Astm stp 1512 2010

3 Test Method for Determining the Efflorescence Potential of Masonry Materials Based on Soluble Salt Content J.. Two of the 27 types of brick that were evaluated bythe ASTM C67-08 and by

Journal of ASTM International

Selected Technical Papers STP1512

Masonry

JAI Guest Editors:

Jamie Farny William L Behie

ASTM International

100 Barr Harbor Drive

PO Box C700West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959

Printed in the U.S.A

ASTM Stock #: STP1512

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Masonry / JAI guest editors: Jamie Farny, William L Behie

p cm (Journal of ASTM International selected technical papers; STP1512)

“This compilation contains only the papers published in JAI that were presented at asymposium in St Louis, MO, June 8, 2010 and sponsored by ASTM CommitteesCOI on Cement, C07 on Lime, C12 on Mortars and Grouts for Unit Masonry, and C15

on Manufactured Masonry Units’’ Foreword

Reprinted from JAI, Vol 7, No 5

Includes bibliographical references and index

ISBN 978-0-8031-3424-9 (alk paper)

1 Masonry Congresses 2 Masonry Materials Congresses I Farny, James A.,

1962-II Behie, William L

TA670.M326 2010

693’.1 dc22

2010030872Copyright © 2010 ASTM INTERNATIONAL, West Conshohocken, PA All rightsreserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed,mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without thewritten consent of the publisher

The JAI is a multi-disciplinary forum to serve the international scientific and engineeringcommunity through the timely publication of the results of original research andcritical review articles in the physical and life sciences and engineering technologies.These peer-reviewed papers cover diverse topics relevant to the science and research thatestablish the foundation for standards development within ASTM International

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Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and at leastone editor The authors addressed all of the reviewers’ comments to the satisfaction of boththe technical editor(s) and the ASTM International Committee on Publications Thequality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authorsand the technical editor(s), but also the work of the peer reviewers In keeping withlong-standing publication practices, ASTM International maintains the anonymity of thepeer reviewers The ASTM International Committee on Publications acknowledgeswith appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTMInternational

Citation of Papers

When citing papers from this publication, the appropriate citation includes the paperauthors, “paper title’’, J ASTM Intl., volume and number, Paper doi, ASTM International,West Conshohocken, PA, Paper, year listed in the footnote of the paper A citation isprovided as a footnote on page one of each paper

Printed in Bridgeport, NJSeptember, 2010

THIS COMPILATION OF THE JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL

(JAI), STP1512, on Masonry, contains only the papers published in

JAI that were presented at a symposium in St Louis, MO, June 8, 2010and sponsored by ASTM Committees C01 on Cement, C07 on Lime, C12 onMortars and Grouts for Unit Masonry, and C15 on Manufactured

Masonry Units

The JAI Guest Editors are Jamie Farny, Portland Cement Association,Skokie, IL, USA and William L Behie, Holcim, Huntersville, NC, USA

Overview . vii

Water Management and Efflorescence

Efflorescence: Evaluation of Published Test Methods for Brick and Efforts to Develop a Masonry Assembly Test Method

I R Chin and B Behie . 3 Test Method for Determining the Efflorescence Potential of Masonry Materials Based

on Soluble Salt Content

J P Sanders and D A Brosnan . 14 Detailing Masonry Veneer/Steel Stud Backup Systems at Fenestration Systems to

Avoid Moisture Problems

N V Krogstad, R A Weber, and M J Huhtala . 32

A Laboratory Evaluation of Plastic „Stucco… Cement-Based Plaster as a Barrier to

Water Penetration of Concrete Masonry Construction at Hurricane Force Wind Speeds

R T Flynn and J Gulde . 55

Strength and Freeze-Thaw Testing

Statistical Analysis of Flexural Tensile Strength of Clay Masonry as a Function of Void Area

R M Bennett, J P Sanders, and J Bryja . 71 Comparative Study of Freeze and Thaw Test Procedures on Molded Brick

R A Cyphers and A R Whitlock . 78 Proposed Masonry Specified Compressive Strength Requirements

R M Bennett . 90

Performance and Failure Analysis and Repairs

Seismic Performance Tests of Masonry and Masonry Veneer

R E Klingner, P B Shing, W M McGinley, D I McLean, H Okail, and S Jo . 103 Improving the Thermal Resistance of Brick Masonry Systems

J P Sanders and D A Brosnan . 134 Evaluation and Repair of Thin Brick Veneer Facades

J L Leafblad and C L Searls . 147 Design and Use of Expansion Joints in New and Existing Clay Masonry Wall

Whether used as veneer, as a structural system, or as both, masonry hasserved people well for a long time Yet materials and systems are continu-ously evolving Through testing, research programs, and forensic evalua-tions, it’s possible to analyze what works well, where improvements can bemade, and what techniques can make masonry systems more robust so thatthey are better able to perform their intended function

Since moisture plays a key role, keeping water out of the structure is atop priority—whether for interior comfort, to keep occupants dry; for struc-tural durability, to reduce the opportunity for rust and degradation; or foraesthetics, to minimize potential for efflorescence and otherwise maintain apleasing appearance

Testing and research are critical tools to study physical performance ofmasonry assemblies, including various aspects of strength and durability.And ultimately, it’s important to use common sense in the way we design,build, and repair masonry construction

The 12 papers contained in this STP address these issues and more, ing to the body of knowledge of masonry The information can be used toimprove new and old installations so that masonry attains its top perfor-mance, both structurally and aesthetically

add-Jamie FarnyPortland Cement Association

Skokie, ILWilliam L Behie

HolcimHuntersville, NC

vii

WATER MANAGEMENT AND

EFFLORESCENCE

Ian R Chin1 and Bill Behie2

Efflorescence: Evaluation of Published

Test Methods for Brick and Efforts to

Develop a Masonry Assembly

Test Method

is found in ASTM C67-08, Standard Test Methods for Sampling and TestingBrick and Structural Clay Tile This test method is based upon the “wicktests” performed at the National Bureau of Standards in 1930 to determinethe tendency for 684 brick to effloresce Both Britain and Russia have alsopublished efflorescence test methods for brick From 1995 through 2006,Task Group C15.02.26 on Efflorescence, a subcommittee of ASTM C15.02

on Brick and Structural Clay Tile, evaluated the effectiveness of the ASTMC67-08 efflorescence test method C15.02 is a subcommittee of committeeC15 on Manufactured Masonry Units The performance results for the ASTM,British, Russian and a modified ASTM C67-08 test on a standard brick werecompared This evaluation revealed that the ASTM C67-08 and the Russianefflorescence test methods were equally effective in predicting efflorescencepotential of brick The British test method was shown not to be effective inpredicting efflorescence potential of brick The efflorescence that developed

on the types of brick rated as “effloresced” was more extensive and intense

on the brick tested by the ASTM C67-08 method than the brick tested by theRussian method In 1998, Task Group C15.05.15 on Efflorescence of Ma-sonry Assemblies of ASTM subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry Assemblies

Manuscript received November 3, 2009; accepted for publication April 8, 2010; lished online May 2010.

pub-1 Licensed Architect and Structural Engineer, Vice President and Senior Principal, man of C15.02.26 and C15.05.15, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., Chicago, IL 60603.

