Astm stp 624 1984

NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTFNG STANDARDS— A REVIEW A symposium sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials' Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Tes

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NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTFNG STANDARDS—

A REVIEW

A symposium

sponsored by the National Bureau

of Standards, American Society for Testing

and Materials' Committee E-7 on Nondestructive

Testing, and American Society for

Nondestructive Testing

Gaithersburg, IVId., 19-21 May 1976

ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 624

Harold Berger, National Bureau of Standards,

editor

04-624000-22

#

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS

1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa 19103

Downloaded/printed by

University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized.

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©by American Society for Testing and Materials 1977 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 76-58567

NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication

Printed in Baltimore, Md

June 1977 Second Priming, Baltimore, Md

September 1984

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Foreword

The Symposium on Nondestructive Testing Standards was held at the

National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Gaithersburg, Md., 19-21 May

1976 The meeting was sponsored by NBS, the American Society for

Test-ing and Materials (ASTM), and the American Society for Nondestructive

Testing (ASNT) The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) was

a cooperating society The sponsoring committee within ASTM was ASTM

Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing

Harold Berger, NBS, served as Chairman of the Symposium Organizing

Committee and editor of this publication, and S D Hart, Naval Research

Laboratory, served as Vice-Chairman Members of the Symposium

Or-ganizing Committee were John Aman, E I duPont de Nemours and Co.;

R T Anderson, ASNT; James Borucki, Magnaflux Corp.; Richard Buckley,

Texas Instruments, Inc.; Lance Burgess, ASTM; D L Conn, ARMCO

Steel Corp.; T D Cooper, Air Force Materials Laboratory; E L Criscuolo,

Naval Surface Weapons Center; Donald Eitzen, NBS; T J Flaherty,

Detek, Inc.; R B Johnson, NBS; Tracy McFarlan, Magnaflux Corp.; R

B Moyer, Carpenter Technology Corp.; W C Plumstead, United States

Testing Co.; Jane Wheeler, ASTM; and R W Zillman, Steel Founders

Society of America

The papers included in this volume were all presented at the symposium

The assistance of R B Johnson, NBS, and his committee on symposium

arrangements, and of Jane Wheeler and her staff at ASTM throughout

the publication process, is acknowledged

The contributions of the session chairmen at the meeting also are

ac-knowledged R B Moyer, John Aman, Richard Buckley, James Borucki,

D L Conn and Donald Eitzen served as Session Chairmen

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Related ASTM Publications

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A Note of Appreciation

to Reviewers

This publfcation is made possible by the authors and, also, the unheralded

efforts of the reviewers This body of technical experts whose dedication,

sacrifice of time and effort, and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers

must be acknowledged The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct

function of their respected opinions On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge

their contribution with appreciation

ASTM Committee on Publications

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Editorial Staff

Jane B Wheeler, Managing Editor Helen M Hoersch, Associate Editor Ellen J McGlinchey, Assistant Editor Kathleen P Turner, Assistant Editor Sheila G Pulver, Assistant Editor

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Contents

Introduction 1

Nondestructive Testing Standards in the ASME Boiler and

Pressure Vessel Code—R W ZILLMANN 22

Codes and Standards for In-Service Inspection of Nuclear Power

P l a n t s — G J DAU 3 8

ASNT Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing Personnel

Qualification and Certification (SNT-TC-IA) and Its Use—

F C BERRY 5 3

Overview—Radiographic Nondestructive Testing Standards—

J K AMAN 6 3

Standards for Real Time Systems used with Penetrating Radiation—

w J MCKEE 89

Classification of Industrial X-Ray Film—DANIEL POLANSKY 102

Status of Reference Radiographs—SOLOMON GOLDSPIEL 115

An Overview of Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant Methods

Documents and Associated Quantitative Measurement

Problems Encountered in Using Penetrant and Magnetic Particle

Inspection Methods During Aircraft Maintenance—

B w BOISVERT 172

Application of Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant

Method-ology in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants—

L T DETLOR 1 7 7

Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant Testing in the Shipbuilding

Industry—R R HARDISON 182

Specification/Code Syndrome—w c PLUMSTEAD 189

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Considerations and Standards for Visual Inspection Techniques—

G T YONEMURA 2 2 0

Hermetic Test Procedures and Standards for Semiconductor

Electronics—STANLEY RUTHBERG 246

Generation of a Standards Document for an Emerging Nondestructive

Evaluation Technology—G J POSAKONY 260

Fracture Mechanics and the Need for Quantitative Nondestructive

Measurements—E T WESSEL 269

Standards for Quantitative Nondestructive Examination—

B R TITTMANN, D O THOMPSON, AND R B THOMPSON 2 9 5

Automated Nondestructive Evaluation Systems and Standards—

J K SCHMITT 3 1 2

The National Bureau of Standards Program in Nondestructive

Ecomomic Benefits of Reliable Nondestructive Evaluation Standards—

J E DOHERTY, M E BALDWIN, AND J M LAGROTTA 3 2 8

Summary 337

Index 339

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STP624-EB/Jun 1977

Introduction

Nondestructive testing, the examination of materials in such a way that

the intended use of inspected material is not impaired, is used widely in

industry Techniques commonly applied include radiographic, magnetic

particle, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic acoustic, eddy current, leak testing,

and visual optical These methods provide information about material

properties and about the location and type of discontinuities that may be

present in a material or system The test information is used to assess the

performance or reliability of the material or system

The use of nondestructive testing in industry depends on standards

Standards are used to compare results, to calibrate equipment, to assure

uniform, reproducible results, and to help determine what is acceptable

and what is not

Standards for nondestructive testing were pioneered in the 1920s by the

U.S Army and Navy As of 1973, there were 39 military specifications

and standards dealing with nondestructive testing ASTM Committee E-7

on Nondestructive Testing was formed in 1938 There are 47

nondestruc-tive testing standards in the 1975 Annual Book of ASTM Standards and a

large number of new nondestructive testing documents in preparation

Other organizations, such as the American Society for Nondestructive

Testing (ASNT), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),

and a number of government bodies also are involved in standards, codes,

and personnel certification procedures for nondestructive testing

One of the driving forces for this symposium was the realization that

there are a large number of standards for nondestructive testing, that they

originate in several organizations, and that the standards have evolved

over a period of years There also were indications from a number of users

of nondestructive testing that the present system of standards does not

satisfy all requiremi^nts There was some lack of reproducibihty and there

were omissions in some areas, for example, ultrasonic transducer

calibra-tion procedures or methods of assessing radiographic resolucalibra-tion

For all these reasons and because increasing demands were being made

on nondestructive testing, for example, to provide more quantitative

re-sults so fracture mechanics criteria could be used in design, this seemed

hke a good time to step back and examine nondestructive testing standards

The symposium was organized to perform that examination by looking at

nondestructive testing standards in a broad way Where are standards

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2 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING STANDARDS

satisfactory or lacking? What suggestions can be made for improvement?

