Biện pháp quản lý về hợp tác đào tạo nghề giữa các trường cao đẳng và doanh nghiệp ở tỉnh vĩnh phúc cơ sở cho việc cải thiện

Review of literatures and studies 9 Types of partnership between Enterprises and Colleges 17 Influences of partnership between Colleges and Enterprises on improving quality of Vocationa

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam Republic of the Philippines

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN SELECTED COLLEGES AND ENTERPRISES IN VINHPHUC PROVINCE: BASES FOR IMPROVING THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS

A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School

Southern Luzon State University, Lucban, Quezon, Philippines in Collaboration

with Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Management

NGUYEN TIEN TUNG (TRUDY)

Thai Nguyen, 2014

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in

Education al Management program, this research study entitled Management practices on vocational training partnerships between selected Colleges and Enterprises in Vinhphuc province: Bases for improving the vocational training and industry relationships has been submitted by Nguyen Tien Tung (Trudy) and is hereby recommended for oral examination

PROF Dr WALBERTO A MACARAAN

Dean, Graduate School Ed.D Vice President, Academic Affairs

Date _

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

In grateful recognition and sincerest thanks for the encouragement, guidance and unselfish sharing of their knowledge, time, effort and skills, and for the untiring motivation that leads to the completion of this study, the Researcher acknowledges the following:

DR CECILIA N GASCON, Ph.D., President of the Southern Luzon State University in the Republic of the Philippines, for her untiring effort and belief that this collaboration is possible thus enabling us to pursue the Ed.D degree;

DR DANG XUAN BINH, Ph.D., Director of the International Training Center, Thai Nguyen University of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, for his enormous pursuit to provide the Vietnamese people an opportunity to grow through education;

DR WALBERTO A MACARAAN, Ed.D., his adviser, for guidance and endless support for the improvement of this study

ITC STAFF, for providing the necessary research materials;

ADMINISTRATIVE CHIEF AND STAFF, PRINCIPAL OF COLLEGES IN VINHPHUC PROVINCE, ENTERPRISES MANAGMENTS my Respondents, for their patience and cooperation in answering the questionnaire and for other data given;

MY FAMILY and FRIENDS, for the love and support in one way or the other; and TO ALL who have contributed to make this study a success

Nguyen Tien Tung (Trudy)

DEDICATION

This research is healthfully dedicated to my family and to all my relatives, my colleagues, friends, classmates, administrators, staffs

and employees for Colleges in Vinhphuc province

Nguyen Tien Tung (Trudy)

Chapter II Review of literatures and studies 9

Types of partnership between Enterprises and Colleges 17

Influences of partnership between Colleges and

Enterprises on improving quality of Vocational training 22

Factors influence on partnership between Colleges and

Management activities to strengthen partnership with

Title page Page

Cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises in

Assessment about quality of graduate students in Colleges 53

Positive effectiveness and what advantages that Colleges

and students got from the cooperation between Colleges

Factors influence on partnership between Colleges and

Assess about management activities of the Colleges in

Vinhphuc to enhance cooperation between Colleges and

Testing a significance differences in the perceived by the 2

groups of respondents (Colleges and Enterprises) about

management activities of the cooperation between

Proposed formation measures to strengthen the

cooperation between Colleges in Vinhphuc and

Chapter 5 Summary, Findings, Conclusions and

Title page Page

LIST OF FIGURES

2.2

Colleges and Enterprises are independent units

2.3 College is a part of Enterprises model 18

2.4 Enterprises is a part of College model 20

2.5 Training Cooperation in parallel method 21

2.7 Training cooperation in succession method 21

3.3 Location of respondent Enterprises in Hanoi city 34

3.4 Location of respondent Enterprises in Bacninh

LIST OF TABLES

3.3 Ratting scale for respondent's perception 37

3.4 Type of data and methods of gatherning and

4.1 Frequency Distribution Profile of Principal and Management Staff as Indicated by Age,

Gender, and Education Attainment and Position

41

4.2

Frequency Distribution Profile of College as Indicated by Year of Foundation, Number of training course, Number of teacher, The number

of graduate student, The number of current student

43

4.3

Frequency Distribution Profile of Enterprice management's Respondent as Indicated by Age, Gender, and Education attainment and Position