Chair-2 Masonry Specialist, Member of C15.02.26 and C15.05.15, Holcim, Inc., Dorchester, SC 29437.

Cite as: Chin, I R and Behie, B., ‘‘Efflorescence: Evaluation of Published Test Methods

for Brick and Efforts to Develop a Masonry Assembly Test Method,’’ J ASTM Intl., Vol 7,

No 5 doi:10.1520/JAI102744.

Reprinted from JAI, Vol 7, No 5

doi:10.1520/JAI102744 Available online at www.astm.org/JAI

Copyright © 2010 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

3

prepared ASTM C1400-07, Standard Guide for Reduction of EfflorescencePotential in New Masonry Walls C15.05 is a subcommittee of committeeC15 on Manufactured Masonry Units Subsequently, Task Group C15.05.15began testing to obtain information to develop a test method to predict efflo-rescence potential in new masonry assemblies The testing is ongoing The

plastic box with brick test specimen inserted in each face and filling of the

box constructed with the brick and mortar test specimens and filling of the

mortar test specimens and placed in 1-in.-deep water and exposed to

specimens and mortar test specimens and placed in 1-in.-deep water andexposed to moving air from a fan This paper presents the results of theevaluation of the ASTM C67-08 efflorescence test method by Task GroupC15.02.26 and of the efforts made to date by Task Group C15.05.15 todevelop an efflorescence test method for masonry assemblages

KEYWORDS: efflorescance, brick, mortar, masoury, assemblies

Introduction

“Efflorescence is a crystalline deposit, usually white, of water-soluble pounds on the surface of masonry”关1兴 “Efflorescence is directly related to thequantity of water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, the wall; and to thequantity of water exposed to these compounds”关1兴 “If a significant amount ofwater penetrates the wall, the water will dissolve water-soluble compounds thatmay exist in the masonry units, mortar components, grout, admixtures or othersecondary sources, and may deposit them as efflorescence on the exterior sur-face of the masonry when it migrates to the wall surface through evaporation.Deposits may also form within the masonry, resulting in cryptoflorescence”关1兴

com-“Since neither water nor water-soluble compounds can be completely nated from an exterior masonry wall, the potential for efflorescence is reduced

elimi-by reducing water-soluble compounds and water within the wall”关1兴 cence prevention and control require proper design and construction to limitmoisture entry into the wall

Efflores-From about 1995 through 2006, Task Group C15.02.26 on Efflorescence ofASTM subcommittee C15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile evaluated theeffectiveness of the ASTM C67-08 efflorescence test method The results for theASTM, British, and Russian efflorescence test on the specified standard brickwere compared In 1998, Task Group C15.05.15 on Efflorescence of MasonryAssemblies of ASTM subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry Assemblies preparedASTM C1400-07, Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential inNew Masonry Walls Subsequently, Task Group C15.01.15 began testing to ob-tain information to develop an efflorescence test method to predict efflores-cence potential in new brick masonry assemblies The description and the re-sults of these tests are the subject of this paper

4 JAI • STP 1512 ON MASONRY

Brick Efflorescence Testing

ASTM C67-08 Efflorescence Test

The ASTM test method for efflorescence of brick in ASTM C67-08, StandardTest Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile, is basedupon the “wick tests” performed at the National Bureau of Standards in 1930

on 684 brick to determine their tendency to effloresce In this test, 83 % of all ofthe brick samples tested did not constitute a source of efflorescence关2兴.This test method requires two sets of five brick specimens One set is set onend, partially immersed in distilled water to a depth of⬃1 in for 7 days in adrying room, as shown in Fig 1

The other set is set on end and stored in a drying room without contactwith water for 7 days After 7 days, the set of specimens that was partiallyimmersed in water is inspected, and both sets of specimens are dried in an ovenfor 24 h After drying, the top and all four sides of the specimens in each set areinspected and compared from a distance of 10 ft under an illumination of notless than 50 fc by an observer with normal vision If under these conditions nodifference is noted, the rating is reported as “not effloresced.” If a perceptibledifference due to efflorescence is noted under these conditions, the rating isreported as “effloresced”关3兴

Modified ASTM C67-08 Efflorescence Test

Task Group C15.02.26 also evaluated a modified version of the ASTM C67-08efflorescence test method in which instead of the specimens being set on end,

FIG 1—ASTM C67-08 efflorescence test method brick orientation.

CHIN AND BEHIE, doi:10.1520/JAI102744 5

the bed of the brick specimens tested was placed facing down and partiallyimmersed in distilled water to a depth of approximately 1 in., as shown in Fig.2.

Russian Efflorescence Test

Based upon the information provided to Task Group C15.02.26, the Russianefflorescence test method is similar to the ASTM C67-08 efflorescence testmethod, except that instead of the specimens being set on end, the brick speci-mens are set with their exposed surface facing upward and their back surfaceplaced downward and partially immersed in distilled water to a depth of ap-proximately 1 in., as shown in Fig 3

British Efflorescence Test

The British efflorescence test method is described in BS 3921:1985 published

by the British Standards Institution 关4兴 This test method requires ten brick

FIG 2—Modified ASTM C67-08 efflorescence test method brick orientation.

FIG 3—Russian efflorescence test method brick orientation.

6 JAI • STP 1512 ON MASONRY

specimens to be wrapped with an impermeable sheet to prevent evaporationfrom brick surfaces, except for one exposed surface, as shown in Fig 4.The exposed surface of each specimen is placed in contact with one mouth

of an open-ended flask containing⬃300 mL of distilled water The test is ducted for 48 h in a warm well-ventilated room Additional distilled water isadded to the flask as necessary to ensure the original volume of water is main-tained After 48 h, the flask is removed, and the specimens are allowed to dry inlaboratory atmosphere for 7–9 days The test is then repeated with a 14–16-dayfinal drying period Each specimen is examined for efflorescence The degree ofefflorescence for the brick is expressed as follows:

con-• Nil: No perceptible deposit of salts.

