Dispositifs d'interconnexion et composantspassifs à fibres optiques – Méthodes fondamentales d'essais et de mesures – Partie 3-26: Examens et mesures – Mesure de l'erreur d'alignement an
Support d’embout
L’embout est placé et tourné dans un support à rainure en V ou dans un mécanisme de centrage Selon l’ISO 2538, l’angle préférentiel pour une rainure en V est de 108°.
Source de lumière
Un source de lumière blanche est utilisée.
Ecran
The point emitted from the fiber is projected onto a screen, which could be the CCD chip of a video camera It is essential for the screen to be perpendicular to the axis of the V-groove or the centering mechanism.
Equipement de traitement de l'information
Un ordinateur, avec un logiciel adapté, traite les images de la caméra vidéo et analyse les données acquises.
Ecran présentant l'image du point Ordinateur pour le traitement de données
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The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2538, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Series of angles and slopes on prisms
The apparatus, shown in Figure 2, consists of the following elements:
The ferrule is placed and rotated in a precise V-groove holder or in a centring mechanism.
According to ISO 2538 the preferred angle for the V-groove is 108°.
A white light source is used.
The fiber's spot is displayed on a screen, which may be the CCD chip of a video camera This screen must be positioned perpendicular to the axis of the V-groove or centering mechanism.
A computer, with suitable software, processes the images from the video camera and analyses the acquired data.
Monitor showing the spot image Computer for data processing
White light source Video camera
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Before measuring angular misalignment, it is essential to assess the curvature radius, the eccentricity value at the dome's apex, and its position relative to the fiber core on the test tip The orientation of the fiber core in relation to the dome's eccentricity must be indicated on the tip (refer to Figure 3).
The tip is positioned in the holder, aligning the heart of the fiber with the eccentricity of the dome in a known position This setup allows for the evaluation of the luminous point's position, indicated by angle β, in relation to this alignment.
Sommet du dôme Cœur de la fibre ≅ axes de l’embout
Sommet du dôme – direction du cœur de la fibre
Figure 3 – Position de la marque pour indiquer la direction du cœur de la fibre au sommet du dôme
The tip is rotated in increments of 90° or less until a full rotation is achieved At each position, the outline of the light point is obtained, and the central position is estimated using an adjustment procedure.
Lorsque les coordonnées centrales de chaque position d’embout sont acquises, le cercle qui s'ajuste le mieux à ces points doit être trouvé.
L'angle de l'écart du point lumineux θ est donné par
L arctan r θ ó r est le rayon du cercle s'ajustant aux positions centrales du point, et
L est la distance de l'écran depuis la surface de l’embout (voir la Figure 4).
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Before measuring angular misalignment, it is essential to assess the radius of curvature, dome apex offset value, and its position relative to the fiber core on the ferrule being tested Additionally, the orientation of the fiber core in relation to the dome offset must be clearly marked on the ferrule.
The ferrule is positioned in the holder with the dome marker offset to align with the fibre core direction This setup allows for the assessment of the light spot's position, indicated by angle β, in relation to the marker.
Dome vertex Fibre core ≅ ferrule axis
Dome vertex – fibre core direction Marker
Figure 3 – Position of the marker to indicate the dome vertex – fibre core direction
The ferrule is rotated in increments of 90° or less to achieve a full rotation At each angle, the shape of the light spot is captured, and the central position is determined using a fitting procedure.
When the centre coordinates of each ferrule position are acquired, the circle that best fits these points shall be found.
The angle of the light spot deviation θ is given by
L arctan r θ where r is the radius of the circle fitting the spot centre positions, and
L is the distance of the screen from the ferrule surface (see Figure 4).
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Marque de direction cœur de fibre – sommet du dôme
Cercle formé par les centres des points trouvés en tournant l’embout
Position de la marque à la première acquisition
Images acquises par le système video
To achieve an error in θ within the range of 0.01° (approximately 10% of the value of θ), it is essential to know r with an accuracy greater than 1 µm and L with an accuracy greater than 0.1 mm.
