Sau khi hoàn tất khóa học, học viên sẽ có khả năng:Nắm rõ các tiêu chuẩn dành cho hệ thống cáp mạng, hình mẫu và cách áp dụng những hình mẫu này vào việc thiết kế mạngThiết kế và sử dụng hệ thống cáp và patching trong các tòa nhà thương mạiThiết kế hệ thống cáp và patching dùng cho trung tâm dữ liệuThiết kế các khung xương chính cho cả cáp trong nhà và ngoài trờiLựa chọn chính sách ngăn chặnlộ trình cáp phù hợp để cài đặt mạngÁp dụng các bài thực hành cài đặt phù hợp nhằm tránh các lỗi thường gặpPhát hiện các phương pháp và yếu tố kiểm thử chính xác dành cho hệ thống mạng và copper
Review
1ằ Basic copper and fibre transmission
Difference between commercial wiring and data centre cabling
ANSI/TIA 568 standard Common cabling standards New IT environments supported by cabling
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Horizontal and Administration — Commercial Building
Review
Aằ Traditional 3 layers, Spine and Leaf network design review
- ToR/EoR/Spine v Network and cabling resiliency
0 Convert into patch panel/rack layout
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Backbone cabling in a commercial building ’
Backbone cabling in a commercial building usually connects to different floors.
Backbone cabling in a commercial building
Struclural ceiling mm“ or Structural oeilingflioor vertical tables
Patch mu panels and moi “N”
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Piunum Horizontal cable in the wall
~ Backbone cabling are the links between the Main Cross-Connect (MC) in the Equipment Q9 Room (ER) to the:
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Backbone cabiing is the cabling between core MC and all other patching areas.
1 Hierarchical star topology is most common
Maximum 2 levels of cross connect facilities allowed
'3 Aằ Home-run cable to each TR or IC
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Backbone cabling utilizes a star topology, ensuring that there are no more than two levels of connections between devices or equipment If connections exceed this limit, the installation of active devices like switches or repeaters becomes necessary.
(éabé 4.5 Calculate the copper backbone for each TR fa
\>\“‘x ‘J Calculate the copper backbone for each TR
General consideration (if no specific requirements)
— Each Work Area (WA) 2 or 4 outlets
— The 2 outlets contain one voice (phone) and one data
For voice, the copper backbone cable contains corresponding pairs for the phone connection
LEDES - e.g 100 WA then needs 100 pair copper (voice) backbone
O For data, the number of copper cables depends on how many switches inter-connection, Cat6 or fibre could be used
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When determining the copper backbone for legacy voice systems, such as digital or analog phones and faxes, it is essential to account for the actual number of users, which translates to one phone per user and one pair of wires.
For network connections, it will depend on the network One Cat6A backbone supports 10Gbps may support one 24 ports 1Gbps or 100Mbps users.
4.6 Calculate the fibre backbone for each TR gs
-1 Calculate the fibre backbone for each TR —
— Each Work Area (WA) 2 or 4 outlets
1 Each WA contain 0.2 core fibre
1 The number of fibre can also be determined by how many interconnections between the switches
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The number of fibre backbone can be estimated by:
How many individual switches need to be connected, each use 2 core minimum (usually 4 to 8 cores for future growth and the common product availability)
4.7 Summarize the building backbone requirements ¢\ 9‘
Summarize the building backbone requirements
‘B — Total 5 floors, one TR per floor, each floor 100WA
— Each TR contains 20 core fibre back to MC (main closet) in the ER
- 20 core fibre is uncommon, 24 core fibre with 24 core patch panel can be used instead
1 Total 120 core fibres will be terminated at MC at ER and 5 x 24 core fibre panel (LC / SC / ST) can be used
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All the backbones need to be summarized for material calculation.
1 Listed in ANSI/TIA-568.1-D “Commercial Building
— 25—pair cable (up to Cat5E) _;,
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The TIA-942 standard provides recommended cable types for backbone.
For data - only 4 pairs can be used -apply Cat6 or higher for data transmission (Cat6 - 1Gbps Cat6A — 10Gbps, UTP or STP for 100m).
Cat 8 cables are capable of supporting speeds of 25/40Gbps, but they must be shielded twisted pair (STP) and are limited to a maximum distance of 30 meters For voice applications, including digital phones, trunk lines, and fax lines, multi-pair configurations can be utilized.
OM1/2/3/4 Multimode fibre OS1/2 Single-mode fibre
12 Minimum 2 fibre count for multimode and single mode backbone optical fibre per port/channel Fibre array connectors (MPO) may be used for future higher speed network upgrade
Broadband coaxial cabling has been added as a recognised media for horizontal and backbone cabfing _ _ ,
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For fiber backbone, OM1/2 multimode supports legacy speeds of up to 100 Mbps, while OM3, OM4, and OM5 are designed for 1 Gbps and higher The maximum distance for OM3 is approximately 300 meters, whereas OM4 and OM5 can reach up to 500 meters for 10 Gbps connections.