• Slight: Up to 10 % of the area of the face covered with a deposit of salts.

• Moderate: More than 10 % but not more than 50 % of the area of the face

covered with a deposit of salts

• Heavy: More than 50 % of the area of the face covered by a deposit of

salts

In July 2007, after Task Group C15.02.26 had completed its efflorescencetesting of brick specimens using the British test method, published as BS3921:1985, the method was withdrawn and replaced by the European CENStandard Specification for clay masonry units, BS EN 771-1 关5兴 The Britishefflorescence test method and efflorescence properties of brick are not specified

in BS EN 771-1关6兴

Test Results

From 1996 through 2007, the efflorescence potential of 30 different types ofbrick was evaluated by Task Group C15.02.26 Twenty-seven of the 30 types of

FIG 4—British efflorescence test setup.

CHIN AND BEHIE, doi:10.1520/JAI102744 7

brick were evaluated by both the ASTM C67-08 and the Russian efflorescencemethods, and three were evaluated by both the ASTM C67-08 and the modifiedASTM C67-08 test methods Two of the 27 types of brick that were evaluated bythe ASTM C67-08 and by the Russian efflorescence test methods were alsoevaluated by the British efflorescence test method Twenty-nine of the 30 types

of brick evaluated were extruded, and one was molded The bricks evaluatedwere manufactured by at least eight different manufacturers The brick testedhad zero, three, five, or ten cores All are classified as C216 solid units Thecomplete results of the tests are presented in the Appendix A summary of thetest results is as follows

共1兲 When tested by both the ASTM C67-08 and the Russian test methods,three of the 27 types of brick tested共11 %兲 were rated as not effloresced

by both test methods

共2兲 When tested by both the ASTM C67-08 and the Russian test methods,

21 of the 27 types of brick tested 共78 %兲 were rated as effloresced byboth test methods

共3兲 When tested by both the ASTM C67-08 and the Russian test methods,one of the 27 types of brick tested共4 %兲 was rated as effloresced by theASTM C67-08 test method but was rated as not effloresced by the Rus-sian test method

共4兲 When tested by both the ASTM C67-08 and the Russian test methods,two of the 27 types of brick tested共7 %兲 were rated as not effloresced bythe ASTM C67-08 test method but were rated as effloresced by theRussian test method

共5兲 When tested by both the ASTM C67-08 and the modified ASTM C67-08test methods, three of the three types of brick tested共100 %兲 were ratednot effloresced by both test methods

共6兲 When tested by the ASTM C67-08, Russian, and British test methods,one of the two types of brick tested共50 %兲 was rated effloresced by theASTM C67-08 and Russian test methods and “Nil”共not effloresced兲 bythe British test method The other brick was rated not effloresced bythe ASTM C67-08 and British test methods and effloresced by the Rus-sian test method

Generally, the efflorescence that developed on the types of brick rated aseffloresced when tested by both the ASTM C67-08 and the Russian test methodswas more extensive and intense on brick tested by the ASTM C67-08 testmethod than by the Russian test method, as shown in Fig 5

The results of the efflorescence tests performed by Task Group C15.02.26indicate that the ASTM C67-08 and the Russian efflorescence test methods areequally effective in predicting efflorescence potential of brick and that the Brit-ish test method is not effective in predicting efflorescence potential of brick.The efflorescence that developed on the types of brick rated as effloresced wasmore extensive and intense on brick tested by the ASTM C67-08 test methodthan by the Russian test method The results of the modified ASTM C67-08efflorescence test method on the brick tested were inconclusive

8 JAI • STP 1512 ON MASONRY

Brick Masonry Assemblies Efflorescence Testing

In 1998, Task Group C15.05.15 on Efflorescence of Masonry Assemblies ofASTM Subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry Assemblies prepared ASTM C1400-

07, Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New MasonryWalls Subsequently, Task Group C15.01.15 began testing to obtain information

to develop an efflorescence test method to predict efflorescence potential innew brick masonry assemblies The testing evaluated masonry assemblies thatcombined brick rated as not effloresced when tested by the ASTM C67-08 ef-florescence test method and Portland cement lime mortar conforming to ASTMC270-08 关7兴 The test masonry assemblies evaluated and the results of theirevaluation are as follows:

Open Top Plastic Box Masonry Assembly Efflorescence Test

This assembly consisted of a clear plastic box with an open top and with anopening in each of its four sides into which the test brick is inserted, as shown

in Fig 6

After the test bricks were inserted into the openings in the sides of the box,the box was filled with a slurry of distilled water, sand, and mortar cementitiousmaterials, and the exposed faces of the brick were inspected for efflorescencefor several days

Efflorescence did not develop on the exposed surface of the brick mens in this type of masonry assembly tested The cause for lack of efflores-cence is most likely due to the combination of the test brick and mortar ingre-dients used not producing efflorescence, or the test setup provides limitedexposure of the brick and mortar combination to moisture after the mortarslurry hardens

speci-Open Top Brick Masonry Box Assembly Efflorescence Test

This assembly consisted of a 1-ft, 4-in.⫻3-ft, 4-in.⫻2-ft, 2 1/4-in brickmasonry box with an open top, as shown in Fig 7

FIG 5—View of efflorescence on Brick No 27 after testing by the ASTM C67-08 and by

the Russian tests.

CHIN AND BEHIE, doi:10.1520/JAI102744 9

Twenty-eight days after the masonry box was constructed, the box wasfilled with water, and the exterior masonry faces of the box were observed forefflorescence.

Brick Masonry Wallette Assembly Efflorescence Test

The brick masonry wallette assembly efflorescence test setup is shown in Fig 8

FIG 6—View of open top plastic box masonry assembly efflorescence test setup.

FIG 7—View of open top brick masonry box assembly efflorescence test setup.

10 JAI • STP 1512 ON MASONRY

This masonry assembly efflorescence test method consisted of constructingtwo brick masonry stack bond wallettes five courses high共test sample and con-trol sample兲 The bricks used to construct the wallets were rated as not efflo-resced when tested by the ASTM C67-08 efflorescence test method After thewallettes were cured for 28 days, the test wallette was placed in a coveredplastic container in 1 in of distilled water A hole cut in the container coverallowed the wallette to pass through the cover Air was blown on the wallettewith a fan After 7 days and again after 28 days, the test wallette was inspectedfor efflorescence, and its appearance was compared with the control sample.

