Tiêu chuẩn iso tr 21704 2017

The same charact eris ics an the same seq enc of the st eels ar also exhibit ed b the not ch imp ct ene g t empe atur curves det ermined with sub-siz not ch impact spe imens, se Figur A.

Toughness ofround steel link

Té ac ité de la ch îne s en acier ro d — Essai a e le s é ro vete s

sous-dimens ion ée s

Refer ence n mb r

ISO/TR 2 704:2 17(E)

Fir t edition

2 17-0

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© ISO 2017, P blshed in Sw itz rlan

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written permis ion Permis ion c n be req esed from either ISO at the ad r es below or ISO’s member bod y in the c u try of

F reword i v

Introduction v

1 Sc ope 1

2 Nor mati ve r eferenc es 1

3 Terms an definitions 1

4 A bbreviated terms 1

5 Tar g et o jecti ve 2

6 Chain manufactur er s 2

7 Tested chain ste ls 2

8 Equipment , specimen g eometry and samplng 3

9 Results 4

9.1 Notch imp ct ener g y temperatur e of the tes ed s e ls 4

9.2 Comp rison of the tes r esult an tes eq ipment of man factur er 1 an man factur er 2 4

9.3 Conve sion of the characte istic v lues dete mined at sub-siz notch impact pe imens 4 9.4 Valdation of the conve sion 5

9.5 S ate of thenotch imp ct ener g y v lues dete mined with sub-siz spe imens 5

9.6 Brittlefractur e tr ansition temperatur e 6

10 Specimen ex tensio 7

1 1 L se welding 7

1 2 Friction welding 7

1 3 Ex tended supe sub-siz notch imp ct spe imens 7

11 Der i vatio of the to ghnes c iter ia for char acter istic values deter mined w ith su -size notch impact specimens 8

12 Character istic values of the round ste l l nk chains fr om manufactur er M3and M4 9

1 1 Man factur er M3 9

1 2 Man factur er M4 9

13 Character istic values of the sub-size notch impact specimens, temperatur e and notch impact ener g y 9

14 Req irements to the character istic to ghnes values of the sub-size and the supe sub-size notch impact specimens 10

15 Status of inter national standar dizatio 11

A nne x A (informative)Fig ures 12

Biblog raphy 43

Forewor d

ISO (he Int ernational Org nization for Stan ardization) is a worldwide fede ation of national s an ards

b dies (ISO membe b dies) The work of pr p ring Int ernational Stan ards is normaly car ied out

through ISO t echnical committ ees Each membe b dy int er st ed in a subje t for w hich a t ech ical

committ ee has be n es a lshed has the right t o be r pr sented on that committ ee Int ernational

org nizations, g ove nmental an non-g ove nmental, in laison with ISO, also take part in the work

ISO cola orat es closely with the Int ernational Ele trot ech ical Commis ion (IEC) on al matt ers of

ele trot ech ical s an ardization

The proc d r s used t o develo this document an those int en ed for it furthe maint enanc ar

desc ibed in the ISO/IEC Dir ctives, Part 1 In p rticular the dife ent a pro al c it eria ne ded for the

dife ent ty es of ISO document should be not ed This document was draft ed in ac ordanc with the

edit orial rules of the ISO/IEC Dir ctives, Part 2 ( e www iso org dir ctives)

A tt ention is drawn t o the p s ibi ity that ome of the element of this document ma be the subje t of

p tent right ISO shal not be held r sp nsible for identifying any or al such p t ent right Detai s of

any p tent right identif ied d ring the develo ment of the document wi be in the Introd ction an / r

on the ISO ls of p t ent de larations r c ived ( e www iso org pat ent )

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenienc of use s an does not

cons itute an en orsement

For an ex lanation on the meaning of ISO spe ific terms an ex r s ions r lated to conformity as es ment,

as wel as information a out ISO’s adhe enc to the Wor ld Trade Org nization (WTO) principles in the

Te h ical Bar r ier s to Tr ade (TBT) se the folowing URL:www iso or g/ iso for eword html

This document was pr p r d b Te h ical C mmittee ISO/TC 1 1, R ou d se e l lnk ch ins, ch in

sln s, comp ne nt a d ac e ssorie s, Subcommittee SC 1, Ch ins a d ch in sln s

This document pro ides the r sult of t es ing on the t ough es of roun st eel chains

In an initial s u y pro ramme, the fun amental efe t on the lo d bearing ca acity of rou d st eel

chains we e ex mined The mat erial s r ngth an mat erial t ough es along with the t empe atur

we e incorp rat ed in the t es s The t es s we e con uct ed on chains 1 x 48 an the spe imens taken

from these To det ermine the t ough es of sub-siz roun st eel l n chains, the r q ir d t es s we e

pe formed with sub-siz not ch imp ct pe imens that wer taken from the u welded legs of the chains

