BSI Standards PublicationSecondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes — Portable sealed rechargeable single cells Part 2: Nickel-metal hydride... EN
Cell designation
Small prismatic cells and cylindrical cells
Sealed nickel-metal hydride small prismatic rechargeable single cells and cylindrical rechargeable single cells shall be designated by a letter L, M, H or X which signifies:
• very high rate of discharge (X)
NOTE These cells are typically but not exclusively used for the following discharge rates:
When a cell is intended for permanent charge at elevated temperatures, typically higher than
40 °C, a letter "T" is placed after the letter L, M, H or X
When a cell is intended for permanent charge at elevated temperatures, typically higher than
50 °C, a letter "U" is placed after the letter L, M, H or X
When a cell is intended for surface temperature limitation, a letter “S” is placed after the letter
When a cell is intended for rapid charge, typically at 1,0 I t A, a letter "R" is placed after the letter L, M, H or X
Sealed nickel-metal hydride small prismatic rechargeable single cells are identified by the designation "HF" followed by a letter (L, M, H, or X) and three groups of figures separated by solidus The first two figures represent the maximum width of the cell in millimeters, rounded up to the nearest whole number The middle two figures indicate the maximum thickness, also in millimeters and rounded up Lastly, the final two figures denote the maximum height of the cell, expressed in millimeters and rounded up accordingly.
EXAMPLE HFL 18/07/49 designation identifies a small prismatic cell of low discharge rate capability, with a maximum width of 18 mm, a maximum thickness of 7 mm and a maximum height of 49 mm
Sealed nickel-metal hydride cylindrical rechargeable single cells are identified by the designation "HR" followed by a letter (L, M, H, or X) and two groups of figures separated by a solidus The figures to the left of the solidus represent the maximum diameter of the cell in millimeters, rounded up to the nearest whole number, while the figures to the right indicate the maximum height of the cell, also expressed in millimeters and rounded up accordingly.
When a manufacturer designs a cell with dimensions and tolerances which make it interchangeable with a primary cell, the designation of Table 2 shall also be marked on the cell
EXAMPLE 1 HRL 33/62 designation identifies a cylindrical cell of low discharge rate capability, with a maximum diameter of 33 mm and a maximum height of 61,5 mm
EXAMPLE 2 HRLT 33/62 designation identifies a cylindrical cell of low discharge rate capability, intended for permanent charge at elevated temperatures with a maximum diameter of 33 mm and a maximum height of 61,5 mm
EXAMPLE 3 HRXR 23/43 designation identifies a cylindrical cell of very high discharge rate capability, intended for rapid charge, with a maximum diameter of 23 mm and a maximum height of 43 mm
For cells dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells, the following single or double figures following the letter L, M, R or S may indicate:
NOTE Cells dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells correspond to M type unless otherwise specified
For the purpose of this explanation, an example is given below
The HRMR03 designation refers to a sealed nickel-metal hydride cylindrical rechargeable single cell, designed for medium discharge rates and rapid charging This cell is dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells and is classified as type AAA.
Button cells
Sealed nickel-metal hydride button rechargeable single cells shall be designated by the letters
The designation "HB" is followed by two sets of numbers separated by a solidus The first set, consisting of three digits to the left of the solidus, represents the maximum diameter of the cell in tenths of millimeters, rounded up to the nearest whole number The second set, with three digits to the right of the solidus, indicates the maximum height of the cell, also expressed in tenths of millimeters and rounded up to the next whole number.
EXAMPLE HB 116/054 designation identifies a button cell, with a maximum diameter of 11,6 mm and a maximum height of 5,4 mm.
Cell termination
This standard does not specify cell termination.
Marking
Small prismatic cells and cylindrical cells
Each jacketed cell supplied without connections shall carry durable markings giving the following minimum information:
• sealed rechargeable nickel-metal hydride or Ni-MH;
• designation as specified in 5.1 (in addition, it is permissible for a manufacturer to use his own type designation);
• recommended charge rate and time or permanent charge current for "T" cells;
• date of manufacture (which may be in code);
• name or identification of manufacturer or supplier
Sealed nickel-metal hydride rechargeable single cells with connection tabs typically do not require individual labels when they are part of a battery assembly, as the battery itself is marked with the necessary information.
