FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION THESIS ELELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY DESIGN AUTOMATIC VEHICLE TOLL SYSTEM THROUGH SCANNING QR CODE USING CAMERA
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW
Environmental pollution has become a serious global issue, transcending individual, community, and national concerns Air pollution, primarily caused by private vehicles, is the most significant problem, particularly in Ho Chi Minh City, which has 8 million vehicles, including over 7 million motorbikes These vehicles release harmful substances such as dust, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), gasoline vapor, lead dust, and benzene into the atmosphere According to the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Ho Chi Minh City, air quality measurements from 2017 indicate an increase in the concentrations of CO, CO2, NO2, and suspended dust particles (PM10) compared to 2016.
The advancement of electronic engineering and automation, coupled with the emergence of large-scale microchips, has significantly transformed the electronics industry A key focus is the design of an automatic traffic toll system utilizing RFID technology The Electronic Toll and Traffic Management (ETTM) system facilitates seamless electronic toll collection, allowing vehicles to pass without stopping ETTM integrates vehicles equipped with electronic tags and transponders, wireless communication, and sensors positioned on or near the road, along with a robust computer system for efficient data management, collection, and traffic monitoring.
The ETTM system and infrastructure are crucial for future applications, including incident management, route guidance for vehicle owners, and travel demand management When implemented effectively, ETTM can significantly reduce congestion, enhance operational efficiency, and improve travel times.
2 environmental pollution, and improve the safety of road facilities and surrounding corridors
Figure 1 1 The electronic toll collection model does not stop ETC [2].
The Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system is a crucial element of the ETTM framework, integrating advanced engineering and technology to enable vehicles to seamlessly pass through toll booths without the need for drivers to stop or make cash payments.
The advancement of electronic engineering and automation, coupled with the rise of large-scale microchips, has significantly transformed the electronics industry As a result, there is a growing demand for electronic devices in everyday life, with a preference for products that offer high applicability and convenience These innovations enhance productivity in production and business sectors Moreover, the integration of advanced technologies has expedited payment and transaction processes, which is particularly crucial during the Covid-19 pandemic, as automated payments minimize direct contact and prioritize customer health and safety.
Immediate identification and selection of technologies suitable for Vietnam's economic conditions are essential for establishing a convenient, safe, and effective toll collection process This involves the unification and synchronization of technological equipment and collection processes across the national highway toll stations, particularly on key routes and international roads Such modernization will facilitate a more civilized toll collection system, enable the practical application of new technologies, enhance user convenience, ensure traffic safety, and improve revenue management while reducing manpower needs.
Therefore, my group decided to implement the topic of choosing a graduation topic: "DESIGN AUTOMATIC VEHICLE TOLL SYSTEM THROUGH SCANNING QR CODE WITH CAMERA."
TARGET OF PROJECT
This project developed a vehicle fare payment system utilizing QR code technology, enabling a "contactless" payment experience Customer information is efficiently managed through an SQL database, ensuring secure transactions Additionally, QR code detection is implemented to facilitate the identification of vehicle information for payment processing.
The project involves the design and construction of a central computer system to oversee all operations at the toll station This system will manage essential functions such as card and vehicle identification, electronic payments, and data storage, including information on vehicle owners, types, and license plates Additionally, all base computer centers will be linked to a centralized data management center for streamlined operations.
THESIS SUMMARY
Send the report to instructor for review
Prepare the report and slide PowerPoint to submit
We extend our heartfelt thanks to Teacher Nguyen Thanh Nghia and all the educators who provided invaluable guidance and support throughout our graduation thesis journey Their shared knowledge and experience were instrumental in our research and the successful completion of our thesis.
We express our heartfelt gratitude to the dedicated faculty of the Electronics Telecommunication Engineering Technology program at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education Their commitment to imparting valuable knowledge over the past four years has not only laid the groundwork for our graduation thesis but also equipped us with the confidence needed to navigate the next chapter of our lives.
