Designation E2996 − 15 Standard Guide for Workforce Education in Nanotechnology Health and Safety1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2996; the number immediately following the desig[.]
Trang 1Designation: E2996−15
Standard Guide for
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1 Scope
1.1 This guide provides guidelines for basic workforce
education in health and safety topics related to nanotechnology,
to be taught at an undergraduate college level This education
should be broad to prepare an individual to work safely within
one of the many areas in nanotechnology research,
development, or manufacturing The individual so educated
may be involved in material handling, manufacture,
distribution, storage, use, or disposal of nanoscale materials
1.2 This guide may be used to develop or evaluate an
education program for health and safety issues in the
nano-technology field This guide provides listings of key topics that
should be covered in a nanotechnology education program on
this subject, but it does not provide specific course material to
be used in such a program This approach is taken in order to
allow workforce education entities to ensure their programs
cover the required material while also enabling these
institu-tions to tailor their programs to meet the needs of their local
employers
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard No other units of measurement are included in this
standard
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the
applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use The immediate and
long term hazards, if any, of many nanomaterials are unknown.
This guide does not address concerns with consumer usage and
eventual disposal of products that contain nanomaterials.
1.5 This guide may not cover knowledge and skill
objec-tives applicable to local conditions or required by local
regulations
2 Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
E2456Terminology Relating to Nanotechnology
2.2 ISO Standards:3
ISO/TS 27687Nanotechnologies—Terminology and Defini-tions for Nano-Objects—Nanoparticle, Nanofibre, and Nanoplate
3 Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms related to nanotechnology in general, refer to Terminology E2456and ISO/TS 27687
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1 nanomaterial, n—material with any external
dimen-sion in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale
3.2.2 nanoscale, adj—having one or more dimensions from
approximately 1 to 100 nanometres (nm)
3.2.3 nanomanufacturing, n—fabrication of nanomaterial or
the incorporation of nanomaterials into other products
4 Significance and Use
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide a basic educa-tional structure in the health and safety aspects of nanotech-nology to organizations developing or carrying out education programs for the nanotechnology workforce This guide helps
to describe the minimum knowledge base for anyone involved
in nanomanfacturing or nanomaterials research
4.2 The basic education should prepare an individual for varied roles in the nanotechnology workplace The material in this guide may require a post-secondary two-year science or technology background to be understood sufficiently Depth on the topics should be sufficient to transfer between various
1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E56 on
Nanotech-nology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E56.07 on Education and
Workforce Development.
Current edition approved Jan 1, 2015 Published March 2015 DOI: 10.1520/
E2996-15.
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch de
la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Trang 2applications of nanotechnology such as nanomaterial
fabrication, nanomaterial characterization, nanolithography
and patterning
4.3 Nanoscale materials might present unique health and
environmental hazards due to their unique properties The
hazards, if any, presented by nanomaterials can be very
different from those presented by bulk/macroscopic materials
4.4 Because nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field,
the individual educated in nanotechnology needs to be
cogni-zant of changing and evolving safety procedures and practices
Individuals should be aware of how to keep current on the
technology, and have a base education that enables synthesis of
emerging safety procedures and practices
5 Course Content
5.1 The minimum recommended course content for
work-force education in nanotechnology health and safety should
include education on known and potential health risks, safe
work practice in the nanotechnology workplace,
nanotechnol-ogy and general laboratory safety, and understanding of Safety
Data Sheets (SDSs)
HEALTH ISSUES
5.2 The unique properties of nanomaterials generally are not
reflected on current SDS documentation The list of health
issues noted in this guide is not meant to be an exhaustive list
of all possible health issues, but rather a list of the minimum
issues that must be considered
5.3 Define health issues:
5.3.1 Acute exposure
5.3.2 Chronic exposure
5.3.3 Irritant
5.3.4 Mutagen
5.3.5 Teratogen
5.3.6 Carcinogen
5.3.7 Sensitizers
5.3.8 Asphyxiation
5.4 Define novel properties and behaviors of nanomaterials:
5.4.1 Awareness of size and shape of materials
5.4.2 Reactivity based on size:
5.4.2.1 Impact of shape on reactivity
5.4.2.2 Agglomeration state
5.4.2.3 Solubility
5.4.2.4 Bioactivity
5.4.2.5 Fire and explosion risks
5.4.3 Frequently used nanomaterials:
5.4.3.1 Carbon based materials such as carbon black,
fullerenes, carbon nanotubes
5.4.3.2 Metal oxides:
(1) Forms of titanium dioxide.
(2) Forms of zinc oxide.
(3) Forms of silicon dioxide.
5.4.3.3 Metallic nanoparticles:
(1) Gold nanoparticles.
(2) Silver nanoparticles.
