17 11 e1 fm ` ` , , ` ` ` , ` ` , ` , ` , , , ` , ` ` , , , , ` ` , ` ` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 17 11 EI Hydrocarbon Management HM 52 Measurement an[.]
General
Personnel engaged in the gauging and sampling of petroleum and related substances must understand their physical and chemical properties, including risks of fire, explosion, and reactivity They should also be well-versed in emergency procedures and aware of potential toxicity and health hazards.
Personnel should comply with the individual company safe operating practices and with local, state, federal and national regulations, including the use of proper protective clothing and equipment.
Personnel involved in inspection, measurement, and/or sampling on board a vessel using equipment via a vapor control valve (VCV), shall at all times be accompanied by a designated ship’s representative.
4 API MPMS C HAPTER 17.11/EI HM 52
Static Electricity Hazards
When dealing with static accumulator oils in a non-inert tank condition, it is essential to implement specific safety measures for accurate measurement and sampling procedures.
During the loading process and for 30 minutes afterward, no metallic equipment, such as manual steel ullage tapes, portable gauging devices, metal sampling apparatus, or metal sounding rods, should be introduced into or remain in the tank Non-conducting equipment without metal parts is generally permissible at any time, but ropes or tapes used to lower equipment into tanks must not be made from synthetic materials.
After a 30-minute waiting period, metallic equipment can be utilized for dipping, ullaging, and sampling However, it is crucial that this equipment is properly bonded and securely earthed to the ship's structure before being introduced into the tank, and it must remain earthed until it is removed.
Operations involving stand pipes can occur at any time, as a properly designed and installed stand pipe prevents significant charge accumulation on the liquid's surface It is essential for a stand pipe to extend the full depth of the tank and be effectively bonded and grounded to the tank structure.
Health Hazards
Petroleum vapor can dilute oxygen in the air and pose toxic risks, particularly from hydrogen sulfide vapors, which can lead to unconsciousness or death even at low concentrations To ensure safety during and after the opening of a VCV, personnel should position themselves away from potential gas releases Since harmful vapors and oxygen deficiency may not be detectable by smell or visual inspection, it is crucial to take appropriate precautions Users are strongly advised to wear gas monitors that at least measure hydrogen sulfide concentrations to protect against these hazards.
Procedures should be developed to provide for the following: a) exposure monitoring, b) need for personal protective equipment, and c) emergency rescue precautions.
When necessary, suitable fresh air breathing equipment should be worn prior to entering the gauge site and during the gauging and sampling procedure.
This overview of safety issues is not comprehensive; therefore, it is essential to refer to the relevant API and Energy Institute publications, along with the International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT), Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), and Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) materials for necessary safety measures.
General
Safety and environmental regulations imposed by ship-owners, charterers, or terminals may limit tank gauging and sampling operations, leading to the potential release of inert gas, hydrocarbons, or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere Consequently, conventional open gauging and sampling methods will be prohibited in such situations.
M EASUREMENT AND S AMPLING OF C ARGOES ON B OARD T ANK V ESSELS U SING C LOSED AND R ESTRICTED E QUIPMENT 5
The decision to use either restricted or closed equipment will be based on many factors including, but not limited to:
— hazardous nature of the cargo,
Gauging Equipment
Restricted equipment aims to significantly minimize vapor losses during open gauging or sampling; however, it may still permit some vapor escape due to its not being entirely gas tight The release of vapor can increase when the cargo tank is blanketed with inert gas or nitrogen under positive pressure.
Portable measurement units (PMUs) are essential tools for measuring bulk liquid levels, water levels, and temperatures in tanks These units can be specialized to perform one, two, or all three functions, with multi-function units often called ullage, temperature, and interface (UTIs) PMUs utilize an electronic sensing device that is integrated into a measuring tape for accurate readings.