The symposium addressed these questions in 38 papers presented over

three days in six sessions Most of these papers are contained in this

pubUcation It is the hope of the symposium organizing committee and

the symposium sponsors that these papers will inspire further thought on

nondestructive testing standards and help to bring forth ideas for improving

these standards and the measurements made from them

Harold Berger

Program manager Nondestructive tion, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., editor

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Evalua-R W McClung'

ASTM Nondestructive Testing

Standards Program*

REFERENCE: McClung, R W., "ASTM Nondestructive Testing Standards

9TO-f,nm" Nondestructive Testing Standards—A Review, ASTMSTP 624, Harold Berger,

Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, 1977, pp 3-11

ABSTRACT: The American Society for Testing and Materials' (ASTM) program for

developing nondestructive testing (NDT) standards resides primarily in Committee E-7

on Nondestructive Testing To meet this responsibility, Committee E-7 is subdivided

functionally into subcommittees representing most of the major methods of NDT

The many activities necessary to the development of standard documentation that are

conducted include industry surveys to determine interest, needs, and practices,

per-formance of experimental studies through extensive cooperative studies in both

govern-ment and private organizations, docugovern-ment preparation, and interlaboratory testing

Committee E-7 is responsive to requests from other ASTM committees as well as other

standard organizations (for example, American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

Ahhough benefits to industry have accrued in the consensus standards, significant

improvements are needed to provide more relevant, quantitative, reproducible results

KEY WORDS: standards, quality control, technical writing, nondestructive tests

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) was formed

for the development of standards on characteristics and performance of

materials, products, systems, and services In this context, the term

"stan-dard" refers to documents including test methods, definitions,

recom-mended practices, classifications, and specifications The mechanism

through which these standards are developed is that of over 100 separate

committees with primary interests in specific materials, products, or

disci-plines Since participation in the respective committees is voluntary, and

concerted effort is made to obtain a broad industry-wide involvement and

agreement, the resultant standards may be used to represent true consensus

•Research was sponsored by the Energy Research and Development Administration under

contract with the Union Carbide Corporation

'Group leader, NDT Development, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National

Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn 37830

Copyright' 1977 b y A S T M International www.astm.org

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documents The consensus is enhanced by joint participation of producers,

consumers, and other interested parties An important committee in the

Society is ASTM Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing,^ which was

organized in 1938 and has a current (as of Jan 1976) working

member-ship of over 225

It must be recognized that the generic term, "standard," is used also in

ways other than documents, for example, to denote tangible items of

hardware that may be identified as "reference standards," "calibration

standards," "acceptance standards," or other similar nomenclature These

devices may be manufactured specially or may be selected items from a

batch of a manufactured product Their functions vary in nondestructive

testing (NDT) and may include providing: (a) assistance in establishing the

proper operating parameters for an examination, (6) continued or

recur-rent assurance that an examination is proceeding in the intended manner,

(c) a benchmark of response for comparison with that from inspected

products, and (d) a positive go-no-go indication of acceptance or rejection

of material Many of the subsequent papers in this book will provide

de-tailed discussions of these various types of hardware standards Therefore

little more will be said about them in this paper, except as it may be

necessary to show that their development or description is an integral part

of the process of preparing standard documents This paper will

concen-trate on the organization for producing NDT standards, the

determina-tion of needs for standards, and the mechanism for establishing ASTM

concensus standards for NDT

Organization of ASTM Committee E-7

For efficient fulfillment of its responsibility, ASTM Committee E-7 is

subdivided functionally into numerous administrative and technical

sub-committees The first discussion and emphasis will be on the technical

subcommittees, since they have originated and prepared all the technical

standards of ASTM Committee E-7

Technical Subcommittees

The functional division of the work of ASTM Committee E-7 has caused

most of the technical subcommittees to be identified with and responsible

for specific disciplines of NDT The following list, without supplementary

comments, should be sufficient to identify the scope of activity and type

of documentation prepared by each group The decimal system of

identi-fication used by ASTM identifies both the committee and subcommittee

and even further subdivisions

^Turner, R E., Nondestructive Testing, Vol 4, No 4, Aug 1971, pp 251-253

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MCCLUNG ON ASTM PROGRAM

Subcommittee Activity

E07.01 Radiographic Practice and Penetrameters

E07.02 Reference Radiographs

E07.03 Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant Testing

E07.04 Acoustic Emission

E07.05 Neutron Radiography

E07.06 Ultrasonic Testing Procedure

E07.07 Electromagnetic Methods

E07.08 Leak Testing

E07.09 Materials Inspection and Testing Laboratories

Administrative Subcommittees

In addition to these technical subcommittees, there are several

admin-istrative subcommittees that centralize various activities primarily (but not

exclusively) in support of the overall committee and its respective technical

subcommittees Since the function is not to produce standard

documenta-tion within a readily identifiable technical discipline, perhaps a few words

of explanation will be in order for the administrative subcommittees

Subcommittee E07.90 is the Executive Council that serves as the steering

committee for general business matters such as approval of new members,

establishment of new work scopes, planning for symposia, and other ad

hoc business items

Subcommittee E07.91 is the USA Committee for International Standards

Organization/Technical Committee 135 on NOT This subcommittee

coor-dinates and provides the technical participation of the United States in the

cited international organization

Subcommittee E07.92 on Editorial Review provides editorial support to

all the technical subcommittees

Subcommittee E07.93 on Illustration Monitoring assists ASTM

head-quarters in reviewing the production of reference radiographs and other

illustrations that are integral parts of Committee E-7 standards

Subcommittee E07.96 on Awards coordinates all activities relative to

Society and Committee awards to both students and members

Subcommittee E07.98 on New Methods Review maintains an active

awareness of all nondestructive testing methods not covered currently by

standardization activity and makes recommendations when standards in

additional methods appear to be necessary

Subcommittee E07.99 on Liaison coordinates all liaison activities with

other ASTM committees as well as other technical organizations

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Sections and Task Groups

Because of the broad scope of activities within each of the technical

subcommittees, it has been necessary to provide further subdivisions

Permanent subdivisions for woric having a continuing interest are called

sections; subdivisions with only temporary status until a specific task is

accomplished are designated as Task Groups The latter, which may be a

subdivision of the committee, a subcommittee, or a section, can have a

life span exceeding a year Within the nine technical subcommittees there

are well over 50 active sections and an unknown number of task groups

Although it is not considered necessary in this paper to identify each of

the sections, for illustration, the sections in Subcommittee E07.06 on

Ultra-sonic Testing cover the following activities: glossary, aluminum reference

blocks, contact testing, thickness testing, testing of welds, immersed testing,

angle-beam-contact testing, flaw-size determination, equipment

standard-ization, steel reference blocks, pipe and tubing, material properties, and

testing of castings The other technical subcommittees are organized

sim-ilarly with an appropriate number of sections to function in the various

activities that would be pertinent to the subcommittee and its method of

NDT

Determination of Needs for Standards

What motivates the generation of a new standard? What motivates this

large organization that has been described? Recognition of the need for a

new (or improved) standard can (and has) come through many channels

Probably the most frequent sources are the technical experts within the

subcommittee structures who recognize both the need and the mechanism

for satisfying the need But numerous other sources (and requesters) for

specific standards include other ASTM technical committees, other

tech-nical organizations and societies (who use or want to use ASTM

Commit-tee E-7 documents), government agencies, and private industry Obviously,

not every request represents a genuine need for an industry-wide consensus

standard such as prepared by ASTM Committee E-7 Therefore, all

re-quests must be screened and evaluated (perhaps with formal or informal

industry surveys) to determine the need (or practicality) of preparing the

requested standard If an affirmative decision is reached, the stage is then

set for another addition to the ASTM Committee E-7 family of standards

Development of a Standard

After a decision is made to develop a new standard, what is the

mecha-nism for its preparation and approval? The first obvious requirement is to

establish where in the organization that the preparation will be performed

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MCCLUNG ON ASTM PROGRAM 7

For most standards, with the initiating force originating within a

sub-committee (or section), the preparation most probably will be within the

same organization However, for requests external to the committee,

de-cisions must be made at the committee or executive council level about the

most appropriate subcommittee depending upon the technical requirements

of the documentation In turn, the subcommittee determines the proper

section for the activity On occasion it may be necessary to establish a

new section within a subcommittee or (less frequently) a new subcommittee

to deal with a new endeavor The actual preparation of the first draft of

the proposed document normally will be done by a small task group of

individuals with the necessary expertise and interest in the new standard

On occasion it may be necessary to recruit additional workers with desired

experience and interest For example, external requesters are encouraged

to provide technical participation and to be involved in preparing the

documents of interest to them The input for the draft document is derived

not only from the personal knowledge and technical awareness of the task

group members but also may include information derived from (a)

