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12543-4:1999
The European Standard EN 12543-4:1999 has the status of a
British Standard
ICS 19.100
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
Non-destructive testing Ð
Characteristics of focal
spots in industrial X-ray
systems for use in
non-destructive testing Ð
Part 4: Edge method
Trang 2This British Standard, having
been prepared under the
direction of the Engineering
Sector Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Standards Committee and comes
into effect on 15 December 1999
BS EN 12543-4:1999
Amendments issued since publication
National foreword
This British Standard is the English language version of EN 12543-4:1999
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing, which has the responsibility to:
Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;
Ð present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;
Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence Indexº, or by using the ªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 9 and a back cover
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued
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