEU STUDENT’S ID: 18151009

Major: AUTOMATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING Advisor: M.S PHUNG SON THANH

THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

Independence – Freedom– Happiness

-

Ho Chi Minh City, August 6th, 2022

GRADUATION PROJECT ASSIGNMENT

2 Initial materials provided by the advisor: _

3 Content of the project: _

4 Final product:

CHAIR OF THE PROGRAM

(Sign with full name)

ADVISOR

(Sign with full name)

Independence – Freedom– Happiness

-

Ho Chi Minh City, August 6th, 2022

ADVISOR’S EVALUATION SHEET

Student name: Le Hung Hieu Student ID: 18151009

Student name: Tran The Anh Student ID: 18151001

Major: Automatic and Control Engineering

Project title: Design and Construction of jackfruit drying system model

Advisor: M.S Phung Son Thanh

EVALUATION

1 Content of the project:

- Finish the jackfruit drying project The project meets the requirement of the

- The packaging system still has to use hands leading to low productivity

4 Approval for oral defense? (Approved or denied)

Independence – Freedom– Happiness

-

Ho Chi Minh City, August 6th, 2022

PRE-DEFENSE EVALUATION SHEET

Student name: Student ID:

Student name: Student ID:

Independence – Freedom–Happiness

-

Ho Chi Minh City, August 6th, 2022 EVALUATION SHEET OF DEFENSE COMMITTEE MEMBER Student name: Student ID:

Student name: Student ID:

Major:

Project title:

Name of Defense Committee Member:

EVALUATION 1 Content and workload of the project

2 Strengths:

3 Weaknesses:

4 Overall evaluation: (Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor)

We would like to send to the teachers of the Faculty of High Quality Training of

the Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education good health best wishes, and deep thanks Thanks to the attention, encouragement, and enthusiastic guidance of teachers, we have been able to complete the graduation project, the topic: "DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JACKFRUIT DRYING SYSTEM MODEL"

In particular, we would like to express our sincere thanks to the teacher who guides

us, Mr Phung Son Thanh He was very interested in and helped us a lot during our studies

and was too busy to carry out the project

With the lack of time, funding as well as limited experiences of a student, the graduation project was hard to avoid inevitable mistakes Therefore, we are looking forward to receiving supplementary ideas, counsel, and comments from teachers so that

we can improve our dearth of knowledge We hope that our teachers can help us ameliorate ours when we graduate to be worthy of students’ standards at the University of Technology and Education

We would like to thank you very much!

Ho Chi Minh City, August 06, 2022 The group implemented the project Tran The Anh – Le Hung Hieu

Based on the knowledge learned about automatic control and the learning of the production line, equipment, and machinery in the contemporary industry, students find that the application of automated technology in agricultural fields receives much attention and

is widely developed not only in factories, enterprises but also appears in small and sized production facilities Catching the above trend, our team decided to choose the topic

medium-of graduation projects related to automation in agricultural production

However, because the field of agricultural processing is very diversified and the knowledge in this field is limited, the team decided to focus on the research and manufacture of jackfruit dryers for industrial applications, helping to control the drying process, automatically weigh and package products; at the same time test the system on the actual model

With the graduation project: "DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JACKFRUIT DRYING SYSTEM MODEL", the team implemented the following downward contents:

- Designing and manufacturing models of jackfruit drying systems for industrial application

- Control and monitor the stable operating model

- The team explored the principles of drying and the conformable temperature for the product that come up with design ideas At the same time, applying the knowledge

of automatic control to research and build models to help the system operate optimally and aesthetically

PLC: Programmable logic controller PC: Personal Computer

HMI: Human-Machine-Interface

SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition IoT: Internet of Things DAQ: Data Acquisition

CPU: Central Processing Unit WinCC: Windows Control Center

MES: Manufacturing Execution System SSR: Solid State Relay

PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect

GRADUATION PROJECT ASSIGNMENT 3 PRE-DEFENSE EVALUATION SHEET 5

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 How to prepare and dry for each fruit /vegetable 11 Table 2.2 Temperature Reference for Each Product Type 11 Table 2.3 Dryer Characteristics in household and Industrial 14 Table 3.1 PLC Specifications S7-1200 49 Table 3.2 Specifications of NPN Infrared Obstruction Sensor 50 Table 3.3 Specifications of loadcell TAL201 1Kg 51 Table 3.4 Specifications of loadcell signal amplifier 53 Table 3.5 Specifications of RTD PT100 thermocouple temperature sensor 54 Table 3.6 Specifications of i1H12 temperature signal converter 55 Table 3.7 Specifications of NEMA 17 stepper motor 56 Table 3.8 Driver specification TB6600 57 Table 3.9 Specifications of Airtac Pneumatic Cylinder 58 Table 3.10 Specifications of Airtac pneumatic valve 59 Table 3.11 Specifications of Hallogen Heat Lamp 60