stan-dards previously prepared by industry, government, or other

organiza-tions, {b) technical surveys, (c) experimental work, (d) interlaboratory

tests, or other sources After a new draft standard has been prepared and

has achieved consensus agreement (but not necessarily unanimity) at the

task group or section level, it is ready for balloting within the parent

sub-committee With subcommittee approval, a letter ballot and copy of the

draft is sent to each voting member of the subcommittee For a valid

ballot, at least 60 percent of the members must respond by voting (a)

affirmatively (with or without comments on any portion of the draft), (b)

negatively (comments of technical justification are required), or (c) an

abstention Upon completion of the balloting, the comments and negative

votes (if any) are considered by the drafting group, and usually

adjust-ments will be made to the docuadjust-ments to accommodate the wishes of those

having objections If the changes are deemed to be technical in nature, the

subcommittee balloting process must be repeated After a successful

sub-committee ballot (with any changes in the draft being only editorial), the

draft is ready for a letter ballot of the entire committee The voting

require-ments are the same as for the subcommittee ballot Technical change to

the content of the document requires reballoting by the subcommittee

Again it should be noted that unanimity is not mandatory However, if a

negative vote is not resolved by documentary changes and is considered to

be nonpersuasive by the other members of the subcommittee or committee

(depending on the ballot level), positive action to advance the standard

must be recorded and reported to ASTM headquarters (Only rarely has it

been necessary to take such action Almost every document has attained

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After an acceptable committee ballot including all modifications, the

proposed standard is sent to ASTM headquarters for a Society ballot

through the pages of ASTM Standardization News Unless there is a rare

case of a new, previously unconsidered, technical reason for a negative

vote from some Society member, the document is adopted as a standard

and is printed in the next edition of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards

(currently in Part 11) A valid negative vote, if technical change in the

document is required, of course, will require a repetition of the entire

balloting process

All of these steps demonstrate that the products are truly consensus

standards with adequate opportunity to receive and consider many

view-points

What is It?

Thus far our discussion has emphasized the organization and the

mech-anism for producing standards without consideration of the type of

stan-dard (other than the distinction implied by the NDT methods of interest

noted in the subcommittee structure) As one of the committees of ASTM

dealing with methods of testing, the accepted range of activities includes

those standards that would be necessary or useful for the performance

and evaluation of a nondestructive test This would include such

docu-ments as a glossary to establish a standardized nomenclature and language,

standards related to materials and components needed during a

non-destructive test, recommended practices, methods, or guidelines for

per-forming nondestructive tests in a standard manner, and educational

docu-ments to provide additional information about NDT Perhaps further

explanation or examples are in order to assure understanding of the

fore-going Among the ASTM standards that are prepared specifically to deal

with NDT materials and components are such documents as ControUing

Quality of Radiographic Testing (E 142), Recommended Practice for

Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference

Books (E 127), and Recommended Practice for Evaluating Performance

Characteristics of Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Testing Systems (E 317) (Other

parallel documents may be found in the Table of Contents and body of

Part 11 of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.) It may be noted that

some of these standards are dedicated to the description and discussion of

some of the hardware standards that were mentioned earlier in the paper

Among the ASTM standards on recommended methods or practices for

performing an NDT examination may be found Dry Powder Magnetic

Particle Inspection (E 109), Recommended Practice for Standardizing

Equipment for Electromagnetic Testing of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy

Tube (E 215), or Tests for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer Leak

Detector in the Inside-Out Testing Mode (E 493) This type of standard

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MCCLUNG ON ASTM PROGRAM 9

usually (but not always) will contain descriptions and discussions about

the use of various types of hardware standards that are recommended to

be used to assure a standardized performance Recommended Practice

for Liquid Penetrant Inspection Method (E 165) is an example of an

edu-cational document that describes several techniques and materials and

provides guidelines to their use

Having discussed the types of standards that are written by ASTM

Committee E-7, it is appropriate to cite an area of exclusion

Specifica-tions that establish acceptance-rejection criteria for products are not within

the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7, but are reserved for the product

committees However, even in this restricted zone, ASTM Committee E-7

can and does provide useful services in many ways, for example, the many E-7

documents can be (and are) referenced in the product committee

docu-ments to establish the standard methods of examining the product To

this the product committee simply has to add the acceptance (or rejection)

level based on the finding or NDT response As an aid to accomplish this,

some of the NDT standards provide for several levels of response for

comparison purposes from which a rejection level may be set Among

several examples that could be cited are the several standards of reference

radiographs containing various levels of severity of common discontinuities

in different kinds of castings and welds Beyond the supplying of technical

documents for referencing, ASTM Committee E-7 by mutual agreement,

can work directly (through joint working groups, common memberships,

or official liaison) with other committees or organizations to produce

acceptance specifications that are administered under the product

com-mittees (or other organizations)

Care and Keeping of Standards

The successful working of the described activities has produced the 47

standards that are listed in the 1975 Annual Book of ASTM Standards;

several more standards have been approved since the printing date, and a

large number of new documents are in various stages of preparation But

what happens after a standard has been approved and printed? A

signifi-cant amount of effort is expended toward monitoring and updating the

documents to assure their continued relevancy The impetus for changes

may begin as early as receipt of comments during final balloting of the

initial document, or it may arise from (a) comments received from initial

users, {b) technological changes, or (c) a recognition by committee

mem-bers that improvements are needed Need for change may be recognized

during the mandatory five-year review, at which time the document must

be reapproved, revised (both with letter ballots), or it will be deleted

auto-matically With these activities the documents should not be dormant,

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Conclusions and Recommendations

The ASTM standards program as discussed through Committee E-7 is a

successful working arrangement for producing needed consensus standards

for NDT that are used throughout industry There is justifiable pride in

the many contributions that have been made to the industrial community

through the many standards and the research and development that has

been accompUshed to establish the technological base for the standards

But, like almost everything else, there is room for improvement The

recommendations to follow will include items internal and external to the

committee Although detailed or amplified discussion will not be provided

(nor is the listing considered to be exhaustive), the following areas of

improvement in the opinion of the author, would impact the usefulness of

the ASTM NDT standards significantly

1 Strive to provide more specific detail wherever practical as an aid

toward achieving more reproducible results (A complaint occasionally to

frequently heard is that some of the standards are so general as to be

innocuous and useless.)

2 Shorten the time interval between initiation and publication of a

standard (Occasionally on complex or controversial documents, the

reach-ing of a useful consensus and possible reballotreach-ing can stretch the time

before completion But much of the delay can be laid to our own

inef-ficiencies and procrastination, not to the system Statements about how

long a time was required before a certain document became published

point the finger at ourselves, not others Of course, we recognize that

ASTM is a voluntary organization, and most of our members are hard

working contributors for whom their Committee E-7 activities are

extra-curricular as a "labor of love." Therefore, the employers' needs have

higher priority and occasionally (or frequently) conflict The solutions to

the glib statement, "shorten the timetable," are manifold and should be

explored and implemented, but one should be a result of the next

recom-mendation.)

3 Actively seek more industry and government participation in ASTM

Committee E-7 standards (This would include making employers more

aware of the benefits in preparing and using ASTM standards to enhance

management support and encouragement of their technical experts to

participate in the standardization activities in a timely manner Success

not only should mean shortened timetables but also broader imput to

make standards even more technically relevant (and used).)

