Tiêu chuẩn iso 16358 1 2013

© ISO 2013 Air cooled air conditioners and air to air heat pumps — Testing and calculating methods for seasonal performance factors — Part 1 Cooling seasonal performance factor Climatiseurs à condense[.]

General

These tests are additional to those in ISO 5151, ISO 13253 and ISO 15042.

The accuracy of the instruments used for tests shall conform to the test methods and uncertainties of measurements specified in ISO 5151, ISO 13253 and ISO 15042.

Test conditions

Temperature and humidity conditions as well as default values for calculation shall be as specified in Table 1.

Table 1 — Temperature and humidity conditions and default values for cooling at T1 moderate climate condition of ISO 5151, ISO 13253 and ISO 15042

Test Characteristics Fixed Two- stage Multi- stage Variable Default value

Full power input P ful (35) (W) Half capacity ϕ haf (35) (W)

Half power input P haf (35) (W) P haf (29)/0,914

Minimum power input P min (35) (W) P min (29)/0,914

NOTE 1 If the minimum capacity test is measured, min(29) test is conducted first Min(35) test may be measured or may be calculated by using default value.

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Test Characteristics Fixed Two- stage Multi- stage Variable Default value

Full power input P ful (29) (W) 0,914 × P ful (35)

Half power input P haf (29) (W) 0,914 × P haf (35)

Minimum power input P min (29) (W) Low humidity and cyclic cooling

NOTE 1 If the minimum capacity test is measured, min(29) test is conducted first Min(35) test may be measured or may be calculated by using default value.

NOTE 2 Voltage(s) and frequency(ies) are as given in the three referenced standards.

Test methods

Standard cooling capacity tests must be performed following Annex A of ISO 5151, as well as Annex B of ISO 13253 and ISO 15042 During these tests, both the cooling capacity and effective power input will be measured.

The half capacity test will be performed at 50% of the full load operation, with a tolerance of ±5% for continuously variable equipment In cases where multi-stage equipment cannot achieve 50% capacity, testing will occur at the next available step above this threshold.

The minimum capacity test shall be conducted at the lowest capacity control setting which allows steady-state operation of the equipment at the given test conditions.

If minimum capacity tests are performed and the measurement uncertainty requirements outlined in ISO 5151, ISO 13253, and ISO 15042 are not met, an alternative calculation method must be utilized (see sections 6.6.4 and 6.7.4).

The manufacturer shall provide information on how to set the capacity if requested by the testing laboratories.

5.3.2 Low temperature cooling capacity tests

The low temperature cooling capacity test must be performed following Annex A of ISO 5151 and Annexes B of ISO 13253 and ISO 15042 In the absence of this test, default values specified in Table 1 should be utilized.

The half capacity test will be performed at 50% of the full load operation, with a tolerance of ±5% for continuously variable equipment In cases where multi-stage equipment cannot achieve 50% capacity, testing will occur at the next available step above this threshold.

The minimum capacity test shall be conducted at the lowest capacity control setting which allows steady-state operation of the equipment at the given test conditions.

If minimum capacity tests are performed and the measurement uncertainty requirements outlined in ISO 5151, ISO 13253, and ISO 15042 are not met, an alternative calculation method must be utilized (see sections 6.6.4 and 6.7.4).

The manufacturer shall provide information on how to set the capacity if requested by the testing laboratories.

5.3.3 Low humidity cooling test and cyclic cooling test

The low humidity cooling test and cyclic cooling test must be performed as outlined in Annex C If these tests are not carried out, the default values specified in Table 1 will be applied.

Cooling seasonal performance factor (CSPF) and total cooling seasonal performance

The cooling seasonal performance factor (CSPF), F CSP , of the equipment shall be calculated by Formula (1).

In case of calculating the total cooling seasonal performance factor (TCSPF), refer to Annex B.

Defined cooling load

The defined cooling load shall be represented by a value and the assumption that it is linearly changing depending on the change in outdoor temperature.

Defined cooling load which shall be used is shown in Table 2.

Temperature (°C) t 0 t 100 where t 100 is the outdoor temperature at 100 % load and t 0 is the outdoor temperature at 0 % load. Reference values of defined cooling load to be used shall be as follows: t 0 = 20 °C and t 100 = 35 °C

In case of setting other cooling load, refer to the setting method as described in Annex D.

Defined cooling load L c (t j ) at outdoor temperature t j , which is necessary to calculate the cooling seasonal energy consumption, shall be determined by Formula (2).

