Bsi bs en 01344 2013 (2015)

1 Scope This European Standard specifies the requirements of pavers and accessories manufactured from clay for use in the flexible form of construction see 3.10 and in the rigid form of

BSI Standards Publication

Clay pavers — Requirements and test methods

National foreword

This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1344:2013,

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/507, Paving units and kerbs

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary

This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application

© The British Standards Institution 2015 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015

ISBN 978 0 580 90218 5 ICS 93.080.20

Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.

This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2013

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

incorporating corrigendum May 2015 It supersedes BS EN 1344:2002 which is withdrawn

The start and finish of text introduced or altered by corrigendum

is indicated in the text by tags Text altered by CEN corrigendum May 2015 is indicated in the text by ˆ‰

30 September 2015 Implementation of CEN corrigendum May 2015

NORME EUROPÉENNE

English Version

Clay pavers - Requirements and test methods

Pavés en terre cuite - Spécifications et méthodes d'essai Pflasterziegel - Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 July 2013

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,

Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

C O M I T É E U R O P É E N D E N O R M A L I S A T I O N

E U R O P Ä I S C H E S K O M I T E E FÜ R N O R M U N G

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

Incorporating corrigendum May 2015

Contents

Foreword 4

1 Scope 5

2 Normative references 5

3 Terms and definitions 5

4 Requirements 9

4.1 Dimensional characteristics 9

4.1.1 Shape and dimensions 9

4.2 Physical characteristics 10

4.2.1 General 10

4.2.2 Freeze/thaw resistance 10

4.2.3 Transverse breaking load 10

4.2.4 Abrasion resistance 11

4.2.5 Slip/skid resistance 11

4.3 Other characteristics 12

4.3.1 Fire performance 12

4.3.2 Thermal conductivity 13

4.3.3 Acid resistance 13

4.3.4 Dangerous substances 13

4.3.5 Tactility 14

5 Evaluation of conformity 14

5.1 General 14

5.2 Initial type testing – Type testing 14

5.2.1 General 14

5.2.2 Sampling, testing and compliance criteria 15

5.2.3 Test reports 15

5.3 Factory production control (FPC) 15

5.3.1 General 15

5.3.2 Requirements 16

5.3.3 System specific requirements 18

5.3.4 Procedure for modifications 19

6 Marking 19

Annex A (normative) Sampling 21

A.1 Sampling for initial type testing 21

A.2 Sampling for routine testing 21

A.3 Sampling for independent testing (optional) 21

A.3.1 General 21

A.3.2 Sampling procedure 21

Annex B (normative) Method for determination of dimensions 23

B.1 Apparatus 23

B.2 Procedure 23

B.3 Test report 25

Annex C (normative) Method for the determination of freeze/thaw resistance 26

C.1 Principle 26

C.2 Apparatus 26

C.3 Preparation of specimens 26

C.3.1 Sampling 26

C.3.2 Conditioning of specimens 26

C.4 Construction of test panel 27

C.5 Procedure 27

C.5.1 General 27

C.5.2 Freeze/thaw cycling 27

C.5.3 Examination of test panel and units 28

C.6 Evaluation of results  Assessment of damage 28

C.7 Test report 28

C.8 Measurement of heat transfer rate 31

Annex D (normative) Method for the determination of transverse breaking load 32

D.1 Principle 32

D.2 Apparatus 32

D.3 Procedure 32

D.4 Calculation 32

D.4.1 Calculation of transverse breaking load 32

D.4.2 Optional calculation of bending tensile strength 33

D.5 Test report 33

Annex E (normative) Method for the determination of abrasion resistance 34

E.1 Principle 34

E.2 Sampling 34

E.3 Material 34

E.4 Apparatus 34

E.5 Test specimens 34

E.6 Procedure 34

E.7 Expression of results 35

E.8 Test report 35

Annex F (normative) Method for the determination of acid resistance 39

F.1 Principle 39

F.2 Reagents 39

F.3 Apparatus 39

F.4 Procedure 39

F.5 Expression of results 40

F.6 Test report 40

Annex G (informative) Tactility 41

Annex ZA (informative) Clauses of this European Standard addressing the provisions of the EU Construction Products Directive 43

ZA.1 Scope and relevant characteristics 43

ZA.2 Procedure for the attestation of conformity of clay pavers and accessories 45

