Iec 62005 1 2001

NORME INTERNATIONALE CEI IEC INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 62005 1 Première édition First edition 2001 03 Fiabilité des dispositifs d''''interconnexion et des composants passifs à fibres optiques – Partie 1 Gui[.]

Définitions et terminologie

Pour les besoins de la présente partie de la CEI 62005, certaines définitions de la

CEI 60050(191) ainsi que les suivantes s’appliquent.

Accelerated testing involves applying stress levels to an entity that exceed reference conditions, aiming to shorten the time required to observe the entity's responses to these stresses or to amplify these responses within a specified duration.

NOTE 1 Pour être valable, il convient qu’un essai accéléré n’altère ni les mécanismes de défaillance, ni les modes de défaillance, ni leur fréquence relative.

The term "constraint" is used in a broad sense and does not exclusively refer to mechanical stress Other examples include temperature, humidity, chemical activity, and vibration frequency The effective constraint can be increased or extended by altering other parameters of the combination, such as temperature, duration, and application rate.

The confidence level, represented as (1 – α), indicates the probability associated with the boundaries of a confidence interval, which can be either unilateral or bilateral, concerning the true value of the estimated parameter In this context, α represents the established risk of error.

LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU.

Extended qualification is based on real environments and typically involves accelerated testing.

Extended qualification is essential for evaluating potential unknown degradation mechanisms The findings typically prompt corrective actions and may necessitate further standard testing and measurement procedures These assessments provide a quantitative reliability evaluation but must be validated by field data and integrated with other components of a comprehensive reliability program.

Designed experiments are essential for quantitatively assessing degradation mechanisms and facilitating continuous improvement Establishing a quantitative connection between accelerated tests and real-world field environments can be challenging due to the complexities of degradation mechanics and environmental interactions However, standards such as IEC 62005-2 and IEC 62005-3 provide guidance for the appropriate selection and application of these parameters Ultimately, this connection can be represented through a degradation model.

IEC 62005-2 is typically evaluated through experiments tailored to specific product designs or technologies The variety of designs, technologies, and materials in passive components often necessitates unique testing methods that may not be universally applicable.

There are, however, several fundamental features that are required for valid results The focus of the IEC 62005 series includes models, experiment requirements, and types of experiments.

The final component of the reliability model is field data, which, when integrated with results from designed experiments, facilitates a quantitative reliability assessment in accordance with IEC 62005-6 Standard requirements encompass methods for data collection, recording, and analysis.

5 Definitions and terminology, symbols and abbreviations

For the purpose of this part of IEC 62005, certain definitions taken from IEC 60050(191) as well as the following definitions apply.

An accelerated test involves applying a stress level that surpasses the reference conditions to reduce the time needed to observe the stress response of an item This method effectively amplifies the responses within a specified time frame.

NOTE 1 To be valid, an accelerated test should not alter the basic modes and failure mechanisms or their relative prevalence

The term "stress" encompasses various factors beyond mechanical stress, including temperature, humidity, chemical activity, and vibrational frequency Effective stress can be influenced by adjusting parameters such as temperature, time, and the rate of application.

The confidence level value, denoted as (1 – α), represents the probability linked to the boundaries of a confidence interval, which can be either one-sided or two-sided, concerning the true value of the estimation parameter In this context, "α" signifies the specified risk of error.

5.1.3 défaut tout écart d’une caractéristique d’une entité par rapport aux prescriptions

NOTE 1 Les prescriptions peuvent ou non être exprimées sous forme de spécification.

NOTE 2 Un défaut peut ou ne peut pas affecter l’aptitude d’une entité à accomplir une fonction prescrite.

A defect group is a subset of defective components that is distinct from the main group This group contains latent defects of a common type that were not identified during the manufacturing process The defect rate of this group is characterized by a declining failure rate.

NOTE 1 Un groupe de défauts peut avoir une défaillance par le biais d’un mode ou d’un mécanisme différent de celui du groupe principal.

