Tiêu chuẩn iso 16840 3 2014

© ISO 2014 Wheelchair seating — Part 3 Determination of static, impact and repetitive load strengths for postural support devices Sièges de fauteuils roulants — Partie 3 Détermination des efforts stat[.]

Preparation

Prepare the test PSD as specified in Clause 6.

Test procedure

Conduct the following tests in the test environment specified in 4.7.

Select and, if necessary, modify the most appropriate loading pad from 4.3.

Apply a test load as specified in 7.3 to each of the PSDs according to the relevant procedures in 7.4 to 7.10.

NOTE As the PSD is tested in static, impact, and repeated load testing, there is no specified order of testing and a new PSD can be used for each test.

Load application

Apply a static force as follows: a) Align the loading pad to apply the test force or torque at the centre of the support surface within

When using a pivoting torso loading pad, ensure it is aligned with the pivot axis as specified in Table 2 For pelvic supports, position the loading pad to apply force perpendicular to the support surface, allowing for an adjustment of ±10° to account for any displacement Additionally, it is important to document the results accurately.

1) the maximum displacement permitted by the movement of elastic attachment hardware or deformable support surfaces or passive support surfaces;

2) the force or torque to displace or move components that are designed to move; such components include elastic attachment hardware or deformable support surfaces or passive support surfaces;

3) the maximum force/torque applied;

4) if failure occurs, the force/torque at which it occurs and the type of failure;

5) the offset distance from the attachment point to the point of local application;

6) the rigid test fixture used for each test;

7) the loading pad used for each test. g) Remove the force or torque.

Lateral and medial support surface test methods

The following tests apply to, but are not limited to, the following lateral support devices:

7.4.1 Lateral supports: outward lateral forces

7.4.1.1 Identify if the lateral support is continuous or discontinuous as specified in 3.5 and 3.6.

7.4.1.2 Select and, if necessary, modify an appropriate-sized loading pad as specified in 4.3.

7.4.1.3 For continuous lateral supports, apply the test force, F, as specified in 7.3 but at a point which is

75 % ± 5 % of the total depth of the support, measured from the uncompressed adjacent support surface as shown in Figure 14.

For discontinuous lateral supports, the test force, F, should be applied at a point that is 75% ± 5% of the total depth of the support, measured from the uncompressed adjacent support surface, as illustrated in Figure 15.

Figure 14 — Example of force application to lateral support continuous with the adjacent support surface

Figure 15 — Example of force application to lateral support discontinuous with the adjacent support surface

7.4.2 Lateral supports: inward lateral forces

The following test procedure is designed to test the inward strength of PSD components that can receive forces during transfer or contact with the environment.

7.4.2.1 Identify if the lateral support is continuous or discontinuous as specified in 3.5 and 3.6.

For continuous lateral supports, the inward test force, F, should be applied at a point that is (75 ± 5) % of the total depth of the support, measured from the uncompressed adjacent support surface, as illustrated in Figure 16.

7.4.2.4 For discontinuous lateral supports, apply the inward test force, F, as specified in 7.3 but at a point which is (70 ± 5) % of the total depth of the support measured from the uncompressed adjacent

Figure 16 — Example of force application to lateral support continuous with the adjacent support surface

Figure 17 — Example of force application to lateral support discontinuous from its adjacent support surface

7.4.3 Medial knee supports: inward forces

7.4.3.1 Identify if the medial support is continuous or discontinuous as specified in 3.5 and 3.6.

7.4.3.3 For medial knee supports, apply the test force in the inward direction as specified in 7.3 to the centre of the support surface ±10 mm.

NOTE This load simulates the inward forces on a medial knee support in the horizontal plane.

Anterior pelvic and trunk support: anterior forces

To select the correct pelvic loading pad, use the maximum user mass indicated by the manufacturer for the support being tested Ensure the pelvic loading pad is chosen according to the guidelines in section 4.3 For supports utilizing straps, these should be attached to either an adjustable rigid test frame or a surrogate support surface, as outlined in sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.2, respectively The separation of mounting points on the adjustable rigid test frame must adhere to the specifications in Table 4 Research indicates that testing anterior pelvic supports under the most adverse conditions is crucial for accurate results.