45

4.4

Frequency Distribution Profile of College as Indicated by Year of foundation, Mode of Enterprises, Fields of manufacture, Labor resource

49

4.6

Frequency Distribution of Enterprises and Colleges

as Indicated by model, method and level cooperate between Enterprises and College

50

4.7

Mean Distribution of Responses on the level of quality on graduated students of Vinh Phuc Colleges

4.9 Mean Distribution of Responses on the what

advantages that Colleges and students got from

56

Tables Title Page

the cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises

4.10

Mean Distribution of Responses on the existing level of the which of the following factors effected on the current cooperation between Collegess and Enterprises

59

4.11

Mean Distribution of Responses on the level of following management activities are cooperated between Colleges and Enterprises

72

ABSTRACT

This dissertation with the title "MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN SELECTED COLLEGES AND ENTERPRISES IN VINHPHUC PROVINCE: BASES FOR IMPROVING THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS" The study's objective is to indicate models, methods, management activities of partnership between Colleges and Enterprises, factors that influence on partnership between Colleges and Enterprises; make evaluation of the present vocational training quality of Colleges in Vinhphuc and take a census of the actual situation of partnership between Colleges and Enterprises and how it influences the vocational training quality

This study reviews operational status of relationships between Colleges and Enterprises in Vinhphuc province through groups such as the basic criterion to determine the real situation and management activities for cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises in Vinhphuc province This study used methods of descriptive statistics, the method of comparison statistics and analysis of variance through the selection of three respondents, they are Enterprises, Colleges in Vinhphuc province and State management Research has shown that the typies of cooperation between Enterprises with Colleges in Vinhphuc The researcher tries to study theories and facts, propose management practices in order to strengthen cooperation between Enterprises and Colleges in Vinhphuc province to improve VT quality

Null Hypothesis test results also show that there is no significance differences

in the perceived by the 2 groups of respondents (Colleges and Enterprises) about management activities of the cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises

Chapter I INTRODUCTION

Vietnam is in the initial process of socio - economic development strategy of 2011-2020 stage to become an industrialization country In order to attain sustainable economic growth, Vietnam’s considerable attention is being paid to 3 main factors: applying new technology, developing infrastructure, enhancing human resource quality, of which through vocational training (VT) Hence, developing and raising VT quality is an indispensable request, demand of the country for enhancing human resource quality and raising competition capacity of the economy in general

Throughout the times, as VT in Vietnam has been considered by both the society and the Government in terms of financial investment and other resources, it has accomplished encouraging achievements, step by step met the demand of labor through VT for different economic sectors As shown in followings:

Vietnam Government has built comprehensive and united law system on vocational education (consisting of VT law and related legal documents), established the practice-driven VT system at 3 official levels: primary level, secondary level and College level

Vocational education network is relatively properly expanded and allocated among industries, localities, regions and areas In 2011, nationwide there were 136 VT Colleges, 308 secondary VT Colleges; 849 VT centers and over 1.000 others institutions (workshops, Enterprises etc.) taking part in VT

The total number of enrolment in VT increases from 887.3 thousands in 2001 to 1.860 millions in 2011

Significant investment has been made into developing favorable conditions for

VT, such as VT teachers (in 2010, there were about 35.000 VT teachers - increase 4 times compared with 2001); developing VT curricula, infrastructure, equipments for

VT institutions (VTI) Since 2008, VT accreditation and worker’s occupational skill assessment has been implemented The system of criteria, standards and procedure for accreditation has been issued About 70% graduates are employed or self-employ right after graduation, this rate obtains over 90% in some occupations and in some VTIs

Resources for VT is diversified, where the national budget holds key role (accounting for about 60%) National budget for VT increases yearly (4,9% and 9% of total national budget for education and training respectively in 2001 and in 2010)

However, there remains some limits in Vietnam VT:

Although VT quality has been improved, it fails to meet the demand of labor market, in terms of occupational skills and soft skills such as industrial style, team-working There remains a big gap between Vietnamese workers and those in developed countries in the world and in the region in terms of occupational skills and capability

Level-based and occupation-based training structure is not very suitable, irrelevant to the demand of human resource of each industry, each locality; hasn’t met the demand of high quality technical human resource for production and labor market Favorable condition for ensuring quality in VT is still insufficient; vocation teachers are insufficient in quantity and quality