Button cells
Each button cell supplied without connection shall carry durable markings giving the following minimum information:
• date of manufacture (which may be in code);
• name or identification of manufacturer or supplier
Small prismatic cells and cylindrical cells
General
Figures 1 and 2 show the shape of the cells
Figure 1 – Jacketed cylindrical cells Figure 2 – Jacketed small prismatic cells
Small prismatic cells
Table 1 shows the dimensions for jacketed small prismatic cells
Table 1 – Dimensions of jacketed small prismatic cells
Cell designation Width mm Thickness mm Height mm
Cylindrical cells
6.1.3.1 Cells dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells
Table 2 gives the requirements relative to the dimensions for jacketed cylindrical cells which are dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells
Table 2 – Jacketed cylindrical cells dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells
Max Min Min - Max Max Min Min Max Min Max
Cell designations must adhere to the nomenclature rules outlined in IEC 60086-1 In various countries, these cell types are commonly referred to as AAA (R 03), AA (R 6), C (R 14), and D (R 20) Carbon zinc cells (R) and alkaline primary cells (LR) must comply with the standards set forth in IEC 60086-2 Additionally, there is no specification for the value "D" concerning sealed nickel-metal hydride cylindrical rechargeable single cells that are interchangeable with primary cells.
Figure 3 – Jacketed cells dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells
The dimensions of the cell illustrated in Figure 3 include several key measurements: a) A represents the maximum overall height of the cell; b) B indicates the minimum distance between the flats of the positive and negative contacts; c) C denotes the minimum outer diameter of the negative flat contact surface; d) D specifies the maximum inner diameter of the negative flat contact surface; e) E refers to the maximum recess of the negative flat contact surface; f) F is the maximum diameter of the positive contact within the defined projection height; g) G outlines the minimum projection of the flat positive contact; h) ∅ indicates the maximum and minimum diameters of the cell; and i) ∅P represents the concentricity of the positive contact.
6.1.3.2 Cells not dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells
Table 3 shows the dimensions for jacketed cylindrical cells not dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells
Table 3 – Jacketed cylindrical cells not dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells
Cell designation a Diameter mm Height mm
44,5 50,5 67,0 43,0 49,0 50,5 67,0 28,5 43,0 50,0 67,0 43,5 67,0 67,0 34,0 43,0 43,5 50,0 61,0 47,0 50,0 36,0 61,5 91,0 59,5 a The letters HR to be followed by L, M, H or X and T and/or R as appropriate (see 5.1) b 8 new cells
Button cells
Cells shall be constructed as design I or II
NOTE The polarity of design I is not standardized
Table 4 shows the dimensions of sealed nickel-metal hydride button rechargeable single cells
Table 4 – Dimensions of button cells
Cell designation Overall diameter d mm Overall height h mm
General
The charge and discharge currents for testing, as outlined in this clause and Clause 5, are determined based on the rated capacity (C 5 Ah) These currents are represented as multiples of I t A, where I t A is calculated as C 5 Ah divided by 1 hour.
In all tests, except where noted, no leakage of electrolyte in liquid form shall be observed.
Charging procedure for test purposes
The charging procedure for testing must be conducted at an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C and a relative humidity of 65 % ± 20 %, using a constant current of 0.1 I t A for 16 hours Tests should be completed within one month of the arrival or purchase date.
Prior to charging, the cell shall be discharged in an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C, at a constant current of 0,2 I t A, down to a final voltage of 1,0 V
Discharge performance
General
The following discharge tests shall be carried out in the sequence given.
Discharge performance at 20 °C
The cell shall be charged in accordance with 7.2 After charging, the cell shall be stored in an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C, for not less than 1 h and not more than 4 h
The cell must be discharged at an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C, following the specifications outlined in Tables 5 or 6 The discharge duration should meet or exceed the minimum values indicated in these tables.