A unique group of defects, characterized by failures of the same fundamental mode as the main population, exhibits a declining rate of early failures, commonly referred to as initial mortality.

In a system with multiple groups of independent failure modes or mechanisms, one can anticipate random failures.

5.1.5 défaillance par dégradation défaillance qui est à la fois une défaillance progressive et une défaillance partielle

Failures due to degradation are typically linked to wear and aging However, in practical terms, certain wear-related failures in passive optical fiber devices may not be easily monitored and can manifest as sudden failures, even though they are not associated with defects.

5.1.6 modèle de dégradation modèle mathématique mettant en relation la probabilité de défaillance ou le changement de la probabilité de défaillance aux caractéristiques de produit, conditions d'environnement et durée

The design experience involves a series of tests aimed at quantitatively assessing the validity of one or more hypotheses regarding changes, mechanisms of change, or the characteristics of a degradation model.

5.1.8 fin de vie (EOL) point auquel un composant ne remplit plus ses critères de performance

Symboles et abréviations

For the purposes of this section of IEC 62005, the following abbreviations and symbols are applicable: σ represents normal deviation (dispersion); t signifies the mean time to failure (MTTF); t50 denotes the median time to failure (MTF); λr indicates the random failure rate; λt refers to the wear-out failure rate; and λd represents the failure rate due to defects, specifically for a unique group of defects.

FIT défaillances dans la durée ou unité de défaillance;

H humidité relative ou absolue, selon la définition.

6 Programmes conduisant à un produit fabriqué fiable

This article serves as background information for the assessment of the development and reliability of a new passive component It provides a list of useful data for evaluating the reliability of such components A reliable manufactured product must include a comprehensive pedigree of various elements The application domain and the scope of these elements may vary as the product progresses through its lifecycle However, it is essential to address each critical progression point outlined below Any omission or minimization of any element could compromise the product's reliability over its intended service life.

5.1.43 wear-out failure ageing failure failure whose probability occurrence increases with the passage of time as a result of processes inherent in the item

Well-designed products produced with effective statistical process controls typically experience wear-out failures rather than failures due to defects.

According to the standard, the wear-out failure rate for passive devices cannot be directly calculated; instead, it should be derived from the statistical expectation of a suitable life distribution with estimated parameters This analysis may require time extrapolation, applicable only when failure is defined by a gradually changing monitored parameter, or it may involve maximum likelihood analysis, or a combination of both methods In cases where the parameter change is interrupted by a sudden failure, this must be addressed and analyzed separately.

This section of IEC 62005 defines key symbols and abbreviations: σ represents standard deviation, indicating dispersion; à denotes the mean; t refers to mean time to failure (MTTF); t50 signifies median time to failure (MTF); λr indicates the random failure rate; λt represents the wear-out failure rate; and λd denotes the defect failure rate for a single population of defects.

FIT failures in time or failure unit;

H relative or absolute humidity, as defined.

6 Programs leading to a reliable manufactured product

This clause serves as essential background information for the development and reliability assessment of new passive components To evaluate the reliability of these components, a comprehensive pedigree encompassing various elements is necessary The scope of these elements evolves throughout the product's life cycle, and it is crucial to address each critical point of evolution Neglecting or downplaying any single element may jeopardize the product's reliability during its expected service life.

Nouvelle famille de produits

Il convient que les entités suivantes soient considérées comme de nouvelles familles de conceptions de produits:

– ensemble de réalisations pour la conception (dessins, listes de matériaux, etc.);

– application prévue et environnements prévisibles;

– définitions de la défaillance et du niveau de défaillance (catastrophique, etc.);

– liste de mécanismes de défaillances connus et prévus;

– essais réalisés pour l'évaluation des mécanismes de défaillance;

– rapports de caractérisation de la performance du produit;

Acceptation du produit

Les entités suivantes ont été identifiées comme étant nécessaires pour l'appel d'offres:

– résultats des essais de qualification;

– essais de qualité continus documentés;

– plan pour l'extension des essais de qualification.