(2) where ϕ ful (t 100 ) is the cooling capacity at t 100 at full-load operating conditions.

Outdoor temperature bin distribution for cooling

Table 3 shows the reference outdoor temperature bin distribution.

The calculation of cooling seasonal performance factor may also be done for other climate conditions.

Table 3 — Reference outdoor temperature bin distribution

Fractional bin hours 0,055 0,076 0,091 0,108 0,116 0,118 0,116 0,100 0,083 0,066 0,041 0,019 0,006 0,003 0,002 Bin hours n j n 1 n 2 n 3 n 4 n 5 n 6 n 7 n 8 n 9 n 10 n 11 n 12 n 13 n 14 n 15 — Reference bin hours

Bin hours of each outdoor temperature may be calculated by multiplying the fractional bin hours by the total annual cooling hours if the fractional bin hours are applicable.

In case of setting other outdoor temperature bin distribution, refer to the setting method as described in Annex D.

Cooling seasonal characteristics of fixed capacity units

Operational performance at each test, which is used for calculation of seasonal performance factor, shall be in accordance with Table 1.

6.4.1 Capacity characteristics against outdoor temperature

The cooling capacity \( \phi_{\text{ful}}(t_j) \) (W) of the equipment varies linearly with outdoor temperatures, as illustrated in Figure A.1 in Annex A This capacity is determined by Formula (3), based on two key characteristics at temperatures of 35 °C and 29 °C.

6.4.2 Power input characteristics against outdoor temperature

The power input \( P_{\text{ful}}(t_j) \) (W) of the equipment during cooling operation varies linearly with outdoor temperatures, as illustrated in Figure A.1 in Annex A This relationship is defined by Formula (4), which is based on two key temperature points: 35 °C and 29 °C.

6.4.3 Calculation of cooling seasonal total load (CSTL)

Cooling seasonal total load (CSTL), L CST , shall be determined using Formula (5) from the total sum of cooling load at each outdoor temperature t j multiplied by bin hours n j

1 1 φ (5) a) In the range of L c (t j ) ≤ ϕ ful (t j ) (j = 1 to m):

L c (t j ) shall be calculated by Formula (2). b) In the range of L c (t j ) > ϕ ful (t j ) (j = m+1 to n): ϕ ful (t j ) shall be calculated by Formula (3).

6.4.4 Calculation of cooling seasonal energy consumption (CSEC)

Cooling seasonal energy consumption (CSEC), C CSE , shall be determined using Formula (6) from the total sum of cooling energy consumption at each outdoor temperature t j

(6) Operation factor X(t j ) shall be calculated by Formula (7).

Part load factor (PLF), F PL (t j ), caused by the equipment when it is cyclically operated at outdoor temperature t j , shall be determined by Formula (8) using degradation coefficient C D

In Formula (6), X(t j ) shall be calculated by Formula (7).

In Formula (7), ϕ(t j ) = ϕ ful (t j ). b) Full capacity operation (L c (t j ) > ϕ ful (t j )):

Cooling seasonal characteristics of two-stage capacity units

Coefficients specified in Table 1 may be used for each characteristic.

Capacity ϕ ful (t j ) (W) of the equipment when it is operated for cooling full capacity at outdoor temperature t j shall be defined by Formula (3).

Capacity ϕ min (t j ) (W) of the equipment when it is operated for cooling minimum capacity at outdoor temperature t j shall be defined by Formula (9). φ φ φ φ min j min min min

Power input P ful (t j ) (W) of the equipment when it is operated for cooling full capacity at outdoor temperature t j shall be defined by Formula (4).

Power input P min (t j ) (W) of the equipment when it is operated for cooling minimum capacity at outdoor temperature t j shall be defined by Formula (10).

Formula (5) in 6.4.3 shall be used.

Cooling seasonal energy consumption (CSEC), C CSE , shall be calculated by Formula (11).

Relation of cooling capacity characteristics and power input characteristics to cooling load at outdoor temperature t j is shown in Figure A.2 in Annex A. a) First stage cyclic operation (L c (t j ) ≤ ϕ min (t j ), j = 1 to k):

In Formula (7), ϕ(t j ) = ϕ min (t j ). b) Second stage cyclic operation (ϕ min (t j ) < L c (t j ) ≤ ϕ ful (t j ), j = k+1 to m):

P mf (t j )=X mf (t j )×P min j (t )+ −( 1 X mf (t j )) × P t ful j ( ) (12)

− φ φ φ (13) c) Full capacity operation (L c (t j ) > ϕ ful (t j ), j = m+1 to n):

P ful (t j ) shall be calculated by Formula (4).