5.4.3.4 Quantum dots
5.4.3.5 Other nanostructured particles
5.5 Identify exposure paths for nanoparticle interaction:
5.5.1 Inhalation
5.5.2 Ingestion
5.5.3 Dermal
HEALTH CONCERNS RELATED TO PROCESSING
TOOLS COMMONLY USED IN NANOMANUFACTURING
5.6 High-voltage/high-current fields
5.7 Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
5.8 Thermal (infrared)
5.9 Ultraviolet
5.10 X-ray
5.11 High vacuum
5.12 Inert gasses under pressure
5.13 Chemical exposure
SAFE WORK PRACTICE IN LABORATORIES UTILIZING NANOTECHNOLOGY OR IN THE NANOMANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT, OR
BOTH
5.14 Current best practices or case studies on work practices, or both
5.15 Current knowledge of nanomaterial exposure levels established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), etc
5.16 Prevention through design
5.17 Process Safety Management (PSM)
5.18 Hazard evaluation
5.19 Risk assessment
5.20 Hazard mitigation
5.21 Hierarchy of hazard control:
5.21.1 Elimination
5.21.2 Substitution
5.21.3 Engineering controls
5.21.4 Administrative controls
5.21.5 Personal protective equipment (PPE)
5.22 PPE specific to nanomanufacturing:
5.22.1 Respirators:
5.22.1.1 Various types
5.22.1.2 Ability to screen material
5.22.1.3 Proper use
5.22.2 Dust collection efficiency of filters
5.22.3 Cleanup and disposal of unbound nanoparticles 5.22.4 Spill management
5.22.5 Industrial hygiene
5.23 Fire extinguishers
5.24 Safety showers
5.25 Eye wash stations
5.26 PPE specific to handling and research
Trang 35.27 Wet bench safety guidelines.
5.28 Glove box safety guidelines
5.29 Bottled gas safety procedures
5.30 Vacuum systems safety procedures
5.31 Toxic gas alarm technology
5.32 Gas abatement systems and regulations
ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
5.33 Current Best Practices or Case Studies on
Environ-mental Stewardship, or Both:
5.33.1 Pollution abatement devices:
5.33.1.1 In air
5.33.1.2 In water
5.33.2 Nanomaterial abatement techniques:
5.33.2.1 Converting nanomaterials to safer forms
5.33.3 Proper disposal of nanomaterials
UNDERSTANDING SAFETY DATA SHEETS
5.34 Identification
5.35 Hazard(s) identification
5.36 Composition/information on ingredients
5.37 First aid measures
5.38 Fire-fighting measures
5.39 Accidental release measures
5.40 Handling and storage
5.41 Exposure controls/personal protection
5.42 Physical and chemical properties
5.43 Stability and reactivity
5.44 Toxicological information
5.45 Ecological information
5.46 Disposal considerations
5.47 Transport information
5.48 Regulatory information
5.49 Other information, including date of preparation or last revision
6 Keywords
6.1 education; health; nanomaterial; nanoparticle; nanotech-nology; safety
RELATED MATERIAL
American Chemical Society, “Identifying and Evaluating Hazards in
Research Laboratories,” September 2013, Online, Available: http://
www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/about/governance/committees/
chemicalsafety/identifying-and-evaluating-hazards-in-research-laboratories-draft.pdf.
ASTM International, ASTM E2535-07(2013), “Standard Guide for
Han-dling Unbound Engineered Nanoscale Particles in Occupational
Settings,” Online, Available: http://www.astm.org/Standards/
E2535.htm.
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, “Workplace Exposure to
Nanoparticles,” June 2009, Online, Available: https://osha.europa.eu/
en/publications/literature_reviews/workplace_exposure_to_
nanoparticles/view.
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 2009-125, “Approaches to Safe
Nano-technology: Managing the Health and Safety Concerns Associated with
Engineered Nanomaterials,” Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, March 2009, Online, Available: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
docs/2009-125.
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 2012-147, “General Safe Practices for
Working with Engineered Nanomaterials in Research Laboratories,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, May 2012, Online, Available: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-147/pdfs/2012-147.pdf.
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 2014-102, “Current Strategies For Engineering Controls In Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes,” Centers for Disease Controland Prevention, November 2013, Online, Available: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/ 2014-102/pdfs/2014-102.pdf.
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 2014-106, “Protecting the Nanotechnol-ogy Workforce,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Decem-ber 2013, Online, Available: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-106 International Organization for Standardization, ISO/TR 12885: Nanotechnologies—Health and Safety Practices in Occupational Set-tings Relevant to Nanotechnologies.
International Organization for Standardization, ISO/TR 27628: Workplace Atmospheres—Ultrafine, Nanoparticle, and Nanostructured Aerosols— Inhalation Exposure Characterization and Assessment.
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