The safety of rou d st eel l n chains was ex mined in detai in a lo d bearing conc pt an in a brit le

fraction transition t empe atur conc pt, se Figur A.1 Tempe atur s an minimum not ch imp ct

ene g v lues we e det ermined using fractur me hanics methods, with the aim of ensuring suff icient

lo d bearing ca acity for a damag ed chain at design t empe atur These t es s an their r sult ar

document ed in ISO/TR 2 6 2

Toughness ofround steel link chains — Test with sub-size

This document contains inves ig tions an inves ig tion r sult on t ough es of rou d st eel lnk

chains, t est ed with sub-siz spe imens

It a ples t o rou d st eel lnk chains for han o e at ed chain hois s of grade TH an VH an for slng

chainsused for chain sl ngs of grade 8

NOTE 1 As ociated Int ernational Stan ards are ISO 1687 , ISO 16872an ISO 3 7 6 In future it is inten ed to

implement the results on tough es derived in this document in new stan ards

Eleven st eels, pro ided b four man factur rs, wer t est ed t o f ind a t es r gime on sub-siz spe imens

an r q ir ment on the not ch imp ct t ough es v lues at design t empe atur w hich r sult ed out of

the t es s Theser q ir ment ar adjust ed t o the t ough es v lues offul siz ISO- V spe imens

NOTE 2 T e req irements are also valid for other c os sections of the chain than rou d

2 Normati ve r eferences

The e ar no normative r fe enc s in this document

3 Terms and definitions

No t erms an def initions ar lst ed in this document

ISO an IEC maintain t erminolo ical data ases for use in s an ardization at the folowing ad r s es:

— IECEle tro edia: a aia le at ht p:/ www ele tro edia org

— ISO Onlne brow sing plat orm:a ai a le at ht p:/ www iso org o p

4 Abbr eviated ter ms

D)

E

ful

calculat ed ene g of ful siz ISO- V spe imens

Ei ene g up n r aching the ma imum for e in the ins rument ed not ch imp ct t es

FATT fractur a pearanc transition t empe atur ; t empe atur at w hich the 5 % NCA

oc urs

NCA non c ys al ine ar a of fractur surfac ; d cti e fractur component of the

frac-tur surfac

SUS sub-siz not ch impact spe imen

S US supe sub-siz not ch impact spe imen

ni d cti ity transition t empe atur ; brit le fractur transition t empe atur , r

fer-enc v lue from Pel ni t es s, in the ins rument ed not ch imp ct t es det ermined with

the c ack ar es ing for e ( e ISO/TR 2 6 2)

T

½ (USE)

t empe atur at ½ (USE); t empe atur at halfup e shelf not ch imp ct ene g

USE up e shelf ene g ; uppe shelf not ch imp ct ene g

α slo e of r gr s ion curve for the calculation of DBTT

ful-size

β calculat ed shif of t empe atur s as ociat ed with the ene g v lues, sub-siz t o ful

siz spe imens (°C)

5 Tar g et objecti ve

The t ough es charact eris ic v lues det ermined with sub-siz not ch impact spe imens ar ve y

smal in a solut e t erms (< J) an dife only t o a minor ext ent As a r sult, a transition fu ction of

the charact eris ic v lues det ermined at the sub-siz spe imens had t o be de ived t o the v lues of

s an ard ISO- V spe imens The aim was the efor t o trans e the t oughnes r q ir ment o tained for

s an ard ISO-V spe imens in ISO/TR 2 6 2 at the lowes pe mis ible a plcation t empe atur of the

cor esp n ing chains t o charact eris ic v lues of the sub-siz spe imens Only in this wa the aim of

ev luating the chain safety can be at ained with sub-siz spe imen charact eris ic v lues

6 Chain manufacturers

F our chain man factur rs t ook p rt in the t es s in r spe t t o the t ough es of rou d st eel lnk chains

The r sult from thr e man factur rs we e incorp rat ed in thisr p rt These ar as folow s:

Man factur r 1: Symb l R

Man factur r 2: Symb l K

Man factur r 3: Symb l M3

Man factur r 4: Symb l M4

7 Tested chain steels

The folowing dife ent chain s e ls, pro ided by four man factur rs, wer inclu ed in these

tough es tes s

T (R) NiCr Mo-alo ed st eel with high up e shelf ene g an ve y low brit le fractur transition

t empe atur , roun st eel l n chains of grade 8

TH(R) Mang nese-b ron st eel (MnB), roun st eel l n chains of grade 8

VH (R) Mn -st eel, model mat erial, lower b u d con ition of up e shelf ene g an high brit le

fractur transition tempe atur , rou d st eel lnk chains of grade 1

TH(K) Mn -st eel, s an ard roun st eel l n chains of grade 8

VH (K) Mn -st eel, s an ard roun st eel l n chains of grade 1

V* (R) NiCr Mo-alo ed ch in steel with excelent low-temperature tou hnes , ro n steel ln ch ins

of a mat erial with an ultimat e t ensie s r ngth highe than 1 0 MPa

The chain st eels used b man factur r M3 inv lve

Grade 8 NiCr Mo-alo ed st eel

Grade 1 NiCr Mo-alo ed st eel

The chain st eels used b man factur r M4 inv lve

Grade 8 Mn and NiCr Mo-alo ed st eel

Grade 1 NiCr Mo-alo ed st eel

The chains an chain st eels T (R), TH (R), VH (R) wer alr ady incorp rat ed in the fractur me hanics

t es s, ISO/TR 2 6 2

These st eels comprise a wide rang e of t oughnes with dife ent mat erial s r ngth, in p rticular in the

transition ar a of the not ch impact ene g t empe atur curves

8 Equipment , specimen g eometr y and sampl ng

The s an ard not ch imp ct spe imens (ISO-V) we e t est ed in a pen ulum imp ct t es ing machine

with a ma imum fal ene g of 3 0 J, se Figur A.2 The pe n of the hamme is ins rument ed with

a s rain g ug e for det ermining the for e-time curve, se Figur A.3 The int egration yields the for

e-displac ment curve w hose int egral is the fractur ene g (not ch imp ct ene g ) cor esp nding t o

the t est ed spe imen The t es r sult (not ch impact ene g v lues) we e r ad of dir ctly at the dra

p int er of the pen ulum imp ct t es ing machine an in ad ition wer det ermined b calculating the

not ch impact ene g from the for e-displac ment curve The measuring ampl f ie an the entir data

lo ging sy st em for r cording the for e-time pro r s ion wer calbrat ed befor each t es se ies