Cycle de vie du produit

Les entités suivantes ont été identifiées comme étant nécessaires par rapport au cours du cycle de vie du produit:

– achèvement et documentation de l'extension des essais de qualification;

– rapports des mécanismes de dégradation nouvellement identifiés;

– conception d'expériences aboutissant à une évaluation de fiabilité quantitative;

– conception d'expériences aboutissant à une action corrective;

– entreprise d'une action corrective évolutionniste;

Nouvelle génération de produit

Les entités suivantes ont été identifiées comme étant nécessaires dans le cadre du changement de génération de produit:

– le ou les changements de conception;

– l'amélioration prévue et la base de probabilité (résultats expérimentaux);

– les nouveaux essais pouvant être prescrits;

– les résultats d'essais de qualification complémentaires;

– les changements à l'extension du plan de qualification.

The following items should be considered for new product design families:

– design package (drawings, material lists, etc.);

– intended application and anticipated environments;

– definition of failure and failure level (catastrophic, etc.);

– list of known or expected failure mechanisms;

– tests conducted to evaluate failure mechanisms;

The following items have been identified as necessary for procurement:

– plan for extended qualification testing.

The following items have been identified as necessary over the course of the product life cycle:

– completion and documentation of extended qualification testing;

– reports of newly identified degradation mechanisms;

– designed experiments leading to quantitative reliability assessment;

– designed experiments leading to corrective action;

The following items have been identified as necessary at a product generation change:

– the expected improvement and basis of expectation (experimental results);

– new tests that may be required;

– changes to extended qualification plan.

Definitions and terminology

For the purpose of this part of IEC 62005, certain definitions taken from IEC 60050(191) as well as the following definitions apply.

Accelerated testing involves applying stress levels that exceed the reference conditions to reduce the time needed to observe the stress response of an item This method effectively magnifies the responses within a specified time frame.

NOTE 1 To be valid, an accelerated test should not alter the basic modes and failure mechanisms or their relative prevalence

The term "stress" encompasses various factors beyond mechanical stress, including temperature, humidity, chemical activity, and vibrational frequency Additionally, effective stress can be influenced by adjusting other parameters, such as temperature, time, and the rate of application.

The confidence level value, denoted as (1 – α), represents the probability linked to the boundaries of a confidence interval, which can be either one-sided or two-sided, concerning the true value of the estimated parameter In this context, "α" signifies the specified risk of error.

5.1.3 défaut tout écart d’une caractéristique d’une entité par rapport aux prescriptions

NOTE 1 Les prescriptions peuvent ou non être exprimées sous forme de spécification.

NOTE 2 Un défaut peut ou ne peut pas affecter l’aptitude d’une entité à accomplir une fonction prescrite.

A defect group is a subset of defective components that is distinct from the main group This group contains latent defects of a common type that were not identified during the manufacturing process The defect rate of this group is characterized by a declining failure rate.

NOTE 1 Un groupe de défauts peut avoir une défaillance par le biais d’un mode ou d’un mécanisme différent de celui du groupe principal.

A unique group of defects, characterized by failures of the same fundamental mode as the main population, exhibits a declining rate of early failures, commonly referred to as initial mortality.

In a system with multiple groups of defective components exhibiting independent failure modes or mechanisms, one can anticipate random failures.

5.1.5 défaillance par dégradation défaillance qui est à la fois une défaillance progressive et une défaillance partielle

Failures due to degradation are typically linked to wear and aging However, in practical terms, certain wear-related failures in passive optical fiber devices may not be easily monitored and can manifest as sudden failures, even though they are not associated with defects.

5.1.6 modèle de dégradation modèle mathématique mettant en relation la probabilité de défaillance ou le changement de la probabilité de défaillance aux caractéristiques de produit, conditions d'environnement et durée

The design experience involves a series of tests aimed at achieving a quantitative assessment of the validity of one or more hypotheses regarding changes, mechanisms of change, or the characteristics of a degradation model.

5.1.8 fin de vie (EOL) point auquel un composant ne remplit plus ses critères de performance

An endurance test, also known as a lifespan test, is conducted over a specific time interval to assess how the properties of an entity are influenced by the application of fixed stresses and the duration or repetition of these stresses.