Finally, we would like to thank our family for giving time to care and supporting us spiritually throughout our life
Pham Viet Anh Nguyen Dang Khoa vii
The article includes essential components such as the Advisor's Evaluation Sheet, Pre-Defense Evaluation Sheet, and Evaluation Sheet of the project It outlines the Project Assignment and Project Implementation Schedule, emphasizing the importance of commitment Additionally, it features a List of Tables and a List of Figures, along with an Abstract summarizing the key findings.
2.2 INTRODUCTION TO THE LIBRARIES USED IN THE PROGRAM 8
2.3.2 HOW IS QR CODE DIFFERENT FROM TRADITIONAL BARCODE? 10
3.2.4.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE FARE
3.3.1 PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE FOR VISUAL STUDIO……… 24
Table 3.1 Parameters about power consumption of components………13
Table 3.2 The specifications of the Arduino board are summarized in the following table……….…16
Table 4.1 Performance results of the system when normal lighting conditions……….………36
Table 4.2 Performance results of the system when high light intensity conditions……….………37
Table 4.3 Performance results of the system when lack of light conditions……….…37 x
Figure 1 1 The electronic toll collection model does not stop ETC…….……… 2
Figure 2 1 The front of system model after completion……….…………6
Figure 2 2 Module of the system……….……… 7
Figure 2 4 QR Code and Traditional Barcode……… ……….10
Figure 3 1 Block diagram of system……….…………13
Figure 3 3 Schematic of sensor LM393……….………… 18
Figure 3 7 Circuit of central processing……….……… 23
Figure 3 9 Schematic of power supply circuit……….……… 25
Figure 3 10 Flowchart of User Information Activity………… ……… 27
Figure 4 1 Top view of node model……….……… 39
Figure 4 2 Sensor 1 detects the media and panel 1 at the interface changes.… 30
Figure 4 3 Camera scan QR and display information on screen……… ….30
Figure 4 4 Sensor 2 detects the media and panel 2 at the interface changes… 31
Figure 4 5 Interface of adding new vehicle……… ….32
Figure 4 7 Interface of editing user information……… ….33
Transportation has become increasingly vital in today's road network, making the outdated manual toll collection system less effective due to its numerous drawbacks Implementing an automated toll collection system allows drivers to bypass long queues and avoid stopping at toll booths, leading to reduced fuel consumption, decreased congestion, and enhanced road safety The Automated Toll Collection System utilizing QR codes is specifically designed for seamless toll collection, playing a crucial role in the advancement of intelligent transportation systems.
In this project, we will design and build an automatic fare collection system for buses based on scan QR code to replace the traditional cash payment method
Each customer will receive a personalized QR code containing their information, which they can scan for each ride This system will facilitate immediate payment processing using the funds linked to the QR code while also storing detailed vehicle information for every customer.
The Arduino UNO R3 serves as the central processing unit, facilitating simultaneous connections to various devices Each QR code is linked to customer information, which is securely stored in a centralized computer system.
Environmental pollution has become a serious global issue, transcending individual, community, and national concerns Air pollution, primarily caused by private vehicles, is the most significant problem In Ho Chi Minh City alone, there are 8 million vehicles, including over 7 million motorbikes, which release harmful substances such as dust, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), gasoline vapor, lead dust, and benzene into the atmosphere According to the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Ho Chi Minh City, air quality measurements from 2017 indicate an increase in the concentrations of CO, CO2, NO2, and suspended dust particles (PM10) compared to 2016.
The advancement of electronic engineering and automation, coupled with the emergence of large-scale microchips, has significantly transformed the electronics industry A key focus is the design of an automatic traffic toll system utilizing RFID technology The Electronic Toll and Traffic Management (ETTM) system facilitates seamless electronic toll collection, allowing vehicles to pass without stopping ETTM integrates vehicles equipped with electronic tags and transponders, wireless communication, and sensors positioned on or near the roadway, along with a robust computer system for efficient data management, collection, and traffic monitoring.
The ETTM system and infrastructure are crucial for future applications, including incident management, route guidance for vehicle owners, and travel demand management When implemented effectively, ETTM can significantly reduce congestion, enhance operational efficiency, and improve travel times.