ZA.2.1 Systems of attestation of conformity 45

ZA.2.2 EC declaration of conformity 46

ZA.3 CE marking 46

Bibliography 51

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights This document supersedes EN 1344:2002

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s)

For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document The main changes with respect to the previous edition are listed below:

 test method for slip and skid resistance: now has a reference to CEN/TS 16165;

 change in load apply with the method for the determination of transverse breaking strength;

 Annex ZA: revised content

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom

1 Scope

This European Standard specifies the requirements of pavers and accessories manufactured from clay for use

in the flexible form of construction (see 3.10) and in the rigid form of construction (see 3.11)

This European Standard applies to rectangular and other shaped units intended as construction products in pavements mainly for exterior use, including roofs as roof paving units, but which may also be used internally The flexible form of construction is subjected to pedestrian and vehicular traffic, while the rigid form of construction is usually subjected to pedestrian traffic

This European Standard specifies the characteristics and classes of performance and corresponding test methods It provides for product marking and for the evaluation of conformity of the product to this European Standard

This European Standard covers only clay pavers and accessories with or without coatings and with or without post firing chemical treatment which do not contain any material with asbestos fibres nor contain formaldehyde

It excludes products intended for refractory and chemical engineering applications and clay floor tiles It also excludes clay masonry units

This European standard does not cover clay pavers having tactile surfaces

2 Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies

EN 1745, Masonry and masonry products — Methods for determining thermal properties

EN 13501-1, Fire classification of construction products and building elements — Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests

EN 13501-5, Fire classification of construction products and building elements — Part 5: Classification using data from external fire exposure to roofs tests

CEN/TS 16165:2012, Determination of slip resistance of pedestrian surfaces — Methods of evaluation

ISO 630 (all parts), Structural steels

ISO 3310-1, Test sieves — Technical requirements and testing — Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth ISO 8486-1, Bonded abrasives — Determination and designation of grain size distribution — Part 1: Macrogrits F4 to F220

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply

3.1

clay paver

unit satisfying certain shape and dimensional requirements (see 4.1) used for the surface course of pavements and manufactured predominantly from clay or other argillaceous material, with or without any additions, by shaping, drying and firing at a sufficiently high temperature to form a durable ceramic product

3.2

accessory

specially shaped unit intended to fulfil a particular function in the finished pavement

Note 1 to entry: Fittings for use in flexible paving allow completion of the pavement at the perimeter and around obstructions by bonding with pavers laid in a prescribed pattern (e.g squares, bishops mitre units) Fittings for use with rigid paving being bedded, jointed and pointed in mortar may be used to fulfil functions in both rigid laid paving, such as the provision of surface water drainage, e.g channel units, or to fulfil particular functions in flexible paving schemes and/or

to provide edge restraint for flexible pavements

3.3

work dimension

dimension of a paver specified for its manufacture to which the actual dimension should conform within specified tolerances (see Figures 1 and 2)

Note 1 to entry: For rectangular pavers, the dimensions of length, width and thickness are indicated in Figures 1 and

2 Some pavers may be used in two or more orientations

Key

l length

w width

t thickness

Figure 1 — Paver dimensions for pavers intended for flexible laying

Note 2 to entry: Position of spacer nibs and chamfers can vary with different pavers

Note 3 to entry: Nibs in drawing rounded

small protruding profile on side face of paver (see Figure 1)

Note 1 to entry: As the spacer nib is intended to project into the joint, its presence is ignored when stating plan work dimensions e.g for the length and width of rectangular pavers

flexible form of construction

pavers laid with narrow sand-filled joints on a sand bed

3.11

rigid form of construction

pavers laid with cementitious mortar joints on a similar mortar bed

NOTE The restriction on the size of the chamfer prevents the formation of an excessively wide recessed joint Clay pavers for flexible paving may also be provided with spacer nibs on two or more of the paver surfaces Clay pavers for rigid paving shall either be rectangular or shaped so that they may be laid in a combination with each other separated only by a nominal 10 mm mortar joint