Table 3.13 Specifications of 24VDC Relay 62 Table 3.14 CB Specifications Automatically Close 1 Pole Breaks 63 Table 3.15 Specifications of 24V indicator lights 64 Table 3.16 Specifications of push button 65 Table 3.17 Specifications of 24VDC Radiator Fan 66 Table 3.18 Specifications of 24V power supply 67 Table 3.19 Specifications of electrical cabinet 67 Table 3.20 Specifications of FPS-200 Vacuum Packing Machine 68 Table 4.1 Decentralization of operation 78 Table 5.1 Model Experiment Results 81

Figure 2.1 Natural drying method 5 Figure 2.2 Artificial drying methods 6

Figure 2.4 Tower drier in industry 14

Figure 2.7 Software SIMATIC S7 WinCC RT Professional 20 Figure 2.8 Communication cable RS232 21

Figure 2.11 Loadcell cylindrical form 23

Figure 2.15 Thermistor temperature sensor 27

Figure 2.21 Hydroelectric cylinder 33 Figure 2.22 The composition of SSR 34

Figure 3.2 Drying bins with SolidWork software 36

Figure 3.3 Pusher with SolidWork software 38

Figure 3.5 Cylinder 39 Figure 3.6 Product inspiration funnel 40

Figure 3.9 Part side of conveyor frame 42 Figure 3.10 Another side of conveyor frame 42 Figure 3.11 PLC wiring connection 43 Figure 3.12 Driver tb6600 wire-connection 44 Figure 3.13 Centralized control system 45 Figure 3.14 Decentralized control system 46

Figure 3.16 NPN infrared obstruction sensor 49

Figure 3.18 Loadcell wiring diagram 51

Figure 3.20 Loadcell signal amplifier wire diagram 52

Figure 3.30 CB automatically closes the 1-pole break 62

Figure 3.33 Heat dissipation fan 24VDC 64

Figure 3.35 Electrical cabinet 66 Figure 3.36 Vacuum packing machine 66

Figure 4.7 Inspirating funnel product 73

Figure 4.9 Electrical cabinet with push button 85 Figure 4.10 Converters, executive structures and electrical cabinet systems 76 Figure 4.11 Controlling flowchart 77

Figure 4.14 Control and monitor page of the system 80

Figure 6.1 Overview of drying system model 99

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Proposal

Today, Viet Nam is on the path of industrialization and modernization of the country, with the period of industry 4.0 In particular, the development of science and technology is one of the crucial factors Furthermore, the rapid development of science and technology is making drastic changes in the life of production, contributing to a very important role in all field of science, management, automation industry, information provision, Therefore, we need to grasp and apply it effectively to contribute to the development of the world's science and technology in general and in the development of automatic control techniques in the country in particular With advanced techniques such

as Microprocessor, PLC, digital microchips, applied to the field of control, rudimentary semi-automatic control systems, with incorrect touch processing speeds are replaced by fully automated control systems with pre-set program commands

With the development of automation technology in the field of agriculture in general and agricultural drying in particular, there is no denying the economic value that the drying industry brings to our agriculture especially is the drying of jackfruit that brings high economic efficiency, which is exported Typically, Vinamit in 2018 exported 1600 tons of dried jackfruit abroad, of which1100 tons of dried jackfruit was exported to the Chinese market But in the production process, especially in the drying phase of fresh jackfruit slices, it depends a lot on weather factors, causing difficulties for farmers and especially reducing the quality of Vietnam's export products For the above reason, our team - students specializing in automatically proposed the design of automatic control and monitoring system applied in the technique of drying the finished jackfruit slice

An automation system can be done in many ways such as using PCs, microcontrollers, Zen And especially PLC because of the superior features compared to other controllers