The 0,2 I t A discharge test is performed in order to verify the declared rated capacity of the cell
Table 5 – Discharge performance at 20 °C for small prismatic cells and cylindrical cells
Discharge conditions Minimum discharge duration h/min
Rate of constant current Final voltage Cell designation
A V L/LT/LU/LS M/MT/MU/MS H/HT/HU X
The test allows for a maximum of five cycles, with termination occurring at the end of the first cycle that meets the specified requirements Additionally, before conducting the 5 I t A and 10 I t A tests, a conditioning cycle may be necessary, which involves charging at 0.1 I t A as per section 7.2 and discharging at 0.2 I t A in a controlled ambient temperature.
Table 6 – Discharge performance at 20 °C for button cells
Discharge conditions Minimum discharge duration h/min
35 min a Five cycles are permitted for this test The test shall be terminated at the end of the first cycle which meets the requirement.
Discharge performance at 0 °C
The cell shall be charged in accordance with 7.2 After charging, the cell shall be stored, in an ambient temperature of 0 °C ± 2 °C for not less than 16 h and not more than 24 h
The cell must be discharged at an ambient temperature of 0 °C ± 2 °C, following the specifications outlined in Tables 7 or 8 The discharge duration should meet or exceed the minimum values indicated in these tables.
Table 7 – Discharge performance at 0 °C for small prismatic cells and cylindrical cells
Discharge conditions Minimum discharge duration h/min
Cell designation L/LT/LU/LS M/MT/MU/MS H/HT/HU X
Before conducting the 2.0 I t A and 3.0 I t A tests, a conditioning cycle may be necessary This cycle involves charging at a rate of 0.1 I t A as specified in section 7.2, followed by discharging at a rate of 0.2 I t A in a controlled ambient temperature.
Table 8 – Discharge performance at 0 °C for button cells
Discharge conditions Minimum discharge duration h/min
Discharge performance for rapid charge cells (R cells)
R cells should be charged at a constant current of 1.0 I t A for 1.2 hours, or according to the manufacturer's recommended charge termination method, followed by a charge at 0.1 I t A for 2 hours, maintaining an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C After the charging process, the cells must be stored and discharged as outlined in sections 7.3.2 and 7.3.3.
The duration of discharge shall be not less than the values specified in Table 5 for discharge at 20 °C ± 5 °C and in Table 7 for discharge at 0 °C ± 2 °C.
Charge (capacity) retention
The charge retention of the cell is assessed through a specific test, which involves charging the cell as per section 7.2 and then storing it on open circuit for 28 days The average ambient temperature during this period should be maintained at 20 °C ± 2 °C, with allowances for short-term variations within a range of 20 °C ± 5 °C.
The cells shall be discharged under the conditions specified in 7.3.2 at a rate of 0,2 I t A The duration of discharge after 28 days storage at 20 °C shall be not less than:
• 3 h for small prismatic cells and cylindrical cells;
Endurance
Endurance in cycles
Prior to the endurance in cycles test, the cell shall be discharged at a constant current of 0,2 I t A to a final voltage of 1,0 V
The endurance test will be conducted at an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C, regardless of cell designation Both charging and discharging will occur at a constant current, following the conditions outlined in Tables 9, 10, 11, and 12 To ensure safety, measures must be implemented to keep the cell-case temperature below 35 °C during the test, which may include the use of a forced air draught.
NOTE The actual cell temperature, not the ambient temperature, determines cell performance
7.5.1.2 Small prismatic, button and cylindrical cells not dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells
Table 9 – Endurance in cycles for small prismatic, button and cylindrical cells not dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells
Cycle number Charge Stand in charged condition Discharge
0,10 I t A for 16 h 0,25 I t A for 3 h 10 min 0,25 I t A for 3 h 10 min 0,10 I t A for 16 h
For optimal battery performance, discharge at a rate of 0.25 I t A for 2 hours and 20 minutes, ensuring the cell voltage does not fall below 1.0 V If the voltage drops below this threshold, the discharge process should be halted After completing the discharge at cycle 50, it is advisable to allow a sufficient open-circuit rest period before commencing cycle 51 This approach can also be applied at subsequent cycles, including 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350.
Cycles 1 to 50 shall be repeated until the discharge duration on any 50th cycle becomes less than 3 h At this stage, a repeat capacity measurement as specified for cycle 50 shall be carried out
The endurance test concludes when two consecutive capacity cycles result in a discharge duration of under 3 hours Additionally, the total number of cycles achieved upon completion of the test must be no fewer than the specified minimum.