2 environmental pollution, and improve the safety of road facilities and surrounding corridors
Figure 1 1 The electronic toll collection model does not stop ETC [2].
The Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system is a crucial element of the ETTM framework, integrating advanced engineering and technology to enable vehicles to seamlessly pass through toll booths without the need for drivers to stop or make cash payments.
The advancement of electronic engineering and automation, coupled with the rise of large-scale microchips, has significantly transformed the electronics industry This evolution has led to an increased demand for electronic devices in daily life, with a preference for highly applicable products that enhance convenience and boost labor productivity in production and business The integration of advanced technologies has streamlined payment and transaction processes, making them faster and more efficient Particularly during the complex circumstances of the Covid-19 pandemic, automated payment systems have minimized direct contact, addressing customers' health protection needs.
Immediate identification and selection of technologies suitable for Vietnam's economic conditions are essential for establishing a convenient, safe, and effective toll collection process This involves the unification and synchronization of technological equipment and collection processes across the national highway toll station network, particularly on key routes and international roads Such modernization will facilitate a more civilized toll collection system, enhance the implementation of new technology applications, ensure traffic safety, and improve revenue management while reducing manpower requirements.
Therefore, my group decided to implement the topic of choosing a graduation topic: "DESIGN AUTOMATIC VEHICLE TOLL SYSTEM THROUGH SCANNING QR CODE WITH CAMERA."
This project developed a vehicle fare payment system utilizing QR code technology, enabling a "contactless" payment experience Customer information is efficiently managed through an SQL database, ensuring secure transactions Additionally, QR code detection is implemented to facilitate the identification of vehicle information for payment processing.
The project involves the design and construction of a central computer system to oversee all operations at the toll station, including card and vehicle identification, electronic payments, and data storage for vehicle owners, types, and license plates All base computer centers will be interconnected with the central data management center.
When conducting the study, we used the following methods to research the topic:
1 Methods of analysis and synthesis of theories
Our goal is to provide a detailed overview and evaluation of the primary methods of research synthesis We define 'research synthesis' as a general term that encompasses different strategies for merging, integrating, and synthesizing research results.
2 The method of document reference
LITERATURE REVIEW
OVERVIEW OF ARDUINO
The Arduino is a versatile microprocessor board designed for creating applications that interact with their environment It offers an accessible and affordable platform for hobbyists, students, and professionals to develop devices using sensors and actuators Beginners often use Arduino for projects like simple robots, temperature control systems, and motion detection Additionally, it comes with an integrated development environment (IDE) that enables users to program in C or C++ on standard personal computers.
Figure 2 1 Actual image of ARDUINO
It is estimated that by mid-2011, more than 300,000 official Arduino boards had been produced commercially, and in 2013, about 700,000 official circuits were released into the hands of users
This application utilizes the Arduino Uno board and a Bluetooth interface to connect smartphones with home devices such as lamps, air conditioners, TVs, and refrigerators The software-loaded boards facilitate seamless control of these appliances through Bluetooth connectivity.
7 board The app loaded in the smartphone talk to the processor through Bluetooth connectivity and inputs from the phone are used to control the operation of the devices
Remote monitoring and operation of household devices allow users to easily switch them on or off, as well as adjust parameters such as intensity and volume These applications enhance user control and simplify the management of everyday gadgets.
Figure 2 2 Top 10 Arduino uses of 2021 [5]
The Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards that use shields are printed expansion boards that are used by plugging into the Arduino's header pins
Shields serve as control modules for various components such as motors, GPS, Ethernet, and LCDs, and can also function as breadboards Additionally, many enthusiasts create custom shields to develop their own applications.
Multiple shields can be stacked In this example, the shield at the top contains an unsoldered breadboard
The Adafruit Motor Shield features screwed dominoes for connecting wire ends, facilitating motor connections Additionally, the Adafruit Datalogging Shield includes an SD card slot and a Real-Time Clock chip for enhanced data logging capabilities.