5.1.3 defect any departure of a characteristic of an item from requirements

NOTE 1 The requirements may or may not be expressed in the form of a specification.

NOTE 2 A defect may or may not affect the ability of an item to perform a required function.

The defect population subgroup consists of "defective" components that differ from the main population, containing latent defects of a common type that were not identified during manufacturing or installation This subgroup is characterized by a declining failure rate.

NOTE 1 A defect population may fail by a mode or mechanism different from that of the main population.

NOTE 2 A single defect population whose failures are of the same basic mode as the main population, exhibit a declining rate of early failures typically referred to as infant mortalities.

NOTE 3 A collection of several defect populations with independent failure modes or independent mechanisms within a mode, can be expected to exhibit random failures (see definition 5.1.35).

5.1.5 degradation failure failure, which is both a gradual failure and a partial failure

Degradation failures in passive fibre optic devices are often linked to wear-out or ageing However, these failures can sometimes manifest as unexpected "sudden" failures, despite not being caused by defects, making them difficult to monitor effectively.

5.1.6 degradation model mathematical model relating the probability of failure or change in the probability of failure to product characteristics, environmental conditions and time

The designed experiment series includes tests that enable a quantitative evaluation of the validity of one or more hypotheses related to changes, change mechanisms, or the characteristics of a degradation model.

5.1.8 end of life (EOL) point at which a component no longer fulfils its performance criteria

The endurance test, also known as the life test, is conducted over a specified time interval to assess how an item's properties are influenced by applied stresses and the duration or frequency of their application.

5.1.10 lignes directrices expérimentales document contenant des informations qui distinguent les types divers expérimentaux, les caractéristiques clé de chaque type et des exemples

The 5.1.11 qualification test extension refers to a trial in which the duration of stress application is prolonged beyond the prescribed limits during the operational lifespan of the device.

NOTE Cela est habituellement possible dans les seules situations ó la contrainte est appliquée par intermittence au cours du service et est rộalisộe en rộduisant le temps ôd'arrờtằ.

The 5.1.12 extension of qualification tests is designed to reveal the potential for unknown degradation mechanisms that may only be activated by prolonged exposure to adverse environments.

NOTE Les essais et les rapports de résultats peuvent être prescrits, mais la réponse correspond généralement à une action corrective plutôt qu'à l'acceptation ou le rejet.

5 1.13 extrapolé qualifie une valeur prévue à partir de valeurs observées ou estimées dans certaines conditions de temps, d’exploitation, de maintenance, d’environnement, etc., lorsque cette valeur est destinée à s’appliquer à d’autres conditions

5.1.14 effet de défaillance facteur au stade final; conséquences pour la fonction de la partie, du système ou de l'utilisateur

5.1.15 mécanisme de défaillance processus physique, chimique ou autre, qui a entraợnộ une dộfaillance

5.1.16 mode de défaillance caractéristique physique ou comportementale distinctive qui peut être associée à une défaillance

NOTE Un mode peut concerner plus d'un mécanisme.

Symbols and abbreviations

In accordance with IEC 62005, the following symbols and abbreviations are defined: σ represents the standard deviation, indicating dispersion; à denotes the mean; t refers to the mean time to failure (MTTF); t50 signifies the median time to failure (MTF); λr indicates the random failure rate; λt represents the wear-out failure rate; and λd denotes the defect failure rate for a single population of defects.

FIT failures in time or failure unit;

H relative or absolute humidity, as defined.

6 Programs leading to a reliable manufactured product

This clause serves as essential background information for the development and reliability assessment of new passive components To evaluate the reliability of these components, a comprehensive pedigree encompassing various elements is necessary The scope of these elements evolves throughout the product's life cycle, and it is crucial to address each critical point of evolution Neglecting or downplaying any single element may jeopardize the product's reliability during its expected service life.