• 500 for L/LR, M/MR, H/HR or X/XR cells;
• 50 for LT/LU, MT/MU or HT/HU cells;
7.5.1.3 Cylindrical cells dimensionally interchangeable with primary cells
The cell shall be tested in accordance with 7.5.1.2 The total number of cycles obtained when the test is completed shall be not less than:
• 500 for AAA cells with a rated capacity less than 800 mAh;
• 300 for AAA cells with a rated capacity of 800 mAh or more;
• 500 for AA cells with a rated capacity less than 2 100 mAh;
• 300 for AA cells with a rated capacity of 2 100 mAh or more;
7.5.1.4 Cylindrical cells (accelerated test procedures)
To expedite testing or simulate cycling conditions that closely resemble real-world applications, alternative procedures outlined in Tables 10, 11, and 12 can be implemented as substitutes for section 7.5.1.2.
Table 10 – Endurance in cycles for H or X cells
Cycle number Charge Stand in charged condition Discharge Total duration including subsequent rest
For optimal performance, it is essential to adhere to the manufacturer's recommended charge termination time of 90 minutes After completing the discharge at cycle 50, allowing adequate open-circuit rest time is permissible, enabling a convenient start for cycle 51 This approach can also be applied at subsequent cycles, including 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350.
Cycles 1 to 50 shall be repeated until the discharge duration to the final voltage of 1,0 V on any 49th cycle becomes less than 30 min or until the discharge duration to the final voltage of 1,0 V on any 50th cycle becomes less than 3 h At this stage, a repeat capacity measurement as specified for cycle 50 shall be carried out and if the discharge time is less than 3 h again the test is terminated
The total number of cycles obtained when the test is completed shall be not less than 500
Table 11 – Endurance in cycles for X cells
Cycle number Charge Stand in charged condition
Discharge Conditions Total duration including subsequent rest
For optimal charge termination, follow the manufacturer's recommendations After completing discharge at cycle 50, it is advisable to allow adequate open-circuit rest time before starting cycle 51 This approach can also be applied at cycles 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300.
Cycles 1 to 50 shall be repeated until the discharge duration to the final voltage of 0,8 V on any 49 th cycle becomes less than 5 min or until the discharge duration to the final voltage of 1,0 V on any 50 th cycle becomes less than 3 h At this stage, a repeat capacity measurement as specified for cycle 50 shall be carried out and if the discharge time is less than 3 h again the test is terminated
The total number of cycles obtained when the test is completed shall be not less than 500
Table 12 – Endurance in cycles for HR or XR cells
Cycle number Charge Stand in charged condition
Discharge Conditions Total duration including subsequent rest
2 to 48 1,0 I t A for a 30 min 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V 90 min
For optimal battery performance, charge at 1.0 A for the first 2 hours, then at 0.1 A for the next 1 to 4 hours, and finally at 0.2 A to reach 1.0 V It is essential to follow the manufacturer's recommended charge termination methods, such as using the -∆V or ∆T/∆t control method Additionally, allowing sufficient open-circuit rest time after discharge completion at cycle 50 is advisable, enabling a convenient start for cycle 51 This approach can also be applied to subsequent cycles, including 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300.
Cycles 1 to 50 shall be repeated until the discharge duration to the final voltage of 1,0 V on any 49th cycle becomes less than 30 min or until the discharge duration to the final voltage of 1,0 V on any 50th cycle becomes less than 3 h At this stage, a repeat capacity measurement as specified for cycle 50 shall be carried out and if the discharge time is less than 3 h again the test is terminated
The total number of cycles obtained when the test is completed shall be not less than 500.
Permanent charge endurance
7.5.2.1 Small prismatic and button cells
There is no requirement for permanent charge endurance tests on small prismatic and button cells
Prior to this test, the cell shall be discharged at 0,2 I t A to a final voltage of 1,0 V
The permanent charge endurance test will be conducted at an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C, with both charge and discharge processes maintained at a constant current, following the conditions outlined in Table 13.