A pen ulum imp ct t es ing machine with a ma imum ene g of 1 J was used for t es ing the sub-siz

not ch impact spe imen, se Figur A.4a) He e t oo, the hamme pe n was ins rument ed with s rain

ga ug es, se Figur A.4b) an Figur A.4e) The anvi of the pen ulum imp ct t es ing machine is shown

in Figur A.4c) The amplf ie an entir data lo ging sy st em wer calbrat ed befor each t es se ies,

se Figur A.4 ) During the t es s on this pen ulum imp ct t es ing machine, two ene g v lues each

we e also det ermined: r ad of from the dra p int er an calculat ed from the for e-displac ment curve

The spe imens we e eithe heat ed or co led in l q id nitrog en in orde t o set dife ent t es t empe atur s

The r q ir d t es t empe atur was monit or d using the mocouples

Anothe o tion for det ermining the not ch imp ct ene g of sub-siz spe imensis pro ided b the dro

weight t es , se Figur A.5 He e t oo, the measuring sy st em an ampl f ie we e calbrat ed befor each

t es se ies It is not pos ible t o r ad of the imp ct ene g from a dra p int er with this t es method

The v lue calculat ed via int egration can only be uti z d

The r sult of b th t es methods with sub-siz spe imens r veal a g ood cor esp n enc , se

Figur s A.1 t o A.14 an 9.2 To this end, the t es s we e con uct ed with the pen ulum imp ct t es ing

machine (R) an with the dro weight devic (K)

The not ch impact spe imens we e taken from the u welded legs of rou d st eel lnk chain l n s The

spe imen location in a chain l n of dimension 1 x 48an the spe imen dimensions in ac ordanc with

ISO 148-1 for the s andard ISO- V spe imens can be se n in Figur A.6 The same a ples for the sub-siz

not ch imp ct spe imen in ac ordanc with ISO 145 6 in Figur A.7 The width of the l g ment of the

ISO-V spe imen is 8 mm, that of the sub-siz spe imen only 3 mm The lg ment ar as the efor dife

cor esp n ingly from 8 mm

2

t o 9 mm

2

Thesmal lg ment ar a leads t o extr mely low ene g v lues up n fractur of the sub-siz spe imen A

plane s r s s at e at the not ched tip of the sub-siz spe imen r sult from the width of only 3 mm, w hie

the con itions of the planes rain s at e ar es entialy at ained un e bending lo d at the not ched tip of

the ISO-V spe imen S hematic not ch imp ct ene g t empe atur curves of s an ard ISO- V an sub-siz

not ch impact spe imens ar i us rat ed in Figur A.8 Thelower ene g v lues of the sub-siz spe imen

– lg ment siz – and the shif of the brit le fractur transition t empe atur ∆ T t o lowe t empe atur s

ar charact eris ic This pr dominantly r sult from the s r s s at e

An imag e comp rison of al t est ed spe imens from supe sub-siz not ch impact spe imens, sub-siz

not ch imp ct spe imens t o s an ard ISO- V spe imens is shown in Figur A 9 The supe sub-siz not ch

imp ct spe imen is desc ibed in 1 3

9.1 Notch impact ener g y temperature of the tested ste ls

Al not ch imp ct ene g t empe atur curves det ermined b man factur r 1 (R) ar shown in

Figur A.1 They comprise a wide t ough es rang e exhibit ed b the t est ed st eels VH (R) is a model

mat erial with extr mely low t ough es for the inves ig tion of the lowe l mit beha iour The not ch

imp ct ene g up e shelf is 60 J an the T

N T

is 3 ° C The mat erials TH (K), TH (R) an VH (K) ar

ty ical chain st eels The roun st eel lnk chains made from these st eels fulf il the r q ir ment of

ISO 1 8 2 and ISO 1 8 7 The st eel T (R) r pr sent a not ch impact ene g t empe atur curve in the

up e rang e of grade T with a brit le fractur transition t empe atur of – 0° C V* (R) is a st eel with

extr me low-t empe atur t oughnes (T

N T

= – 5° C) an a t ensie s r ngth gr at er than 1 5 0 MPa

Theup e shelf not ch imp ct ene gies of the t est ed st eels ar between 6 J and 1 0 J, the brit le fractur

transition t empe atur s rang e from – 5°C t o + 0° C

The same charact eris ics an the same seq enc of the st eels ar also exhibit ed b the not ch imp ct

ene g t empe atur curves det ermined with sub-siz not ch impact spe imens, se Figur A.1 The

brit le fraction transition t empe atur sha e shift ed t o lower v luesas is t o be ex e t ed an the up e

shelf imp ct not ch ene gies at ain v lues from 4 J t o 5,5 J he e

9.2 Comparison of the test r esults and test equipment of manufactur er 1 and

manufacturer 2

The two chain st eelsTH (K) an TH(R) we e t est ed b man factur r 1with s andard ISO-V spe imens