If connecting distance is in kilometres, - for example between buildings or telecom signal transmission - single mode should be used.
75-ohm broadband coaxial cable 734 and 735 type coaxial cable (Telcordia Technologies GR-3175) are used for digital signal.
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The backbone patch paneis are the same as the horizontal cabling, except the voice grade] non-R145 can also be used if a voice lines backbone is present. it
— 1U 24/48 patch panel (general) ea — 1U 96/144 core high density panel (vendor—specific)
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The fibre backbone side is basically the same as horizontal cabling.
As the backbone incorporates additional cables, high-density panels (1 or 2U) or multi-U fiber shelves (such as 7U with multiple layers of fiber trays) become viable options Numerous vendors offer a range of solutions, each presenting unique designs and features.
(6% ‘bk! 4.12 Copper backbone maximum distances - voice lx¢\§\‘
Copper backbone maximum distances - voice Tl c-Ti
0 Maximum voice backbone = end to end cabling u !-. norsssONRL;
LE Voice Media Type A Max B Max C Max
ERTF zooo m (ssso fr.) (5575 ft.) 1700 m (984 ft.) 300 m
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The calculation of backbone is based on end-to-end cabling; means between two end devices] equipment The table shows a maximum distance for voice (only!) on different media. iiằ. i5\€\‘
Lb Copper backbone distance - data "7
_ MC Patch Panel HC or IC Patch Panel
LE Balanced Twisted-Pair Co r cab|ing_¢4-pain
WO 1 000BASE-T 100m CBIBQOITGS 58, 6 BA and TA
ET 2.5GBASE-T‘ 100m Categories 6A and YA
FED ‘IOGBASE-T 100m Categories BA and 7ằ
C 1 May operate over some configurations or installed categories 5e and 6.
1 Targeted tor data center deployments only.
3 Categoiy 8 defined by TIA Categories 8.1 and 8.2 defined bv ISOIIEC.
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For data transmission, all the backbone is based on their specific distance, e.g 100 metres for Cat3 to 6A, Cat8 maximum 30 metres.
(gioé 4.14 Fibre backbone maximum distance
1 Fibre backbone distances are application-specific ằ6>d9\'
$9 Fibre system design depends on several factors:
- Power budget for each application
- Transmitter/receiver classification (laser vs LED)
— EMB: Effective Modal Bandwidth (MHz~Km) v Consult IEEE 802.3 for specific guidelines
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The fiber backbone presents a more complex scenario compared to copper, as it lacks interference issues such as NEXT and ANEXT However, the overall distance is significantly constrained by the total end-to-end attenuation.
The total attenuation is based on each component in the link and as displayed on the slide. iiằ.
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Maximum distance supported for single-rriode fibre.
C (gperation requires 2 fibers unless otherwise specified)
‘ Links longer than 30 km (98,400 fl) are considered engineered links Consult
IEEE Std 302.3-2018 IO!‘ additional information.
Multimode Optical Fiber Cabling [gperation re uires 2 fibers unless otherwise s ecifled
Application ISOM1 1 om I om ['Poi.i4)'| OM5
2 fibers required tor transmission. ° Under development by the IEEE P802.3tm 400 GD-is over Multimode Fiber
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Maximum distance supported for multimode fibre. is Fibre backbone maximum distance an
Cb Create cabling schematic design e-~
“é e Note: Use 24 port copper panel for voice, lpair /port, i.e 100 pair need 5x24 port panel
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The same procedure for horizontal cabling is applied here Summarize all requirements into a schematic design
4.18 Convert design into patch panel / rack layout
2% ' ¢\ \*“‘ - Convert design into patch panel I rack layout
25 x 24 port Cat 5 Angled panel for voice
25 x 24 port Cat 5 Angled panel from voice switch/
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Then covert the schematic into rack iayout. it i5\€\‘ ab
Backbone diagram Calculate the copper backbone requirements per Telecom Room (TR)
Calculate the fibre backbone requirements per Telecom Room
Summarize the building backbone requirements The maximum backbone distances
Create cabling schematic design Convert the schematic design into patch panel / rack layout
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Backbone in TIA-942 topology if 1 The backbone cables are the inter-connection between MDA and HDA, Entrance Room to MDA g (usually the responsibility of the Telco)
The backbone cables are mainly multimode and single-mode fibre, but there could be a small amount of Cat6/6A/8 UTP/l-“l'P/STP
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The backbone cables are panel to panel trunk cables between the MDA and HAD and Entrance Room to MDA
Backbone cabling primarily utilizes multimode and single-mode fiber for high-speed connections, while a limited amount of Cat6/6A/8 UTP/FTP/STP cabling may be installed for added flexibility This is due to the cost-effectiveness of copper solutions, which can provide the same transmission speeds (10G, 40Gbps) at a lower price compared to fiber optics.