Table 13 – Permanent charge endurance for L, M, H or X cells
0,05 I t A for 91 days 0,05 I t A for 91 days 0,05 I t A for 91 days 0,05 I t A for 91 days
0,2 I t A to 1,0 V 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V a The discharge is carried out immediately on completion of charging
Precautions shall be taken to prevent cell-case temperature from rising above 25 °C during the test by providing a forced air draught if necessary
The discharge duration at cycle 4 shall be not less than 3 h
7.5.2.3 LT, MT or HT cylindrical cells
The permanent charge endurance test shall be performed in three steps according to the conditions specified in Table 14
• an ageing period of six months at +70 °C;
• a final charge acceptance test to check the cell's performance after ageing
NOTE 1 The six months aging period and the temperature of +70 °C has been selected to simulate four years of permanent charge operation at +40 °C
Before conducting the test, the cell must be discharged at a temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C, using a current of 0.2 I t A, until it reaches a final voltage of 1.0 V After this, it should be stored at an ambient temperature of +40 °C ± 2 °C for a duration of no less than 16 hours and no more than 24 hours.
The cell shall then be charged and discharged at constant current under the conditions specified in Table 14 while maintained in an ambient temperature of +40 °C ± 2 °C or +70 °C ± 2 °Cas appropriate
The discharge conditions A or B may be chosen to suit the user's requirements The discharge is carried out immediately on completion of charging
After performing the first charge acceptance test at +40 °C the cell is stored in an ambient temperature of +70 °C ± 2 °C for not less than 16 h and not more than 24 h
During the ageing period of six months at +70 °C, precautions shall be taken to prevent the cell-case temperature from rising above +75 °C, by providing a forced air draught, if necessary
NOTE 2 The actual cell case temperature, not the ambient temperature, determines cell performance
The discharge duration of the three cycles at +70 °C shall be recorded Leakage of electrolyte shall not occur during this test
After the ageing period, cells must be stored at an ambient temperature of +40 °C ± 2 °C for a duration between 16 to 24 hours Following this, the initial charge acceptance test is conducted, repeating three cycles at +40 °C under the conditions outlined in Table 14 The discharge duration must meet or exceed the values specified in Table 14.
Table 14 – Permanent charge endurance for LT, MT or HT cells
Cycle number Ambient temperature Charge Discharge A or B a Minimum discharge duration
A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or
A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or
A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or
24 min a A: for LT, MT or HT cells
B: for MT or HT cells only
7.5.2.4 LU, MU or HU cylindrical cells
The permanent charge endurance test shall be performed in three steps according to the conditions specified in Table 15
• an ageing period of twelve months at +70 °C;
• a final charge acceptance test to check the cell's performance after ageing
NOTE 1 The twelve months ageing period and the temperature of +70 °C has been selected to simulate four years of permanent charge operation at +50 °C
Before conducting the test, the cell must be discharged at a temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C, using a current of 0.2 I t A, until it reaches a final voltage of 1.0 V After this, it should be stored at an ambient temperature of +50 °C ± 2 °C for a duration of no less than 16 hours and no more than 24 hours.
The cell shall then be charged and discharged at constant currents under the conditions specified in Table 15 while maintained in an ambient temperature of +50 °C ± 2 °C or +70 °C ± 2 °Cas appropriate
The discharge conditions A or B may be chosen to suit the user's requirements The discharge is carried out immediately on completion of charging
After performing the first charge acceptance test at +50 °C, the cell is stored in an ambient temperature of +70 °C ± 2 °C for not less than 16 h and not more than 24 h
During the ageing period of twelve months at +70 °C, precautions shall be taken to prevent the cell-case temperature from rising above +75 °C, by providing a forced air draught, if necessary
NOTE 2 The actual cell case temperature, not the ambient temperature, determines cell performance
The discharge duration of the three cycles at +70 °C shall be recorded Leakage of electrolyte shall not occur during this test
After the ageing period, cells must be stored at an ambient temperature of +50 °C ± 2 °C for a duration between 16 to 24 hours Following this, the initial charge acceptance test is conducted over three cycles at +50 °C, adhering to the conditions outlined in Table 15 The discharge duration must meet or exceed the values specified in Table 15.
Table 15 – Permanent charge endurance for LU, MU or HU cells
Cycle number Ambient temperature Charge Discharge A or B a Minimum discharge duration
A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or
A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or
A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or A: 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V B: 1,0 I t A to 1,0 V or
24 min a A: for LU, MU or HU cells
B: for MU or HU cells only.