Mortar Cube Assembly Efflorescence Test

The mortar cube assembly efflorescence test setup is shown in Fig 9

This masonry assembly efflorescence test consisted of constructing 2-in.共50-mm兲 mortar cubes 共test sample and control sample兲 made with a combina-tion of brick crushed to a powder-like consistency and a dry mix of mortaringredients The brick used to construct the cubes were rated as not efflorescedwhen tested by the ASTM C67-08 efflorescence test method Water was added

to the dry mix combination to bring it to a mortar-like consistency, and themixture was poured into forms to make the 2-in cubes The cubes were re-moved from the forms and were placed in a drying oven The test cubes wereplaced in 1/4-in.-deep distilled water in a corrosion-resistant pan Air wasblown on the test cubes with a fan After 7 days and again after 28 days, the testcubes were inspected for efflorescence, and their appearance was comparedwith the control samples

FIG 8—Brick masonry wallette assembly efflorescence test setup.

FIG 9—Masonry cube assemblage efflorescence test setup.

CHIN AND BEHIE, doi:10.1520/JAI102744 11

Brick Masonry Assembly Efflorescence Testing Results

The above brick masonry assembly efflorescence testing is ongoing The ation of the open top plastic box masonry assemblage efflorescence test wassuspended because after the mortar slurry became hard, this test method pro-vides limited exposure of the brick and mortar combination to moisture

evalu-Ion Chromatography

Task Group C15.05.15 was advised by the National Brick Research Council共NBRC兲 at Clemson University of their evaluation of ion chromatography test-ing to determine the soluble salt 共sulfate, chloride, etc.兲 content of masonrycomponents These tests may determine the level of soluble salts, thus indicat-ing a high potential for efflorescence The task group believes that the prelimi-nary test results presented at task group meetings by NBRC were encouragingand may be helpful in the development of an efflorescence test for masonryassemblies and/or to refine ASTM C1400-07

Conclusions

共1兲 The results of the evaluation of efflorescence test methods for brickperformed by Task Group C15.02.26 indicate that the ASTM C67-08and the Russian efflorescence test methods are equally effective in pre-dicting efflorescence potential of brick and that the British test method

is not effective in predicting efflorescence potential of brick

共2兲 The efflorescence that developed on the types of brick rated as resced was more extensive and intense on brick tested by the ASTMC67-08 test method than by the Russian test method

efflo-共3兲 The brick masonry assembly efflorescence testing is ongoing

共4兲 The results of the ion chromatography testing performed by NBRC todate are encouraging and may be helpful in the development of anefflorescence test for masonry assemblies and/or to refine ASTMC1400-07

Acknowledgments

The writers sincerely thank the members and guests of Task Groups C15.02.26and C15.05.15 who have discussed, debated, and performed valuable and im-portant tests over the past 15 years to provide the reliable information needed

to evaluate and develop ASTM standards on efflorescence

References

关1兴 ASTM C1400-07, “Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New

Masonry Wall,” ASTM Standards on Disc, Vol 4.05, ASTM International, West

Conshohocken, PA.

12 JAI • STP 1512 ON MASONRY

关2兴 Plummer, H C., Brick and Tile Engineering, Structural Clay Products Institute,

Washington, D.C., 1950, p 49.

关3兴 ASTM C67-08, “Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and

Struc-tural Clay Tile,” ASTM Standards on Disc, Vol 4.05, ASTM International, West

关6兴 McArthur, H and Spalding, D., Engineering Materials Science: Properties, Uses,

Degradation and Remediation, Harwood Publishing Limited, Coll House,

Wester-gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO20 3QL, England, 2004, p 191.

关7兴 ASTM C270-08, ASTM Standards on Disc, Vol 4.05, ASTM International, West

Conshohocken, PA.

CHIN AND BEHIE, doi:10.1520/JAI102744 13

John P Sanders1 and Denis A Brosnan2

Test Method for Determining the

Efflorescence Potential of Masonry Materials Based on Soluble Salt Content

efflores-cence potential for all materials in a masonry system is needed The need forpreconstruction testing is referenced in ASTM C1400-1—“Standard Guidefor Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls”—but thestandard acknowledges that there is not a suitable test method for all ma-sonry materials In the past, soluble salt measurements have been used toquantitatively access the efflorescence potential of masonry materials Todetermine the water-soluble salt content of masonry materials, a simpleleaching procedure was developed to remove the salts followed by quantifi-cation of the water-soluble salt content by ion chromatography A series ofmodified efflorescence tests using salt solutions and real masonry materialshas been used to determine the significance of water-soluble salt measure-ments A clear threshold for soluble sulfate content that indicates a highpotential for the development of visible efflorescence has been identified.Sulfate salts are the most common water-soluble compounds associatedwith efflorescence complaints

KEYWORDS: efflorescence, masonry, water-soluble salts, water–

soluble compounds, brick, mortar, bloom, scumming, testing

Re-Cite as: Sanders, J P and Brosnan, D A., ‘‘Test Method for Determining the

Efflorescence Potential of Masonry Materials Based on Soluble Salt Content,’’ J ASTM

Intl., Vol 7, No 5 doi:10.1520/JAI102725.

Reprinted from JAI, Vol 7, No 5

doi:10.1520/JAI102725 Available online at www.astm.org/JAI

Copyright © 2010 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

14

pletely satisfied the needs of brick manufacturers, architects, builders, andbuilding owners In the work presented in this paper, a quantitative test methodbased on the measurement of soluble salt species using ion chromatography共IC兲 has been investigated This type of analysis can be used as a guide formaterial selection to minimize the potential for scumming and efflorescence.The test method can also be used to determine the source of efflorescence after

it has occurred which can help resolve disputes between material producersand end users

Efflorescence takes place by a familiar pathway, which involves the ment of water laden with soluble salt species through the pores of the brick关1,2兴 As moisture moves through the network of pores in the brick, any solublesalt species that are present are dissolved These dissolved compounds can also

move-be derived from the environment and other materials in contact with the brick.When the moisture moves toward the surface of the brick during drying, thedissolved salt can be deposited at or beneath the surface of the brick