Pavers for rigid paving should not incorporate spacer nibs

4.1.1.2 Work dimensions

The work dimensions of length, width and thickness of rectangular pavers shall be stated in millimetres in that order It shall also be declared in which orientation(s) the pavers may be used (i.e which is/are the wearing face(s)) The geometry of non-rectangular pavers shall be given if necessary by reference to a scale drawing

or sketch upon which the work size dimensions are marked

The work thickness of pavers for flexible paving shall be not less than 40 mm and the work dimensions shall

be such that the ratio of overall length to thickness is not greater than 6

The work thickness for pavers for rigid paving shall be not less than 30 mm

0 rounded to the nearest mm, where d is the work dimension (in mm)

Manufacturers able to supply pavers having a smaller deviation of the mean value from the declared work dimension than is given by the above expression may declare a smaller deviation in mm for each dimension

4.1.1.3.3 Range

The difference between the largest and the smallest measurement of any given measured dimension to be found within a sample of 10 pavers, taken from a consignment in accordance with Annex A and measured in

If a manufacturer wishes to apply a post firing chemical treatment, the clay pavers and accessories shall be tested both with and without the post firing chemical treatment

The testing shall be in accordance with the requirements of the relevant clause of this European Standard and the characteristics shall be declared in accordance with the requirements of the relevant clause

Table 2 — Freeze/thaw resistance

The freeze/thaw characteristics of FP100 clay pavers are not affected by commonly used de-icing salts

4.2.3 Transverse breaking load

The transverse breaking load of the pavers for each of the orientations in which the pavers may be used shall

be stated by reference to Table 3 When sampled in accordance with Annex A and tested in accordance with Annex D, with their wearing faces uppermost, the mean value and the minimum individual value of the transverse breaking load of a sample of ten pavers shall be not less than the appropriate value given in Table 3 and be classified accordingly

Some pavers have more than one orientation Manufacturers who are able to supply pavers with more than one orientation should state the orientation upon which the test was performed

Accessories cannot be tested in accordance with Annex D because of different shape and dimensions and it may be assumed they have at least the same performance as the accompanying pavers

Table 3 — Transverse breaking load a d

c Mean value and minimum individual value higher than those corresponding to class T4 may be declared.

d Mean and minimum bending tensile strength value calculated from the formula given in D.4.2 may be declared in addition to the class declared

Table 4 — Abrasion resistance

in more than one orientation, the values for the intended wearing faces shall be declared

NOTE The unpolished slip/skid resistance value relates to pavers as manufactured and helps to ensure adequate slip and skid on installation

When sampled in accordance with Annex A, and tested in accordance with CEN/TS 16165:2012, Annex C,

the sub-sample of five pavers shall be not less than the value for the appropriate declared class given in Table 5 and be classified accordingly

Table 5 — Unpolished slip/skid resistance value (USRV)

Manufacturers may declare higher values

4.2.5.3 Durability of slip/skid resistance

Clay pavers and accessories have satisfactory slip/skid resistance during the working life of theproduce a very smooth surface

product provided they are subject to normal maintenance and have not been subject to grinding and/or polishing

In the absence of a European test method, the durability of slip/skid resistance shall be determinedand declared as described in National provisions valid in the place of use of the product

NOTE Clay, as a homogeneously distributed material for these pavers, is considered as material of known and stable performance with respect to the reaction to fire performance as it does not consist of any organic material As such, it does not contribute to the fire and it can be considered as the Class A1FL material

4.3.1.2 External fire performance

Where subject to regulatory requirements, the external fire performance of clay pavers and their accessories shall be declared as Class BROOF 2), according to EN 13501-5, without the need for testing3) for the following reasons:

1) See Decision of the Commission 96/603/EC of 1996-10-04 (see OJEU L267 of 1996-10-19), as amended twice by 2000/605/EC of 2000-09-26 (see OJEU L258 of 2000-10-12) and by 2003/424/EC of 2003-06-06 (see OJEU L144 of 2003-06-12)

2) See Decision of the Commission 2001/671/EC of 2001-08-21 (see OJEU L235 of 2001-09-04) as amended by 2005/823/EC of 2005-11-22 (see OJEU L307 of 2005-11-25)