L'angle β est évalué à partir de la position de la première image acquise par rapport à la marque indiquant la direction cœur de la fibre – sommet du dôme.
Figure 5 – Définition du système de l'axe orthogonal de référence
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Dome vertex – fibre core direction mark
Circle formed by the centres of the spots, found by turning the ferrule
Marker position at the first acquisition
Images acquired by the video system
To achieve an error in θ within 0.01° (approximately 10% of the θ value), it is essential to measure r with an accuracy of better than 1 µm and L with an accuracy of better than 0.1 mm.
The angle β is evaluated from the position of the first image acquired with respect to the marker indicating the dome vertex – fibre core direction.
Figure 5 – Definition of the reference orthogonal axis system
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In an orthogonal coordinate system centered on the core of the fiber, with the positive X-axis aligned along the direction from the core to the dome's apex, the two components of the angle θ, namely θ x and θ y, are illustrated (refer to Appendix A and Figure 5).
L'angle α entre la perpendiculaire à la surface de la fibre et l'axe de l’embout (voir l'Annexe A) est:
R arcsin e α ó e est l'excentricité du sommet du dôme, et
R est le rayon de la surface polie.
Dans le système d'axe orthogonal défini précédemment, les deux composants δ x et δ y de l'angle d'erreur d'alignement δ sont:
= n y y δ arcsin sinθ ó n est l'indice de réfraction de la fibre. À partir de ces composants, l'angle d'erreur d'alignement de l'axe de la fibre et de l'axe de l’embout est le suivant:
Les détails suivants, si applicables, doivent être spécifiés dans la spécification particulière:
– exactitude prescrite de la mesure;
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In an orthogonal axis system centered on the fiber core, with the positive X axis aligned with the direction from the dome vertex to the fiber core, the two components of the angle θ are denoted as θₓ and θᵧ.
The angle α between the normal to the fibre surface and the ferrule axis is (see Annex A):
R arcsin e α where e is the eccentricity of the dome vertex, and
R is the radius of the polished surface.
In the orthogonal axis system defined before, the two components δ x and δ y of the misalignment angle δ are:
= n y y δ arcsin sinθ where n is the refractive index of the fibre.
From these components the misalignment angle between the fibre axis and the ferrule axis is:
The following details, as applicable, shall be specified in the detail specification:
– required accuracy of the measurement;
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Evaluation de l'erreur d'alignement angulaire à partir de l'écart du point de lumière
Evaluation de l'inclinaison de la fibre à partir du rayon de courbure
et de l'excentricité du sommet du dôme
The angle between the tip axis and the perpendicular line to the center of the fiber surface is caused by the eccentricity of the dome's apex Referring to Figure A.1, the angle α can be expressed as follows:
R est le rayon de courbure de la surface polie, et e est l'excentricité du sommet du dôme. α α
Perpendiculaire à la surface de la fibre
Figure A.1 – Evaluation de l'inclinaison de la fibre par rapport à l'axe de l’embout
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Evaluation of the angular misalignment from the deviation of the light spot
A.1 Evaluation of the fibre tilt from the radius of curvature and eccentricity of the dome vertex
The angle α, which is formed between the ferrule axis and the normal to the center of the fiber surface, arises from the eccentricity of the dome vertex, as illustrated in Figure A.1.
R is the radius of curvature of the polished surface and e is the eccentricity of the dome vertex. α α
Figure A.1 – Evaluation of the fibre tilt with respect to the ferrule axis
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Equation pour l'évaluation de l'erreur d'alignement angulaire
Ferrule holder
The ferrule is placed and rotated in a precise V-groove holder or in a centring mechanism.
According to ISO 2538 the preferred angle for the V-groove is 108°.
Light source
A white light source is used.
Screen
The fiber's spot is displayed on a screen, which may be the CCD chip of a video camera This screen must be positioned perpendicular to the axis of the V-groove or centering mechanism.
Data processing equipment
A computer, with suitable software, processes the images from the video camera and analyses the acquired data.