Cooling seasonal characteristics of multi-stage capacity units

The capacities ϕ ful (t j ) and ϕ min (t j ) (W) of the equipment, when used for cooling at an outdoor temperature t j, are illustrated in Figure A.3 in Annex A and can be calculated using Formulae (3) and (9), respectively.

Formula (14) shows cooling half capacity characteristics at outdoor temperature t j φ φ φ φ haf j haf haf haf

Power input P ful (t j ) and P min (t j ) (W) of the equipment when it is operated for cooling at outdoor temperature t j shall be determined by Formulae (4) and (10), respectively.

Formula (15) shows cooling half power input at outdoor temperature t j

When the minimum capacity data are available, then the cooling seasonal energy consumption (CSEC),

C CSE , shall be calculated by Formula (16).

Relation of cooling capacity and power input characteristics to cooling load at outdoor temperature t j is shown in Figure A.3 in Annex A. a) First stage cyclic operation (L c (t j ) ≤ ϕ min (t j ), j = 1 to k):

In Formula (7), ϕ(t j ) = ϕ min (t j ). b) Second stage cyclic operation (ϕ min (t j ) < L c (t j ) ≤ ϕ haf (t j ), j = k+1 to p):

P mh j (t )=X mh (t j )×P min j (t )+ −( 1 X mh (t j )) × P haf (t j ) (17)

− φ φ φ (18) c) Third stage cyclic operation (ϕ haf (t j ) < L c (t j ) ≤ ϕ ful (t j ), j = p+1 to m):

P t hf( j )=X t hf( j )×P haf(t j )+ −( 1 X t hf( j )) × P t ful( j ) (19)

− φ φ φ (20) d) Full capacity operation (L c (t j ) > ϕ ful (t j ), j = m+1 to n):

When the minimum capacity data are not available, then the cooling seasonal energy consumption (CSEC), C CSE , shall be calculated alternatively by Formula (21).

1 1 j j (21) a) First stage cyclic operation (L c (t j ) ≤ ϕ haf (t j ), j = 1 to p):

In Formula (7), ϕ(t j ) = ϕ haf (t j ). b) Second stage cyclic operation (ϕ haf (t j ) < L c (t j ) ≤ ϕ ful (t j ), j = p+1 to m):

In Formula (21), P hf (t j ) and X hf (t j ) shall be calculated by Formulae (19) and (20), respectively. c) Full capacity operation (L c (t j ) > ϕ ful (t j ), j = m+1 to n):

Cooling seasonal characteristics of variable capacity units

The capacities ϕ ful (t j ), ϕ min (t j ), and ϕ haf (t j ) (W) of the equipment, when used for cooling at an outdoor temperature t j, are illustrated in Figure A.4 in Annex A and can be calculated using Formulae (3), (9), and (14), respectively.

Power input P ful (t j ), P min (t j ) and P haf (t j ) (W) of the equipment when it is operated for cooling at outdoor temperature t j shall be determined by Formulae (4), (10) and (15), respectively.

When the minimum capacity data are available, then the cooling seasonal energy consumption (CSEC),

C CSE , shall be calculated by Formula (16).

When the minimum capacity data are not available, then the cooling seasonal energy consumption (CSEC), C CSE , shall be calculated alternatively by Formula (21).

Relation of cooling capacity, power input and EER characteristics to cooling load at outdoor temperature t j is shown in Figure A.4 in Annex A.

Calculation methods for each term of Formula (16) are as follows: a) Cyclic operation (L c (t j ) ≤ ϕ min (t j ), j = 1 to k):

In Formula (7), the function ϕ(t j ) is equal to the minimum capacity ϕ min (t j ) For variable capacity operation, the cooling load is maintained between the minimum capacity and half capacity, specifically when ϕ min (t j ) is less than or equal to L c (t j ) and less than or equal to ϕ haf (t j ), for values of j ranging from k+1 to p The outdoor temperature t p corresponds to the point where the cooling load matches the minimum cooling capacity, with the calculation method for this crossing point detailed in Annex E.

E ER, min(t p ) shall be calculated from φmin(t p ) and P min(t p ). t c is outdoor temperature when cooling load is equal to cooling half capacity (refer to Annex E).

E ER, haf c (t ) shall be calculated from φ haf (t c) and P haf c (t ).

It is assumed that EER linearly changes depending on outdoor temperature when the capacity of equipment changes continuously.