3) See Decision of the Commission 2000/553/EC of 2000-09-06 (see OJEU L235 of 2000-09-19)

a) their constituent material (clay) is considered according to EN 13501-1 as Class A11) for the reaction to fire performance without the need for testing (CWT) (see also 4.3.1.1), and

b) pavers do not have any external coating applied on their upper surface

Table 6 — Chemical resistance

Typical examples of applications where requirements for acid resistance may be specified are:

 in roadways and open air factory yard areas, of industrial premises such as chemical works and the food industry where aggressive substances are sometimes in contact with the paving;

 in farm yards where silage and aggressive liquors could be present

NOTE 2 In the majority of applications, the inherent acid resistance is satisfactory and therefore does not need to be specified

4.3.4 Dangerous substances

National regulations on dangerous substances may require verification and declaration on release, and sometimes content, when construction products covered by this standard are placed on those markets

In the absence of European harmonised test methods, verification and declaration on release/content should

be done taking into account national provisions in the place of use

NOTE An informative database covering European and national provisions on dangerous substances is available at

the Construction web site on EUROPA accessed through: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/construction/cpd-ds/

 initial type testing (ITT) and type testing (TT), if any (see 5.2);

 factory production control by the manufacturer, including the product´s assessment (see 5.3)

The manufacturer shall always retain the overall control and shall have the necessary means to take responsibility for the clay pavers and accessories

5.2 Initial type testing – Type testing

5.2.1 General

Initial type testing (ITT) and type testing (TT) shall be performed to demonstrate compliance of the clay pavers and accessories with this European Standard

All essential characteristics, given in 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.2.5, 4.3.1, 4.3.2 and 4.3.4 for which the performances are

to be declared for the relevant intended use of the clay pavers and accessories, shall be subject to ITT using the test methods according to the standards referred also therein

Tests previously performed in accordance with the provisions of this standard, may be taken into account provided that they were made to the same or a more rigorous test method, under the same system of attestation of conformity on the same product or products of similar design, construction and functionality, such that the results are applicable to the product in question

NOTE Same system of attestation of conformity means testing by an independent third party [only for products

covered by attestation of conformity system 1+, 1 and 3], under the responsibility of a product certification body [only for products covered by attestation of conformity system 1+ and 1]

 For the purposes of testing, the manufacturer's products may be grouped into families, where it is considered that the results for one or more characteristics from any one product within the family are representative for that same characteristics for all products within that same family (a product may be in different families for different characteristics)

Products may be in different families for different characteristics

Reference to the test method standards should be made to allow the selection of a suitable representative sample

In addition to ITT, type tests (TT) of the clay pavers and accessories shall be performed to all other characteristics included in this standard (i.e see 4.1, 4.2.4 and 4.3.3), when compliance with this standard is claimed using the test methods according to the standards referred also therein

Tests previously performed in accordance with the provisions of this standard, may be taken into account for the purpose of ITT and/or TT, provided that they were made to the same or a more rigorous test method, under the same system of attestation of conformity on the same clay pavers and accessories

For the purposes of testing clay pavers and accessories may be grouped into product families, where it is considered that the results for one or more characteristics from any one paver/accessory within the product family are representative for that same characteristics for all the clay pavers and accessories within that same family

A clay paver or accessory may be in different product families for its different characteristics

Reference to the test method standards is to be made to allow the selection of a suitable representative sample

Initial type testing and type tests, if any, shall be performed for all characteristics included in this standard for which the performances are to be declared:

 at the beginning of the production of a new or modified testing clay pavers and accessories (unless those

of the same product family), or

 at the beginning of a new or modified method of production (where this may affect the declared performances)

Initial type testing and type tests shall be repeated for the appropriate characteristic(s), whenever a change of clay pavers and accessories occurs in its design, raw material(s), supplier of the components used, or in the production process (subject to the definition of a product family), which would affect significantly the performance of one or more of the characteristics

Where materials or components are used for clay pavers and accessories, whose characteristics have already been determined, by the material or component supplier, on the basis of compliance with other product standards, these characteristics need not be re-assessed The specifications of these materials or components shall be documented and included in the inspection scheme for ensuring their compliance

Components or materials (i.e products) marked in accordance with appropriate harmonised European specifications may be presumed to have the performances declared with that marking, although this does not replace the responsibility on manufacturer of the clay pavers and accessories to ensure that such pavers/ accessories are correctly designed and their materials or components have the necessary performance values to meet the design