Strong partnership between Enterprises and VTIs has not been established Participation of Enterprises in VT is still passive, Enterprises have not been considered one of the entities in VT activity by written documents However, a strong and institutionalized partnership between Enterprises and VTIs has not been established Participation of Enterprises in VT is very passive, there lacks of important legal documents and regulation speculating business community and its role as one related partner in VT

Depending upon above-mentioned fact and the researcher’s ability, the study’s main purpose is to study and clarify the managing practices contributing to strengthen the partnership between Colleges and Enterprises in VT in Vinhphuc province

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Vinhphuc is a province located in the Northern Key Economic Region of Vietnam, next to Thai Nguyen province and Tuyen Quang to the North, and to Phu Tho province to the West, and to Hanoi capital to the East and the South The province has natural area of 1.230,98 km2, average population of 2008 is 1.014,5 thousands The growth rate is always at high level among the provinces of Red River Delta and

The Northern Key Economic Region, much higher than national growth rate The province’s education and training has been strengthened to meet the demand for educated labor for socio-economic development and people’s educational demand

Now, there are 4 universities and 7 Colleges in the Vinhphuc province Vinhphuc’s VT has developed recently both in the number of training places and the number of trained people in Vinhphuc However, almost VTI in Vinhphuc have rather low training quality A lot of graduated people don’t satisfy the job’s requirement Vinhphuc’s VT systems have helped to train workers for socio-economic development, to enhance people’s living standard Nevertheless, there are some shortcomings of VT beside achievements, as follow: it is lack of infrastructure of Colleges, classrooms, equipments for teaching and learning; teachers’ qualification is

at medium; VT system hasn’t met the demand of labor market of training levels and training scale VT is not really relevant to labor market

Generally, according to employers’ evaluation after employing the students: most of graduated students can’t start professional work at once; they themselves can’t make studying plans to fulfill themselves in working; they have insufficient or even they have not soft necessary skills for the assigned job They have insufficient knowledge of career standards, professional working requirements and easily discouraged when facing difficulties, insufficient sense of learning

Above fact shows that the VT in Colleges haven’t met the requirement of the employers; Colleges haven’t related to society, training hasn’t attached with usage There are many reasons are different but I think one of the most important reasons is insufficient relation between Colleges and Enterprises in training career Proposed Training Formation program mostly based on their ability but they don’t care correlative demand curve of the Enterprises This leads to unbalance supply-demand in scale, structure and especially quality causing big waste and ineffective training It can

be said that, attachment between training and usage, Colleges and society tend to increase with transformation into market mechanism Nevertheless, it is still insufficient that training outputs haven’t met the socio-economic development, the demand of employers The reasons are varied, of which there the reasons rising from the trainers, employers and society

Based on theory, the researcher tries to study theories and facts, propose management practices in order to strengthen cooperation between Enterprises and Colleges in Vinhphuc province to improve VT quality

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study's objective is to indicate models, methods, management activities of partnership between Colleges and Enterprises, factors that influence on partnership between Colleges and Enterprises; make evaluation of the present vocational training quality of Colleges in Vinhphuc and take a census of the actual situation of partnership between Colleges and Enterprises and how it influences the vocational training quality Base on the discovery of the study, the research have suggested management measures to strengthen partnership between Colleges and Enterprises

Specifically, it have sought to find out the following:

1 Identify the profile of the respondents in term of:

1.1 Principal and management staff of Colleges:

1.1.1 Age 1.1.2 Gender 1.1.3 Educational Attainment 1.2 Colleges:

1.2.1 Years of foundation 1.2.2 Number of training course 1.2.3 Number of teachers

1.2.4 The number of students (present) 1.2.5 The number of graduate students 1.3 Enterprises:

1.3.1 Years of foundation 1.3.2 Mode of Enterprises 1.3.3 Fields of manufacture

1.3.4 Number of labor resource

2 Find out the models, methods and levels of cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises in vocational training in Vinhphuc:

2.1 Model of cooperation 2.2 Method of cooperation 2.3 Level of cooperation

3 Assess about quality of graduate students from Colleges and positive effectiveness and what advantages that Colleges and students got from the cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises in training

4 Evaluate the factors that affect the cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises, in which factors may have done well and which factors need to be improved

5 Assess about management activities of the Colleges in Vinhphuc to enhance cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises in training