To ensure accurate testing, establish a method for applying the test force so that it is perpendicular to the adjustable rigid test frame that simulates the seat surface Additionally, the force application line must be positioned at the midpoint of the loading pad.

7.5.1.3 Apply the pre-load as specified in Table 4.

7.5.1.4 Measure the position of the loading pad or devise a means to use this position as a zero reference to measure from in steps 7.5.1.6 and 7.5.1.8 below.

7.5.1.5 Apply the test force away from the test frame surface, against the anterior pelvic support as specified in 7.3, to the maximum force specified in Table 4.

7.5.1.6 If no failure has occurred according to Clause 5, record the maximum displacement of the loading pad.

7.5.1.7 Relax all force to eliminate tension in the support for (30 ± 10) min to allow the support materials to recover from any temporary elongation.

Reapply the pre-load force as outlined in Table 4 and measure the position of the loading pad The difference between this position and the original position identified in section 7.5.1.4 indicates the displacement due to permanent deformation of the support Document the allowable displacement of the support.

3 midpoint of the loading pad

F test force l mounting point separation a The adjustable rigid test frame is attached to the anterior pelvic support.

Figure 18 — Example of test setup for static load testing of the anterior pelvic support

Table 4 — Anterior pelvic support mounting point separation and static load parameters

25 kg 50 kg 75 kg 100 kg 125 kg >150 kg Tolerance Mounting point separation

25 kg 50 kg 75 kg 100 kg 125 kg >150 kg Tolerance Pre-load

(N) a 250 500 750 1 000 1 250 1 500 ±3 % a Maximum load is based on 10 × (mass) expressed in Newtons.

To select the correct torso loading pad, use the maximum user mass specified by the manufacturer for the support being tested Ensure the appropriate loading pad is chosen as outlined in section 4.3 For supports utilizing straps, connect them to an adjustable rigid test frame or a surrogate support surface as detailed in sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.2 Attach the loading pad to the pivoting test frame according to section 4.1.3, and install the support on the test frame or surrogate surface following the manufacturer's instructions.

To apply torque to the pivoting test frame, refer to the example illustrated in Figure 6 Position the torso loading pad according to the specifications outlined in Table 2, as demonstrated in the setup shown in Figure 7.

7.5.2.3 Apply the setup torque as specified in Table 5.

7.5.2.4 Measure the angular position of the loading pad.

7.5.2.5 Apply the test torque away from the test frame surface, against the anterior trunk support as specified in 7.3, to the maximum torque specified in Table 5.

7.5.2.6 If no failure has occurred according to Clause 5, record the maximum angular displacement of the loading pad.

7.5.2.7 Relax all torque to eliminate tension in the support for (30 ± 10) min to allow the support materials to recover from any temporary elongation.

To assess permanent deformation of the support, reapply the setup torque as outlined in Table 5 and measure the angular position of the loading pad The difference between this angle and the original angle recorded in section 7.5.2.4 indicates the displacement caused by deformation Document the allowable displacement angle of the support.

Table 5 — Anterior trunk support static load parameters

Head support: posterior forces

7.6.1 Select and, if necessary, modify the convex hemispherical loading pad specified in 4.3.6.

7.6.2 Apply the test force, F, in increments of 15 N (±3 %).

To ensure accurate testing, establish a method for applying the test force, F, so that it acts perpendicularly to the head support surface, with its point of application centered within a tolerance of ±10 mm, as illustrated in Figure 19.

To ensure accurate testing, establish a method for applying the test force, F, perpendicular to the head support surface This should be done at points located 35 mm ± 5 mm horizontally to the right and left of the center of the head support surface.

7.6.5 Apply each of these test forces as specified in 7.3.

7.6.6 Any lateral head supports should be tested as specified in 7.4.

Figure 19 — Example of posterior force application to head support

Back support: posterior force

7.7.1 Select and, if necessary, modify an appropriately sized loading pad specified in 4.3.

To apply a force, F, it is essential to position its point of application at the midline (with a tolerance of ±10 mm) of the top of the back support surface Additionally, the line of action of the force should be angled between 40° and 50° relative to the back support surface, as illustrated in Figure 20.