The source of the soluble compounds that causes efflorescence is the ject of a great deal of debate These compounds can originate from within thebrick itself, but they are also commonly derived from the environment aroundthe brick关3–6兴 In many studies, efflorescence was assumed to be solely due tosoluble salt species from the brick关7,8兴 The typically incorrect assumption thatbrick causes efflorescence is due to the fact that the soluble compounds areusually visible on the brick due to its darker color and the tendency of the brick

sub-to transport water due sub-to its capillary porous nature关9兴 It is important to notethat the capillary suction due to the pores in the brick is largely responsible forthe development of the bond between the brick and mortar To further compli-cate matters, until recently, there has not been a single test for efflorescencepotential that could be applied to all masonry materials This study aims todispel some of these assumptions about the source of efflorescence with respect

to brick by introducing a new tool for the prevention and analysis of cence

efflores-For efflorescence to occur, brick must be saturated followed by a dryingphase关10兴 Fired brick become saturated due to capillary suction when in con-tact with water In some cases, this water is contaminated with soluble com-pounds from the environment or from adjacent materials such as mortar orsetting materials for pavers关5,8兴 In many cases, the chemistry of the solublesalt species associated with the efflorescence deposit on the surface of the brickcan be used to determine their source Water-soluble sulfate salts are by far themost common salts involved in efflorescence, but chloride and nitrate saltshave also been identified关4兴 Sodium sulfate 共Na2SO4兲 and potassium sulfate

共K2SO4兲 containing salts are commonly associated with mortar, while calciumsulfate 共CaSO4兲 can be associated with either fired brick or mortar 关2,5兴 So-dium and potassium sulfates are very soluble and typically can be removedfrom the surface by rain or by washing with water关10兴 Calcium sulfate is lesssoluble and, once deposited on the surface, tends to be much harder to remove

A table of common water-soluble compounds associated with efflorescence isshown in Table 1

There is extensive literature citing the presence of soluble sodium and tassium sulfates in mortars and other cementitious materials关4,5,11兴 Bowler

po-SANDERS AND BROSNAN, doi:10.1520/JAI102725 15

and Winter reported that the compositions of mortars have changed cantly over the past 20 years, and the soluble potassium, sulfur, and aluminumcontents have increased关2兴 Further, they reported that the use of air-entrainingagents and other additives in the cement production process contributes sig-nificantly to the development of efflorescence in brick Additionally, gypsum共calcium sulfate dehydrate, CaSO4· 2H2O兲 is commonly added to masonry ce-ments to modify setting time关5兴 In some cases, carbonate based efflorescencehas been identified on the masonry This is known as “lime run” and is typicallydue to the movement of lime 共calcium hydroxide兲 from the mortar, which isdeposited on the brick 关7兴 If not removed, the calcium hydroxide 共Ca共OH2兲兲converts to calcium carbonate共CaCO3兲 over time In cases where the lime used

signifi-in the mortar contasignifi-ins magnesium, magnesium carbonate can be identified signifi-inthe efflorescence deposit Dow and Glasser reported that elevated sodium andpotassium sulfate content in the mortar increases the solubility of calcium hy-droxide and thus increase efflorescence关11兴

It is clear that the movement of water through the pores of the brick andmortar in addition to a source of soluble compounds is required for efflores-cence 关9兴 The control of water movement through the brick with good con-struction practices, proper detailing, or modifications to the pore structure canreduce efflorescence ASTM C1400-01, Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflo-rescence Potential in New Masonry Walls, provides guidance on design andconstruction practices for reducing water penetration 关12兴 The selection ofmaterials with a low content of water-soluble salt species can also be an effec-tive means of reducing the potential for efflorescence or scumming关11兴.Several test methods are available for the study of the efflorescence orscumming potential of a material Both efflorescence and scumming involvethe development of a deposit of soluble compounds on the surface Efflores-cence takes place after firing, and scumming takes place before the product isfired These test methods can be generally grouped into empirical or analyticalcategories Empirical tests usually involve the saturation of a masonry unit over

a period of time followed by a drying step After the drying step, the test unitsare visually inspected for the development of efflorescence One version of thistest method is described in ASTM C67-08, Standard Test Methods for Samplingand Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile, which provides a pass/fail result关13兴 Some researchers have attempted to modify this type of method to test

TABLE 1—Common water-soluble compounds associated with efflorescence.

Thenardite,Na2SO4 Calcium Hydroxide,Ca共OH兲2

Mirabilite,Na2SO4· 10H2O Halite, NaCl

Syngenite,K2Ca共SO4兲2· H2O Potassium Chloride, KCl Glaserite,K3Na共SO4兲2 Calcium Chloride,CaCl2

Gypsum,CaSO4· 2H2O Potassium Nitrate,KNO3

Hexahydrite,MgSO4· 6H2O

Schönite,K2SO4· MgSO4 · 6H2O

Leonhardite,MgSO4· 4H2O

16 JAI • STP 1512 ON MASONRY

combinations of brick and mortar with limited success 关9,14兴 Due to the ability of empirical test methods to directly compare materials, they have lim-ited value in the study and prevention of efflorescence.

in-A variety of analytical methods is also available for the study of cence X-ray diffraction共XRD兲 can be used to identify the composition of efflo-rescence deposits if a suitable sample can be obtained Due to detection limitsfor XRD, this test method cannot be used to detect the content of water-solublecompounds in a material With scumming, the compounds deposited on thesurface are incorporated into the glassy phase near the surface of the brick,which makes them more difficult to analyze by XRD

efflores-A direct chemical analysis technique such as X-ray fluorescence共XRF兲 can

be used to determine the chemical composition of efflorescence deposits Usingchemical analysis techniques to determine the source of the efflorescence can

be problematic if, for example, sodium is present as a soluble salt and as part ofthe glassy silicate matrix of the brick The emission of characteristic X-rays due

to certain excitation conditions is used to identify the elements present in asample in XRF analysis Other chemical analysis techniques, which requiredigestion of the sample prior to analysis, such as atomic adsorption spectros-copy 共AAS兲 or inductively coupled plasma 共ICP兲 spectroscopy, also face thesame difficulties In some cases, it is possible to use a single species to track thesource of efflorescence For example, in most cases, the chlorine content ofbrick is extremely low, but if significant quantities of chlorine are detected inthe efflorescence, it is clear that the chlorine came from something in contactwith the brick and not the brick itself