Charge acceptance at constant voltage
This standard does not specify a charge acceptance test at constant voltage
Charging at constant voltage is not recommended.
Overcharge
Small prismatic, L, M, H, X, LS or MS cylindrical, and button cells
The ability of the cell to withstand an overcharge shall be determined by the following test
Prior to this test, the cell shall be discharged in an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C, at a constant current of 0,2 I t A, down to a final voltage of 1,0 V
The cell must be charged at a constant current of 0.1 I t A for 48 hours in an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C Following the charging process, it should be stored at the same temperature for a duration of 1 to 4 hours.
The cell shall then be discharged at 20 °C ± 5 °C at a constant current of 0,2 I t A to a final voltage of 1,0 V
The duration of discharge shall be not less than 5 h.
LT/LU, MT/MU or HT/HU cylindrical cells
The ability of the cell to withstand an overcharge shall be determined by the following test performed at 0 °C ± 2 °C in circulating air
Before conducting the test, the cell must be discharged at an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C to a final voltage of 1.0 V, using a current of 0.2 I t A After discharging, it should be stored at a temperature of 0 °C ± 2 °C for a duration of no less than 16 hours and no more than 24 hours.
Charge and discharge shall be carried out at constant current, using the conditions specified in Table 16 The discharge condition A or B may be chosen to suit the user's requirements
LT/LU, MT/MU, HT/HU cells MT/MU, HT/HU cells 0,05 I t A for 28 days 0,2 I t A to 1,0 V 1,0 I t A to 0,9 V a The discharge is carried out immediately on completion of charging
The duration of discharge shall be not less than that specified in Table 7.
R cylindrical cells
The ability of the cell to withstand an overcharge shall be determined by the following test
Prior to this test, the cell shall be discharged in an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C, at a constant current of 0,2 I t A, to a final voltage of 1,0 V
The cell must be charged at a constant current of 1.0 I_t A for 1.2 hours in an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C, or according to the manufacturer's recommended charge termination method, such as -∆V Following this initial charging phase, continue charging at a constant current of 0.1 I_t A for 48 hours, while maintaining the same ambient temperature After the charging process, the cell should be stored at 20 °C ± 5 °C for a duration of 1 to 4 hours.
The cell shall then be discharged at 20 °C ± 5 °C at a constant current of 0,2 I t A to a final voltage of 1,0 V
The duration of discharge shall be not less than 5 h.
Safety device operation
Warning: EXTREME CAUTION SHALL BE EXERCISED WHEN CARRYING OUT THIS TEST ! CELLS
Each cell will be tested individually, and it is important to note that cells that do not meet the required standards may explode with significant force, even after being disconnected from the charging current.
FOR THIS REASON, THE TEST SHALL BE CARRIED OUT IN A PROTECTIVE CHAMBER
To ensure the safety device of the cell functions correctly, a test will be conducted to verify that it allows gas to escape when the internal pressure surpasses a critical threshold.
NOTE Some button cells do not have a safety vent This test should not be performed on this type of cell
The cell shall undergo a forced discharge in an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C, at a constant current of 0,2 I t A, to a final voltage of 0 V
The current shall then be increased to 1,0 I t A and the forced discharge continued in the same ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C, for 60 min
During and at the end of this discharge, the cell shall not disrupt or burst Leakage of electrolyte and deformation of the cell are acceptable.
Surface temperature limitation device operation (for S cell only)
Warning: EXTREME CAUTION SHALL BE EXERCISED WHEN CARRYING OUT THIS TEST! THE CELL
COULD BURST WITH EXPLOSIVE FORCE OR ITS CONTENT COULD FLOW OUT IN ADDITION,
IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT THE CELL WILL GENERATE HEAT
FOR THIS REASON, THE TEST SHALL BE CARRIED OUT IN A PROTECTIVE CHAMBER
To ensure the effective operation of the surface temperature limitation device, a test will be conducted to verify its ability to prevent excessive cell temperature increases during instances of misuse.
After charging in accordance with 7.2, the test shall be carried out as follows:
The test method involves connecting four cells in series, with one cell positioned in reverse This configuration allows for the terminals of the series string to be short-circuited using a wire, resulting in a short-circuit resistance of 100 mΩ or less.