7.7.3 Apply the test force as specified in 7.3.

Figure 20 — Example of posterior force application to back support

Back support: anterior forces

7.8.1 Select and, if necessary, modify an appropriate-size loading pad as specified in 4.3.

To apply a force, F, ensure its line of action is aligned with the midline (tolerance ±10 mm) and perpendicular to the back support surface The force should be applied at a point located 30 mm ± 10 mm below the top of the back support surface, as illustrated in Figure 21 If challenges arise in determining this location, refer to the back support reference plane as specified in ISO 7176-26.

7.8.3 Apply the test force, F, as specified in 7.3.

Carry out the test procedure specified in 8.4 of ISO 7176-8:1998 with the PSD mounted in the rigid test fixture as specified in 4.1.

This section of ISO 16840 does not cover the upward forces on arm supports that are part of Powered Seating Devices (PSDs) It is deemed impractical to test the lifting of a wheelchair and its occupant on a PSD, as the specific type and weight of the wheelchair intended for use with the PSD cannot be anticipated.

7.10 Foot supports, integral: downward forces

This test applies only to PSDs which include foot supports.

This section of ISO 16840 does not cover the upward forces on foot supports that are part of Powered Seating Devices (PSDs) It is deemed impractical to test the lifting of a wheelchair and its occupant on a PSD, as the specific type and weight of the wheelchair used with the PSD cannot be anticipated.

8 Test methods for impact strength

Perform the tests outlined in this section within the designated test environment mentioned in 4.7 When utilizing the rigid test fixture in a vertical position, refer to Table 6 for details on the vertical drop height corresponding to a specific pendulum angle.

Apply an impact load to each of the PSDs according to the relevant procedures in 8.3 to 8.5.

The PSD undergoes testing to failure under static, impact, and repeated load conditions, with no predetermined sequence for these tests A new PSD must be utilized for each individual test.

8.3 Back support resistance: posterior impact

8.3.1 Set up the impact loading device specified in 4.5.1 so that the pendulum is vertical ±1° when the ball strikes the back support surface.

Adjust the pendulum to ensure that the impact load is perpendicular to the back support reference plane, as specified in ISO 7176-26:2007, section 4.9.2 The point of application for the load should be positioned 30 mm ± 10 mm below the top of the back support surface, as illustrated in Figure 22.

8.3.3 Raise the pendulum by 5° ± 1° from touching the back support and then release it to strike the back support as shown in Figure 22.

8.3.4 If any failure mode specified in Clause 5 occurs, record the failure mode and discontinue testing following the instruction specified in 8.3.6.

8.3.5 Repeat the impact increasing the release angle of the pendulum by 5° until any failure mode specified in Clause 5 occurs, or until the release angle reaches 90°.

Figure 22 — Back support impact test alignment and setup

Table 6a — Vertical drop heights derived from angles of vertical pendulum (1 000 mm arm length)

Table 6b — Vertical drop heights derived from angles of vertical pendulum (1 200 mm arm length)

8.4 Foot supports: impact for PSDs with integral foot supports

8.4.1 This test applies to PSDs with integral foot supports.

8.4.2 Position the rigid test fixture such that its foot support surface is vertical ±1°.

Set up the impact loading device as specified in section 4.5.2, ensuring the pendulum is vertical within ±1° and centered (with a tolerance of ±10 mm) to the front edge of one foot support For PSDs featuring a single, integral foot support, position the impact loading device similarly, maintaining the pendulum's vertical alignment and central placement relative to the front edge of the foot support.

8.4.4 Lift and release the pendulum, starting at 5° ± 1°.

8.4.6 Repeat the impact increasing the starting angle of the pendulum by 5° until any failure mode specified in Clause 5 occurs, or until the impact angle reaches 90°.

8.4.7 Record the maximum pendulum angle achieved.

8.5.1 Position the rigid test fixture such that the seat surface is vertical ±1°.

8.5.2 Set up the impact loading device specified in 4.5.1 so that the pendulum is vertical ±1° when the ball strikes the seat surface.