Monitor showing the spot image Computer for data processing
White light source Video camera
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Before measuring angular misalignment, it is essential to assess the curvature radius, the apex eccentricity of the dome, and its position relative to the fiber core on the test tip The orientation of the fiber core in relation to the dome's eccentricity should be indicated on the tip (see Figure 3).
The tip is positioned in the holder, aligning the fiber's core direction mark with the eccentricity of the dome in a known position This setup allows for the evaluation of the light point's position, represented by angle β, in relation to this mark.
Sommet du dôme Cœur de la fibre ≅ axes de l’embout
Sommet du dôme – direction du cœur de la fibre
Figure 3 – Position de la marque pour indiquer la direction du cœur de la fibre au sommet du dôme
The tip is rotated in increments of 90° or less until a full rotation is achieved At each position, the outline of the light point is obtained, and the central position is estimated using an adjustment procedure.
Lorsque les coordonnées centrales de chaque position d’embout sont acquises, le cercle qui s'ajuste le mieux à ces points doit être trouvé.
L'angle de l'écart du point lumineux θ est donné par
L arctan r θ ó r est le rayon du cercle s'ajustant aux positions centrales du point, et
L est la distance de l'écran depuis la surface de l’embout (voir la Figure 4).
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Before measuring angular misalignment, it is essential to assess the radius of curvature, dome apex offset value, and its position relative to the fiber core on the ferrule being tested Additionally, the orientation of the fiber core in relation to the dome offset must be clearly marked on the ferrule.
The ferrule is positioned in the holder with the dome marker offset to align with the fibre core direction This setup allows for the assessment of the light spot's position, indicated by angle β, in relation to the marker.
Dome vertex Fibre core ≅ ferrule axis
Dome vertex – fibre core direction Marker
Figure 3 – Position of the marker to indicate the dome vertex – fibre core direction
The ferrule is rotated in increments of 90° or smaller until it completes a full rotation At each angle, the shape of the light spot is captured, and the central position is determined using a fitting method.
When the centre coordinates of each ferrule position are acquired, the circle that best fits these points shall be found.
The angle of the light spot deviation θ is given by
L arctan r θ where r is the radius of the circle fitting the spot centre positions, and
L is the distance of the screen from the ferrule surface (see Figure 4).
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Marque de direction cœur de fibre – sommet du dôme
Cercle formé par les centres des points trouvés en tournant l’embout
Position de la marque à la première acquisition
Images acquises par le système video
To achieve an error in θ within the range of 0.01° (approximately 10% of the value of θ), it is essential to know r with an accuracy greater than 1 µm and L with an accuracy greater than 0.1 mm.
L'angle β est évalué à partir de la position de la première image acquise par rapport à la marque indiquant la direction cœur de la fibre – sommet du dôme.
Figure 5 – Définition du système de l'axe orthogonal de référence
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Dome vertex – fibre core direction mark
Circle formed by the centres of the spots, found by turning the ferrule
Marker position at the first acquisition
Images acquired by the video system
To achieve an error in θ within 0.01° (approximately 10% of the θ value), it is essential to measure r with an accuracy of better than 1 µm and L with an accuracy of better than 0.1 mm.
The angle β is evaluated from the position of the first image acquired with respect to the marker indicating the dome vertex – fibre core direction.
Figure 5 – Definition of the reference orthogonal axis system
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In an orthogonal coordinate system centered on the core of the fiber, with the positive X-axis aligned along the direction from the core to the dome's apex, the two components of the angle θ, namely θ x and θ y, are illustrated (refer to Appendix A and Figure 5).
L'angle α entre la perpendiculaire à la surface de la fibre et l'axe de l’embout (voir l'Annexe A) est:
R arcsin e α ó e est l'excentricité du sommet du dôme, et
R est le rayon de la surface polie.