4 Get more coordination and participation with other standards-writing

groups (This includes other ASTM committees as well as other societies

and organizations Too often there is a proliferation of committees and

activities preparing NDT documents This leads at best to redundant work

and, at worst, to contradictory recommendations and requirements and

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MCCLUNG ON ASTM PROGRAM 11

on occasion, obsolete or inaccurate standards due to an inadequate base

of expertise There needs to be more standardization of NDT standards

ASTM offers a system for achieving technically valid, consensus standards

to meet any requirements.)

5 Be prompt in responding to requests for assistance or in recognizing

needs for new or improved standards (This is a necessary adjunct to the

previous recommendation for minimizing the number of parallel or

com-peting standards activities However an unrequited need encourages

pro-liferation and could lead to accusations of a lack of professional

respon-sibility.)

6 Be sure of the technical facts in the standards (The other papers in

this symposium will deal in detail with the needs and recommendations on

this subject and does not need further discussion here.)

ASTM Committee E-7 is recognized internationally as one of the leading

organizations for NDT standards With appropriate implementation of

these and other improvements, we can play an even greater role in assuring

that the best current technology is known, understood, and applied

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Israel Resnick'

International Nondestructive

Testing Standards

REFERENCE: Resnick, Israel, "International Nondestructive Testing Standards,"

Nondestructive Testing Standards—A Review, ASTM STP 624, Harold Berger, Ed.,

American Society for Testing and Materials, 1977, pp 12-21

ABSTRACT: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and its

objectives are described ISO Technical Committee (TC) 135 on Nondestructive Testing

is the committee responsible for developing nondestructive testing (NDT) standards

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is the United States member body

of ISO Its activities and organization are explained The scope and structure of ISO/

TC 135 is reviewed, as well as its liaison with a number of other TCs and

inter-national organizations having an interest in NDT standards The United States

participates in ISO/TC 135 through the activities of its Technical Advisory Group

(TAG) for ISO/TC 135 which also is ASTM Subcommittee E07.91, USA Committee

for ISO TC/135, of ASTM Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing Its

representa-tion, organizarepresenta-tion, operating procedures, and activities are reviewed The steps for

developing an ISO standard from the draft document in the working group through

its approval by ISO Council is covered The present status of ISO international

standards, draft ISO standards, and draft proposals in the NDT area are provided

The importance of international standards and their effect on trade and related

activities is covered briefly

KEY WORDS: nondestructive tests, standards, international relations

International Organization for Standardization

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is the

inter-national specialized agency for standardization Its objectives is

world-wide agreement on international standards with a view to the expansion

of trade, the improvement of quality, the increase of productivity, and

the lowering of costs The work of ISO involves the development of

inter-national standards in virtually every area of technology, except for

electro-technical standards which are the responsibility of the International

Electro-technical Commission (lEC), an affiliate of ISO

'Program administrator, American National Standards Institute, New York, N.Y 10018

12

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RESNICK ON INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 13

In 1975, the ISO membership consisted of the national standards bodies

of 63 countries, with 18 additional correspondent members A correspondent

member is normally an organization in a developing country A member

body of ISO is the national body "most representative of standardization

in its country." Although ISO is a nongovermental organization, more

than 70 percent of the ISO member bodies are either governmental

institu-tions or organizainstitu-tions incorporated by public law

Technical Work

The technical work of ISO is carried out through technical committees

(TC) The secretariats of the technical committees are assigned among the

member countries The scope of each committee is approved by the ISO

Council Within this scope, the committee determines its own program of

work The technical committee, in turn, may create subcommittees (SC)

and working groups (WG) to perform different aspects of the work A

working group is composed of individual experts and not national

dele-gates At the end of 1975, ISO had in existence 152 technical committees,

492 subcommittees, and 985 working groups

American National Standards Institute

The United States is represented in ISO by the American National

Stan-dards Institute (ANSI) It is the clearinghouse and coordinating agency

for voluntary standardization in the United States and is involved in

domestic and international standardization activities On the domestic

level, it approves a standard when it has received evidence that all parties

having a substantial interest in the scope and provisions of a particular

standard have been given an opportunity to participate in the standard's

development or to comment on its provisions ANSI also represents U S

interests in international standardization work carried out by such

non-treaty organizations as ISO, lEC, and Pacific Area Standards Congress

(PASC)

ANSI is a nonprofit corporation consisting of a federation of trade,

technical, professional, labor, and consumer organizations (organizationsil

members) and industrial and commercial firms (company members) In

addition, government agencies and their representatives participate in

domestic and international standardization activities

ISO/TC 135 on Nondestructive Testing

One of the areas of international standardization activity is ISO/TC

135 on Nondestructive Testing The scope of ISO/TC 135 is

"Standard-ization covering nondestructive testing as applied generally to

Trang 23

tional materials, components and assemblies, but excluding quality levels,

by means of: (a) glossary of terms, (b) methods of test, and (c) performance

specifications for testing equipment and ancillary apparatus, other than

specifications for electrical equipment and apparatus which fall within the

range of lEC Committees."

In order to develop nondestructive testing (NDT) standards, ISO/TC

135 was organized into 7 subcommittees, which are listed in Table 1 Also

shown is the acronym for the secretariat of each subcommittee Two of

the subcommittees are divided further into working groups When ISO/TC

135 was created in 1970, its secretariat originally was assigned to the

British Standards Institute (BSI) In 1974, the secretariat was accepted by

ANSI and reassigned to the United States

At the present time, ISO/TC 135 has a membership of 41 countries

consisting of 21 as " P " (or participating) members and 20 as " O " (or

observer) members In addition, it has estabHshed liaison with 17 other

ISO committees (internal Uaison) and with 8 other international

organiza-tions which are interested in NDT activities A list of these committees

and international organizations maintaining haison is given in Tables 2

and 3, respectively

United States Participation in ISO/TC 135

Participation by the United States in the activities of ISO/TC 135 is

organized through the U.S Technical Advisory Group (TAG) for ISO/TC

135 This group or TAG also is a subcommittee of the American Society

for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (Committee E07.91, USA Committee

for ISO TC/135) Its membership consists of representatives of ASTM

and other U.S organizations having an interest in NDT activities such as

American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), American Society

of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and Steel Founders Society of America

(SFSA), as well as representatives of government agencies such as the

National Bureau of Standards (NBS), the U.S Army, and the U.S Navy

The operating procedures of ANSI state that all organizations having

concern and competence in international standards for nondestructive

testing and who wish to participate are eligible to have representatives of

this TAG ASTM also has the responsibility of acting as administrator of

the USA TAG for ISO/TC 135 The principal function of the TAG is to

establish the U S position on ISO matters and documents within the

scope of ISO/TC 135 In most cases decisions are reached by mail ballot

or at meetings which are held two to three times a year Under exceptional

circumstances, when time limitations may not permit a formal canvass,

the chairman may make an informed decision as to the U S position

relative to any question before the TAG

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TABLE 1—Subcommittees oflSO/TC 135

Secretariat, Nondestructive Testing ANSI Standardization covering nondestructive testing as applied generally to constructional mate-

rials, components, and assemblies, but excluding quality levels, by means of:

(a) Glossary of terms,

(b) Methods of test, and

(c) Performance specifications for testing equipment and ancillary apparatus, other than

specifications for electrical equipment and apparatus which fall within the range of lEC

Committees

ANSI AFNOR ANSI ANSI DIN SIS UNI DIN DIN DIN AFNOR ANSI

NOTE—

AFNOR—Association Francaise de Normalisation

DIN—Deutsches Institut fUr Nofmung

SIS—Sveriges Standardiseringskommission

UNI—Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione (Italy)