The PMU comprises an electronic head and tape fitted to an extension tube This tube houses the tape bob/sensor probe when it is withdrawn from the tank
The PMU is designed to create a secure seal with the VCV, while an open tape and a basic wiper seal minimize vapor loss during the tape's movement When the VCV is opened, the extension tube collects vapor, which escapes when the PMU is detached from the VCV after the measurement is completed.
PMUs and VCVs from the same manufacturer are typically intended for compatible use However, equipment from different manufacturers can be integrated with suitable adapters that either eliminate the need for measurement correction or have a predetermined fixed correction.
Carefully review and adhere to the manufacturer's instructions and maintenance schedule It is essential to maintain a log of all maintenance and verifications conducted on each device Additionally, ensure that PMUs are verified and records are maintained in compliance with API MPMS Chapter 3 and Chapter 7.
Before using measurement equipment, it is essential to conduct a thorough inspection for any damage or construction defects Measurement tapes of all PMUs must be verified against a certified master tape to ensure the accuracy of linear markings, in compliance with API MPMS Ch 3.1A Additionally, all equipment and fittings should be examined for correct sizing, functionality, proper seating, and any signs of wear prior to each use.
Closed gauging equipment ensures that no tank contents are released into the atmosphere during the gauging process This equipment is designed similarly to restricted gauging systems, but features a fully enclosed and gas-tight tape housing Additionally, it is essential to purge the contents of the tape housing and tube prior to their removal from the VCV.
6 API MPMS C HAPTER 17.11/EI HM 52
Sampling Equipment
Portable sampling units (PSUs) are designed to collect samples under restricted conditions using VCVs attached to the vessel They closely resemble the restricted gauging PMUs discussed in section 5.2.1, but instead of an electronic head, sensor, and tape, they utilize a straightforward tape system.
Various types of samplers can be inserted into the extension tube, lowered to the desired depth in the tank, and subsequently retrieved After sampling, the VCV can be closed, allowing for the removal of the sampler with minimal vapor loss.
Closed system equipment is engineered to be entirely gas-tight during sampling, ensuring that vapor is not released into the atmosphere Like closed system PMUs, the tape housing is hermetically sealed, and its design facilitates the transfer of samples to secondary transportation receivers while minimizing vapor loss.
M EASUREMENT AND S AMPLING OF C ARGOES ON B OARD T ANK V ESSELS U SING C LOSED AND R ESTRICTED E QUIPMENT 7
— use of multiple, sealed primary samplers to avoid sample transfer,
— vapors held up within the housing to be displaced back to the tank or to an absorbent canister, or
— the system to be purged with inert gas.
Refer to API MPMS Ch 8.1.
Sampler Types
Closed and restricted sampling equipment enables various sampling operations akin to open manual methods, including zone, spot, running, all levels, bottom, and dead bottom samples This versatility is made possible through the use of diverse sampler designs in conjunction with the PSU.
5.4.2 Zone Samplers/Flow-through Sampler
Zone samplers typically function using an open-ended tube equipped with a ball valve at the bottom As the tube is lowered into the tank, liquid flows through the sampler, allowing for effective sampling during its descent.
In API MPMS Chapter 17.11/EI HM 52, when the sampling process is halted, the ball valve closes, allowing the sampler to retain a sample from the specified cargo level The quality of the sample is significantly influenced by the operator's skill and the efficiency of the ball valve's operation in the liquid medium However, due to the sampler's design, which features an open top at all times, the collected sample may not fully represent the liquid at the intended level.
Spot type samplers are designed to collect samples at specific tank levels, such as upper, middle, and lower (UML) or from the tank bottom These samplers require manual operation to fill after being lowered to the desired level and are mainly utilized to confirm the absence of stratification within the tank Additionally, they can be employed to obtain multiple spot samples in succession, approximating a “running” type of sample, although this practice is rare due to the time-consuming nature of the process.
Another type of spot sampler is available specifically to collect dead bottom samples This sampler is tripped when it reaches the tank bottom, and fills from the bottom.