ER, mh j ER, min p ER, haf c ER, min p c p

P mh j (t ), power input between minimum and half capacity operation, shall be calculated from

L t c j ( )cooling load and E ER, mh j (t ) by Formula (23).

ER, mh j( ) (23) c) Variable capacity operation between half and full capacity (ϕ haf (t j ) < L c (t j ) ≤ ϕ ful (t j ), j = p+1 to m): t c is outdoor temperature when cooling load is equal to cooling half capacity (refer to Annex E).

E ER, haf c (t ) , Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) at outdoor temperature t c at half capacity operation, shall be calculated from φ haf (t c) and P haf c (t ) by Formula (24).

(24) t b is outdoor temperature when cooling load is equal to cooling full capacity (refer to Annex E).

E ER, ful b (t ) , Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) at outdoor temperature t b at full capacity operation, shall be calculated from φ ful b (t ) and P t ful b ( ) by Formula (25).

It is assumed that EER linearly changes depending on outdoor temperature when the capacity of equipment changes continuously.

ER, hf j ER, haf c ER, ful b ER, haf c b c

P t hf ( j ), power input between half and full capacity operation, shall be calculated from L t c j ( ) cooling load and E ER, hf (t j ) by Formula (27).

ER, hf( j) (27) d) Full capacity operation (φ ful j (t ) < L c (t j ), j = m+1 to n):

In case that the minimum capacity is not measured, the cooling seasonal energy consumption (CSEC),

C CSE , shall be calculated by Formula (21). a) Cyclic operation (L c (t j ) ≤ ϕ haf (t j ), j = 1 to p):

In this range, calculation shall be made assuming that the air conditioner cyclically operates with the half operating capacity.

In Formula (7), ϕ(t j ) = ϕ haf (t j ). b) Variable capacity operation between half and full capacity (ϕ haf (t j ) < L c (t j ) ≤ ϕ ful (t j ), j = p+1 to m): This calculation shall be made by using Formulae (24) to (27). c) Full capacity operation (φ ful j (t ) < L c (t j ), j = m+1 to n):

The test report must detail the unit type, include a comprehensive list of mandatory test points along with their corresponding capacity and EER values, and provide a list of optional test points with their resulting capacity and EER values.

``,`,,,,,,`,,,`,``,,`,,```,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - d) the default values used; e) for multi-split systems, a combination of indoor units and an outdoor unit.

For variable capacity units, frequency settings for each performed test shall also be indicated.

The cooling seasonal performance factor (CSPF) must be reported with three significant digits, based on the defined reference cooling load and the distribution of reference outdoor temperature bins.

Figure A.2 — Cooling capacity, power input and cooling load for two-stage capacity units

(W) Φ ful (29) Φ ful (35) Φ haf (35) Φ haf (29) Φ min (35) Φ min (29)

(W) Φ ful (29) Φ ful (35) Φ min (29) Φ min (35) Φ haf (29) Φ haf (35)

Figure A.4 — Cooling capacity, power input, cooling load and EER for variable capacity units

Calculation of total cooling seasonal performance factor (TCSPF)

This Annex applies to cooling only units, cooling units with supplemental heat and reversible units.

B.2 Measurement of the electric power consumption during the inactive mode

The unit must be electrically connected to the main power source after a 6-hour shut-down, ensuring that indoor and outdoor temperatures reach 20 °C Power consumption will be measured for one hour once temperature stabilization occurs This test will be repeated at temperatures of 5 °C, 10 °C, and 15 °C, with a 2-hour stabilization period between each test Each power consumption value will be weighted according to the factors in Table B.1 to calculate a weighted average inactive power consumption, denoted as P ia Additionally, the calculation of inactive power may be performed for various climate conditions and operating schedules.

If the test results at 20 °C and 5 °C are within 5% or 1 W, testing at 15 °C and 10 °C is not required The average of these results is utilized for the four temperature conditions considered.

Table B.1 — Default weighting factors for determination of reference inactive energy consumption

Inactive energy consumption (IAEC) shall be calculated by Formula (B.1).

C IAE is the inactive energy consumption;

H ia is the number of hours of inactive mode as given in Table B.2;

P ia is the weighted average power consumption.

B.3 Calculation of total cooling seasonal performance factor (TCSPF)

Total cooling seasonal performance factor (TCSPF), F TCSP , shall be calculated by Formula (B.2).

Calculation of L CST and C CSE is according to the main body of this part of ISO 16358.

The default mode hours for calculating the reference total cooling seasonal performance factor are detailed in Table B.2 Additionally, the total cooling seasonal performance factor can be calculated for various distributions of mode hours.