In the case of the TAG for ISO/TC 135, its members also have another

important responsibility They provide advice and technical input

con-cerning the operation of secretariat activities ANSI is responsible for the

operation of the secretatiat of ISO/TC 135/SC 3 on Acoustical Methods

and SC 7 on Personnel Qualification ANSI in turn has assigned the

responsibility for conducting the SC 3 secretariat activities to ASTM and

the SC 7 secretariat activities to ASNT The TAG also establishes the U.S

position concerning agenda items for international meetings and has the

responsibility for selecting delegates to represent the United States at

international meetings of the technical committee, its subcommittees, and

working groups

Development of ISO Standards

The development of ISO standards usually begins at the working group

level An ISO WG is set up by the technical committee or subcommittee

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TABLE 2—/SO TCs in liaison with ISO/TC 135

Aircraft and Space Vehicles Cast Iron

Copper and Copper Alloys Photography

Welding Gas Cylinders Plastics Materials and Equipment for Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries

Light Metals and Alloys Nuclear Energy Metallic and Other Nonorganic Coatings Vacuum Technology

Powder Metallurgical Materials and Products Nickel and Nickel Alloys

Gas Analysis

Secretariat ANSI (USA) BSI (UK) BSI (UK) BSI (UK) DIN (Germany) ANSI (USA) AFNOR (France) BSI (UK) ANSI (USA) IRS (Romania) AFNOR (France) ANSI (USA) UNI (Italy) BSI (UK) SIS (Sweden)

s e c (Canada) AFNOR (France)

NOTE—

IRS—Institutul Roman de Standardizare

SCC—Standards Council of Canada

TABLE i—ISO/TC 135—NDT liaison with other international organizations

Abbreviation Name of International Organizations

CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

CCE Commission of the European Communities

ICNDT International Conference for Nondestructive Testing

lEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

IIW (IIS) International Institute of Welding

RILEM International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for

Materials and Structures

and comprises a restricted number of individually named specialists

nominated by P members Their objective is to develop one or more drafts

of standards within the WG scope Each working group has a leader or

convenor appointed by the parent committee to which he reports The

working group convenor, with the help of a secretariat is responsible for

the proper conduct of the work The documents used in the development

of an ISO draft document usually are national standards together with

related data or other national and international standards which are

avail-able Most of the work is done by correspondence Members of working

groups may correspond directly with each other and the convenor, since

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as working group members these experts are not national delegates and

can work informally However, the convenor may convene meetings of

the working group if questions cannot be resolved by correspondence

When the working group had developed a working draft that is

suffi-ciently complete, a draft proposal (DP) is prepared This document

represents the decision reached by a majority of the working group either

at a meeting or by mail ballot A copy of this draft is submitted to the

ISO Central Secretariat for registration as a draft proposal The Central

Secretariat allocates a number to the draft proposal which will remain the

same throughout the development stages of the document and for the

published international standard

Draft Proposal

The draft proposal (preferably in both English and French texts) is

circulated by the secretariat of the subcommittee or technical committee

for review and voting by the P members and for information to O

mem-bers and liaison organizations Together with the draft proposal, the

secretariat distributes an explanatory report or introductory note which

provides pertinent information concerning the development of the

docu-ment This may include documents used as a basis by the working group,

reference to data of test results, and information obtained in liaison with

other interested committees or international organizations In most cases

the consideration of a draft proposal is dealt with via correspondence, but

it may be discussed at a meeting The voting period for a first draft

pro-posal is approximately three months After the close of voting, the

secretariat distributes a summary of the voting results together with all

comments The secretariat also will distribute a report indicating the action

taken as a result of the comments received, and, if necessary, will

distrib-ute a further draft proposal The secretariat decides whether to consider

resolution of the comments If necessary, consideration of successive draft

proposals is continued until substantial support of the P members of the

technical committees has been obtained When this point has been reached

the document is ready for submittal as a draft international standard

Draft International Standard

The final text of the approved draft proposal (including the approved

changes, if any) is sent to the ISO Central Secretariat for registration and

distribution as a draft international standard (DIS) The English and

French texts then are reviewed and circulated by the Central Secretariat to

all members for approval within six months Copies also are sent to all

technical committees and international organizations in liaison with the

originating technical committee If the draft international standard has

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been adopted by a majority of the P members and has been approved by

75 percent of the members bodies voting, it can progress further

Other-wise, a revised draft may be prepared for further ballot and approval

After approval by the member bodies, the technical committee secretariat

decides if the comments concerning the document should be resolved by

correspondence or at a meeting Subsequently, the technical committee

secretariat prepares a report indicating the action taken on the technical

and other major comments made by member bodies (or interested

inter-national organizations) and if any objections have not been met, a

state-ment of the reasons This information, together with the revised text of

the draft and related documents, is sent to the ISO Central Secretariat

for submittal and acceptance by the ISO Council When approved by the

ISO Council as an International Standard, the document is published in

French and English texts

Status of ISO Documents on NDT

At present, we have three ISO international standards developed by

ISO/TC 135 These are

ISO 3057-1974 NDT—Metallographic Replica Techniques of Surface

Examination ISO 3058-1974 NDT—Aids to Visual Inspection—Selection of Low-

Power Magnifiers ISO 3059-1974 NDT—Method for Indirect Assessment of Black Light

Sources

In addition we have groups of documents at various stages of

develop-ment The following two documents have been balloted as draft

interna-tional standards and the comments are to be resolved

DIS 3452 NDT—Penetrant Method for Detection of Surface

Discon-tinuities (21 member bodies approved (5 with comments), 0 disapproved, 0 abstained)

DIS 3453 NDT—Penetrant Inspection—Means of Verification (23

member bodies approved (5 with comments), i disapproved (Austria), 1 abstained)

Seven draft proposals in English and French texts recently have been

distributed for review and ballot by the members of ISO/TC 135 The

com-pleted ballots and comments for the following are to be returned to the

ISOA"C 135 Secretariat by 1 July 1976

DP 5586 NDT—Practices for Checking Leak Tightness by means of a

Vacuum Chamber (6.6) ^

Mtem numbers refer to work items listed in the Program of Work of ISO/TC 135

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DP 5587 NDT—Locating of Leaks by Means of Compressed Air (6.7)

DP 5588 NDT—Testing for Leak Tightness by Means of

Helium-Part III—Locating of Leaks by Means of a Jet of Helium (6.8)

DP 5589 NDT—Testing for Leak Tightness by Means of

Helium-Part IV—Locating of Leaks by Means of Compressed lium—Suction Cup Method (6.9)

He-DP 5590 NDT—Testing for Leak Tightness by Accumulation and

Secretariat Drafts are being studied or being prepared for ballot at the

DP 5579 Basic Rules for Radiographic Examination of Metallic

Mate-rials by X- and Gamma Rays (5.1)

DP 5580 Specification for Radiograph Illuminators (5.2)

DP 5581 Recommended Factors for Testing by Impregnation with

Helium (6.1)

DP 5582 Testing for Leak Tightness Using Helium—Part I—Global

Methods in a Vacuum (6.2)

DP 5583 Testing for Leak Tightness Using Helium—Part II—Partial

Global Method (in a Pocket) (6.3)

DP 5584 Helium Testing in a Vacuum with Accumulation (6.4)