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a Java-based, cross-platform application designed for the Processing programming language It features a code editor equipped with syntax highlighting, autobrace matching, and auto-aligning capabilities Additionally, the IDE allows for one-click compilation and uploading of programs, known as sketches, to the Arduino board.
INTRODUCTION TO THE LIBRARIES USED IN THE PROGRAM
Zxing, short for "zebra crossing," is an open-source Java library designed to handle various 1-D and 2-D QR code formats This library enables mobile phone cameras to capture and decode barcodes directly on the device, eliminating the need for server connectivity It currently supports multiple barcode formats.
This library is divided into several parts, the following parts are still being supported and developed regularly:
Core: is the core of the decoding library and the main part of the whole project
Androidtest: demo program on Android
Android-integration: library to support integration of Barcode Scanner (barcode scanner) via Intent for Android
Zxingorg: source code of the site http://zxing.org/w
zxing.appspot.com: source code of the barcode generator site http://zxing.appspot.com/
The following modules are contributed and developed infrequently:
Rim: client for RIM/Blackberry
Iphone: client for iPhone (only supports QR codes)
Bug: client for BugLabs's BUG
AForge.NET is an open-source C# framework tailored for developers and researchers focused on computer vision and artificial intelligence, encompassing areas such as image processing, neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, machine learning, and robotics.
METHODOLOGY
REQUIREMENTS OF THE SYSTEM
The fare payment system modernizes transactions by utilizing QR codes instead of cash Passengers can easily register for their QR code at nearby operating stations When boarding a vehicle, users simply scan their QR code with their device's camera, allowing the system to verify and process the payment in accordance with established regulations Additionally, a comprehensive database and customer management interface will be developed for administrators to efficiently oversee user data.
HARDWARE CALCULATION AND DESIGN
The system consists of two blocks communicating with each other through the computer as a control panel shown in the block diagram of the figure as follows:
Figure 3 1 Block diagram of system
The system includes these blocks function:
The system is made up of many parts that come together Each part plays an important role in the system:
Arduino Uno R3: handle two sensors
Sensor block: It includes two infrared obstacle sensors that are responsible for recognizing vehicles entering and leaving the toll booth
Power supply: Provides power for the entire operating system
Camera: scan and capture QR code and then compare with existed data in the SQL database
The processing block features a camera that identifies the vehicle's QR code Upon detection by the input sensor, the camera scans the QR code and transmits the data to the computer system for processing This includes verifying the vehicle's registration status and calculating the applicable toll fee based on the transport type Once the processing is complete, the vehicle proceeds to the output sensor, which finalizes the toll collection.
Table 3.1 summarizes the equipment utilized in this project, detailing the device names, quantities, and the operating voltage and current specifications provided by the manufacturers This information is essential for calculating the power consumption and selecting the appropriate power source for the model.
Table 3.1 PARAMETERS ABOUT POWER CONSUMPTION OF COMPONENTS
From the formula (3.1) and the table The Power Consumption of this System is calculated as below:
To ensure optimal performance, select the source block with conditions Ipower ≥ Imax and Ppower ≥ Pmax The 220 AC transformer to DC power (5V – 0.5A) is sufficient to power all blocks effectively.
Here the group select a 5V – 0.5A set to ensure the power supply
The Arduino board comes in various versions, including the Arduino Mega, Arduino Nano, and Arduino LilyPad, each designed for specific applications Notably, the Arduino Uno R3 stands out as one of the most popular choices due to its affordability and versatility.
The Arduino Uno R3 features standard specifications, with various equivalent variants available At its core, it is powered by the ATmega328P microcontroller, which operates at a frequency of 16 MHz using a quartz oscillator.