The det ermined up e shelf imp ct ene g of b th st eels is eq al an the brit le fractur transition

t empe atur of TH (K) is lower b 1 K t o 1 K, se Figur A.1 The cor espon enc of the two st eels

d ring t es ing with sub-siz not ch imp ct spe imens is ex cel ent, se Figur A.1 The st eel TH (K)

was t est ed b man factur r 2 in the dro weight t es an the st eel TH (R) b man factur r 1 with the

pend lum impact t es ing machine

Furthe mor , the sub-siz spe imens from the st eels TH (R) an TH (K) wer ex chang ed and henc a

c os o e t es was con uct ed on the spe imens in the dro weight t es an on the pen ulum imp ct

t es ing machine The r sult ar only scatt ering t o a minor ext ent, se Figur A.14 The comp ra i ty

of b th t es methods is the efor v ldat ed The b sis for this is in ispensa ly a spe imen pr paration

cor esp n ing t o ISO 145 6, the s an ard-comp tible s at e of the t es machines an a compet ent

calbration of the measuring devic saswel as a pr cise set ing of the t es t empe atur

9.3 Conver ion of the characteristic values deter mined at sub-size notch impact

specimens

As the ene g det ermined with sub-siz not ch impact spe imens is ve y low, an att empt was made t o

conve t these v lues t o v lues asc rtained with s an ard ISO- V spe imens b means ofcalculation

This is b sed on the for e-displac ment dia rams det ermined in the ins rument ed not ch imp ct an

dro weight t es The not ch imp ct ene g t empe atur curves that we e det ermined with s an ard

ISO- V spe imens (CV) an sub-siz spe imens ( SUS) ar a pled with the same scale for the not ch

imp ct ene g in Figur A.1 He e the major dife enc in the not ch imp ct ene gies is particularly

clear owing t o the dife ent lg ment

A division of the ar a below the for e-displac ment curve in an ene g comp nent befor r aching

the ma imum for e (Ei) an an ene g component aft er ex ce ding the ma imum for e (Ep), se

Figur A.1 , leads t o p rtial ene gies, w hich, multipl ed b the t erms C an C2, se Figur A.1 , an

then ad ed, yield the conve t ed not ch imp ct ene g KV The conve sion of al not ch impact ene gies of

the sub-siz spe imens t est ed at dife ent t empe atur s de ives the not ch imp ct t empe atur curve

of convert ed SUS, se Figur A.1 The comparison with the CV curve (ISO-V spe imens) ex lains the

t empe atur shif ∆ T t o lowe t empe atur s of the curve det ermined with sub-siz spe imens This can

be trac d b ck t o the plane s r s s at e of the sub-siz spe imen The t empe atur shif was eq alsed

in Figur A.1 b means of a calculat ed v lue β, se Figur A.1 This show s that the pro r s ion of the

CV an the conve t ed SUS curve cor esp n s in theory

Thr e dife ent methodsof ene g conversion an the calculation of the t empe atur shif ar shown in

Figur A.1

9.4 Val dation of the c onver ion

The conve sion, inclu ing the t empe atur shif , of the not ch impact ene g t empe atur curves of s

ub-siz spe imens t o s an ard ISO- V spe imens b sed on the desc ibed formulae, se 9.3, of the st eels

T (R), TH (R) an VH (R) with dife ent methods is summariz d in Figur s A.1 t o A.2 The mat erials

TH an VH ar shown without and with t empe atur shif , the mat erial T (R) is shown only with shif

The conve sion was r al z d in ac ordanc with the “bes f it” method

The sub-siz spe imens of the st eel T (R) yield an up e shelf ene g t oo low b aroun 1 J aft er

conve sion (method 1) The calculat ed shif of the transition t empe atur is t oo high b arou d 3 K,

se Figur A.1

The not ch imp ct ene g v lues of the sub-siz spe imens made from st eel TH (R) exhibit a g ood

cor esp n enc with the v lues of the ISO- V spe imens aft er conve sion (method 1), se Figur A.1

Aft er the calculat ed t empe atur shif of arou d 6 K, b th not ch imp ct t empe atur curves

cor esp n sufficiently, se Figur A.2 C mp ra le r sult we e fou d b man factur r 2 with

spe imens out of TH(K)

St eel VH (R) r sult ed in an ac epta le cor esp ndenc of the conve t ed (method 3) not ch impact ene g

v lues, se Figur A.2 Howeve , the calculat ed shif of the transition t empe atur led t o a v lue

ex ces ive b 6 K, se Figur A.2

The r sult discus ed alow the conclusion that the ene g conve sion an the calculat ed shif of the

transition t empe atur a ply at bes t o the not ch imp ct ene g t empe atur curves of st eels in the

medium t ough es rang e (TH) The curves b sed on the ene g conve sion an the t empe atur shif

of ve y t ough an extr me brit le st eels can only be conve t ed t o an insuff icient degr e