The test shall be terminated, when one of the following two cases occurs first:
• the cell-case temperature has been reduced by 20 % from the maximum temperature increase
• the cell has not exploded and not taken fire;
• the cell temperature increase is less than 45 °C;
• no leakage shall be found by visual inspection.
Storage
Storage should be carried out according to the recommendations of the manufacturer
Before conducting the test, the cell must be discharged at a constant current of 0.2 I t A in an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C until it reaches a final voltage of 1.0 V Following this, the cell will be charged according to specified guidelines.
• 7.2 for button cells, small prismatic cells, L, M, H, X, LS, MS, LT/LU, MT/MU or HT/HU cylindrical cells;
The cell shall then be stored on open circuit, at a mean temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C and a relative humidity of 65 % ± 20 % for 12 months
During the storage period, the ambient temperature shall not, at any time, fluctuate beyond the limits of 20 °C ± 10 °C
After the storage period, the cell must be discharged at an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C using a constant current of 0.2 I t A until it reaches a final voltage of 1.0 V, followed by charging according to specified guidelines.
• 7.2 for button cells, small prismatic cells, L, M, H, X, LS, MS, LT/LU, MT/MU or HT/HU cylindrical cells;
The cell will be discharged at the specified constant current rates according to its designation in section 7.3.2 This test allows for up to five cycles, and it will conclude once the first cycle meets the established requirements.
The minimum discharge duration for each rate of constant current shall be not less than 80 % of the values specified in Tables 5 or 6
NOTE In the case of a quality acceptance procedure, provisional approval of cell performance may be agreed, pending satisfactory results on discharge after storage.
Charge acceptance at +55 °C for LT, MT or HT cylindrical cells
This test is not a requirement It will be used as reference of performance and is applicable to LT, MT or HT cylindrical cells only
The cell must be discharged at a constant current of 0.2 I t A within an ambient temperature range of 20 °C ± 5 °C until it reaches a final voltage of 1.0 V After discharging, it should be stored at an ambient temperature of +55 °C ± 2 °C for a duration of no less than 16 hours and no more than 24 hours.
The charge acceptance test must be conducted at an ambient temperature of +55 °C ± 2 °C, with both charge and discharge performed at constant currents as outlined in Table 17 Users can select either discharge condition A or B based on their specific requirements.
Table 17 – Charge and discharge at +55 °C
Cycle number Charge Discharge A or B a
Discharge A operates at 0.2 I t A to 1.0 V and is compatible with LT, MT, or HT cells, while Discharge B functions at 1.0 I t A to 1.0 V and is suitable for MT or HT cells It is essential to document the duration of discharges for cycles 2 and 3, and this information must be included in any results report.
Internal resistance
General
The internal resistance of sealed nickel-metal hydride small prismatic or cylindrical rechargeable single cells shall be checked either by the alternating current (a.c.) or by the direct current (d.c.) method
When measuring the internal resistance of a cell using both a.c and d.c methods, it is recommended to first employ the a.c method, followed by the d.c method Importantly, there is no need to discharge and recharge the cell between these two measurement techniques.
Before measurements, the cell must be discharged at 0.2 I t A until it reaches a final voltage of 1.0 V Following this, the cell should be charged as specified in section 7.2 After charging, it is essential to store the cell at an ambient temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C for a duration of at least 1 hour and no more than 4 hours.
The measurement of internal resistance shall be carried out in an ambient temperature of
Measurement of the internal a.c resistance
The alternating r.m.s voltage, U a , shall be measured when applying to the cell an alternating r.m.s current, I a , at the frequency of 1,0 kHz ± 0,1 kHz for a period of 1 s to 5 s
The internal a.c resistance, R ac , is given by a ac I a
NOTE 1 The alternating current should be selected so that the peak voltage stays below 20 mV
NOTE 2 This method will measure the impedance which, in the range of frequency specified, is approximately equal to the resistance
NOTE 3 Connections to the battery terminals should be made in such a way that voltage measurement contacts are separate from contacts used to carry current.