DP 5585 Location of Leak Areas Using Radioactive Tracers (Liquid

or Gas) (6.5) Other items of work which are being studied by the subcommittees and

working groups have not yet reached the stage where drafts can be registered

for ballot

It should be noted that ISO standards relating to NDT have been

pre-pared or may be in the process of preparation by other ISO Committees

Such documents pertain to specific areas of their work For example,

ISO/TC 44 on Welding has issued seven ISO standards and

recommenda-tions relating to NDT Typical examples are

ISO/R 947-1969 Recommended Practice for Radiographic Inspection

of Circumferential Fusion Welded Butt Joints in

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2 0 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING STANDARDS

Steel Pipes up to 50 mm (2 in) Wall Thickness ISO 2400-1972 Welds in Steel—Reference Block for the Calibration

of Equipment for Ultrasonic Examination Another example is ISO/TC 17 on Steel Its SC 2 on Steel casting has a

working group which will discuss the third draft proposal for an

inter-national standard for "Ultrasonic Inspection of Steel Castings" at its next

meeting in June 1976 Other international organizations such as the

In-ternational Institute of Welding (IIW) also have been involved in the

development of international standards As mentioned previously in

re-ferring to liaison activities, effective liaison between ISO/TC 135 and

other committees and international organizations will help minimize

du-plication of unnecessary work in standards development

International Meetings of ISO

The ISO Directives, in Par 4.4.1, state that "technical committees,

subcommittees, and working groups should work as much as possible by

correspondence." However, our experience has demonstrated the necessity

of holding meetings In April 1975, ISO/TC 135 held its 2nd Plenary

Meeting in Phildelphia At this meeting the creation of SC 7 on Personnel

Qualifications was approved As mentioned previously, the secretariat of

this subcommittee is held by the United States and administered by ASNT

Concurrently with the 1975 TC meeting, SC 3 on Acoustical Methods

held its first meeting where it reviewed its program of work and established

three working groups to carry out this work In October 1975, SC 1 on

Terminology and SC 5 on Radiation Methods met in Berlin to discuss

drafts of documents relating to items of their work

Significance of International Standards

Americans having an interest in foreign trade are aware of many of the

obstacles to doing business overseas These include problems relating to

tariffs, import quotas, freight rates, and financial impediments However,

one barrier to foreign trade that is not always obvious is the problem of

foreign, national, and international standards that have become nontariff

barriers to trade International standards that meet with U S approval

provide a means for U S participation in international trade ANSI

actions to strengthen international programs have been taken in

recogni-tion of the growing importance of internarecogni-tional standards to world trade

and world metrication Because these standards are adopted by many other

countries as the bases of product inspection, product approval, and

certifi-cation systems, they tend to govern product acceptance throughout the

world If U S industry does not meet them, it faces competitive

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disad-RESNICK ON INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 21

vantages in marketing its products or services Therefore, it is essential

that the United States participate in their development to ensure that they

incorporate the viewpoints of U S interests and recognize sound U S

standards and engineering practices

As mentioned previously, two major nongovernmental groups are

responsible for coordinating and approving a large part of the voluntary

international standards in use throughout the world, the ISO, and lEC

ANSI, with the support of its federated memberships, provides the

man-agement leadership, coordination, and the financial and administrative

support for effective participation in these organizations

Trang 31

R W Zillmann'

Nondestructive Testing Standards in

the ASME Boiler and Pressure

Vessel Code

REFERENCE: Zillmann, R W., "Nondestructive Testing Standards in the ASME

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code," Nondestructive Testing Standards—A Review,

ASTM STP 624, Harold Berger, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials,

1977, pp 22-29

ABSTRACT: Nondestructive testing (NDT) constitutes an important part of the

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section V deals exclusively witli

nondestruc-tive examination (NDE) This paper is a general description of all NDE methods

ref-erenced in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, the origin of specific standards

documented in other societies, adaptation, and modification of these standards to

meet ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code requirements, and selection of

ac-ceptance criteria by other sections of this Code The mechanism for implementing

revisions in order to keep abreast of technological advances is described briefly and

assessed

KEY WORDS: nondestructive tests, standards, coding theory

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers {ASME) Boiler and

Pressure Vessel Code (hereafter referred to as ASME Code) relies heavily

on various nondestructive testing (NDT) methods to assure the integrity

of a variety of vessels and components designed under one of several

sec-tions to meet specific condisec-tions of service Section V on Nondestructive

Examination (NDE) addresses itself solely to this subject and, Uke all

sec-tions, has a standing committee and numerous subgroups to keep it

up-to-date with rapidly changing technology

This paper will be confined to a general description of those NDE

methods referenced in the ASME Code, origin of specific standards

docu-ments in other societies, adaptation and modifications to meet ASME

Code requirements, and selection of acceptance criteria by other sections

Basically, it will be a guided tour through Section V with a few comments

'Technical director Steel Founders' Society of America, Rocky River, Ohio 44116

22

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ZILLMANN ON ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 23

and illustrations of specific examples to show how Section V fits into the

overall ASME Code, how current it is, and what changes are in the

making Since the entire ASME Code is in a perpetual state of flux, with

two addenda published annually, the latest triennial full revision, the 1974

Edition, will be used as the reference point

General Format of Section V

Section V contains requirements and methods for NDE, detailed in 16

articles, which become ASME Code requirements when referenced by the

other sections These methods are intended to detect surface and internal

discontinuities in materials, welds, and fabricated parts and components

Article 1 serves as an introduction and covers general requirements such

as manufacturer's examination responsibility, duties of the authorized

in-spector, written procedures, inspection and examination, and

qualifica-tion of personnel The balance of Secqualifica-tion V is organized into two

sub-sections, A and B, Appendix A (Glossary of Terms), Appendix B (SI

Units) and an Index Subsection A (Articles 2 to 10) defines the specific

NDE methods required by the ASME Code Subsection B (Articles 21 to

27) contains the basic standards, procedures, and recommended practice

documents for each of the NDE techniques as adopted from the American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

Subsection A on Nondestructive Methods of Examination takes up each

of the NDT methods separately and spells out the technique parameters

that must be applied These are generally limitations imposed on the

ref-erenced basic recommended practice documents listed in Subsection B

In some cases, extensive modifications, additions, or restrictions necessitated

by special ASME Code designs will be found here Subsection A

com-prises 8 articles (2 through 10) on radiographic, ultrasonic, liquid

pene-trant, magnetic particle, eddy current, and visual examination plus leak

testing

Subsection B on Documents Adopted by Section V consists of 7 articles

(21 through 27), which list by types of NDE the standard methods and

recommended practices as adopted from ASTM These documents, all

developed as concensus standards in ASTM committees, primarily

Com-mittee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing, plus a few from ComCom-mittee A-1

on Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and Committee B-7 on Light

Metals and Alloys, are reproduced here They differ only from the ASTM

versions in the designation, for example, ASTM E 94 becomes SE-94,

and ASTM A 609 becomes SA-609, etc and the addition of a subheading,

which calls attention to exceptions, modifications, and limitations on their

application The ASME Code requirements always supercede the SE, SA,

or SB document requirements

Section V also includes Appendix A, a glossary of terms used in NDE,

Trang 33

and Appendix B, a list of SI units and conversion factors for those units

commonly used in the ASME Code

Nondestructive Methods in Section V

Each of the NDE methods will be discussed separately to illustrate the

manner in which the documents in Subsection B must be modified by

the requirements in the appropriate article of Subsection A and,

subse-quently, their relationship with the referencing ASME Code section All

three sources of requirements must be integrated to satisfy the ASME

Code acceptance of a given component, vessel, or structure when NDE

is required

Radiographic Examination

The radiographic NDE method for the detection of internal

discon-tinuities is covered by Articles 2, 3, and 22 in Section V A list of the

ra-diographic standards of Article 22 are shown in Table 1 Three of these

TABLE I—Radiographic standards in Article 22

SE-71 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings up to 2 in (51 mm) in Thickness

SE-94 Recommended Practice for Radiographic Testing

SE-142 Standard Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing

SE-186 Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4'/2 in.) Steel

Castings SE-242 Standard Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radiographic

Images as Certain Parameters Are Changed SE-280 Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4'/2 to 12 in.)