6 There is significance differences in the perceived about management activities of the cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises

7 Proposed formation measures to strengthen the cooperation between Colleges in Vinhphuc and Enterprises in vocational training

NULL HYPOTHESIS

There is no significance differences in the perceived by the 2 groups of respondents (Colleges and Enterprises) about management activities of the cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study attempting to know the influence of management activities to strengthen cooperation between Enterprises and selected Colleges in Vinhphuc which would be beneficial to the following:

Colleges’ Administrators It is hoped that the study may contribute in giving

some new management activities for Colleges’ administrators in strengthening

partnership with Enterprises to improve quality of Colleges’ training The study would provide administrators with a clear idea on how beneficial is in cooperation with Enterprises In the same manner, school’s trade name could develop; its position and prestige could be improved in society

Enterprises The study could make the Enterprises know more about their

benefit and responsibility when cooperating with Colleges They also understand that partnership with Colleges is an important solution to make sure stable development of Enterprises

Teachers The result of the study is of great help to teachers because it is

necessary to be good at theory but also have steady skill to teach practice Good partnership between Enterprises and Colleges provide good conditions for teachers to approach new technology, update science and technology development The researcher hopes to contribute to a new avenue in fostering teachers by taking them to study technology in factories yearly Through this, improving teacher quality would lead to better quality training because of having teachers who are good at both theory and practice

Students They was benefited by this study since they are the main concerns of

educators Good partnership between Enterprises and Colleges make educators understand more about society’s demand and educators train what the society need but don’t train what they have In this way, learners would have knowledge, skills, attitudes and other soft skills to be able to find a stable job in companies, ensuring their own life future

Future researchers This study could provide references for future proponents

who wish to venture a study similar to the nature of this ongoing research Thus, study

on partnership between Colleges and Enterprises to improve training quality could serve as resources for other studies

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The primary purpose of this study was to further investigate management activities to strengthen partnership between Enterprises and 7 Colleges in Vinhphuc province to improve quality of VT quality There were 168 people as invited respondents in this study: 2 Deputy Director of Department of Labor - Invalids and

Social Affairs of Vinhphuc , 5 VT Management officials of Department of Labor - Invalids and Social Affairs of Vinhphuc; 2 Deputy Director Department of Education and Training of Vinhphuc, 5 Professional Training officials of Department of Education and Training of Vinhphuc; 7 rectors of Colleges in Vinhphuc province, 7 Head of Training Departments of Colleges, 42 Head of Faculty in the Colleges; 20 Directors of Enterprises, 20 Head of Human Resource Departments of Enterprises

The time frame of this study covered the period from February 2012 to August

Human resource indicates people who are and was supply of diversified social

labor force including the youth studying in general education bases, vocational education bases and College-university Only potential is mentioned when taking about human resource; then in the training process, it is the use and improvement of human resource really influence on socio-economic development

Management activities are all implemented through its function, as making

plan, organizing, directing, testing and evaluating

Management is conscious activity of managing subjects to control impact on

the objects, subject to gain management goal

Method bears narrower meaning than solution; it is system of using ways to

implement any activity It reflects the way of implementing content, which includes deploying goal, argument content and technical structure to perform content;

Partnership is both a specific legal entity and an intellectual approach as to

how a business is going to be run

Profession is a type of work which requires us to get specialized training

process to have certain knowledge, professional high skill Thank to profession

activity process, one can make products to satisfy individuals and society

Solution is method to solve a problem, which include both content and

method

Strengthening is “to make stronger, much more "

Training Cooperation in parallel method is method that theory and

on-the-job training are parallel at both Colleges and Enterprises during the training time

Training Cooperation in succession method is method that theory and basic

practice are done at Colleges in classroom and Colleges’ workshop Then students go for their on-the-job training at Enterprises

Training Cooperation in turn method is method that theory is trained at

Colleges, basic practice and on-the-job training are done in turn at Colleges and at Enterprises

Vocational training is a process of transmitting and perceiving certain

knowledge system, skill, vocational attitude generalized in trained career; a process of practicing skills, high technique, attitude and career capacity of learners to form vocational qualification This is implemented through teaching according to standard

of trained careers

Vocational training quality is a level that learners achieve in accordance with

planed training goal, at the same time accord with and meet the demand and requirement of production, labor market