Specific characteristics of all PLC types are the ability to operate in industrial harsh environments, adaptive sustainability factors, reliability, very low failure rate, easy to replace and adjust the program easy process, ability to upgrade equipment

Peripheral or expanding the number of inputs and outputs capacity can be considered the first criteria for us when thinking of designing the central control part for

an automated operating system Therefore, in the PLC industry is favored and used a lot The team also uses PLC in the design of control and monitoring of jackfruit drying systems because of its flexibility, fast and easy information processing easily load the program, can monitor the system on a regular basis through another device sent back In addition, the system also integrates monitoring and data collection (SCADA) to make operation and control easier

● Connect and use sensors and organizational structures

● Optimal design, compact, reasonable aesthetic and stable operation, easy

to manipulate and use

● Using administration: admin permissions, manager permission

● Control as well as install the parameters necessary for the system: drying temperature, drying time, weight of each drying jackfruit bag, the operating status of the system

● Consider and choose the right system model and devices to build the system Ensure both cost, quality and safety

● High flexibility is easy to disassemble maintenance and repair

● System programming runs stably, and accurately, optimizing devices, controlling and managing systems on SCADA

1.3 Research content and limitations

● Design the HMI interface to display, monitor and control the system

● Use the Siemens S7-1200 PLC controller to control the operation of the model

CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BASIC 2.1 Theoretical basis

2.1.1 General requirements

An agricultural drying system must meet the following basic requirements:

● Easy to control, operate

● The system works stably, in accordance with the required productivity

● Easy installation, simple repair

● Operate the system in 2 modes AUTO and MANUAL

● The product is evenly dried, enough requirements for moisture quality

● The weight of each finished bag products must be exactly the same with the value of the order quantity

2.1.2 Drying process

2.1.2.1The concept of drying

Drying is the process of separating moisture from the material with heat Heat is supplied to the material by conduction, convection, radiation or high-frequency electric field energy The purpose of the drying process is to reduce the volume and humidity of the material, increase durability and preserve well

During drying process, the water is allowed to evaporate at any temperature due to the diffusion process by the difference in humidity at the surface and inside the material and the difference in the vapor pressure of the part of the water at the surface of the material and the surrounding environment Drying is an unstable process, the humidity of the material changes with space and time

Drying is one of the methods of drying food that has been around for a long time

We often encounter drying products everywhere, all kinds of foods, all kinds of ingredients can be dried, however, depending on the type of raw materials with different characteristics that people apply or invent different methods of drying

Classification of drying methods: there are 2 methods:

● Natural drying: Is a traditional method of drying, manual evaporation with natural energy such as solar, wind energy, It's called natural drying This method saves heat energy, but does not actively operate

adjusting the temperature according to technical requirements leads to low productivity, slowing the speed of agricultural business,

Figure 2.1: Natural drying method

● Artificial drying: Often conducted in these types of drying equipment to provide heat to moist materials with the aim of keeping food for a long time without being affected by the quality by the external environment Artificial drying comes in many forms, depending on the method of heat transfer that in the drying technique can be classified as follows: sublimation drying, hot air circulation drying, heat pump drying, cold drying, solar energy drying Each type of drying will have its own advantages and disadvantages, allowing users to apply to each specific product type

Figure 2.2: Artificial drying methods

2.1.2.2 Drying methods

❖ Freeze drying

Freeze drying is a technique also known as lyophilization or cryodesiccation, which

is often used to preserve raw materials and food, making transportation more convenient,

as well as retaining the qualities of the original product

Freeze drying technology not only keeps the product always good quality (nutritional and biological ingredients, color, smell, taste, almost preserved from destruction) but also retains a soft porosity, when soaked in water will bloom again and almost like the previous original material

⮚ Advantages:

● Promoted drying technology helps the product have nutritional components (protein, lipids, glucose), vitamins, enzymes and biological substances, color, smell, taste, etc is almost preserved from destruction

● Sublimation drying helps the product retain its physical and chemical structure The drying product is porous, not flattened like other drying methods When soaked in water it is completely moist and blooms again and is almost the same as the original material

● The product after sublimation drying has a very low humidity of 1-5% so

it can be stored longer

⮚ Disadvantages:

● When heated, it will increase the gas pressure that is prone to explosions

of gas pipes

● The cost of equipment and technology transfer is still high

● Drying chamber and freezing chamber are one, so it is very difficult to fabricate, warrant, maintain