5.2.2 Sampling, testing and compliance criteria

Sampling, number of specimens, test/assessment methods and compliance criteria for clay pavers and accessories tested under ITT and TT shall be in accordance with the relevant test method, as specified together with corresponding requirements

The FPC system shall consist of procedures, regular inspections and tests and/or assessments and the use of the results to control raw and other incoming materials or components, equipment, the production process and the clay pavers and accessories All the elements, requirements and provisions adopted by the manufacturer shall be documented in a systematic manner in the form of written policies and procedures

This production control system documentation shall ensure a common understanding of conformity evaluation and enable the achievement of the characteristics of clay pavers and accessories and the effective operation

of the production control system to be checked Factory production control, therefore, shall bring together operational techniques and all measures allowing maintenance and control of the compliance of the clay pavers and accessories with this European Standard

5.3.2 Requirements

5.3.2.1 General

The manufacturer is responsible for organising the effective implementation of the FPC system Tasks and responsibilities in the production control organisation shall be documented and this documentation shall be kept up-to-date

The responsibility, authority and the relationship between personnel that manages, performs or verifies work affecting conformity of the clay pavers and accessories shall be defined This applies in particular to the personnel that need to initiate actions preventing non-conformities of the clay pavers and accessories from occurring, actions in case of non-conformities and to identify and register such non-conformity problems Personnel, performing work affecting the conformity of the clay pavers and accessories shall be competent on the basis of appropriate education, training, skills and experience for which records shall be maintained

In each factory the manufacturer may delegate the action to a person having the necessary authority to:

 identify procedures to demonstrate conformity of the clay pavers and accessories at appropriate stages,

 identify and record any instance of non-conformity,

 identify procedures to correct instances of non-conformity

The manufacturer shall draw up and keep up-to-date documents defining the factory production control The manufacturer's documentation and procedures shall be appropriate to the clay pavers and accessories and manufacturing process The FPC system shall achieve an appropriate level of confidence in the conformity of the clay pavers and accessories This involves:

a) the preparation of documented procedures and instructions relating to factory production control operations, in accordance with the requirements of the technical specification to which reference is made; b) the effective implementation of these procedures and instructions;

c) the recording of these operations and their results;

d) the use of these results to correct any deviations, repair the effects of such deviations, treat any resulting instances of non-conformity and, if necessary, revise the FPC to rectify the cause of non-conformity Where subcontracting takes place, the manufacturer shall retain the overall control of the clay pavers and accessories and ensure that he receives all the information that is necessary to fulfil his responsibilities according to this European Standard

If the manufacturer has part of the clay pavers and accessories designed, manufactured, assembled, packed, processed and/or labelled by subcontracting, the FPC of the subcontractor may be taken into account, where appropriate for these pavers/accessories

The manufacturer who subcontracts all of his activities may in no circumstances pass these responsibilities on

5.3.2.3 Raw materials and components

The specifications of all incoming raw materials and components used for the clay pavers and accessories shall be documented, as shall the inspection scheme for ensuring their compliance

5.3.2.4 Traceability and marking

Individual packaging of the clay pavers and accessories shall be identifiable and traceable with regard to their production origin Written procedures shall be set up ensuring that processes related to affixing traceability codes and/or markings are inspected regularly

5.3.2.5 Controls during manufacturing process

Production shall be planned and carried out under controlled conditions

5.3.2.6 Products´ testing and evaluation

All final inspection and testing shall be carried out in accordance with the quality control plan or documented procedures to complete the evidence of the maintained compliance of the finished clay pavers and accessories to the specified requirements, i.e to the declared performances of the stated characteristics of the clay pavers and accessories, as established at ITT and TT

The tests shall be carried out for each characteristic, which performance has been established under ITT and

TT and declared according to the test methods, sampling and minimum frequency shown in Table 7

NOTE 1 With regard to such test methods, sampling and minimum frequencies, see relevant footnote to Table 7

Table 7 — Test methods and minimum frequency of FPC testing for clay pavers and accessories

subclause(s) Number of samples

Recommended minimum frequency

16165:2012, Annex C

Release of dangerous substances As relevant,

a Indirect testing or the use of test methods different from those used for ITT (e.g checks controls carried out on the production line (see 5.3.2.6), shall be established in the quality control plan to enable proofing of the compliance of the clay pavers and accessories to the specified requirements However, appropriate correlation between the results of such FPC test method and that of the ITT method shall be established, considering also the specificities of the production organisation