Running average samplers are equipped with fixed or adjustable restricted openings that are designed to take
When collecting "running average" samples, it is crucial to continuously obtain samples as the sampler moves through the oil column and back to the surface To ensure the integrity of the sample, the container should be filled to between 70% and 85% upon completion of sampling A full container may compromise the representativeness of the sample, making it impossible to confirm that a true running average was achieved during the entire sampling process.
Figure 3—Small Volume PSU (2 in.) Figure 4—Large Volume PSU (4 in.)
M EASUREMENT AND S AMPLING OF C ARGOES ON B OARD T ANK V ESSELS U SING C LOSED AND R ESTRICTED E QUIPMENT 9
All level samplers operate in a single direction, maintaining a consistent filling rate Upon completion of the sampling process, the sampler should be filled to 70% to 85% capacity to ensure comprehensive sampling of all levels within the oil column.
NOTE Refer to API MPMS Ch 8.1 for full definitions of sample types.
Accessories
In restricted or closed environments, specific accessories and adapters are essential for various tasks, such as measuring remaining on board (ROB) and on board quantity (OBQ), monitoring tank pressure, and conducting oxygen or gas tests.
API MPMS Ch 3.1A specifically prohibits the use of unslotted stand pipes for tank gauging
Tank gauging and sampling should not be performed using unslotted stand pipes, as the level and temperature measurements taken within these pipes often differ from those of the bulk cargo outside The slots in stand pipes are specifically designed to facilitate the unrestricted flow of liquid in and out.
Figure 5—ROB/OBQ Figure 6—Gas Monitoring Figure 7—Tank Pressure
10 API MPMS C HAPTER 17.11/EI HM 52
For similar reasons, samples obtained from an unslotted stand pipe may not be representative of the tank contents.
Tanks equipped with unslotted stand pipes should be treated as "active tanks" for reporting and calculation purposes, necessitating appropriate protests and notifications to all relevant parties before proceeding Slotted stand pipes must have a sufficient diameter to facilitate proper gauging and sampling with both restricted and closed equipment These stand pipes should feature two rows of slots or perforations on opposite sides, extending from the lower end to above the maximum liquid level, with typical slot dimensions of 2.5 cm in width and 26 cm in length, and perforation diameters of 5 cm Additionally, the maximum spacing between non-overlapping perforations or slots should not exceed 30 cm.
Gauging
Care shall be taken to determine an accurate trim and list, and apply the required corrections, before any calculation of quantities is attempted.
For optimal performance, a vessel should maintain an even keel, characterized by zero trim and list This condition ensures that no adjustments for trim or list are necessary when interpreting gauge readings.
When vessels are fitted with vapor control valves, PMUs can be used to measure bulk liquid and free water levels, and also temperature
For custody transfer, it is advisable to utilize equipment from an independent inspection company Before boarding a vessel with VCVs, it is essential to identify the manufacturer and size of the VCVs to ensure that compatible equipment or adapters are available on board.
M EASUREMENT AND S AMPLING OF C ARGOES ON B OARD T ANK V ESSELS U SING C LOSED AND R ESTRICTED E QUIPMENT 11
Before conducting gauging, it is essential to determine the suitability of restricted or closed equipment Ensure that the gauging equipment is fit for purpose by performing the checks outlined in section 5.2.1 Additionally, verify that the tank capacity tables align with the VCV locations and the gauging equipment in use Any discrepancies should be reported to the relevant parties and documented in the gauging report, as referenced in API MPMS Chapter 2.
All cargo operations have been halted, with no transfers occurring The inert gas system (IGS) to the cargo tank is isolated when necessary, as per ISGOTT guidelines Calibration of gauging equipment has been completed, and the calibration log has been reviewed It is essential to ensure that the equipment is properly grounded according to the manufacturer's instructions and is free from any breaks, kinks, or wear that could compromise measurement accuracy Additionally, the equipment must be clean for the product being measured, with legible numbers and graduations on the tape Batteries should be fully charged, and for enhanced accuracy, any trim and list should be minimized; if not possible, these factors must be recorded, and appropriate corrections applied to measurements and volumes.