Cor esp n ingly, the conve sion of the not ch imp ct ene g v lues an the t empe atur shif ar not

suita le in al cases, ac ording t o the a pl ed calculation b sis, t o comp r the not ch imp ct ene g

v lues det ermined with sub-siz not ch impact spe imens with spe if ic r q ir ment on the imp ct

ene g v lues det ermined with s an ard ISO- V spe imens If the e ar no t ough es v lues of s an ard

ISO- V spe imens a ai a le, then a ve ification of the b calculation conve t ed SUS t ough es v lues is

not pos ible

9.5 Scat er of the notch impact ener g y values determined w ith sub-size specimens

The definition of r q ir ment in r spe t t o the not ch imp ct ene g det ermined with sub-siz not ch

imp ct spe imens takes int o ac ou t the scatt er beha iour of the charact eris ic v lues asc rtained

with sub-siz spe imens Ten spe imens of the st eels T (R), TH (R) an VH (R) we e t est ed at – 20° C

an ambient t empe atur r spe tively for this In the case of st eel T (R), b th t empe atur s ar in the

rang e of the not ch impact ene g up e shelf A ccordingly the scatt er is low at ≤ 0,8 J, se Figur A.2

Due t o the brit le fraction transition shift ed t o highe t empe atur rang es, the t es t empe atur – 20°C

for the mat erial TH (R) is only sl ghtly a o e the t empe atur with half up e shelf ene g , i.e almos in

the mid le of the transition rang e He e t oo the scatt er is ≤ 0, 9 J, se Figur A.24 In the case of the even

mor r s rict ed low-t empe atur t ough es of the model mat erial VH (R), the t es t empe atur – 20° C

is in the transition t o the lower shelf an 2 ° C is clearly below the up e shelf, se Figur A.2 The

scatt er of the t es r sult det ermined at ambient t empe atur is arou d 0,8 J As is t o be ex e t ed, the

scatt er in the lower rang e of the transition ar a inc eases, an r aches 1,2 J among the r sult for the

spe imens from mat erial VH(R) As the scatt er of the in ivid al v lues pro ides imp rtant information

on the homog eneity of the mat erial from w hich the spe imens we e taken, t es s for the scatt er

beha iour we e incorp rat ed in the implementation of the t ough es t es with sub-siz spe imens an

in the r q ir ment in r spe t t o sub-siz spe imen charact eris ic v lues, se Clause 14

Furthe mor , the scatt er in the r sult also pro ides information on the r prod cibi ity of the spe imen

pr p ration, the t es an the t empe atur set ing

9.6 Br it le fracture transition temperatur e

The safety of a rou d st eel chain a ains brit le fractur or r d ction in the fractur for e is a fu ction

of the t ough es (not ch imp ct ene g ) an is ev luat ed ac ording t o the brit le fractur transition

t empe atur conc pt The r lation of lowes pe mis ible a plcation t empe atur t o brit le fractur

transition t empe atur is c ucial he e, se ISO/TR 2 6 2

The brit le fractur transition t empe atur can be det ermined as T

N T, FATT or ½ (USE) It ises ential

t o know the brit le fractur transition t empe atur of the v rious st eelsan chains

In ISO/TR 2 6 2, the brit le fractur transition t empe atur of the chains T (R), TH(R)an VH (R)was

det ermined b means of ins rument ed not ch imp ct t es s W ith the help of the c ack ar es c it erion –

for e at c ack st op (P4 ) is 4 kN – the ni d cti ty transition t empe atur (T

NDT) was det ermined from

the for e-displac ment dia rams of the ins rument ed not ch imp ct t es at s an ard ISO- V spe imens

Anothe , les pr cise method for det ermining the brit le fraction transition t empe atur inv lves

asc rtaining the fractur a pearanc transition t empe atur (FATT); for de iv tion, se ISO/TR 2 6 2

This t empe atur can be det ermined from the morpholo y of the fractur surfac without complex

measuring syst ems Whe e the d cti e fractur comp nent non c y stal ne ar a of the fractur surfac ,

NCA) is 5 %, the t es t empe atur cor esp n s t o the brit le fractur transition t empe atur The

comp rison betwe n T

NDT

an FATT for s an ard ISO-V spe imens r sult in a g ood cor elation for

the chains from the st eels T (R), TH (R), VH (R) an V* (R) o e the t empe atur rang e of 140 K, se

Figur A.2

A furthe c it erion alows the brit le fraction transition t empe atur t o also be det ermined without

ins rument ed t es s The t empe atur at w hich halfof the not ch impact up e shelf ene g ( ½ USE) is

pr sent is incorporat ed he e The cor elation T

½ (USE)

with the T

N T(det ermined at s an ard ISO- V

spe imens) also r sult in ve y g ood v lues for s an ard spe imens, se Figur A.2 F or s an ard

spe imens, the cor elation betwe n the t empe atur s T

FATT wer also ex mined at sub-siz not ch imp ct spe imens The FATT of sub-siz spe imens of the

chains T (R), TH (K), TH (R), VH (K), VH (R) an V* (R) yielded an ex celent cor elation t o the T