Steel Castings SE-446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings up to 2 inches in Thickness

standards, SE-94, SE-142, and SE-242, delineate the radiographic

tech-nique and alternate methods for controlling its quality, respectively

Arti-cles 2 and 3 select those parameters, to two different levels of quality as

prescribed by the referencing design section of the ASME Code, for

ex-ample Section III, Nuclear Components, or Section VIII, Pressure

Ves-sels Additional requirements not covered in SE-94 and SE-142 also are

spelled out Article 2 applies to the highest quality of radiography, whereas

Article 3 permits greater latitude in film selection, lower film sensitivity,

and less complete documentation A prominent part of each article is a

table prescribing the penetrameter thickness and the acceptable hole

diam-eter for material thickness ranges from below V* through 20 in., together

with the identification of each penetrameter The table in Article 2

re-quires greater sensitivity than 3 Over the past year, ASME committees

Trang 34

have been at work to combine these two articles into a single article The

new article appears in the Winter 1975 Addenda to Section V

The other four standards in Article 22 are the reference radiograph

documents for steel castings for different ranges of material thickness

Each standard also is produced from several types of radiation sources

The internal discontinuity types (shrinkage, gas porosity, and nonmetallic

inclusions) are depicted by five graded illustrations of increasing severity

level The referencing ASME Code section establishes the acceptance

criteria on the basis of severity levels For example, steel castings in

Sec-tion III for Class 1 service must meet severity level 2 for all types of graded

discontinuities

It must be pointed up that ASTM Reference Radiographs for Steel

Castings up to 2 in in Thickness (E 71) has been obsolete for several years,

no longer appears in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, and is no

longer available It was replaced in 1972 by ASTM Reference Radiographs

for Steel Castings up to 2 in (51 mm) in Thickness (E 446), a much improved

document developed along the format of SE-186 and SE-280 When

ASTM Method E 446 was incorporated into Section V as SE-446, SE-71

should have been deleted within a reasonable time thereafter Having both

documents in the ASME Code results in unnecessary confusion by causing

SE-71 to continue to be referenced in new contracts It is time to strike it

officially from all sections of the ASME Code

On the other hand, there exists a reference radiograph standard in

ASTM that has not been recognized as yet by the ASME Code: ASTM

Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds (E 390) It was developed

originally by the Department of Defense primarily for use by the Navy in

ship construction It later was turned over to ASTM for expansion and

revision, which resulted in a three-volume document illustrating graded

and ungraded weld discontinuities paralleling the format of the casting

standards ASTM Method E 390 is rapidly gaining acceptance by industry

in general and deserves consideration for inclusion in the ASME Code

Ultrasonic Examination

Ultrasonic testing, also intended for the detection of internal

discon-tinuities, is covered by Articles 5 and 23 The 11 ultrasonic standards

originating in ASTM and adopted by the ASME Code are listed in Table

2; 5 are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7, 5 under ASTM

Committee A-1, and 1 under ASTM Committee B-7, Article 5 expands

on the basic ASTM standards by the addition of methods and addenda

to fill existing gaps in the ASTM documents One example is ASTM

Specification for Longitudinal-Beam Ultrasonic Inspection for Carbon

and Low-Alloy Steel Casting (A 609), which covers only straight beam

examination of steel castings The "addendum" to SA-609 in T-524.2

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TABLE 2—Ultrasonic standards in Article 23

SA-388 Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic Testing and Inspection of Heavy

Steel Forgings SA-435 Method and Specification for Longitudinal Wave Ultrasonic Inspection

of Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels SA-577 Standard Specification for Ultrasonic, Angle Beam Inspection of Steel

Plates SA-578 Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Uhrasonic Examination of

Plain and Clad Steel Plates for Special Applications SA-609 Standard and Specification for Longitudinal Beam Ultrasonic Inspection

of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Castings SB-548 Standard Method for Ultrasonic Inspection of Aluminum Alloy Plate

for Pressure Vessels SE-113 Recommended Practice for Uhrasonic Testing by the Resonance Method

SE-114 Recommended Practice for Uhrasonic Testing by the Reflection Method

Using Pulsed Longitudinal Waves Induced by Direct Contact SE-213 Standard Method for Uhrasonic Inspection of Metal Pipe and Tubing

for Longitudinal Discontinuities SE-214 Recommended Practice for Immersed Ultrasonic Testing by the Reflection

Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal Waves SE-273 Standard Method for Ultrasonic Inspection of Longitudinal and Spiral

Welds of Welded Pipe and Tubing

covers angle beam examination of steel castings Similarly, T-525 covers

ultrasonic examination of bolts and studs, which has no counterpart in

ASTM Other examples are the ultrasonic examination of welds by both

the straight beam and angle beam methods, the examination of weld

de-posited cladding, and examination for thickness determination by either

the pulse-echo orTesonance methods

Liquid Penetrant Examination

The liquid penetrant method for the detection of discontinuities open

to the surface of ferrous and nonferrous materials is detailed in SE-165,

Article 24 (Table 3) Further refinements and modifications to SE-165

are given in Article 6 A recent revision of E-165 more closely conforms

TABLE i—Liquid penetrant standards in Article 24

SE-165 Standard Methods for Liquid Penetrant Inspection

SE-270 Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Liquid Penetrant Inspection

to the provisions of Article 6 and eventually will result in a revision of

that article In the absence of a visual standard of graded indications,

the referencing ASME Code sections verbally describe the acceptance

criteria of the several types of indications

Trang 36

Magnetic Particle Examination

The magnetic particle method is intended for detection of cracks and

other linear discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials Sensitivity is

great-est for surface discontinuities and falls off rapidly with depth below the

surface Article 25 (Table 4 lists standards SE-109 for the dry powder

method and SE-138 for the wet method Other provisions and

param-eters are defined in Article 7

TABLE 4—Magnetic particle standards in Article 25

SE-109 Standard Method for Dry Powder Magnetic Particle Inspection

SE-138 Standard Method for Wet Magnetic Particle Inspection

SE-269 Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Magnetic Particle Inspection

Acceptance criteria are defined in the referencing design sections of the

ASME Code For several years, conflicting acceptance standards have

existed for steel castings in Sections III and VIII Section III, NB 2545.3,

considers linear indications less than 1/16 in long as irrelevant and sets

limits of indication length for three ranges of material thickness By

com-parison Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix VII, UA 82 (3) permits no

linear indications (hot tears and cracks) This is virtually impossible

to achieve and, hence, an unrealistic requirement A finite measurement

minimum length must be established, such as the Nuclear Section has done

It should be noted that Section VIII references ASTM Reference

Photo-graphs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous Castings (E 125)

and sets reasonable acceptance criteria for nonlinear discontinuities such

as shrinkage, inclusions, chills and chaplets, and porosity Since ASTM

Method E 125 is referenced in a design section, it seems appropriate that

it should also be listed in Article 25, Section V, but for some reason it

is not

Eddy Current Examination

The eddy current method of flaw detection is covered by Article 8 and

the four ASTM standards listed in Article 26 (Table 5) This is a relatively

new method with many more documents in various stages of development

in ASTM Committee E-7

Visual Examination

Article 9 prescribes the required criteria for visual examination to

de-termine such things as the surface condition of a part, alignment of mating

surfaces, shape, or evidence of leaking Access, lighting, and angles of

Trang 37

TABLE S—Eddy current standards in Article 26

SE-215 Recommended Practice for Standardizing Equipment for Electromagnetic

Testing of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube SE-243 Tentative Recommended Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current)