8.5.3 Adjust the pendulum so that the impact load is applied to a point 75 mm ± 25 mm posterior to the front edge of the seat surface as shown in Figure 23.

8.5.4 Lift and release the pendulum starting at 5° ± 1° to strike the seat surface as shown in Figure 23.

8.5.7 Record the maximum pendulum angle achieved and the vertical drop height of the ball as specified in Table 6.

Key a Front element of PSD.

Figure 23 — Setup for seat surface resistance to impact test

9 Test methods for repetitive load

These tests apply to seat surfaces, back supports, and anterior pelvic and thoracic support devices.

Set up the PSD as specified in Clause 6.

9.2.1 Conduct the following tests in the test environment specified in 4.7.

9.2.2 Apply a repetitive test load to each of the PSDs according to the relevant procedures in 9.3 to 9.5.

In section 9.2.3, it is stated that during the testing of the PSD to failure under static, impact, and repeated load conditions, there is no predetermined order for the tests, and a new PSD must be utilized for each test Key factors to consider include the offset distance (moment) from the attachment point to the local application point, the rigid test fixture employed for each test, the loading pad used, and the number of cycles completed.

9.3.1 Mount the seat support on a rigid test fixture as specified in 4.1.

9.3.2 Select the loading pad as specified in 4.3.1.

To ensure proper application of a repetitive load, it is essential to set up the loading pad so that it is perpendicular to the seat surface within ±5° and aligned with the centerline of the seat surface within ±10 mm, as specified in section 4.6.

9.3.4 Set the repetitive test load within 10 % of L, calculated by Formula (1):

L is the numerical value of the repetitive test load, expressed in Newtons (N); m is the numerical value of the maximum user mass recommended by the manufacturer, expressed in kilograms.

9.3.5 Apply the repetitive test load, as specified in 4.6 This test is derived from an assumption of a user loading a seat 10 times per hour over a 15 h day, for a 7 d week.

9.3.6 If any failure mode specified in Clause 5 occurs, record the number of cycles and the failure mode, and discontinue testing.

NOTE Test to intended use and report number of cycles.

9.4.1 Mount the back support on a rigid test fixture as specified in 4.1.

9.4.2 Select the appropriate loading pad as specified in 4.3.3.

To ensure accurate application of a repetitive load, it is essential to position the loading pad perpendicular to the back support within a tolerance of ±5° Additionally, the loading pad must be aligned with the centerline of the back support, maintaining a deviation of no more than ±10 mm.

9.4.4 Set the repetitive test load within 10 % of L, calculated by Formula (1).

9.4.5 Apply the repetitive test load, as specified in 4.6.

9.5 Anterior pelvic support: repetitive load

9.5.1 Throughout this clause, the anterior pelvic support will be referred to as support; the applicable pelvic loading pad will be referred to as the loading pad.

9.5.2 Set up each support and the associated testing equipment as specified in 7.5.1.1 and 7.5.1.2.

Ensure the setup for applying a repetitive load, as outlined in section 4.6, maintains the loading pad perpendicular to the support within ±5° and centered along the support's centerline within ±10 mm.

9.5.4 Pre-load the support by applying a pre-load to the loading pad as given in Table 7.

9.5.5 Measure the position of the loading pad or devise a means to use this position as a zero reference to measure from in 9.5.10 below.

9.5.6 Set the repetitive test load to the maximum load as given in Table 7.

9.5.7 Apply the repetitive test load as specified in 4.6 for 1 000 cycles.

9.5.8 If any failure mode specified in Clause 5 occurs during the 1 000 cycles, record the failure mode and the number of cycles and discontinue testing.

9.5.9 Relax all force to eliminate tension in the support for (30 ± 10) min to allow the support materials to recover from any temporary elongation.

To assess permanent deformation of the support, apply the pre-load indicated in Table 7 and measure the position of the loading pad The difference between this measured position and the original position identified in section 9.5.5 represents the displacement due to deformation Ensure to document the recorded displacement accurately.