⮚ Practical application of sublimation drying system:

● Sublimation drying is applied in many industries producing milk powder, tea because of its superior characteristics when blended into water still retains the taste of the product

● Heat Pump Drying

Heat pump drying is essentially a low-temperature process which can

be controlled from −20°C to 70°C by selecting an appropriate refrigerant and regulating the compressor capacity and air flows within the system, using the heat pump system for 2 main purposes is to dry the drying air before bringing

it back to the drying chamber and take advantage of the heat source from the heat pump generated to heat the drying gas Therefore, this method of drying saves up to 80% of electricity compared to using the other method

⮚ Advantages:

● It saves 80% more power than heat drying

● The quality of the product meets the demand in the market

● Drying high-end products which require low heat

● Keep the original color for the foods

● The drying product is intact, not deformed

● Able to dry at large capacity, each production time can reach several tons of products

⮚ Disadvantages:

● The initial investment’s cost is quite high

● Occupying a large area, so it is necessary to have a large warehouse to place the machine

● It only applies to industrial production for the food industry

● Large capacity, 3 phase power supply required with food drying line

⮚ Practical application of heat pump drying system:

● Heat pump drying system is widely used in the heat drying industry, specifically as:

- The cloth-drying industry: The clothes dryer that we use every in daily life

is the most typical example In addition to rotating the centrifuge separating the water normally When the clothes still have a certain humidity, the heat pump drying system in the dryer works, it creates a hot airflow that blows into the drying chamber, absorbs the heat and separates the water through the cooling system, and then brings the dried air back

to the drying chamber Drying clothes, blankets, towels are very effective

- The wood-drying industry: Each batch of drying can dry a large number

of woods Low power consumption, continuous drying for a long time optimizes many expenditures and the additional for the finished product is reduced enough to compete in the market

- The food-drying industry: For the food industry, heat pump drying is the most used For large companies, enterprises or business households, using heat pump drying is extremely effective Dry a variety of products from vegetables, fish meat, cereals, medicines, tea flowers etc

● Cold drying

Cold drying is the method of drying by agent is very dry air at a temperature lower than the normal drying temperature The drying temperature range is from 35-65 degrees Celsius, the drying air humidity is about 10-30% to preserve the product for a longer time

The chiller is made up of a heat pump placed in a drying cabinet or a drying cellar depending on the scale The heat pump has a hot end and a cold head, the hot head will provide heat for the drying agent, and the cold head is used to separate moisture for drying air Therefore, in some places, also called cold dryers are heat pump dryers

⮚ Advantages:

● The cold dryer is dried at ambient temperature, so it ensures the color, taste from nature and especially the content of nutrients including: nutrients, vitamins, activity,

● The process of drying the product is closed and operates independently,

so it is always ensured to be cleaned, not penetrated by bacteria into the drying product

⮚ Disadvantages:

● The initial investment cost will be a lot more expensive than other conventional dryers Cold dryers often have to be imported outside, so the waiting time for goods is quite long

● The process of operation and maintenance is also much more complicated

● The operator must be well aware of how the machine works and the cooling process of the machine, and must pay attention to the tightness of the drying chamber

● Bulky industrial dryers operate complexly, operating and maintenance costs are large

⮚ Practical application of cold drying system:

● Cold drying is suitable for drying a variety of heat-sensitive products, easy

to melt such as cordyceps, mushrooms

● Solar Drying

The principle of operation of solar dryers on the basis of taking advantage of solar radiation heat according to the principle of the greenhouse effect, ensuring food hygiene and safety The efficiency of solar dryers can reach 55-65% It can be said that this drying device has helped to take advantage of a very large source of energy, extremely clean solar energy

⮚ Advantages:

● Save energy consumption

● The air is clean

● The wind reversal system helps the object to dry evenly, and quickly

● Can integrate control system, monitoring, analysis Remotely over the internet (IoT)

⮚ Disadvantages:

● Solar drying technology has not been developed for many reasons such as high prices, large investments, worries about technology, and the stability of the weather

● High-frequency electric current drying

The heat supply to the dryer due to the frequency current creates a frequency electric field in the dryer as the object heats up

high-● Convection drying:

As the method of drying for the direct contact of drying materials with drying agents

is hot air, furnace smoke, This is a method that is more widely used both for fruit drying and seed drying