Testing of Seamless Copper and Copper-Alloy Heat Exchanger and Condenser Tubes

SE-268 Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Electromagnetic Testing

SE-309 Tentative Recommended Practice for Eddy Current Testing of Steel

Tubular Products with Magnetic Saturation

vision are important factors in performing either direct or remote visual

examination, depending on existing conditions When this article is

in-voked by a referencing design section, the visual examination must be

done to a written procedure and the results of the examination

incorpor-ated into a written report

Leak Testing

Article 10 covers the requirements and methods for the performance of

leak testing using Gas and Bubble Testing, the Halogen Diode Detector,

the Helium Mass Spectrometer Reverse Probe (Sniffer), and the Helium

Mass Spectrometer Hood methods It is not a detailed procedure, but is

intended to provide the basis for the development of such procedures by

the manufacturer Only recently has ASTM addressed itself to the

de-velopment of leak testing standards and only two have been adopted by

the ASME Code, Article 27 (Table 6)

TABLE 6—Leak testing standards in Article 27

SE-425 Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Leak Testing

SE-432 Standard Recommended Guide for the Selection of a Leak Testing Method

Personnel Qualification

Any NDE is dependent upon the ability of a person to conduct the test

properly and to be able to interpret the results In an effort to assure that

adequately trained and experienced NDT personnel are used, the ASME

Code requires that they be qualified to meet the requirements of

SNT-TC-IA Recommended Practice for Qualification and Certification of

NDT personnel This document was developed by the American Society

for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) and was revised in 1975 to cover seven

methods of NDT There has been and is considerable controversy

con-cerning the adequacy of SNT-TC-IA Suffice it to say, that the ASME

Code enables manufacturers to verify the competence of NDT personnel

through a system of audits

Trang 38

ZILLMANN ON ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 2 9

Conclusion

The ASME Code makes extensive use of NDT methods in order to

as-sure freedom from failure of vessels, components, and structures designed

to its rules Although the ASME Code traditionally has been slow to

change, it is moving more rapidly to adopt advances in NDT technology

which usually are initiated in ASTM documents Even so, there is

gen-erally a lag of at least a year as the proposed ASTM revisions or new

documents move through the many ASME Code committees

Unfortu-nately, too, there still exist inconsistencies between ASME Code sections

involving interpretation of NDT results for comparable applications

Gradually, these are being eliminated

Trang 39

C H Hastings'

Military Standards for

Nondestructive Tests

REFERENCE: Hastings, C H., "Military Standards for Nondestructive Tests,"

Nondestructive Testing Standards—A Review, ASTM STP 624, Harold Berger, Ed.,

American Society for Testing and Materials, 1977, pp 30-37

ABSTRACT: The growth of nondestructive testing (NDT) technology, its control

documentation, application philosophy, and management of its specifications tree are

traced from 1920 to the present The status of military documents on NDT relative to

the technology is discussed, inadequacies are defined, and problems resulting from the

gap are listed Although the technology has grown far beyond the scope of coverage

in military specifications and standards, this situation can be remedied by the several

approaches which are suggested Three recommendations are made as a suggested

optimum, implementable, solution

KEY WORDS: nondestructive tests, standards, quality control, specifications,

management, military procurement, test applications

Introduction and History

This paper is concerned with the documents by which nondestructive

tests (NDT) are defined and controlled for use in acceptance inspection by

the Department of Defense (DOD) Of the 39 documents included in a

1973 survey/ 22 are standards and 17 are specifications According to the

Defense Standardization ManuaP "a Specification is a document intended

primarily for use in procurement and which describes the essential

techni-cal requirements for the (NDT) procedures by which it will be

deter-mined that requirements for the procured item will be met A Standard is

' Materials engineer Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Mass

02172

'Meister, R P., Flora, J H., Mitchell, D K., Rhoten, M L., and Queen, R L.,

"Pro-gram Analysis, Standardization Area Assignment for Nondestructive Testing and

Inspec-tion," Final Report to the Department of the Army, Army Materials and Mechanics

Re-search Center, from Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, 10 Sept 1973

'"Standardization Policies, Procedures, and Instructions," Defense Standardization

Manual, 4120.3M, Jan 1972

30

Trang 40

HASTINGS ON MILITARY STANDARDS 31

primarily to serve the needs of designers and to control variety It

estab-lishes engineering and technical limitations and applications for (NDT)."

Of course, standards also include physical hardware used for calibration

of test apparatus, pictorial standards used to define acceptance limits, or

base line numerical standards for a variety of NDT applications With no

intent to reopen the semantics discussion, this paper will discuss

docu-ments, specifications and standards

The U.S Army and Navy were pioneers of NDT development in the

1920 to 1930 decade Then, as now, the fallibility of human industrial

operations led to the desire for better inspection to minimize critical

fail-ures in our national defense machinery Development of industrial

radi-ography in the United States began at Watertown Arsenal (Dr H H

Lester) in 1922 and led to the first military specification for that method

around 1935, It was called Radiographic Inspection, Army Experimental

Specification (AXS)-476 Also, in the 1920s, Major William Hoke of the

Army, working in the National Bureau of Standards on gage blocks of

improved dimensional stability, discovered the magnetic particle test

method This method, developed by Prof A V deForest of

Massa-chusetts Institute of Technology, was explored actively and used by the

Army and Navy during the 1930s Military specifications for magnetic

particle tests first appeared in the early 1940s, prepared by the Army Air

Corps/Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (wet technique) and the Navy Bureau

of Ordnance and Army Ordnance (dry powder technique) Dr R F

Mehl, Naval Research Laboratory, pioneered gamma ray radiography

using radium in the later 1920s, leading to its use in shipyards during the

1930s By the late 1930s to early 1940s, mihtary specifications for

radi-ography and magnetic particle were in evidence and proliferating in all

branches of the military for specific applications The recognition of the

need for different requirements generated separate specifications and

standard radiographs for ship welds, cast armor, welded gun mounts,

air-craft castings, and other products Similar expansion of the number of

specifications was evident in the magnetic particle testing area for

differ-ing needs

In 1944, a meeting was held at Watertown Arsenal to attempt

consoli-dation of the growing list of NDT specifications within the Army and

Navy The joint Army-Navy specifications era had arrived (JAN

speci-fications) At these meetings, it became apparent that the technologists

could consoHdate and agree on the technology, but they remained

di-vided on the procurement management aspects of NDT The Army Air

Corps and Navy Bureau of Aeronautics emerged on one side of the

de-bate and the rest of the Army and Navy on the other Obviously,

air-craft were designed primarily by the airair-craft industry because of the

con-tinuity of its interest in peacetime and war However, guns, tanks, ships,

etc., were designed and specified by the military so that their technology

Tiêu đề	Nondestructive Testing Standards— A Review
Tác giả	Harold Berger, John Aman, E. I. DuPont De Nemours And Co., R. T. Anderson, James Borucki, Richard Buckley, Lance Burgess, D. L. Conn, T. D. Cooper, E. L. Criscuolo, Donald Eitzen, T. J. Flaherty, R. B. Johnson, Tracy McFarlan, R. B. Moyer, W. C. Plumstead, Jane Wheeler, R. W. Zillman
Người hướng dẫn	Harold Berger, Editor
Trường học	University of Washington
Chuyên ngành	Nondestructive Testing
Thể loại	Bài báo
Năm xuất bản	1976
Thành phố	Gaithersburg

Định dạng
Số trang	355
Dung lượng	5,05 MB