Table B.2 — Default hours by mode for the calculation of reference total cooling seasonal performance factor

Unit Active mode h Inactive mode, H ia h Disconnected mode h

Cooling unit with supplemental heat

Testing and calculation method for degradation coefficient of cyclic operation

C.1 Low humidity cooling test and cyclic cooling test

The low humidity cooling test and the cyclic cooling test must be performed following Annex A of ISO 5151 and Annex B of ISO 13253 and ISO 15042, as outlined in section C.2 of this annex.

Testing condition for cyclic cooling test is shown in Table C.1.

Table C.1 — Temperature and humidity conditions for cyclic cooling test Test

Dry-bulb Wet-bulb Dry-bulb Wet-bulb

Cyclic, dry coil 27 13,9 or less 29 —

To prevent condensate formation on the indoor coil, it is essential that the entering air has a low moisture content, ideally with an indoor wet-bulb temperature of 13.9 °C or lower Additionally, during the ON period, it is crucial to maintain the same static pressure difference or velocity pressure at the airflow nozzles as measured during the A test.

Duration of ON and OFF interval of cyclic operation test is shown in Table C.2.

Table C.2 — Duration of ON and OFF interval of cyclic operation test

Unit type Operation Interval (min)

Fixed capacity type Full capacity operation 6 24 30

Two-stage capacity type Minimum capacity operation 6 24 30 Multi-stage capacity type

If the minimum capacity for steady operation is not assessed, a cyclic test at half capacity should be conducted instead of the minimum capacity cyclic test For variable capacity units, a cyclic test is unnecessary This information is provided for reference only.

C.2.1 Test procedure for steady-state dry-coil cooling mode test (A test)

Before recording data for the steady-state dry coil test, ensure the unit has been operating for at least one hour under dry coil conditions It is essential to drain the drain pan and seal the drain opening, keeping the drain pan completely dry thereafter.

Record the cooling capacity and electrical power derived from the steady-state dry-coil mode test

In preparing for C.2.2 cyclic tests, record the average indoor-side air volume rate derived from either pressure difference or velocity pressure for the flow nozzles and air properties.

C.2.2 Test procedure for optional cyclic dry-coil cooling mode test (B test)

After finishing the steady-state dry-coil test, disconnect the Outdoor Air Enthalpy method test apparatus and manually cycle the unit's compressor OFF and ON Ensure that the test setup remains the same as during the steady-state dry-coil test For heat pump testing, keep the reversing valve in the same position during the compressor OFF cycles as it was during the ON cycles, unless the unit's controls automatically adjust it.

Duration of ON and OFF interval shall be in accordance with Table C.2.

Repeat the OFF/ON compressor cycling pattern until the test is completed Allow the controls of the unit to regulate cycling of the outdoor fan.

To accurately approximate a step response in the indoor coil airflow, it is essential to utilize the exhaust fan of the airflow measuring apparatus in conjunction with the indoor fan of the unit, provided it is installed and operational.

C.2.2.2 Measurement by using the automatic exhaust fan control of airflow measuring apparatus

An airflow measuring apparatus that automatically adjusts static pressure to achieve a zero difference for ductless units or a specific external pressure for duct units by controlling the exhaust fan is essential The nozzle pressure difference or velocity pressure measured by this apparatus should align within 2% of the steady-state dry-coil test values within 15 seconds of airflow initiation If the apparatus lacks automatic exhaust fan control or does not meet these criteria, manual adjustment of the exhaust fan may be necessary.

C.2.2.3 Measurement by using the manual exhaust fan control of airflow measuring apparatus

To ensure optimal performance, adjust the exhaust fan to achieve and maintain the same flow nozzle static pressure difference or velocity pressure as recorded during the steady-state dry-coil test This pressure difference or velocity pressure must remain within 2% of the steady-state dry-coil test value within 15 seconds of airflow initiation.

After completing a minimum of two complete compressor OFF/ON cycles, determine the overall cooling delivered and total electrical energy consumption during any subsequent data collection interval.

Test tolerance of the dry-bulb temperature shall be ± 2,5 °C on the indoor side and ± 5 °C on the outdoor side as specified in ISO 5151, ISO 13253 and ISO 15042.

Tiêu đề	Air-cooled Air Conditioners And Air-to-air Heat Pumps — Testing And Calculating Methods For Seasonal Performance Factors — Part 1: Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor
Trường học	University of Alberta
Thể loại	tiêu chuẩn
Năm xuất bản	2013
Thành phố	Geneva

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