½ (USE)

v lues of these chains, se Figur A.2 These charact eris ic v lues ar the efor a plca le for sub-siz

not ch impact spe imens t oo

A comparison of the T

½ (USE)

v lues of s an ard an sub-siz spe imens r sult in an a e ag e

t empe atur shif of 3 K, se Figur A.3

Based on s an ard spe imens, it was shown that the c it eria FATT an T

½ (USE)

cor elat e wel with

the T

NDT

(r fe enc brit le fractur transition t empe atur ) det ermined in ins rument ed not ch imp ct

t es s This conseq ently es a l shed the b sis for the trans e of FATT an T

½ (USE) A g ood cor elation

t o the v lues of the s andard spe imens also r sult ed he e A shif b 3 K t o lowe t empe atur sof the

brit le fractur transition t empe atur det ermined at tan ard spe imens is ne es ary t o be r spe t ed

b the use of sub-siz spe imens

10 Specimen e x tension

10.1 Laser welding

A spe imen pie e can be taken from the u welded leg in the case of chain l n s with dimensions that

do not ena le the extraction of sub-siz not ch imp ct spe imens Figur A.3 a) show s an ex mple of

this for a roun st eel lnk chain 1 x 3 an a 1 mm long se tion The spe imen pie e and two 8 mm

long welded-on pie es from st eel with eq al s r ngth ar machined t o the c os -se tion dimensions

3 x 4,5 mm, se Figur A.3 b) The pie es ar clamped in the longitu inal dir ction an welded using

lase t ech olo y This is folowed b machining of the spe imen width t o 4,0mm, se Figur A.3 c) The

machining of the width an subseq ent not ching in ac ordanc with ISO 145 6 was pe formed on the

ben ing t ension side Final y, the spe imen length ismachined at mid le not ch location t o 2 mm

To det ermine the efe t of heat input r sulting from lase welding, a hard es prof ile was det ermined

in the longitu inal dir ction of the 1 mm long spe imen pie efrom the chain w he e the two en pie es

had be n welded on, se Figur A.3 The heat afe t ed zones of the two lase welds ar ve y nar ow

with aroun 2,5 mm width, asis t o be ex e t ed Ther maining length of the spe imen pie e extract ed

out of the chain of arou d 7 mm does not r veal any hard es efe t , se Figur A.3 A minimum

length of 9 mm r sult from the two-sided heat afe t ed zones of aroun 2,5 mm for the spe imen pie e

This the efor ensur s with pr cise positioning of the not ch that the fractur s arting from the not ch

tip pro r s es in a sufficiently wide zone with unafe t ed mic os ructur of the chain

Sub-siz not ch imp ct spe imens in the ful an welded s at e from mat erial V* (R) r sult in ex celent

cor esp n ing not ch impact ene g t empe atur curves, se Figur A.3

10.2 F riction welding

The a plcation of friction welding for the two-sided ext ension of the spe imens was ex mined b

man factur r K However, the heat efe t ar extr mely high in this proc s The hard es profile o e

the length r sult ed in an extr me dro in the not ch ar a C nseq ently, a pronou c d, impe mis ibly

larg e chang e in the not ch imp ct ene g t empe atur curve was also a p r nt

10.3 Ex tended super sub-size notch impact specimens

The t ough es of chains from w hose leg a 9 mm long spe imen pie e cannot be extract ed is det ermined

with supe sub-siz not ch impact spe imens The dimensions of these spe imens ar 1,5 x 1,5 x 2 mm

at a not ch depth of 0,5 mm The length of 2 mm is a conseq enc of the g eometrical design of the t es

eq ipment Owing t o this length, the spe imens ar alway s ext en ed with welded-on pie es To achieve

as low a heat input as p s ible, weld t es s we e con uct ed with a mic o-lase an a pulsed ene g of

6,4 J, se Figur A.34 The spe imens ar no long er machined aft er the welding Hard es t es s r vealed

that the extr mely low a pled welding ene g did not lead t o any chang e in the hard es This also

a ples for the ar a dir ctly next t o the weld seams, se Figur A.34a)

The extr mely smal l g ment ar a of 1,5 mm

2

only yields not ch impact ene g v lues < 1 J even in

the up e shelf, se Figur A.3 A dife entiation of these low ene g v lues with incorp ration of

the t es t empe atur is not p s ible owing t o the flat prof ile of the ene g t empe atur curve, se

Figur A.3 The non-c y stal ine ar a of the fractur surfac s of spe imens from TH (R) t est ed at

v rious t empe atur s was the efor det ermined in the scan ing ele tron mic osco e ( SEM) ev luating

the dife ent NCA-v lues w hich ar inclu ed in Figur A.3 An ex mple of the analy sis in the SEM with

an NCA of 8 % is shown in Figur A.3 This inv lves the fractur surfac of a spe imen from mat erial

TH (R) t est ed at – 0°C The r q ir ment de ived from this r sult is NCA ≥ 8 %, se Clause 14 A t a

T

½ (USE)

of – 5° C of the sub-siz spe imens from st eel TH (R), the fractur surfac of the supe

sub-siz spe imen at ains 5 % NCA at aroun 5 K lower t es t empe atur , se Figur A.3 A shif of the

brit le fractur transition t empe atur between sub-siz an supe sub-siz not ch imp ct spe imens of

aroun 5 K the efor be omes a p r nt

11 Deri vation ofthe toughnes c iteria for character istic values determined w ith

sub-size notch impact specimens

As a calculat ed conve sion of the charact eris ic v lues of s an ard ISO- V spe imens det ermined

with sub-siz spe imens could not be ve ified in al t es s, se 9.3 an 9.4, the r q ir ment for

sub-siz spe imens ar now de ived from the not ch imp ct ene g t empe atur curve of s an ard ISO-V

spe imens ISO/TR 2 6 2 r q ir s 3 J for grade TH chains an 45 J for grade VH chains (lo d

bearing conc pt), in orde t o pr vent low lo d brit le fractur s at the lowes pe mis ible a plcation

t empe atur In the ISO s an ards 1 8 2 an 1 8 7, a design t empe atur (T

D) of 0° C is r q ir d for

the chain grades TH an VH The t ough es v ldation is r al z d at this t empe atur (3 J for TH and