The specific characteristic of convection drying technology is the movement of airflow They are used as drying factors but provided that the air in the drying chamber must always be hot, moving in a cycle in the drying chamber They will affect the item that needs to be dried and evaporate the water, the residual moisture in the drying item It is the hot air that will bring this moisture out From there, the item is completely dried This is also the working principle of convection dryers, agricultural drying systems today

The factors affecting convection drying technology can be mentioned as: drying mode, size of drying item, operating pressure, heating method, transfer dynamics of hot air, and oven structure,

⮚ Advantages:

● Convection drying technology can be applied to drying process for a variety of drying items Besides, the hot drying temperature range is wider than many other drying technologies and easily adjusts the drying temperature at will

● Good temperature control, the product is dried more evenly

● Reasonable cost, suitable for small businesses

⮚ Shortcomings:

● The machine structure is quite complex because it is necessary to use a pressure fan to circulate the drying wind in the drying chamber

● Quite occupied area when operating on a large scale

● Hot Air Circulation Drying

This is a method of directly blowing hot gases at atmospheric pressure conditions into the material to be dried The heat from the wind separates the moisture from the dryer, the wind carries the moisture out This method has the same principles as the sun exposure process but has a higher drying efficiency due to the more even wind and heat flow, and faster drying products

⮚ Advantages:

● Up to the maximum of hot air circulated in the oven

● High heating efficiency, energy savings

● Hot sources can use steam, hot water, electricity and infrared with a wide choice

● The working machine makes a low noise

⮚ Practical application of completely drying hot air:

● Hot air circulation drying is widely used in the manufacture of medicines, mainly for drying hard medicinal herbs, which remain intact unlicensed or topical form commonly known as herbal medicine In addition, this method of drying is also used to dry other pharmaceuticals such as topical drugs, seeds, effervescent tablets, packaged bottles,

Or food, some electronic components

● Since the drying product is a thinly sliced jackfruit, a low-cost drying method is less expensive but still ensures quality, so our team decided to choose convection drying method

2.1.2.3 Preliminary methods and drying time of foods

Fruits /

Vegetables

Preparation, Pre-fabricated Dryness Time

Potato Rinse, and chop into slices or into

Table 2.1: How to prepare and dry for each fruit/vegetable

Type of food Greens Bread Vegetables Fruit Peanut

Here is a comparison of the characteristics of industrial dryers and household dryers: Household dryers refer to the types of dryers commonly used in the drying of fruits, medicinal herbs, and foods with a temperature range of 40 to 100 degrees

Celsius Use civil dryers instead of manual drying methods such as sun exposure, charcoal drying, ensuring food safety and hygiene, ensuring a much better drying effect, and ensuring more natural product color

Figure 2.3: Household Dryer

For dryers used in industry can be mentioned as: tower dryer, rotary barrel dryer, drying conveyor, Each type of dryer depends on the drying material or characteristics of the material type (e.g., tower dryers are used mainly for drying rice, drying rotary bins to use in drying flour, rice flour or sawdust, types of building materials )

Figure 2.4: Tower dryer in industry

Characteristic Household dryer Industrial dryer

Drying temperature Below 95 degrees Celsius Up to 150 degrees Celsius Drying Products Food, fruits, medicinal herbs

and simple agricultural

products

Food and other materials such

as paint drying, glue, molding,

plastic

Dimension Small and medium Big Power supply 1 phase and 3 phases 1 phase and 3 phases

Capacity From 150kW/h – 500kW/h

depending on each model

From 500kW/h – 3000kW/h depending on each model Accessories included Simple Complete

Cost, selling price Low, suitable for individual

business, household

High, suitable for scale production

Table 2.3: Dryer Characteristics in household and industrial

As for our team designing the drying system, the team wanted to combine the advantages of the two types of dryers mentioned above to make the use and operation more convenient and easier Make the operation of control simple, minimize the cost of the system while still meeting the quality requirement,

2.1.3.1 Principles of operation of jackfruit drying system in industry

The drying is considered to be the most advanced and convenient system in the fruit drying industry today, which is automated from the production, drying and weighing of products Effectively replace manual drying processes, which saves time and costs for the business

In food industry, dryers are often applied to cases that require high productivity, or strict requirements of food hygiene and safety Depending on the nature of the material, the dryers will differ in the main working parts, the refueling structures, the size of the drying tray, the output size of the hopper, and the conveyor,