Il convient que les entités suivantes soient considérées comme de nouvelles familles de conceptions de produits:

– ensemble de réalisations pour la conception (dessins, listes de matériaux, etc.);

– application prévue et environnements prévisibles;

– définitions de la défaillance et du niveau de défaillance (catastrophique, etc.);

– liste de mécanismes de défaillances connus et prévus;

– essais réalisés pour l'évaluation des mécanismes de défaillance;

– rapports de caractérisation de la performance du produit;

Les entités suivantes ont été identifiées comme étant nécessaires pour l'appel d'offres:

– résultats des essais de qualification;

– essais de qualité continus documentés;

– plan pour l'extension des essais de qualification.

6.3 Cycle de vie du produit

Les entités suivantes ont été identifiées comme étant nécessaires par rapport au cours du cycle de vie du produit:

– achèvement et documentation de l'extension des essais de qualification;

– rapports des mécanismes de dégradation nouvellement identifiés;

– conception d'expériences aboutissant à une évaluation de fiabilité quantitative;

– conception d'expériences aboutissant à une action corrective;

– entreprise d'une action corrective évolutionniste;

Les entités suivantes ont été identifiées comme étant nécessaires dans le cadre du changement de génération de produit:

– le ou les changements de conception;

– l'amélioration prévue et la base de probabilité (résultats expérimentaux);

– les nouveaux essais pouvant être prescrits;

– les résultats d'essais de qualification complémentaires;

– les changements à l'extension du plan de qualification.

New product family

The following items should be considered for new product design families:

– design package (drawings, material lists, etc.);

– intended application and anticipated environments;

– definition of failure and failure level (catastrophic, etc.);

– list of known or expected failure mechanisms;

– tests conducted to evaluate failure mechanisms;

Product acceptance

The following items have been identified as necessary for procurement:

– plan for extended qualification testing.

Product life cycle

The following items have been identified as necessary over the course of the product life cycle:

– completion and documentation of extended qualification testing;

– reports of newly identified degradation mechanisms;

– designed experiments leading to quantitative reliability assessment;

– designed experiments leading to corrective action;

New product generation

The following items have been identified as necessary at a product generation change:

– the expected improvement and basis of expectation (experimental results);

– new tests that may be required;

– changes to extended qualification plan.

Les entités suivantes ont été identifiées comme étant nécessaires pour l'acquisition de données d'exploitation qui sont applicables à la famille de conceptions de produit:

– processus pour interroger tout ceux qui peuvent connaợtre une dộgradation de produit ou une défaillance au cours d'un usage effectif;

– méthode destinée à consigner les données d'exploitation pour chaque génération de produit;

– analyse de données en rapport avec les prévisions documentées, les différences de générations de produit, et les caractéristiques communes à toutes les générations;

– hypothèses relatives à la cause d'une défaillance ou d'une dégradation;

– résultats expérimentaux en rapport avec les hypothèses;

Field data

The following items have been identified as necessary to acquire field data that is relevant to a product design family:

– a process to poll all who may experience product degradation or failure in actual use;

– a method of recording the field data for each product generation;

– analysis of data with respect to documented expectations, product generation differences, and features common to all generations;

– hypotheses related to the cause of failure or degradation;

– experimental results regarding the hypotheses;

CEI 60300-3-2:1993, Gestion de la sûreté de fonctionnement – Partie 3: Guide d'application –

Section 2: Recueil de données de sûreté de fonctionnement dans des conditions d'exploitation.

CEI 60721-3-3:1994, Classification des conditions d'environnement – Partie 3: Classification des groupements des agents d'environnement et de leurs sévérités – Section 3: Utilisation à poste fixe, protégé contre les intempéries.

CEI 60721-3-4:1995, Classification des conditions d'environnement – Partie 3: Classification des groupements des agents d'environnement et de leurs sévérités – Section 4: Utilisation à poste fixe, non protégé contre les intempéries.

CEI 61164:1995, Croissance de la fiabilité – Essais et méthodes d’estimation statistiques.