Table 7 — Anterior pelvic support mounting point separation and repetitive load parameters

(N) a 125 250 375 500 625 750 ±3 % a Maximum load is based on 5 × (mass) expressed in Newtons.

9.6.4 Pre-load the support by applying a setup torque per Table 8 to the pivoting test frame.

9.6.5 Record the angular position of the loading pad.

9.6.6 Set the repetitive load to the maximum torque as given in Table 8.

9.6.7 Apply the repetitive test torque as specified in 4.6, for 1 000 cycles.

9.6.9 Relax all torque to eliminate tension in the support for (30 ± 10) min to allow the support materials to recover from any temporary elongation.

To assess permanent deformation of the support, apply the setup torque from Table 8 and measure the angular position of the loading pad The difference between this angle and the original angle noted in section 9.6.5 indicates the displacement caused by deformation Be sure to record the displacement angle.

Table 8 — Anterior trunk support repetitive load parameters

25 kg 50 kg 75 kg 100 kg 125 kg >150 kg Tolerance Setup torque

(Nm) a 31 92 157 230 315 410 ±3 % a Maximum load is based on 3,5 × (mass) × (pivot length, d/1 000) expressed in Newton-metres.

The test report must include a statement confirming that the PSD and attachment hardware have been tested according to ISO 16840-3, along with the name, address, and accreditation status of the testing organization It should also provide the manufacturer's name and address, the report's issue date, and details such as the model designation and part number for unique identification of the postural support device Additionally, the report must specify the maximum user mass for the PSD, list all tests conducted, detail the rigid test fixtures and adjacent parts used, and describe the settings and adjustments of the PSDs during testing.

2) the maximum force or torque achieved,

3) if failure occurs, the type of failure as specified in Clause 5,

4) the offset distance (moment) to the point of force or torque application from the attachment point to the adjacent PSD; k) in addition, for impact test results,

1) the pendulum release angle before the failure modes occur, or a statement that there was no failure as a result of the test,

2) the vertical drop height of the ball, and

3) if failure occurs, the type of failure as specified in Clause 5; l) in addition, for repetitive load test results,

1) the force or torque applied during repetitive loading to the seat support, back support, anterior pelvic support and/or anterior trunk support,

3) the number of cycles completed, and

The article discusses two types of displacements related to permanent deformation: a) linear displacement, as measured in section 9.5.10, and b) angular displacement, as measured in section 9.6.10 Additionally, it includes a statement regarding the type or types of covering material used on the PSD.

The following results from Clause 10 shall be disclosed in the manufacturer’s presale literature and product literature as specified in ISO 7176-15.

— for static tests, Clause 10 j) 2) and j) 4);

— for impact tests, Clause 10 k) 1) and 10 k) 2);

— for repetitive load testing, Clause 10 l) 1) and l) 4).

Foot supports, integral: downward forces

This test applies only to PSDs which include foot supports.

This section of ISO 16840 does not cover the upward forces on foot supports that are part of Powered Seating Devices (PSDs) It is deemed impractical to conduct tests for lifting a wheelchair and its occupant using a PSD, as the specific type and weight of the wheelchair cannot be anticipated.

8 Test methods for impact strength

Preparation

Test procedure — general

Perform the tests outlined in this section within the designated test environment mentioned in 4.7 When utilizing the rigid test fixture in a vertical position, refer to Table 6 for details on the vertical drop height corresponding to a specific pendulum angle.

Apply an impact load to each of the PSDs according to the relevant procedures in 8.3 to 8.5.

The PSD undergoes testing to failure under static, impact, and repeated load conditions, with no predetermined sequence for these tests A new PSD must be utilized for each individual test.

Back support resistance: posterior impact

8.3.1 Set up the impact loading device specified in 4.5.1 so that the pendulum is vertical ±1° when the ball strikes the back support surface.

Adjust the pendulum to ensure that the impact load is perpendicular to the back support reference plane, as specified in ISO 7176-26:2007, section 4.9.2 The point of application for the load should be positioned 30 mm ± 10 mm below the top of the back support surface, as illustrated in Figure 22.