● Applications

Dryers can be applied in food manufacturing industries, applied to fast food products such as dried fruits in general, seafood (squid, fish, shrimp), medicines In addition, the system can also be used to dry medicines, electronic components or even some building materials,

● Plan to arrange the position of halogen lamp in the drying system

⮚ The halogen lamp layout is located above the drying bin

With this layout, the lamp cluster will be placed above the ceiling of the dryer In theory, being in an environment such as a closed room, barrel, box, the higher the temperature For this position, the evaluation team is as follows:

- Pros: Neat design, easy to observe, disassemble, and clean drying ball

- Cons: Inefficient in capacity, causing loss of energy and power cost

● Drying halogen lamp layout located below the drying bin

- Advantages: Optimize the power of the ball, save energy, dry effectively

- Disadvantages: The drying ball placed at the bottom of the drying bin has a huge disadvantage that during the drying process, the liquid water of the product will flow down the drying ball, easily causing damage to the electric shock

● Layout of drying halogen lamp located along the height of the drying bin

With this position has helped us solve both problems of the two layouts as mentioned above, not affecting the drying ball and the drying process

- Advantages: This location helps 2 drying trays to be more evenly exposed to temperature, easy to disassemble, maintenance and observation, drying balls are better preserved during operation

- Disadvantages: Placing the side of the dryer can lead to insecurity for the operator because the side position is the most or contacted position, which can cause heat

if dried at high temperatures

● Conclusion of selection of layout plan

By analyzing the advantages and disadvantages above, our team chose the drying ball layout located along the height of the drying container to save area, helping the temperature spread evenly on the product

2.1.3.2 Factors affecting the process of drying jackfruit

During the drying of jackfruit slices occurs a series of biochemical, chemical, mechanical and other adverse changes, affecting the quality of the product The vitamin content in dried jackfruit slices is usually lower in fresh jackfruit because they are partially destroyed during drying and treatment before drying At even higher temperatures, jackfruit slices can burn Therefore, for drying jackfruit slices often use a peaceful drying mode, the drying temperature is not too high

2.1.3.3 Jackfruit drying technology

⮚ The ripeness of jackfruit:

Jackfruit when harvested must be old enough to mean that it can ripen itself, so it will make the jackfruit sweeter and darker The ripeness of the raw jackfruit is a decisive factor in the quality of dried jackfruit There are many ways to determine the ripeness such as: shell color (young jackfruit is usually very blue), the body is soft and has a fragrant smell

● Bactericidal of ultraviolets rays

A lot of fruits after drying are cooled and dehumidified again in a few hours to a few days, the purpose of which is to have flexibility Therefore, many establishments have used UV lights to kill bacteria because they consider it a necessary safety measure for food hygiene

● Jackfruit drying technology

As mentioned above, the group used convection drying methods Heat agents are hot air heated with a drying ball

Requirements for raw jackfruit: Fully developed, lush jackfruit, intact, clean, fragrant, sweet, yellow

The optional drying temperature is 70 degrees, as the product can only be dried at a temperature range of 50 to 80 degrees to avoid vitamin loss

2.2 Device used in system

Figure 2.5: PLC Controller Techonology

● Structure of PLC:

Input/output: The input part or input module consists of devices such as sensors, switches, and many other real-world input sources Inputs from sources are connected to the PLC via the input connector rail The output part or output module can be an engine, solenoid or lamp whose function is controlled by changing the input signals

CPU: (Central Processing Unit) is the central processing unit It is a processor that

can be combined with the operation of the PLC system The CPU processes I/O signals and is connected directly to I/O devices

Programming device: This is the platform on which the program or control logic

is written It can be a handheld device or a laptop or a dedicated computer

Supply: It usually operates on a power supply of about 24 V, which is used to power

inputs and outputs

Memory: Memory is divided into two parts - Data memory and program memory

Program information or control logic is stored in user memory or program memory from where the CPU fetches program commands Input and output signals and timers and counter signals are stored in the input and output image memory respectively

PLC has additional extended modules, with the RS485 serial communication port, which is often applied in logic control, sequentially, in small and medium-sized applications Next up is the PLC S7-300 which is a small PLC module for a small to medium working characteristic range, which can be expanded to adapt to additional, user-friendly control requirements because the design is not overly complex The CPU has medium to large program memory and the number of textures used optionally in the technical tool The PLC S7-300 includes a central controller, Digital Input/Output module, Analog Input/Output, communication module, technology module