Chapter II REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant readings and related literature which bear significance and similarities in this study This also includes the paradigm and the definition of terms that could help the readers to fully understand the context

of this study

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Vietnam is in the renovative process of VT system to gradually meet the demand of labor market and society in the context of national development and region integration This is a remarkable point in Vietnam 2011-2020 strategy of socio-economic development which is considered a national breakthrough strategy to become industrialized countries Hence, the strategy goal of the country is to achieve breakthrough VT quality in the context of ASIAN integration Then, VT strategy in Vietnam’s 2011-2020 stage directing to the goal “raising quality and expanding VT scale meet the demand of every field, needing well skilled workers at homeland and for export” By 2020, VT meet the demand of labor market in both quality and quantity, career structure and training qualification, at the same time contribute to improving income, alleviating poverty and ensuring social security Training quality of some fields obtain the similar level with developed countries in ASEAN and in the world

Vietnam managers of VT desire to have breakthrough VT quality with many different solution groups, for example: setting up national career skill standards corresponding with society requirement; forming career formation program meets the defined norms; training, improving and developing vocational teachers; cooperating with Enterprises in training career; renovating financial mechanism for career training until 2020; strengthening international cooperation, especially with developed countries in VT

Challenges related to achieving ambitious target of vocational development and renovation can not be successfully solved by only government So, active participation

of related sides in VT especially business community is very important and getting more and more attention It is considered in various fields and positive impacts when cooperating with business community-individuals, private and state-owned

Enterprises As VT plays an important role of output standards (quality) for career trainers from worker users, vocational standard setup is an important filed in which businesses’ participation with the guide role is very essential Other cooperation is to train career based on organization cooperation activities Following this, vocational education components especially practice skills are implemented at Enterprises It is the most ideal to organize that program in the shape of learning at working places, combining learning with working Its benefit is to increase demand direction, raise cost effect (because investment in practice workshops at career places and related transport costs are reduced) which help learners adapt with working situations and connect them with potential labor users Other cooperation field is the participation of different economies in vocation teacher building How Enterprises community actively takes part in VT is a key problem for achievement direction cooperation Proved successfully activities are equal cooperation as well as convince basing on benefits obtained by both of two sides It also includes appropriate participation of Enterprises

in strategy setup and career training policies

Management

Management is a special activity, closely attached to development process Especially, management plays a very important role at present world Assigning, cooperation in work contribute to achieving high output, which comprises managing, cooperating, managing, testing,…

According to Peter F Drucker (1999), the final goal of science of management

is how to limit risk, get over abroad risk, avoid risk for organization

Aunapu F.F (1994) said that: "management is science and art affecting society system, mainly managing people to peruse given goals That system is either moved or quiet including interacted components” [1, p.75]

In Vietnam, there are many different definitions of management According to Vietnamese dictionary: "management is organizing and coordinating activities due to given requirements” [34, p.789]

PhD Mai Huu Khue (2003) said: "management is to impact on workers to achieve given results and objectives” [12, p.19-20]

It is clear that the mentioned definitions even though emphasize this side or other, approach any aspect, any field; at macro-micro; all bear the common united point is to consider management is original activities containing management subjects, management objects and management goal that are related to each other through managing impacts

Management activities are all implemented through its function, as making plan, organizing, directing, testing and evaluating If management function is not defined, management subject couldn’t control management system

Profession /occupation

Profession is an activity bearing its own typical feature of humankind; it is formed and developed along with development of humankind society It is a type of work bearing society nature and personal nature in which humankind in capacity of activity’s subject require to satisfy certain society’s and individual’s demand

According to Latin "Professio" – profession means professional job formed orthodox, a type of work requiring any qualification level, is basic activity for the existence of people

According to Vietnamese Dictionary, “career is professional work assigned by society” [34, p.676]

With the development of science and technology now, to work well, one have

to take part in a training process’s given program providing knowledge, skill and necessary attitude according to labor market’s demand to be able to work