8.3.3 Raise the pendulum by 5° ± 1° from touching the back support and then release it to strike the back support as shown in Figure 22.

8.3.5 Repeat the impact increasing the release angle of the pendulum by 5° until any failure mode specified in Clause 5 occurs, or until the release angle reaches 90°.

Figure 22 — Back support impact test alignment and setup

Table 6a — Vertical drop heights derived from angles of vertical pendulum (1 000 mm arm length)

Table 6b — Vertical drop heights derived from angles of vertical pendulum (1 200 mm arm length)

Foot supports: impact for PSDs with integral foot supports

8.4.1 This test applies to PSDs with integral foot supports.

8.4.2 Position the rigid test fixture such that its foot support surface is vertical ±1°.

To set up the impact loading device as specified in section 4.5.2, ensure the pendulum is positioned vertically within ±1° and is centered (with a tolerance of ±10 mm) at the front edge of one foot support For PSDs featuring a single, integral foot support, the same vertical and centering criteria apply to the front edge of the foot support.

8.4.4 Lift and release the pendulum, starting at 5° ± 1°.

8.4.7 Record the maximum pendulum angle achieved.

Seat surface: impact

8.5.1 Position the rigid test fixture such that the seat surface is vertical ±1°.

8.5.2 Set up the impact loading device specified in 4.5.1 so that the pendulum is vertical ±1° when the ball strikes the seat surface.

8.5.3 Adjust the pendulum so that the impact load is applied to a point 75 mm ± 25 mm posterior to the front edge of the seat surface as shown in Figure 23.

8.5.4 Lift and release the pendulum starting at 5° ± 1° to strike the seat surface as shown in Figure 23.

8.5.7 Record the maximum pendulum angle achieved and the vertical drop height of the ball as specified in Table 6.

Key a Front element of PSD.

Figure 23 — Setup for seat surface resistance to impact test

9 Test methods for repetitive load

These tests apply to seat surfaces, back supports, and anterior pelvic and thoracic support devices.

Preparation

Set up the PSD as specified in Clause 6.

Test procedure

9.2.1 Conduct the following tests in the test environment specified in 4.7.

9.2.2 Apply a repetitive test load to each of the PSDs according to the relevant procedures in 9.3 to 9.5.

In section 9.2.3, it is stated that during the failure testing of the PSD under static, impact, and repeated loads, there is no predetermined sequence for the tests, and a new PSD must be utilized for each test Key factors to consider include the offset distance (moment) from the attachment point to the local application point, the rigid test fixture employed for each test, the loading pad used, and the total number of cycles completed.

Seat surface: repetitive load

9.3.1 Mount the seat support on a rigid test fixture as specified in 4.1.

9.3.2 Select the loading pad as specified in 4.3.1.

To ensure proper application of a repetitive load, it is essential to set up the loading pad so that it is perpendicular to the seat surface within ±5° and aligned with the centerline of the seat surface within ±10 mm.

9.3.4 Set the repetitive test load within 10 % of L, calculated by Formula (1):

L is the numerical value of the repetitive test load, expressed in Newtons (N); m is the numerical value of the maximum user mass recommended by the manufacturer, expressed in kilograms.

9.3.5 Apply the repetitive test load, as specified in 4.6 This test is derived from an assumption of a user loading a seat 10 times per hour over a 15 h day, for a 7 d week.

9.3.6 If any failure mode specified in Clause 5 occurs, record the number of cycles and the failure mode, and discontinue testing.

NOTE Test to intended use and report number of cycles.

Back support: repetitive load

9.4.1 Mount the back support on a rigid test fixture as specified in 4.1.

9.4.2 Select the appropriate loading pad as specified in 4.3.3.

To ensure accurate application of a repetitive load, it is essential to position the loading pad perpendicular to the back support within a tolerance of ±5° Additionally, the loading pad must be aligned with the centerline of the back support, maintaining a deviation of no more than ±10 mm.

9.4.4 Set the repetitive test load within 10 % of L, calculated by Formula (1).

9.4.5 Apply the repetitive test load, as specified in 4.6.

Anterior pelvic support: repetitive load