14 I/O pins are numbered 0 to 13 (including 6 PWM pins, marked before the pin number)
In parallel, there are 6 additional pins for receiving analog signals marked A0–A5 These
The Arduino board features 6 pins that function as standard input/output pins, with pin 13 uniquely connected to the status LED It includes a reset button, a USB port for computer connection, and a 2.1mm jack for power supply from an AC-DC adapter or battery Key memory types to understand are Flash Memory, which retains data without power and serves as the board's storage for programs, with sizes varying by microcontroller (e.g., the ATmega8 has 8KB), and can endure approximately 10,000 write/erase cycles RAM, akin to computer RAM, offers fast read/write speeds but loses data when power is cut and is significantly smaller than Flash Memory EEPROM, similar to Flash Memory but with a higher endurance of about 100,000 write/erase cycles, is also available for data storage, accessible via Arduino's EEPROM library Additionally, the board supports various power supply options, including 3.3V and 5V batteries, as well as a GND battery.
Table 3.2 THE SPECIFICATIONS OF THE ARDUINO BOARD ARE SUMMARIZED
Some notes when working with the Arduino Uno R3:
The Arduino features a resettable fuse that protects the circuit from overloads, but this fuse is only linked to the USB port, cutting off power when the input exceeds 5V Consequently, careful calculations are essential when using Arduino to prevent damage to the board Certain operations can potentially harm either part or the entire Arduino board.
The IR Sensor Module, commonly known as an infrared (IR) sensor, is a fundamental and widely used component in electronics, particularly in wireless technologies for remote control and obstacle detection This module typically comprises an Infrared (IR) LED and a photodiode, collectively referred to as an IR pair The IR LED emits infrared rays with wavelengths ranging from 700 nm to 1 mm, which are invisible to the human eye, while the photodiode functions as the IR receiver, detecting these infrared rays.
The infrared obstacle sensor operates within a voltage range of 3.3V to 5V and has an effective working distance of 25 cm Its sensitivity can be easily adjusted using a potentiometer, making it user-friendly and simple to assemble.
Can be widely used in obstacle avoidance robots, obstacle avoidance vehicles, and road tracking [10]
Figure 3 3 Schematic of sensor LM 393
The schematic diagram in figure 3.3 illustrates a sensor circuit comprising an IR transmitter and an IR receiver The circuit utilizes an IR LED as the transmitter and a photodiode as the receiver, employing a reflective type of IR sensor for this project.
IR transmitter and receiver are placed side -by – side
The IR transmitter circuit is straightforward, with the anode connected to a 5V supply and the cathode linked to ground via a 150Ω current limiting resistor, enabling the emission of infrared rays.
In this project, the IR receiver functions as a photodiode, which should be connected in reverse bias Specifically, the cathode (negative terminal) is linked to a 5V power supply, while the anode (positive terminal) is connected to ground via a 10KΩ current limiting resistor.
The output from the IR receiver is fed into a comparator, which evaluates the input against a reference value set by a 10KΩ potentiometer If the IR receiver's input exceeds this reference value, the comparator outputs a HIGH signal; otherwise, it outputs a LOW signal This process is essential for determining the output voltage of the IR receiver.
- Output type: Digital and Analog output
- Obstacle detection range: 2cm to 20cm
Figure 3 4 Diagram of connecting Arduino to the sensor
The Logitech HD Pro Webcam C270 offers high-definition video calling and capturing for everyone With its built-in software, it enhances image quality with 3-megapixel photos and Fluid Crystal technology, ensuring an optimal video experience even in low light and noisy environments, allowing you to concentrate on what truly matters.
- HD 720p video calls on Logitech Vid™ HD, or any service that supports
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- 3-megapixel photos (software enhanced) for high-resolution photos capturing.
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- Focal length: fixed focal length
- Universal mounting clip fits laptops, LCDs or monitors
The payment system utilizes QR codes to modernize cash transactions Passengers register to obtain their unique QR code, which they scan at toll stations The system verifies the QR code information and processes the payment in accordance with established regulations.
Build database and design customer management page on computer for admin to manage user's data Besides, passengers can track and manage their information on the mobile application.