IC is ideally suited for the study of efflorescence and the efflorescence tential of materials关15兴 The measurement of water-soluble salt species can beused to determine the composition of efflorescence deposits and can also beused to directly measure the soluble salt content on all masonry materials Inthe majority of cases, comparisons of the soluble salt species in the efflores-cence deposit and soluble salt species in construction materials can be used todefinitively determine the source of efflorescence

po-Soluble salts can also be measured by techniques other than IC EN 5:2002 describes a method for the “determination of the active soluble saltcontent of clay masonry units” that utilizes either AAS or ICP spectroscopy forthe quantification of soluble salts关16兴 This method uses a 1 h leaching proce-dure to dissolve the soluble salts The method only requires the measurement ofsodium, potassium, and magnesium Further, EN 771-1:2005 Specification forMasonry Units—Part 1: Clay Masonry Units, only provides limits for these ele-ments关17兴 Calcium, sulfate, and chloride ions, which are commonly involved

772-in efflorescence, are not 772-included 772-in either standard The omission of thesespecies may reduce the effectiveness of these standards in the minimization ofthe efflorescence potential

can then be quantified separately using calibrated conductivity measurements.The ability to measure a full range of cations and anions allows for more accu-rate determination of the source and type of the soluble salt species Thesoluble anions and cations measured in this study are reported in Table 2 Inmost efflorescence and scumming investigations, the soluble cations that arecommonly detected are calcium, sodium, potassium, and occasionally magne-sium For the soluble anions, only sulfates and chlorides are commonly found.These measurements do not reveal the exact mineralogy of the efflorescencedeposit The relevant quantity of each soluble species, as reported by IC, can beused to directly study the development of efflorescence.

To remove the soluble species from a sample of masonry materials or making raw materials, a simple leaching procedure can be used where acrushed sample is soaked in deionized water for 24 h This procedure effec-tively removes the water-soluble salt species from materials for analysis 关18兴.For fired samples, the entire brick can be crushed, or surface chips can besoaked in water to remove the water-soluble salt species for measurement.The measurement of water-soluble salt species on solid samples is usuallyreported on a parts per million 共ppm兲 basis In other words, 1 ppm of solublecalcium in a fired brick sample, for example, would be equivalent to 0.000 001

brick-g of soluble calcium for each brick-gram of fired brick To convert ppm ments to a weight percent, the content of water-soluble salt species, in ppm,should be divided by 10 000, so 1 ppm is equivalent to 0.0001 %

measure-In some cases, it is necessary to combine IC measurements with otheranalytical techniques to fully investigate the source of the efflorescence It may

be necessary to measure the chemistry of the effloresced surface by a techniquesuch as XRF to determine what elements are enriched on the surface It is oftennecessary to measure the chemistry of a sample from the interior of the brick touse as a reference A comparison of the surface chemistry to the bulk or interiorchemistry will usually reveal which elements, such as calcium, potassium, so-dium, sulfur, or chlorine, are elevated at the surface Comparing the measure-ments for water-soluble salt content of materials from the job to the chemistry

of the effloresced surface will often reveal which materials are contributing tothe efflorescence In some cases, it is possible to directly analyze the mineral-ogy of the efflorescence deposit if it is sufficiently concentrated on the surface

TABLE 2—Typical soluble salt species measured by IC.

Phosphate共PO43−兲

18 JAI • STP 1512 ON MASONRY

Results and Discussion

To review the capabilities of measurements of water-soluble compounds in termining the source of efflorescence, three examples will be reviewed In thefirst example, the development of efflorescence on pavers was studied Thecontent of water-soluble salt species of setting materials used to install thepavers was measured and compared to the development of the visible efflores-cence A threshold for soluble sulfates was determined, which indicates thelikelihood of efflorescence development In the second case, the development ofefflorescence on brick due to the excessive water-soluble salt content in themortar was studied In the final example, the mineralogy of an effloresced sur-face was analyzed by XRD, and these results were compared to the measure-ments of water-soluble salt species to determine the likely source of the efflo-rescence

de-Example 1—Analysis of Efflorescence on Pavers

In this study, an empirical efflorescence method was used to determine whichsetting materials used for paver installations resulted in the development ofvisible efflorescence These observations were combined with measurements ofwater-soluble species for each of the setting materials to determine a thresholdthat would indicate the potential for the development of efflorescence Usingthis type of study, the content of soluble compounds for any combination ofbrick, setting materials, or mortar can be used to determine if there is a poten-tial for efflorescence development before construction If the soluble salt mea-surements indicate the potential for efflorescence, further steps may be re-quired to reduce the likelihood of the development of efflorescence

The development of efflorescence on pavers is a relatively common plaint Since pavers are in contact with the ground and are not protected fromsaturation, it is possible for them to absorb soluble compounds from surround-ing materials, which can then lead to the development of efflorescence De-icing salts and fertilizer are also common sources of the salts that cause efflo-rescence on pavers, but setting materials combined with improper drainagecan also contribute to the problem

com-An empirical test method was used to determine if a combination of apaver and a particular setting material resulted in efflorescence after 1 week ofexposure The results from this test method were simply qualitative pass/failresults For each material, a test dish was constructed where the paver wasplaced in contact with the water and a setting material The test dish wasdesigned so that water in the dish had to travel through the pores of the brickfor drying and evaporation to take place at the surface The empirical testmethod experimental setup is shown in Fig 1 All setting materials werecrushed to ⫺8 mesh 共less than 2.38 mm兲 for these tests to provide a moreuniform particle size for testing It is possible that crushing the larger aggre-gates to pass through an 8 mesh screen may have increased the availability ofwater-soluble salts, but this was deemed necessary to facilitate comparison be-tween the aggregates The test dishes were exposed to moving air with a relativehumidity of 50 % and80° F 共27°C兲 for 1 week After 1 week, the bricks were

SANDERS AND BROSNAN, doi:10.1520/JAI102725 19

removed from the dishes and dried After drying, the bricks were observed forthe development of visible efflorescence using standard observation conditions

of 3 m and538.2 lm/ m2, as prescribed in ASTM C67-08关13兴

The contents of water-soluble salt species were measured for each material

by crushing a sample to ⫺8 mesh 共less than 2.38 mm兲, and then, the soluble salt species were leached from the sample for 24 h in deionized water.Following the 24 h leaching period, IC was used to measure the water-solubleanions and cations The content of soluble salt species is reported for each ofthe setting materials and the paver in Table 3 The paving brick contained verylow levels of soluble compounds, but some of the setting materials containedconsiderable contents of water-soluble salt species

water-Given previous experience, soluble sulfate contents greater than 100 ppmindicate the potential for efflorescence Based on this observation, seven of the

14 setting materials in Table 3 might contribute to the development of cence In addition to the soluble sulfates, several of the materials had othersoluble species at concentrations greater than 100 ppm The significance ofthese measurements of water-soluble salt species was determined by compar-ing them to the empirical test method for the visual appearance of efflores-cence

efflores-A summary of the results of the empirical efflorescence test is given inTable 4 The specific soluble salt species, in excess of 100 ppm, are also noted inTable 4 Five of the materials only had high calcium contents, but their solubleanions, including sulfates, were below the threshold for concern Soluble cal-cium 共Ca+兲 and sulfate 共SO42−兲 were by far the two most abundant solublespecies in all of the materials tested in this study As noted in Table 4, the fivematerials that only had elevated calcium contents did not effloresce For thesamples that contained high levels of soluble calcium but did not contain

FIG 1—Empirical efflorescence test method setup.