In certain situations, utilizing a vessel's PMU is essential It is crucial to verify the unit by visually checking the tape function against a manually calibrated steel tape, following API standards.
The temperature thermometer function is validated by comparing its readings to a national standard thermometer in liquid, following API MPMS Ch 7 Additionally, the sensor function is verified according to the manufacturer's instructions and API MPMS Ch 3.1A Relevant parties are informed, and this is documented in the gauging report, which includes the serial number of the PMU.
To ensure accurate liquid level and free water measurement using PMUs, it is essential to verify that tank capacity tables align with the VCV locations and the gauging equipment in use Any discrepancies found should be promptly reported to the relevant parties and documented in the gauging report, as outlined in API MPMS.
Ch 2 and API MPMS Ch 3.1A) b) Record the reference gauge height indicated for each vessel’s tank on the vessel’s capacity tables
NOTE Any corrections for individual stand pipes and/or adapters and calculate the actual reference height for the reference gauge point used
To ensure accurate gauging, adjustments may be necessary if the probe tip does not align with the gauge tape's zero point, as indicated in the verification certificate or manufacturer’s instructions Before starting, confirm with the vessel’s officer that no cargo transfer is occurring and ensure the IGS to the cargo tank is isolated Water finding paste can be applied to the probe, which should be securely attached to the vapor control valve To measure the cargo level, open the valve and unwind the tape until an oil tone is heard, then read the tape at the reference gauge point If there are consistent measurement variances, take at least five quick measurements and average them For interface detection, apply water-finding paste to the probe, allow sufficient reaction time after a clean strike at the tank bottom, and measure the water cut Record the observed reference height to the nearest tape graduation, noting that the difference between the ullage and this height may indicate free water innage Heavy sludge may require a weighted attachment for accurate probing, and sediment can block the probe, affecting sensitivity After verifying the interface level, record the free water ullage, then retract the tape, close the vapor control valve, and disconnect the gauging equipment.
Measuring small quantities on marine tank vessels, such as Remaining On Board (ROB) and On Board Quantity (OBQ), is conducted similarly to bulk liquid level measurements Proper placement of gauge points, as indicated in calibration tables, is crucial for accurate detection of small quantities, especially under varying trim and list conditions To accommodate different trim scenarios, gauge points should be positioned near the aft and sometimes the forward bulkheads For vessels that consistently experience a single trim condition, the gauge point should align with the direction of the vessel's normal operational trim.
When measuring and sampling cargoes on board tank vessels using closed and restricted equipment, it is crucial to ensure that the equipment's location does not result in contact with the tank bulkhead during operation.
Installing multiple gauge points on a tank enhances the accuracy of determining the quantity composition and distribution of OBQ/ROB through sampling Each additional gauge point should be equipped with vapor control valves to ensure safe and effective tank stripping using restricted or closed techniques For detailed guidance on gauge point location, refer to API MPMS Ch 2.8B, API MPMS Ch 3.1A, and Sections 8 and 9 of this document.
Procedures outlined in API MPMS Ch 17.4 should be followed for quantifying small quantities on board vessels.
NOTE When performing OBQ/ROB inspections with a PMU, a graduated bob (i.e on a sampling unit) may be preferred for the PMU to prevent sensor damage.