EXPERIMENT RESULTS
MODEL IMPLEMENTATION
The system operates through three key components: users submit their information, including name, vehicle type, and payment amount, via a QR code; the QR code owner can view this information; and upon scanning the QR code, the system displays the remaining balance At the tollgate, the system processes fee deductions and allows for top-ups if the balance is insufficient User data is securely stored in an SQL database, and the system also supports the registration and editing of vehicle information Overall, the product's functionality is categorized into two main processes: data collection and testing.
Figure 4 1 Top view of node model
Following with Figure 4.1, when the vehicle passes through the sensor marked 1, sensor
A signal will be sent to the Arduino, which will then relay it to the processing system on the computer, causing panel 1 to change from red to green, as illustrated in Figure 4.2.
Figure 4 2 Sensor 1 detects the media and panel 1 at the interface changes
Upon receiving a signal from sensor 1, the camera scans the QR code on the vehicle If the QR code data matches the information in the system's SQL database, the user's details are displayed, and the corresponding fee is deducted, as illustrated in Figure 4.3.
Conversely, if the data of the QR code is not compatible with the SQL database, the system will not display the information
Figure 4 3 Camera scan QR and display information on screen
The vehicle proceeds to sensor 2 after the system successfully applies the deducting method When sensor 2 detects a vehicle, the screen's panel 2 changes from red to green, while panel 1 shifts from green to red, indicating the updated status.
31 the user who has just been paid will return to default for the system to continue processing for the next vehicle, as shown in Figure 4.4 below
Figure 4 4 Sensor 2 detects the media and panel 2 at the interface changes
DATA COLLECTION PROCESS
The data collecting process aims to gather user information and store it in a database for future use This process is divided into three key components: data submission, data storage, and data display.
Users registering for the system must input their vehicle details, including vehicle type, username, and license plate number, to receive and store information for future display The interface for adding a new vehicle is illustrated in Figure 4.2.
Figure 4 5 Interface of adding new vehicle
User information is securely stored in the system's SQL database, as illustrated in Figure 4.3 Additionally, users have the option to request corrections to their media information in case of any errors, which is depicted in Figure 4.4.
Figure 4 7 Interface of editing user information
User data received by the gateway is stored in string format, requiring new users to input specific information, including their username, license plate number, and vehicle type Once this information is provided, a unique QR code is generated for the user and stored in the SQL database.
For vehicles requiring a recharge and lacking sufficient balance when scanning the QR code at the station, the system offers a recharge interface Once activated, users can scan their QR code with the camera to retrieve essential information such as customer name, vehicle name, number plate, and remaining balance Users can then specify the amount they wish to top up.
34 to the system manager When the payment is successful, the interface will display
We create the new QR code with a support tool called Qrcode-GEN, this QR code is encoded from short text, as described in Figure 4.6 below
The newly created QR code is utilized by the camera in the updated user interface Upon scanning the QR code, the camera retrieves the encrypted text, which is then displayed in the "QR Code" panel, as illustrated in Figure 4.7.
After entering enough information about the new user, clicking the add button will display a successful add message and that information is saved to the database
When the camera scans a QR code in the main processing interface, the encrypted data appears in the "Ma QR" box The system then compares this data with the "Ma QR" data stored in the database If there is a match, customer information is displayed on the screen, and the toll collection process begins.
SYSTEM ASSESSMENT
In general, the system operates smoothly and stably The time the camera scans the
QR codes operate efficiently in standard conditions, achieving an optimal scan time of 1-2 seconds at a distance of 0.5 meters Performance comparisons across three lighting environments—normal, low light, and high light intensity—are detailed in Tables 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 Specifically, Table 4.1 presents the system's performance results under normal lighting conditions.
No Identification results Deduction system Distance
According to Table 4.1, in normal lighting conditions, the camera scans the QR code stably and quickly with a distance of less than 1m
Table 4.2 Performance results of the system when high light intensity conditions
No Identification results Deduction system Distance
According to Table 4.2, under high light intensity conditions, the camera is very difficult to recognize QR code
Table 4.3 Performance results of the system when lack of light conditions
No Identification results Deduction system Distance
According to Table 4.3, in low light conditions, the camera still works stably in recognizing QR code with appropriate distance