Measurement of the internal d.c resistance
The cell must be discharged at a constant current of I₁, as outlined in Table 18 After a discharge period of 10 seconds, the voltage U₁ will be measured and recorded Subsequently, the discharge current will be increased to a constant value of I₂, also specified in Table 18, and the corresponding voltage U₂ will be measured and recorded at the end of a 3-second discharge period.
All voltage measurements shall be made at the terminals of the cell independently of contacts used to carry current
The internal d.c resistance, R dc , of the cell shall be calculated using the following formula:
I 1 , I 2 are the constant discharge currents;
U 1 , U 2 are the appropriate voltages measured during discharge
Table 18 – Constant discharge currents used for measurement of d.c resistance
Mechanical tests shall be performed according to IEC 61959
Safety requirements shall be fulfilled according to IEC 62133
10 Type approval and batch acceptance
Type approval
Type approval for small prismatic cells and button cells
For type approval, a total of 27 cells must be tested, including six groups labeled A, B, C, D, E, and F This total accounts for an additional cell to allow for repeat testing in case of incidents beyond the supplier's control, as outlined in Table 19.
Tests will be conducted sequentially within each cell group Initially, all cells undergo testing in group A, and subsequently, they are randomly divided into five groups based on the sample sizes indicated in Table 19.
Table 19 presents the allowable number of defective cells per group and in total A cell is classified as defective if it fails to satisfy the criteria of any or all tests within a group.
Table 19 – Sequence of tests for type approval for small prismatic and for button cells
Group Sample size Clause or subclause Tests
Number of defective cells tolerated Per group In total
Marking Dimensions Discharge at 20 °C, at 0,2 I t A Discharge at 20 °C, at 1,0 I t A
Discharge at 0 °C, at 0,2 I t A Discharge at 0 °C, at 1,0 I t A
Type approval for cylindrical cells
For type approval, a total of 32 cells must be tested, including seven groups labeled A through G This total accounts for an additional cell to allow for repeat testing in case of incidents beyond the supplier's control The testing sequence and sample sizes are specified in Table 20.
Tests will be conducted sequentially within each cell group Initially, all cells undergo testing in group A, followed by a random division into six groups based on the sample sizes outlined in Table 20.
Table 20 presents the allowable number of defective cells per group and in total A cell is classified as defective if it fails to satisfy the criteria of any or all tests within a group.
Table 20 – Sequence of tests for type approval for cylindrical cells
Group Sample size Clause or subclause Tests Number of defective cells tolerated per group in total
Marking Dimensions Discharge at 20 °C at 0,2 I t A Discharge at 20 °C at 1,0 I t A (M, H and X cells) a 5,0 I t A (H and X cells) a 10,0 I t A (X cells only)
Discharge at 0 °C at 0,2 I t A Discharge at 0 °C at 1,0 I t A (M, H and X cells) a 2,0 I t A (H and X cells) a 3,0 I t A (X cells only)
Permanent charge endurance Safety device operation
Storage Discharge at 20 °C at 0,2 I t A Discharge at 20 °C at 1,0 I t A (M, H and X cells) a 5,0 I t A (H and X cells) a 10,0 I t A (X cells only)
Batch acceptance
These tests are applicable to deliveries of individual cells
The sampling procedure must adhere to IEC 60410 standards Inspections and tests will be conducted based on the inspection levels and acceptable quality levels (AQLs) specified in Table 21, unless an alternative agreement is reached between the supplier and purchaser.
Table 21 – Recommended test sequence for batch acceptance
Group Clause or subclause Inspection/tests
Visual inspection – absence of mechanical damage – absence of corrosion on case and terminals – number, position and secure fittings of connection tabs – absence of liquid electrolyte on case and terminals
Physical inspection – dimensions – weight – marking
Electrical inspection – open-circuit voltage and polarity – discharge at 20 °C at 0,2 I t A – discharge at 20 °C at 1,0 I t A
1 NOTE Two or more failures on a single cell are not cumulative Only the failure corresponding to the lowest AQL is taken into consideration
IEC 60051 (all parts), Direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring instruments and their accessories
IEC 60485, Digital electronic d.c voltmeters and d.c electronic analogue-to-digital convertors 1
IEC 61434, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes – Guide to the designation of current in alkaline secondary cell and battery standards