45 J for VH) Based on the r lation of the chain fractur for es at T

NDT

an T

N T– 1 K, the lowes

pe mis ible a plcation t empe atur could be def ined for b th chain grades at – 0° C

Based on these r q ir ment , the t empe atur (T

D) was now det ermined for al ex mined rou d st eel

l n chains, at w hich a int erse tion with the r spe tive not ch imp ct ene g t empe atur curve of

ISO-V spe imens yields 3 J or 45 J If the not ch imp ct ene g t empe atur curves of s an ard ISO- V

spe imens an sub-siz spe imens ar ent er d in a dia ram with scales of the Y-ax es ada t ed t o the

l g ment ar as of the spe imens, the cor esp nding t ough es v lue (E

D) of the sub-siz spe imen

can be det ermined at T

Dwithout t empe atur shif These cor elations wer r al z d for al ex mined

chainsin Figur s A.3 t o A.42

In the case of st eel T (R), not 3 J but inst ead 40 J was incorp rat ed as a r q ir ment or thenot ch imp ct

ene g , as int en ed for grade TH (3 J) The not ch imp ct t empe atur curve has at ained the lower

shelf in this low-t empe atur t ough st eel at a t es t empe atur of – 0° C A t lowe t es t empe atur s,

the not ch impact ene g v lues would only chang e slghtly an not fal below 3 J, se Figur A.3 This

not ch imp ct ene g of 40 J (ISO spe imen) at – 0° C is in cont ext with 3,7 J of the sub-siz spe imen

Thesame de iv tion led t o the r sult for the othe chainsshown in Ta le 1

A t this p int, it should be p int ed out a ain that VH (R) inv lves a chain made from low-t ough es

model mat erial

The t empe atur at w hich the 3 J or 45 J l ne int erse t the not ch imp ct ene g t empe atur curve

of the s an ard ISO- V spe imens is the design t empe atur T

D The charact eris ic v lue of the sub-siz

spe imen r sulting at T

D

is the design not ch imp ct ene g E

D

The v lue of the supe sub-siz spe imen det ermined at − 0°C for the st eel TH (R) was ent er d with

0,5 J an 8 % NCA, as shown in Figur A.43 This v lue shift ed b – 5 K t o the T

D

wi be discus ed

lat er un e the r q ir ment in Clause 14

12 Characteristic values of the r ound steel l nk chains from manufactur er M3 and

M4

12.1 Manufactur er M3

Man factur r M3 had extract ed ful siz and sub-siz spe imens out of 1 mm chains of grade 8 an

grade 1 an sub-siz spe imens out of a 8 mm chain of grade 8 The int erse tion of the not ch imp ct

ene g t empe atur curve of the chain of grade 8 with a diamet er of 1 mm with the 3 J lne was fou d

at –70° C for ful siz ISO- V spe imens, se Figur A.4 This ve y low design t empe atur T

of the sub-siz spe imens of the 8 mm chain of grade 8 was det ermined t o a mean v lue

of > 3,5 J, se Figur A.45 The int erse tion of the not ch imp ct ene g t empe atur curve of ful siz

ISO- V spe imens out of the 1 mm chain of grade 1 with the 45 J lne r sult in the T

D

of –48° C A t

that t empe atur the mean v lue of E

Ddet ermined from the ene g -t empe atur curve of the sub-siz

spe imenswas 4,2 J, se Figur A.46

These r sult ar summariz d in Ta le 2

Table 2

D

Figur

M3 Ø 16, NiCrMo-al oyed, Grade 8 4,1 J –70° C Figure A.4

M3 Ø 8, NiCrMo-al oyed, Grade 8 3,5 J –40° C Figure A.45

M3 Ø 16, NiCrMo-al oyed, Grade 1 4,2 J –48° C Figure A.4

12.2 Manufactur er M4

The charact eris ic v lues of the spe imens from the MnB-st eel of the chains in grade 8 exhibit an

ex ceptional scatt er in the brit le fractur transition rang e for b th s an ard an sub-siz spe imens,

se the marked ar as in Figur A.47, w hich also inclu e the incipient up e shelf The a e ag e E

D

of the

sub-siz spe imens of 5,0 J r sult in a T

D

of – 26° C A t – 0° C the scatt er of f ive in ivid al v lues is 1,4 J

½ (USE) is at ained at –43° C (mean v lue of the two lmit imp ct not ch ene g t empe atur curves)

The scatt er is 3,4 J at this t empe atur for five t est ed spe imens, se Figur A.47 The charact eris ic

v lues of the sub-siz spe imens from the othe two chains do not r veal any conspicuous featur s in

Figur s A.48an A.49 In summary, the r sult for chains of man factur r M4 ar shown in Ta le 3