Dans le système d'axe orthogonal défini précédemment, les deux composants δ x et δ y de l'angle d'erreur d'alignement δ sont:
= n y y δ arcsin sinθ ó n est l'indice de réfraction de la fibre. À partir de ces composants, l'angle d'erreur d'alignement de l'axe de la fibre et de l'axe de l’embout est le suivant:
Les détails suivants, si applicables, doivent être spécifiés dans la spécification particulière:
– exactitude prescrite de la mesure;
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In an orthogonal axis system centered on the fiber core, with the positive X axis aligned with the direction from the dome vertex to the fiber core, the two components of the angle θ are represented as θₓ and θᵧ.
The angle α between the normal to the fibre surface and the ferrule axis is (see Annex A):
R arcsin e α where e is the eccentricity of the dome vertex, and
R is the radius of the polished surface.
In the orthogonal axis system defined before, the two components δ x and δ y of the misalignment angle δ are:
= n y y δ arcsin sinθ where n is the refractive index of the fibre.
From these components the misalignment angle between the fibre axis and the ferrule axis is:
The following details, as applicable, shall be specified in the detail specification:
– required accuracy of the measurement;
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Evaluation de l'erreur d'alignement angulaire à partir de l'écart du point de lumière
A.1 Evaluation de l'inclinaison de la fibre à partir du rayon de courbure et de l'excentricité du sommet du dôme
The angle between the tip axis and the perpendicular line to the center of the fiber surface is caused by the eccentricity of the dome's apex Referring to Figure A.1, the angle \( \alpha \) can be expressed as follows:
R est le rayon de courbure de la surface polie, et e est l'excentricité du sommet du dôme. α α
Perpendiculaire à la surface de la fibre
Figure A.1 – Evaluation de l'inclinaison de la fibre par rapport à l'axe de l’embout
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Evaluation of the angular misalignment from the deviation of the light spot
Evaluation of the fibre tilt from the radius of curvature and eccentricity
and eccentricity of the dome vertex
The angle α, formed between the ferrule axis and the normal to the center of the fiber surface, arises from the eccentricity of the dome vertex, as illustrated in Figure A.1.
R is the radius of curvature of the polished surface and e is the eccentricity of the dome vertex. α α
Figure A.1 – Evaluation of the fibre tilt with respect to the ferrule axis
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The equation for assessing the angular misalignment error between the tip axis and the fiber is derived from the law of refraction It indicates that the light point emitted from the fiber deviates from the fiber core axis based on the angle of the fiber's end face.
Dans la Figure A.2, les angles utilisés pour l'évaluation de l'erreur d'alignement angulaire de la fibre sont présentés et définis D'un point de vue trigonométrique simple, on peut écrire:
) cos(θ ⋅ θ y = θ ⋅ β À partir de ces équations, on obtient:
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Equation for the angular misalignment between fibre and ferrule axis evaluation
From the law of refraction, the light spot coming from the fibre deflects from the axis of the fibre core depending on the angle of the fibre endface.
In Figure A.2 the angles used for the evaluation of the fibre angular misalignment are shown and defined With a simple trigonometric consideration we can write:
From these equations we obtain:
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Axe X dans la direction du sommet du dôme vers le cœur de la fibre
The Y-axis is orthogonal to the X-axis at the center of the fiber, where the angle between the tip axis and the perpendicular to the fiber surface is denoted as β This angle represents the angular position on the XY plane of the deflected point, referenced to the X-axis The angle θ indicates the deviation of the outgoing light point from the fiber, with θ_x being the component of θ on the X plane and θ_y being the component of θ on the Y plane Additionally, the angle δ represents the alignment error between the fiber axis and the tip axis, with δ_x as the component of δ on the X plane and δ_y as the component of δ on the Y plane.
Figure A.2 – Définition des angles utilisés dans les équations pour l'évaluation de l'erreur d'alignement
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X axis in the direction of the dome vertex toward the fibre core
The Y axis is orthogonal to the X axis on the fibre core, where the angle between the ferrule axis and the normal to the fibre surface at its center is denoted as \$\alpha\$ The angular position of the deviated spot on the XY plane, referenced to the X-axis, is represented by \$\beta\$ The angle deviation of the outcoming light spot from the fibre is indicated by \$\theta\$, with its components on the X and Y planes represented as \$\theta_x\$ and \$\theta_y\$, respectively Additionally, the angle of misalignment between the fibre axis and the ferrule axis is denoted as \$\delta\$, with its components on the X and Y planes represented as \$\delta_x\$ and \$\delta_y\$.