The PLC S7-400 is a plc type designed for system integration solutions in manufacturing plants and process automation used in small and medium-sized systems with average performance requirements The communication module connects point-to-point and connects to PROFIBUS and industrial Ethernet The S7-1200 provides a PROFINET port, which supports Ethernet and TCP/IP standards

Figure 2.6: Application of PLC

Since the system does not require intensive control, the above PLPs are enough modules to set up control and display Students chose the PLC S7-1200 configuration for control and monitoring because it found that this PLC module was fully functional and functionally necessary for expansion

2.2.2 SCADA Software

WinCC stands for Windows Control Center, which is a transfer software used to build an HMI console as well as for processing and storing data in SCADA systems

WinCC is a combination of two companies, Siemens and Microsoft

With WinCC, the advantage of many different solutions to solve the problem from design for small-scale to large-scale systems, manufacturing execution system Depending

on the functionality used, users can choose the different plans of WinCC as one of the options of the product

WinCC Runtime Package contains application functions used to run WinCC applications such as displaying, controlling, notifying statuses, control values, and making reports

The WinCC Complete Package includes the copyright to build a configuration license and a runtime license

In case the user wants to upgrade from a version with a small powertag number to

a larger level, they can buy specialized versions for levels called WinCC Powerpacks

built to expand functionality or to suit each type of application

Since students’ system is a relatively small-scale system, used to display simple screen controls, the team decided to choose WinCC Runtime Advanced to display storage controls and notifications

on-Figure 2.7: Software SIMATIC S7 WinCC RT Professional

2.2.3 Methods of communication between PLC and computers

❖ Standard RS232

As a serial communication standard using asynchronous format, the maximum connection is 2 devices, the largest connection length allowed to ensure data is 12.5 to 25.4m, the speed of 20 kbit/s is sometimes the speed of 115 kbit/s with some special devices The meaning of the serial communication standard means that in a time only one bit is sent along the line This is followed by bits of data sent as ASCII code Followed by

a Parity bit and finally a stop bit - the stop bit can be 1, 1.5 or 2 stop bits

Figure 2.8: RS232 Communication Cable

● Standard RS485

Just like the RS232 standard, the RS485 standard is considered the successor to the RS232 standard The RS485 link was formed for long-distance data acquisition and control for applications The outstanding characteristics of the RS485 are that it can support a network of up to 32 transceiver stations on the same transmission line, the baud speed can

be up to 115,200 for a distance of 4000 feet The RS485 compared to other communication standards is probably the only standard capable of connecting multiple transmitters and receivers in the same network

2.2.4 Sensors and transducer

A sensor is an electronic device that senses states, physical or chemical processes

in an environment that needs to be surveyed and converted into an electrical signal to gather information about that state or process

Information is processed to draw qualitative or quantitative parameters of the environment, serving the needs of scientific and technical research or the population and the short term is measurement, serving in the transmission and processing of information

or in the control of other processes

With the monitoring system controlling the agricultural drying process that the team designed, to make the system achieve the requirements, operate effectively and accurately,

it is necessary to use loadcell sensors, temperature sensors to be able to balance properly capacity and temperature from there produce the finished product

2.2.4.1 Method of detecting objects

Currently on the market there are many sensors capable of sensing objects such as optical sensors, proximity sensors

● Photovoltaic Sensor

Photovoltaic sensors are actually made up of photovoltaic electronic components When there is proper light shining on the surface of the optical sensor, they will change the properties Optical signals are converted into electrical signals thanks to electron emission

at the Cathode pole when a number of light hits

● Proximity sensor

A proximity sensor is an industrial measuring device used to signal objects around

it to the user through the magnetic field in the sensor Proximity sensors have 2 common groups of applications in factories, equipment such as cars, motorcycles,

⮚ The induced proximity sensor detects objects by creating an electromagnetic field Of course, the device only detects metal objects

● Advantages of touch proximity sensors:

− It works even in harsh environments

− The ability to recognize metal objects

− Its service life is quite high and easy to install

⮚ Capacitive proximity sensors detect objects by creating a static capacitive field Therefore, this device can detect all kinds of objects

● Advantages of capacitive sensors:

− It is possible to recognize the liquid in the bottle