NOTE 2 Whenever practicable, the repetition of tests on the same clay pavers and accessories within one family is to

be avoided, in order to check as many different pavers/accessories as possible among the ones manufactured during the control period

For Reaction to fire, external fire performance and thermal conductivity, which are determined without testing, products may need to go through identification checks

5.3.2.7 Corrective action

Written procedures shall be set up and followed to specify how non-complying of the clay pavers and accessories to be dealt with Any such events shall be recorded as they occur and these records kept for the period defined in the manufacturer’s written procedures

Documented procedures shall be set up and followed to instigate action to eliminate the cause of conformities in order to prevent recurrence

non-5.3.2.8 Handling, storage and packaging

Procedures shall be set up to provide methods of clay pavers and accessories handling and suitable storage areas preventing damage or deterioration

5.3.3 System specific requirements

The FPC system shall:

 address this European Standard, and

 ensure that the clay pavers and accessories placed on the market comply with the declared performance for the stated characteristics

The FPC system shall include a specific FPC for clay pavers and accessories, which identifies procedures to demonstrate compliance of the pavers/accessories at appropriate stages, i.e.:

a) the controls and tests to be carried out prior to and/or during manufacture according to a frequency laid down in the FPC test plan, and/or

b) the verifications and tests to be carried out on the finished clay pavers and accessories according to a frequency laid down in the FPC test plan

If the manufacturer uses only finished clay pavers and accessories, the operations under b) shall lead to an equivalent level of compliance of the pavers/accessories as if FPC had been carried out during the production

If the manufacturer carries out parts of the production himself, the operations under b) may be reduced and partly replaced by operations under a) Generally, the more parts of the production that are carried out by the manufacturer, the more operations under b) may be replaced by operations under a)

In any case the operation shall lead to an equivalent level of compliance of the clay pavers and accessories

as if FPC had been carried out during the production

NOTE Depending on the specific case, it can be necessary to carry out the operations referred to under a) and b), only the operations under a) or only those under b)

The operations under a) refer to the intermediate states of the clay pavers and accessories as on manufacturing machines and their adjustment, and measuring equipment etc These controls and tests and their frequency shall be chosen based on the type of the clay pavers and accessories and composition, the manufacturing process and its complexity, the sensitivity of the features of the clay pavers and accessories to variations in manufacturing parameters etc

Records shall be established and maintained to provide evidence that the production has been sampled and tested These records shall show clearly whether the production has satisfied the defined acceptance criteria and shall be available for at least one year for the records of the indirect tests and checks and ten years for those on finished pavers/accessories

Where the clay pavers and accessories fail to satisfy the acceptance criteria, the provisions for non-complying pavers/accessories shall apply, the necessary corrective action shall immediately be taken and the non-complying clay pavers and accessories or packagings thereof shall be isolated and properly identified

Once the fault has been corrected, the test or verification in question shall be repeated

With regard to any control result, not meeting the requirements of this European Standard, the corrective measures taken to rectify the situation (e.g a further test carried out, modification of manufacturing process, throwing away or putting right of the clay pavers and accessories) shall be indicated in the records

Individual clay pavers and accessories or packagings thereof and the related manufacturing documentation, shall be completely identifiable and retraceable

5.3.4 Procedure for modifications

If modifications are made to the clay pavers and accessories, production process or FPC system that could affect any of the characteristics of the clay pavers and accessories required by this European Standard, then all the characteristics for which the performance has been declared and which may be affected by the modification, shall be subject to ITT and TT except as described in 5.2.1

b) the number of this standard with which compliance is claimed;

c) means of identifying the clay pavers and accessories and relating them to the requirements given in

d) where appropriate, a statement that the clay pavers and accessories have been chemically treated after firing;

e) where appropriate, a statement that the clay pavers and accessories intended for flexible laying have a chamfer greater than 7 mm in either width or depth;

f) the intended use of the clay pavers and accessories for flexible laying, rigid laying or both methods of laying;

g) the intended use of the product for “internal” use, “external” use or both uses

NOTE Where ZA.3 covers the same requirements as this clause, the requirements of this clause are met

Annex A

(normative)