Temperature Measurement
PMUs can be either single function devices or part of a multifunction measurement unit, allowing for temperature measurements alongside liquid level readings in tanks, as outlined in API MPMS Ch 7 To ensure accurate measurements, first confirm the electrical connection between the unit and VCV, and check the battery condition before and after use Lower the sensing probe to the specified level, then raise and lower it by 0.3 m (1 ft) around that level to achieve rapid stabilization, ensuring the readout does not fluctuate more than 0.1 °C (0.2 °F) for 30 seconds Once stabilized, record the temperature at the measured depth, and if multiple temperatures are needed, repeat the process at each level Finally, calculate the average temperature and report it rounded to the nearest 0.1 °C or 0.1 °F.
Inaccurate temperature measurement can create the largest apparent difference between actual and measured quantities It is essential that liquid cargo temperatures are made as accurately as possible.
Sampling
Sampling shall be carried out in accordance with procedures described in API MPMS Ch 8.1 using equipment described under 5.3 and 5.4.
7.3.2 Issues that Can Affect the Reliability of Samples Obtained with Restricted and Closed Sampling Equipment
To avoid contamination, samplers, fittings, etc shall be properly cleaned prior to use and between grades This may or may not require partial disassembly of the unit.
14 API MPMS C HAPTER 17.11/EI HM 52
When dealing with hazardous cargo under closed or restricted conditions, rinsing the primary sampling container with the cargo may not be allowed If this method is employed, it is crucial to ensure proper handling, containment, and safe disposal of the rinse liquids.
7.3.2.2 Sample Transfer Contamination (and Loss of Light Ends)
When conducting restricted or closed sampling, it is typically necessary to transfer the sample from the primary sampling container to another container This transfer can lead to the loss of light ends from the sample, potentially impacting the accuracy of test results.
— vapor pressure (RVP, TVP, ASVP, flash point, etc.);
Clingage in primary sampling containers can lead to non-representative transfers to secondary sample containers Similar issues may arise with traditional open sampling systems that necessitate transferring samples, such as the conventional "beaker" sampler According to ISO 3170:2004, when transferring a sample from a primary to a secondary container, it is crucial to take appropriate precautions to maintain the sample's integrity Whenever feasible, the sampling method should allow for transporting the sample to the laboratory in its original primary container to avoid unnecessary transfers.
Samples collected from stand pipes, whether manually or via PSU, risk contamination from rust or foreign matter that may be dislodged from the upper section of the stand pipe This issue is especially critical when sampling jet fuel for particulate matter testing Additionally, stand pipes, VCVs, and other fittings may have previously been used to introduce additives into the tank, leading to potentially contaminated or unrepresentative samples.
Condensation can build up in the stand pipe allowing water to enter into the sample as it returns to the housing This is a particular problem with heated cargoes
7.3.2.4 Stratification and Nature of Cargo
Stratification in heavier cargoes can greatly complicate the sampling process, as the characteristics of the cargo and its transportation methods, such as heating and mixing, often hinder the collection of representative samples.
When sampling heavy viscous cargoes, the weight of the sampler may not be enough to easily penetrate the liquid Consequently, the operator might mistakenly believe that the sampler has reached the intended depth, while it is actually suspended at an intermediate level with the tape no longer running.
When sampling non-homogeneous cargoes, obtaining representative vessel samples can be challenging due to the cargo's nature and sampling limitations In these situations, it is advisable to consider taking additional samples, such as multiple spot or comparative shore tank samples, and to explore alternative sampling methods If discrepancies arise in the analysis results, it is recommended to review all related data.
Measurement and sampling of cargoes on board tank vessels using closed and restricted equipment must be carefully reviewed and considered, especially when the results are intended for custody transfer purposes.
Refer to API MPMS Ch 8.1 for further clarification.
8 Vapor Control Valves (Recommended Size and Type)
The size and placement of VCVs are essential for accurate closed and restricted system measurements and sampling Properly sized and correctly positioned VCVs enable more precise measurements and more representative samples compared to those that are inadequately located or too small.
Vessel owners and operators should adopt standardized fittings of the recommended size and placement to minimize delays and enhance industry uniformity The type and size of fittings may vary based on the vessel's global location and trade type Ensuring that information about the type and location of VCVs is easily accessible is crucial.