Figure A.2 – Definition of the angles used in the equations for the misalignment evaluation
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In the plane formed by the axis of the tip and the perpendicular to the terminal face of the fiber, light reaches the fiber surface at an angle of α – δx The emission of the light point occurs at an angle of α – θx These angles are related by Snell's law.
− θ α δ α ó n est l'indice de réfraction de la fibre. À partir de cette équation, on obtient:
Pour le composant sur le plan Y, ó il n'existe aucune contribution du fait de l'inclinaison de la fibre, on peut écrire:
The angle \$\delta\$ represents the angular misalignment error between the tip axis and the fiber, which can be calculated using the arcsine of the sine of \$\theta\$ Referencing Figure A.3, this relationship can be expressed mathematically.
En élevant au carré les deux équations et en les ajoutant membre par membre, on obtient:
[ tan ( ) tan ( ) ] sin ( ) [ cos ( ) sin ( ) ] sin ( )
[ tan ( ) tan ( ) ] cos sin 2 ( ( ) ) tan 2 ( )
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At the plane formed by the ferrule axis and the normal to the fibre endface (plane X in Figure
A.2), the light arrives at the fibre surface with an angle α – δ x The light spot leaves with an angle α – θ x These angles are correlated by Snell’s law: x n x 1
− θ α δ α where n is the refractive index of the fibre.
From this equation we have:
= n x sin( x ) arcsin α θ α δ For the component on the Y plane, where there is no contribution due to fibre tilt, we can write:
From these two components it is possible to calculate the angle δ representing the angular misalignment between the fibre and the ferrule axis Referring to Figure A.3, we can write:
By squaring both equations and adding them member by member, we obtain:
[ tan ( ) tan ( ) ] sin ( ) [ cos ( ) sin ( ) ] sin ( )
[ tan ( ) tan ( ) ] cos sin 2 ( ( ) ) tan 2 ( )
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Figure A.3 – Evaluation de l'erreur d'alignement angulaire à partir de ses composants
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Figure A.3 – Evaluation of the angular misalignment from its components
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CEI 61300-1, Dispositifs d'interconnexion et composants passifs à fibres optiques – Méthodes fondamentales d'essais et de mesures – Partie 1: Généralités et guide
CEI 61300-3-15, Dispositifs d'interconnexion et composants passifs à fibres optiques –
Méthodes fondamentales d'essais et de mesures – Partie 3-15: Mesures – Excentricité de la face terminale d’un embout poli convexe
CEI 61300-3-16, Dispositifs d'interconnexion et composants passifs à fibres optiques –
Méthodes fondamentales d'essais et de mesures – Partie 3-16: Examens et mesures – Rayon de la face terminale des embouts polis sphériquement
CEI 60793-1-1, Fibres optiques – Partie 1-1: Spécification générique – Généralités
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IEC 61300-1, Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Basic test and measurement procedures – Part 1: General and guidance
IEC 61300-3-15, Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Basic test and measurement procedures – Part 3-15: Measurements – Eccentricity of a convex polished ferrule endface
IEC 61300-3-16, Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Basic test and measurement procedures – Part 3-16: Examinations and measurements – Endface radius of spherically polished ferrules
IEC 60793-1-1, Optical fibres – Part 1-1: Generic specification – General
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Q7 Veuillez évaluer chacun des critères ci- dessous en utilisant les chiffres
(2) au-dessous de la moyenne,
(4) au-dessus de la moyenne,
(6) sans objet publication en temps opportun qualité de la rédaction contenu technique disposition logique du contenu tableaux, diagrammes, graphiques, figures autre(s)
Q8 Je lis/utilise: (une seule réponse) uniquement le texte franỗais R uniquement le texte anglais R les textes anglais et franỗais R
Q9 Veuillez nous faire part de vos observations éventuelles sur la CEI:
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