20 JAI • STP 1512 ON MASONRY

equivalent levels of soluble sulfates, it is likely that the soluble calcium is, inpart, due to small amounts of either calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonatethat were dissolved during the leaching step The ion chromatograph used inthis study for the measurement of soluble anions was not capable of detectingsoluble carbonate 共CO3

2−兲 or hydroxide 共OH−兲 Each of the materials withsoluble sulfate共SO42−兲 contents greater than 100 ppm did show some degree ofefflorescence, so it appears that soluble sulfate contents in excess of 100 ppm

do indeed indicate a potential for efflorescence development

TABLE 3—Measurements of soluble salt species of test materials from Example 1.

limestone gravel 兲 236.0 290.4 0.8 1322.2 78.4 378.3 KY-1 共setting sand兲 2.4 4.3 14.4 246.3 1.3 12.4 KY-2 共stone sub-base兲 10.6 31.0 144.4 1101.9 7.6 2334.8 KY-3 共stone base兲 8.2 9.4 82.4 462.3 8.7 736.1 PA-1 共stone base兲 35.9 40.5 18.3 275.2 1.8 38.7 PA-2 共setting sand兲 0.0 0.0 4.5 48.7 0.6 4.0 PA-3 共joint sand兲 4.2 9.8 8.4 275.8 0.7 107.7

NC-2 共setting sand兲 28.9 34.2 14.7 190.8 2.0 90.1 MN-1 共Limestone Base兲 4.2 8.9 47.9 242.1 9.7 15.5 MN-2 共setting sand兲 1.2 4.8 16.1 142.6 1.7 15.2

TABLE 4—Efflorescence potential and results from Example 1.

Identification High Soluble Salt Content Result

IN-4 Sodium, potassium, calcium, sulfate Effloresced

KY-2 Magnesium, calcium, sulfate Effloresced

SANDERS AND BROSNAN, doi:10.1520/JAI102725 21

The results of the efflorescence test for the samples that effloresced are alsoshown in Fig 2 A blank or reference sample of the paver that was just exposed

to deionized water is shown in the top right section of Fig 2 The blank alsotests the potential of the brick for efflorescence The paver sample exposed todeionized water without any setting material present did not effloresce Thecontent of water-soluble salt species of the paver, as reported in Table 3 did notindicate a potential for the development of efflorescence

Since sulfate content appeared to be the main indicator of efflorescencepotential, the results for soluble salt contents, sorted by sulfate content, are

FIG 2—Effloresced samples.

22 JAI • STP 1512 ON MASONRY

shown in Table 5 The three materials that resulted in the development of themost significant efflorescence deposits also had the highest sulfate contents共KY-2, IN-2, and KY-3兲 Further, these results seem to confirm the observationthat soluble sulfate contents greater than 100 ppm indicate a potential to de-velop efflorescence In some cases, the soluble sulfate content exceeds thesoluble calcium content This indicates that in addition to calcium sulfate,there is some other sulfate in the solution One common mechanism is related

to the presence of pyrite共FeS2兲, marcasite 共FeS2兲, or some other sulfide thatwas only partially oxidized during firing When pyrite comes into contact withwater and air, iron sulfate and sulfuric acid are formed according to the follow-ing reaction共Eq 1兲 关19兴

2FeS2+72O2+ H2O→ Fe2SO4+ H2SO4 共1兲The chromatograph used in this study for the measurement of soluble cations,due to its configuration, would not detect soluble iron The appearance of theefflorescence deposits on these brick did not seem to indicate the presence ofsoluble iron, so it is possible that some variation of the reaction given above istaking place It is possible that a second reaction step is involved that wouldresult in the conversion of iron sulfate共Fe2SO4兲 iron oxide 共Fe2O3兲 and moresulfuric acid

This study of setting materials clearly indicates that the measurement ofwater-soluble salt species can be used to predict the potential for efflorescencedevelopment both for setting materials as well as the pavers The water-solublesulfate content seems to be the best indicator of the potential for efflorescence.The comparison of an empirical efflorescence test method with water-solublesalt species measurements reveals the significance of the soluble compounds as

TABLE 5—Sorted efflorescence results with selected measurements of soluble salt species

SANDERS AND BROSNAN, doi:10.1520/JAI102725 23

an indicator of efflorescence potential From this work and previous studies,soluble sulfate contents greater than 100 ppm seem to indicate the potential forefflorescence.

Example 2—Efflorescence from Soluble Salt Species in Mortar

Measurements of soluble salt species can also be used to investigate the opment of efflorescence on masonry walls that are in service Efflorescencedeposits from a brick and stone masonry wall were analyzed by IC The com-position of the efflorescence deposit was linked to the content of soluble saltspecies in the materials in the wall, which consisted of brick, mortar, and lime-stone block Samples of the brick, mortar, and limestone block were taken fromthe wall for analysis of the soluble compounds by IC Additionally, the efflores-cence deposit was sampled by applying a large piece of tape to the efflorescedsurface and removing it, which lifts some of the efflorescence deposit from thesurface for further analysis In cases where the efflorescence deposit cannot beeasily sampled, this “tape lift” technique can be used A demonstration of thetape lift method is shown in Fig 3 The content of water-soluble salt species ofeach of the materials was tested by leaching in deionized water for 24 h fol-lowed by IC measurements The soluble species were also removed from thetape by leaching in deionized water for 24 h The results of these measurementsare summarized in Table 6

devel-When comparing the content of the water-soluble salt species from theefflorescence deposit to the materials from the job, it is important to note thatthe compounds are typically very concentrated in the tape lift or surface scrap-ing samples and are thus typically reported at much higher levels than the othermaterials from the job To determine which materials contributed to the efflo-rescence, the soluble salt content of the efflorescence deposit was compared to

FIG 3—Demonstration of tape lift method.