Sampling

A.1 Sampling for initial type testing

The required number of paving units for initial type testing shall be extracted from the manufacturing plant, or the storage area of the plant

NOTE The sampling procedure is under the responsibility of the manufacturer

The stock of paving units from which the sample is to be taken shall be not less than the equivalent of one day’s production The choice of the method of sampling usually depends on by the physical form of the stock

of pavers, including their packaging, and either random sampling (see A.3.2.2) or representative sampling (see A.3.2.3) may be carried out

A.2 Sampling for routine testing

The method of sampling from the production batch shall be such that every paver in the batch has an equal chance of being selected However, in some cases samples may be taken in a non-random fashion from points in the production process if it is known from experience that such samples may reveal any adverse effects on product characteristics caused by fluctuations or inconsistencies in the process variables In this specific case of sampling, an explanation shall be given in the manufacturer’s factory production control system documentation In all cases, the sampling plan shall be predetermined and documented

A.3 Sampling for independent testing (optional)

Representatives of all parties should have the opportunity to be present at the time of sampling

A.3.2 Sampling procedure

A.3.2.1 General

The choice of the method of sampling shall be appropriate to the physical form of the consignment in question

A.3.2.2 Random sampling

Whenever possible, the random sampling method shall be used, in which every paving unit in the consignment has an equal chance of being selected for the sample The appropriate number of units shall be

taken at random (e.g by the use of random number tables) from positions throughout the consignment without any consideration being given to the condition or apparent quality of the selected units

NOTE In practice, random sampling is usually only convenient either when the units forming the consignment are being moved in a loose (unpacked) form from one place to another, or when they have been split into a large number of small stacks, e.g immediately prior to placing

A.3.2.3 Representative sampling

A.3.2.3.1 General

When random sampling is impracticable or not convenient, a representative sampling procedure shall be used (e.g if the units form a large stack, or if access is limited)

A.3.2.3.2 Sampling from a stack or from a consignment of banded packs

The stack or consignment shall be divided into at least 10 actual or imaginary sections, each of a similar size

An equal number of not more than four units shall be taken at random from each section to give the required number of specimens, without any consideration being given to the condition or apparent quality of the selected units Parts of stacks shall be dismantled in order to gain access to the units

A.3.2.4 Dividing the sample

When the sample is to provide units for more than one test, the total number shall be collected together and then divided by taking units at random from within the total sample to form each successive subsample

In special cases, the sampling procedure may be undertaken outside the plant

When a spacer nib follows a horizontal line, the unit should be turned in such a way that the spacer nib is orientated vertically

B.3 Test report

The test report shall include the following information:

a) a reference to this standard;

b) the manufacturer’s identification of the pavers;

c) the date of receipt of sample;

d) the arithmetic mean of the ten specimens measured for each dimension to the nearest millimetre;

e) the difference between the largest and the smallest measurement for each of the measured dimensions

of the ten specimens

C.2.1 An appropriate testing machine capable of generating the freeze-thaw cycles specified in C.5.2 and

ensuring uni-directional freezing and thawing through one face of the units

C.2.2 A water tank, made of plastic or steel

C.2.3 A drying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 120 °C and of providing forced air circulation C.2.4 A weighing instrument capable of weighing specimens to an accuracy of 1 g

C.2.5 A heat flow meter for carrying out the calibration procedure described in C.8

The units shall be dried in an oven at (105 ± 5) °C to a constant mass Weigh the specimens and record their

dry mass, Md Constant mass shall be considered to have been reached if, during the drying process in subsequent weighings with not less than a 24 h interval, the loss in mass between the two determinations is less then 0,2 % of the total mass Allow the specimens to cool to ambient temperature before they are weighed

After weighing the pavers shall be immersed in an insulated tank filled with tap water at room temperature The tank is closed and the water temperature is raised to (80 ± 3) °C within a period of 2 h to 5 h This temperature is maintained for a total of (24 ± 1) h including the (2 to 5) h temperature rise Then the temperature is decreased to room temperature within a period of (2 to 5) h This is done by gradually putting tap water of room temperature into the tank In this condition the products remain until the total immersion time from the start of the process is at least 44 h and not more than 56 h Before the freeze/thaw procedure starts all products are weighed in air and optionally in water in order to calculate the water absorption and optionally the net dry density by means of the following formulae