Table 3

D

Figur

13 Characteristic values of the sub-size notch impact specimens, temperature and

notch impact ener g y

In orde t o de ive the r q ir ment t o the charact eris ic v lues of sub-siz not ch imp ct spe imens,

det ermined for the r spe tive chain This is shown in Figur A.5 for the chains T (R), TH (R) an

TH(K) Furthe mor , the not ch imp ct ene g at the brit le fractur transition t empe atur T

½ (USE)

is

also r q ir d for the safety conside ation These v lues wer also ent er d ac ordingly in the dia ram in

Figur A.5 The not ch impact ene g v lues at T

It is clear that he not ch imp ct ene g v lues ofthe chains only dife slghtly Howeve , they ar shift ed

t o lowe t empe atur s for the chain T (R) with low T

N T

b aroun 5 K, se Figur A.50

Cor esp n ing t o this proc d r , Figur A.5 summariz s the charact eris ic v lues of the chains

of grade 8 an Figur A.5 those of grade 1 In Figur A.5 , the extr me t ough chain V* (R) with

T

D

= – 5° C an the low-t ough es model mat erial VH (R) with T

D

= + 0° C form the l mit Also the

in ivid al not ch imp ct ene g v lues dife only insignif icantly in their height

Owing t o these minor dife enc s, also with dife ent grades, the e was no ne d t o def ine dife ent

r q ir ment for grades 8 an 1 Al ex mined mat erials ar the efor ent er d in Figur A.5 The

scatt er rang es for the not ch imp ct ene g v lues E

D

an ½ (USE) ar ent er d; they ar significantly

separat e from one anothe

14 Requir ements to the character istic toughnes values of the sub-size and the

super sub-size notch impact specimens

In this document, the T

Dfor the in ivid al roun st eel l n chains with the r q ir ment in

ISO/TR 2 6 2 for the not ch impact ene g (3 J for grade 8, 45J for grade 1 ) was det ermined from the

r lev nt not ch imp ct ene g t empe atur curve ( tan ard ISO- V spe imens)

of the chains ex mined with sub-siz not ch imp ct spe imens is 3,7 J As thecor esp n ing

chains did not r veal any conspicuous featur s in chain t ensie t es s an d ring t es ing with s an ard

ISO-V spe imens, the r q ir ment for E

Dwas def ined with

To ensur a suff icient dis anc of the T

is fulf iled b al chains in Figur A.5

In 9.5, the scatt er of the charact eris ic v lues det ermined with sub-siz not ch imp ct t es s was

discus ed an att ention was drawn t o their significanc The r q ir ment in r spe t t o the scatt er

rang e (R) of 1 in ivid al v lues of the not ch imp ct ene g det ermined at the t es t empe atur T

Dis

R ≤ 1,5 J

In the case of sub-siz an supe sub-siz not ch imp ct t es s with spe imens ext en ed b welding, it is

imp rtant hat the efe t of heat input d e t o welding ar ex clu ed in a rang e of 2 mm lef an right of

the not ch se tion Supe sub-siz not ch imp ct spe imens we e t est ed at a t empe atur T

D– 5 K The

fractur surfac is r q ir d t o exhibit a d ctie fractur comp nent ≥ 8 % d ring analy sis in the SEM

T

D

– 5 K, NCA ≥ 8 %

These r q ir ment ar summariz d as folows:

T

D

a) det ermined on the b sis of the C

V-t ough es -t empe atur curve (C

V-spe imens) an the

r q ir d C -t oughnes v lue given in the a pro riat e s an ard

t o the brit le-t ough-transition ene g an

t empe atur is suff icient

a) welding on of c ntral pie es 3 × 4 x 1 mm on b th sides t o 3 × 4 x 2 mm without heat afe t t o the

ar a of the not ch is a proved, an

b) S US out of a mat erial with K

15 Status ofinternational standardization

The r q ir ment de ived in this document in r spe t t o the not ch imp ct ene g of sub-siz not ch

imp ct pe imens an supe sub-siz not ch impact spe imens ha e be n incorp rat ed in ISO 3 76:2 1 ,

ISO 1 8 2:2 1 an ISO 1 8 7 :2 1

A nnex A

Fig ures

Figure A.1

Figure A.2— Testing equipment for ISO-V specimens — Instrumented pend lum — 300 J

testing machine

Figure A.3 — Testing eq ipment for ISO-V specimens — Instrumented pe n

a) 1 J t es ing machine

Figure A.4 — Testing equipment for sub-size specimens — Instrumented pendulum

Test equipment Instrumented compact dro

weight impact test equipment

Key

1 str ain g aug e in this part of the dr op weig ht

Figure A.5 — Instrumented compact dro weight impact test equipment — Man facturer 2

Figure A.6 — Notch impact specimens and their extractio — ISO-V-specimen in ac ordance

Y impact energ y in J, ISO- V

Figure A.1 — Comparison of ISO-V-T curves — Specimens tested by R

X temperatur e in °C

Y impact ener g y in J, SUS

Figure A.11 — Compariso of SUS-T curves — Specimens tested by R

Key

X temperatur e in °C

Y impact ener g y in J, ISO- V

Figure A.12 — Compariso ISO-V; TH (R)to TH (K)

X temper atur e in °C

Y impact energ y in J, SUS

Figure A.13— Compariso SUS - TH (R) to TH (K)

Key

X temper atur e in °C

Y impact energ y in J, SUS

Figure A.1 — Compariso TH SUS — Tested by K and R