0 The data centre backbone level is the primary infrastructure of the data centre plant cabling
0 The data centre backbone comprises of a fibre optic segment series and cross-connects configured such that there should always be physical redundancy of fibre optic cable
0 The data centre backbone provides highly reliable physical connectivity for critical applications
0 In the event of a cable or equipment failure, traffic can be rerouted via a manual patch or rerouted automatically with active electronics
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The data centre backbone is the bottleneck of the bandwidth, so it must be carefully designed to support today and future expansion.
The data centre backbone is a fibre cabling system with cross-connects for administration Physical redundancy needs to be present for the concurrent maintainability and fault tolerant (R3 and R4 requirements]
High-quality backbone cabling products are essential for ensuring reliable physical connectivity In case of cable or equipment failure, it is crucial that traffic can be re-routed efficiently, whether through manual intervention or automatic systems.
\% edundant backbone cabling and pathways
Redundant horizontal cabling and pathways
Routers and switches have redundant power supplies,
Redundant routers and switches with redundant upiinks
Patch panels, outlets, and cabling to be labeled per ANSI/TIA-606-C Cabinets and racks to be labeled on front and rear
Patch cords and jumpers to be labeled on both ends with the name of the connection at both ends of the cable
CERT Patch panel and patch cable documentation compliant with ANSI/TIA-606-C
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The requirements of backbones per rated level are demonstrated on this slide As mentioned, the redundant of cabling and pathways are required for R3 8i R4.
Other requirements for labels for TIA-606 just come in naturally.
No No N0 No Yes No No
N0 No Yes No Yes Yes No
Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
YesYesYesYesYesYesYes i¢\‘§\‘
1 Listed in ANSI/TIA-568.2-D “Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling” st, Cat 6A or higher OM3/4/5 Multimode fibre OS1/2 Single-mode fibre
T-3, E-1, and E-3 circuits Minimum 2 fibre count for multimode and single mode backbone optical fibre per port/channel fibre array connectors (MPO) in the work area supported
Broadband coaxial cabling has been added as a recognised media for horizontal and backbone cabling
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75-ohm 734/735 type coaxial cable — used for T—1,
The backbone cables should always use the highest available grading, e.g Cat6A or higher, OM3/4/5, etc.
Coaxial cables are utilized when T-1/3 or E1/3 circuits are in place For networks operating at speeds of 10Gbps or lower, two fibers per port are required In contrast, networks exceeding 10Gbps necessitate the installation of MPO connectors and panels.
5.6 ToR [Top of Rack] scenario
ToR (Top of Rack) scenario ~
1 The backbone design in ToR is straight forward, °p>¢@\1
8> e basically a fibre panel to fibre panel
For example, one server rack contains one 24/48 LC fibre panel, then 10 server racks will have corresponding 10 x 24/48 LC panels at aggregations switch rack/patching area
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The backbone design in ToR configuration is based on fibre panel to fibre panel.
As per this example, 10 x 24/48 LC panels at aggregations switch rack] patching area with cables are terminated or using pre-terminated fibre trunks. i5\€\‘ it, 5.7
EoR (End or Row] scenario
EoR (End of Row) scenario
0 The server racks are connected back to the central patching/ aggregation switch with Cat6/6A copper
C. v The fibre backbone is between the aggregation to the core switches, corresponding fibre patch panels pair will be installed on both sides
Snitch Port: Canned tolny Server Uelrig Fetch Gonle et Fetch Penele In Ceritiei Fetching Ann
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Student Notes in an EoR configuration, the backbone cables can use copper, such as Cat6/6A The fibre backbone is used for higher layer such as aggregation.
5.8 Spine and Leaf scenario gs
1 The spine and leaf is basically a mesh network ằd>d@\1
1ằ The backbone cables on the leaf switch rack rely on how many spine racks are connected (e.g leaf switch on rack A, spine switch on rack B)
1 The backbone patch panels are the pairs on both sides
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Spine and leaf architectures utilize mesh networks, where the number of spine racks connected determines the level of connectivity for the backbone cables on the leaf switch rack The backbone patch panels can be easily quantified by counting the number of pairs on each side.
The length of the data centre backbone can be calculated by measuring the horizontal distance, represented by the number of floor Q9 tiles, between the spine rack and the leaf rack, in addition to the vertical distance from the top or raised floor cable containment on both racks.
1 For example, floor tiles = 10m, vertical length = 3m, total length = 10 + 2x3 = 16m
1 Bear in mind the maximum distance supported for the target network speed
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' ' 1 The indoor fibre cables will be cut/cleaved, inserted to the fibre connector and fixed by epoxy, then 2% polished and tested
PROFESSO 1 This method is in-expensive, lowest attenuation, but takes time and requires a very good _”,,0¢’ quality contractor / “" /‘
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Fibre cabies are terminated at the fibre connectors by various methods The first method is the field termination, the connector directly on the connector.
The procedure involves cutting the cable, cleaving the jacket, and inserting it into the fiber connector Next, epoxy is injected, and after a few minutes of drying (or using an oven to expedite the process), the excess length of the fiber core is cleaved The surface is then polished for smoothness, followed by a visual inspection and an attenuation test.