24 JAI • STP 1512 ON MASONRY

the soluble salt content of the materials This type of comparison usually makes

it clear which materials are responsible for the efflorescence

For this case, the water-soluble salt species measurements, displayed inTable 6, indicated that the efflorescence deposit was primarily a mixture ofsodium, potassium, and calcium sulfate Fortunately, sodium and potassiumsulfate, which appear to make up the majority of the efflorescence, are verysoluble and should be easily removed with water It is important to note thataggressive cleaning with acidic cleaners will usually make efflorescence worse

as noted by Haage 关10兴 The high water-soluble chloride levels in the cence deposit in this example suggest that the building, at some point, has beenimproperly cleaned with hydrochloric acid Further investigation with theowner of the building revealed several attempts to remove the efflorescencewith acid cleaners

efflores-Comparing the content of soluble salt species of the building materials inTable 6 revealed that the mortar also had elevated levels of soluble sodium,potassium, calcium, and sulfate The limestone block sample similarly con-tained high levels of these water-soluble species but not to the same extent asthe mortar The brick did have elevated levels of calcium and sulfate but did nothave the high levels of sodium and potassium that were measured in the mortarand the limestone block As noted previously, soluble sodium and potassiumsulfates are commonly found in mortar关2兴 It is clear from these results that themortar and limestone block are primarily responsible for the efflorescence.This type of comparative analysis of the content of water-soluble compounds inbuilding materials can be used to identify the source of most efflorescencedeposits This methodology could also be used to test materials for the ten-dency for efflorescence based on the content of water-soluble salt species prior

to construction The need for this kind of testing has been noted in severalprevious studies关7兴

Example 3—Efflorescence on Pavers

In the final example, the development of efflorescence on pavers, which hadbeen installed on top of freshly poured concrete, was investigated Initially,measurements of soluble species were performed on effloresced brick from thejob, unused brick from the job, and the bedding sand used in the installation.Samples of the concrete from the job were not available The soluble salt mea-surements for the pavers are summarized in Table 7 In this case, the IC mea-surements of soluble salt species did not reveal a large difference between theeffloresced surface and the reference共unused兲 surface The effloresced surfacedid have slightly higher levels of soluble calcium and chlorides, but the solublesulfate content was low for both samples These findings lead to the conclusionthat the efflorescence, in this case, is not due to a sulfate salt

The contents of soluble salt species in used and unused specimens of ding sand were also measured The used bedding sand contained elevated levels

bed-of potassium, calcium, and phosphates The unused sand also had higher cium content than the brick

cal-In addition to the measurements of soluble salt species by IC, the ogy of the effloresced surface was analyzed by XRD The XRD analysis of the

mineral-26 JAI • STP 1512 ON MASONRY

effloresced surface is shown in Fig 4 In addition to quartz and mullite, whichare part of the brick itself and were also identified on the unused surface,calcite, a mixed potassium and sodium chloride salt and two sulfate salts wereidentified on the effloresced surface Calcite共CaCO3兲 appears to be the mostcommon of the efflorescing materials identified on the surface It is important

to note that elevated calcium levels were detected in the soluble salt ments of the effloresced surface, but the ion chromatograph used in this studyfor the measurement of soluble anions, as previously noted, could not measuresoluble carbonates in its present configuration

measure-TABLE 7—Measurements of soluble salt species from efflorescence complaint—Example 3.

Soluble

Species

共ppm兲

Effloresced Surface 共Used Brick兲

Reference Surface 共Unused Brick兲

Bedding Sand 共Used兲

Bedding Sand 共Unused兲

FIG 4—XRD analysis of effloresced surface.

SANDERS AND BROSNAN, doi:10.1520/JAI102725 27

The chemistry of the effloresced surface was also measured by XRF andcompared to a reference共unused兲 surface The results of the chemical analysisare summarized in Table 8 Like the measurements of water-soluble salt spe-cies, the effloresced surface showed an enrichment of potassium, calcium, chlo-rine, sulfur, and phosphorous From these results, it appeared that the efflores-cence is primarily calcium carbonate with trace amounts of a chloride andsulfate salts Given that the levels of these salts in the unused brick are very low,

it does not appear that the brick is contributing to the development of thisefflorescence deposit Interestingly, several of these salts are also elevated in theused sand, which suggests that soluble salts are accumulating in the sand andthen appear to be transferred to the brick as water moves through the pavinginstallation Given this evidence, it appears that the soluble compounds arelikely coming from the freshly poured concrete Unfortunately, a sample of theconcrete was not available for testing The measurement of the soluble salts inthe concrete would have given a much more definitive identification of thesource of the efflorescence

Conclusions

The ultimate goal of this work was to develop a set of guidelines that could beused to determine if the soluble salt compounds of brick, mortar, or the settingmaterial from a job indicate the potential for efflorescence The content ofwater-soluble salt species, as determined by IC, particularly the soluble sulfatecontent, was a good predictor of the potential to effloresce There appears to be

a threshold of⬃100 ppm of soluble sulfate that indicates the potential to floresce Measurements of soluble salt species can be used to determine thesource of efflorescence and to select building materials based on the potential

ef-to contribute ef-to efflorescence In addition ef-to the presence of water-soluble salts,which was the focus of this study, water must be available within the masonry

to transport the salts Design and construction practices that limit the

availabil-TABLE 8—XRF analysis of effloresced surface.

Oxide Unit Effloresced Surface 共Used Brick兲 Reference Surface 共Unused Brick兲

ity of water within the masonry are also effective means of reducing cence potential.

efflores-References

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30 JAI • STP 1512 ON MASONRY

Erratum for JAI102725, Journal of ASTM International

Test Method for Determining the Efflorescence Potential of Masonry Materials Based on Soluble Salt Measurements, John Sanders and Denis Brosnan; published JAI Volume 7, Issue 5, (May, 2010) and STP1512, Journal of ASTM International Selected Technical Papers on Masonry

Page 2, Second paragraph, Line 6 is incorrect “…Additionally, gypsum (calcium sulfate dehydrate, CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O) is commonly added to masonry cements to modify setting time [5]

It should read: “Additionally, gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O) is commonly added to all portland and masonry cements to control setting time [4]  

31