CEI 61300-2-24:1999, Dispositifs d'interconnexion et composants passifs à fibres optiques –

Méthodes fondamentales d'essais et de mesures – Partie 2-24: Essais – Essai de sélection du manchon fendu d'alignement en céramique par l'application de contrainte.

ISO 8402:1994, Management de la qualité et assurance de la qualité – Vocabulaire.

British Standard BS 5760:1994, Reliability of systems, equipment and components – Part 2:

Guide to the assessment of reliability.

ETS 300-019-1-3, Equipment Engineering (EE); Environmental conditions and environmental tests for telecommunications equipment – Part 1-3: Classification of environmental conditions –

Stationary use at weather-protected location Reference: DE/EE-01019-1-3.

Stationary use at non weather-protected locations Reference: DE/EE-01019-1-4.

Stationary use at underground locations – Reference: DE/EE-01019-1-8.

GADONNA, M (FT), DRAYCOTT, T (BT) et GUNDERSEN, S (NKT) Results of accelerated lifetests on passive optical splitters, EFOC, 1995, vol 3, p 65-69.

GRYNYA, F M (Ed.) et JURAN, J M Juran’s Quality Control Handbook, McGraw-Hill, septembre 1988.

LEEMIS, L M Reliability: Probabilistic Models and Statistical Methods Prentice Hall, 1995,

LLOYD, K L et LIPOW, M Reliability: Management, Methods and Mathematics 2nd ed Lloyd and Lipow, 1977, Redondo Beach Ca (USA).

NELSON, W Applied Life Data, John Wiley, New York, 1982.

NELSON, W Accelerated testing: Statistical Models, Test Plans, and Data Analysis, John

SHINTAKU, T., SUGITA, E et NAGASE, R., Highly stable physical contact optical fibre connectors with spherical convex ends, Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1993, vol 11, no 2, p 241-248 (1993).

IEC 60300-3-2:1993, Dependability management – Part 3: Application guide – Section 2:

Collection of dependability data from the field.

IEC 60721-3-3:1994, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 3: Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their severities – Section 3: Stationary use at weather-protected locations.

IEC 60721-3-4:1995, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 3: Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their severities – Section 4: Stationary use at non- weather -protected locations.

IEC 61164:1995, Reliability growth – Statistical test and estimation methods.

IEC 61300-2-24:1999, Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Basic tests and measurement procedures – Part 2-24: Tests – Screen testing of ceramic alignment split sleeve by stress application.

ISO 8402:1994, Quality management and quality assurance – Vocabulary.

British Standard BS 5760:1994, Reliability of systems, equipment and components – Part 2

Guide to the assessment of reliability.

Stationary use at weather-protected locations Reference: DE/EE-01019-1-3.

Stationary use at non-weather-protected locations – Reference: DE/EE-01019-1-4.

Stationary use at underground locations – Reference: DE/EE-01019-1-8.

GADONNA, M (FT), DRAYCOTT, T (BT), GUNDERSEN, S (NKT) Results of accelerated lifetests on passive optical splitters, EFOC, 1995, vol 3, pp 65-69.

GRYNYA, F M (Ed.) and JURAN, J M Juran’s Quality Control Handbook, McGraw-Hill,

LEEMIS, L M Reliability: Probabilistic Models and Statistical Methods, Prentice Hall, 1995,

LLOYD, K L and LIPOW, M: Reliability: Management, Methods and Mathematics, 2nd ed.

Lloyd and Lipow, 1977, Redondo Beach Ca (USA).

NELSON, W: Applied Life Data, John Wiley, New York, 1982.

NELSON, W: Accelerated testing: Statistical Models, Test Plans, and Data Analysis, John

SHINTAKU, T., SUGITA, E and NAGASE, R., Highly stable physical contact optical fibre connectors with spherical convex ends, Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1993, vol 11, no 2, pp 241-248 (1993).

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Tiêu đề	Reliability of Fibre Optic Interconnecting Devices and Passive Components – Part 1: Introductory Guide and Definitions
Trường học	International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Chuyên ngành	Electrical Engineering
Thể loại	Standards Document
Năm xuất bản	2001

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