When chartering vessels, it is crucial for individuals to verify the size and type of VCVs, as this information should be documented and considered Providing these details to the inspection company can help prevent potential delays.
The ideal size for vapor control valves is 100 mm (4 in.) nominal diameter, as this size accommodates various sampling equipment needed for different cargo and sample types Valves smaller than 100 mm (4 in.) may be suitable for gauging but can restrict the sampling equipment options, potentially compromising sample quality Utilizing 100 mm (4 in.) vapor control valves not only enhances sampling efficiency but also minimizes the time required to obtain samples, thereby reducing personnel and environmental exposure.
In a 48 mm (2 in.) VCV, closed and restricted samplers typically collect samples of about 400 ml to 500 ml To achieve the larger volumes necessary for precise quality assessment and sample retention, it is essential to take multiple samples, which can lead to time constraints.
General
To minimize the effects of trim and list, PMU gauge points should be positioned near the geometric center of the tank Additionally, if the vessel has stand pipes below deck, they must be slotted to facilitate equalization of the liquid level and vapor pressure in the ullage space.
Additional Gauging Points
According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), vessels certified for crude oil washing (COW) must be equipped with four gauging points in each tank, including one located at the rear of the tank.
While additional gauging points are not currently mandated for product tankers or barges, it is highly advisable to have a minimum of two calibrated gauging positions in each tank.
— If the vessel generally trims by the stern, one of the gauge points should be in the aft portion of the tank
— If the vessel normally operates trimmed by the head, one of the gauge points should be in the forward portion of the tank
— The central gauging position should be one of the two calibrated gauging points recommended
16 API MPMS C HAPTER 17.11/EI HM 52
To ensure accurate measurements, gauging points must be positioned to avoid any obstructions beneath them, regardless of the vessel's upright or tilted state Each gauging point should enable the equipment to access the tank bottom freely, even when the vessel is in various trim or list conditions.
Strapping/Calibration Table Changes
If the PMU gauge point is altered, it is essential to adjust the measurements to accurately reflect the volume according to the vessel's calibration tables Ideally, new official tank calibration tables should be created, or at the very least, any necessary corrections should be documented and validated by a qualified independent third party.
Gauge Point Identification
The designated gauge points should be clearly indicated and permanently marked with the reference gauge height, coinciding with the calibration tables.
Certification of Calibration and Wedge Tables
Calibration and wedge tables for determining cargo volumes must be certified for accuracy by the shipbuilder, a classification society, an independent inspection company, or another approved third party, ensuring their proper use on the specific vessel for which they are issued.
Missing Calibration Tables
All parties involved, including the vessel’s owners, should be notified immediately and a letter of protest issued when the vessels calibration tables cannot be located.
[1] OCIMF 1 , Oil Companies International Marine Forum
[2] ISGOTT 2 , International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals
[3] SOLAS 3 , Safety of Life at Sea
1 OCIMF, 29 Queen Anne's Gate, London, SW1H 9BU, England, www.ocimf.com.
2 Witherby Seamanship International Ltd,4 Dunlop Square, Deans Estate, Livingston, EH54 8SB, United Kingdom, www.witherbyseamanship.com.
3 International Maritime Organization, 4, Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, United Kingdom, www.imo.org.
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MPMS Ch 8.1, Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
MPMS Ch 17.1, Guidelines for Marine Cargo Inspection MPMS Ch 17.2, Measurement of Cargoes on Board Tank Vessels
MPMS Ch 17.10.2, Measurement of Refrigerated and/or Pressurized Cargo on Board Marine Gas Carriers
MPMS Ch 17.12, Procedure for Bulk Liquid Chemical Cargo Inspection by Cargo Inspectors
MPMS Ch 11.1, Temperature and Pressure Volume Correction Factors for Generalized Crude Oils, Refined Products, and Lubricating Oils
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