VT

Development of human resource: development strategy of Vietnam education

in the 2011 - 2020 stage determined the goal of VT and university education as follows: accomplishing structure of vocational education and university education system; adjusting career structure and qualification of training, improving quality of training, satisfying demand of human resource for socio-economic development; training workers with creativity, independent mentality, professional morality and skill, ability of foreign language, working principles, industrial style, job self-making and adaptability with changes of labor market and ability to compete in the region and

the world

Human resource development is basically to raise people’s value in different aspects: mental, physical and aesthetic; to make people become workers having capacity, new and higher Human resource development is affected by 5 factors: education-training, health and nutrition, environment, job and mankind liberation Of which, education is a key factor, a foundation for other factors and in the same manner; it is the most important basis for stable socio-economic development

La Duy Tuan (2009) indicated that, VT is actually to develop human resource

Now, VT institutes train 2 main fields: technical workers and professional personnel Training product is qualification or workers’ qualification and ability at a defined standard of trained occupation Trained careers are ones that workers need training according to a defined program with knowledge, skills and attitudes in accordance with the demand of labor market to be able to work well [9, p.16]

According to the ISO9000:2000 Standard gave out definition of quality:

“quality is the level of a gather consisting of given particularities which meet the requirements”

According to concept of European quality testing organization: quality of products is the level that products could meet the demand of users

In Vietnamese dictionary (2000), "quality is what creating qualification, value for each individual, thing and fact.” [34, p.144]

All above definitions show that achieving quality is in the same manner with satisfying requirements These requirements certainly come from customers which are

the original factors of quality and the focus when defining quality

La Duy Tuan (2009) indicated that: Quality is expressed in firstly, the satisfaction of users’ demand, the secondly effectiveness which is the lowest cost but it still could satisfy market demand Quality is described through qualitative and quantitative results Qualitative result is product’s value which can not be measured and counted but can be remarked Quantities result is value expressing in numbers, in quantity and it can be weighted, measured, counted Quality creates quantity, but only quantity is not enough to reflect quality, so it is to analyze both qualitative and quantities when acknowledging quality [9, p.18]

Quality of VT: The condition for Vietnam to get success in the world in the context of integrating with WTO is to have human resource bearing ability to face up

with competition and cooperation It is emergency task to create high-qualified human resource with creativeness and adaptability Human resource’s qualification accord with labor market demand is the measure of education quality Strengthening partnership between VTI and Enterprises is really optimal solution in order to improve vocational quality in mechanism and integration now Education quality of each branch and occupation is different, but however different it is, the most important norm is to fit with labor market demand, requirement

PhD Dang Quoc Bao (2011) indicated that the training quality is the last result actively affected by components of training process This is generalized in the following figure:

Figure 2.1 Factors of training process

Of which:

G: training goal

M, ME: measure, medium for training

T: teacher and training management

+ Social profession qualification (virtue, awareness, responsibility;

+ Health;

+ Knowledge;

+ Working capacity;

+ Adapting with labor market;

+ Research ability and career improvement ability of workers after graduate Vocational qualification, concept according to working ability defined by different aspects: knowledge, skill, awareness and habit in work According to modern concept, VT quality has got two parts: "hardware” is knowledge, skill, attitude learners perceives from training process (accounted for 1/3); "software” is creativeness and adaptation (accounted for 2/3)

Thus, when evaluating training quality of VTIs, don’t mention at only

“hardware”, that is knowledge, skill, awareness and habit in work of the graduates whether accord with training goal or not, at what level accordance but it is more important is to focus on software value- creativeness and adaptability, basing on this to organize training process in order to encourage activity of students It is in need to enhance cooperation with Enterprises so as students have chance to approach or quickly adapt with new production technology, creativeness in the market mechanism shift, in which there is workforce market In market mechanism and integration context, VT is always ruled by supply and demand law Trained products’ quality is decision-making for the Colleges’ existence and development in competition Trained product is graduates The focus in VT is to consider market’s demand in order to

implement development plan of every trained career It is in need to focus on catching information, forecasting labor market demand, even international market in each school, if training excessively would be redundant but training too little would be lack compared with human resource demand in reality even though trained products meet the requirement of employers

The assurance of VT

As discussed by La Duy Tuan (2009) about the Concept of quality assuranc, it

is to satisfy and maintain quality standard according to demand and requirement of market- society and commit to improve quality due to market shift Thus, vocational quality assurance must also be approached basing on 2 norms: firstly, defining market demand and requirement for trained products (qualification of trained people); secondly, developing training process to meet the demand, requirement of market at any time According to this approach, strengthening cooperation between VT Colleges and Enterprises is indispensable to improve VT quality [9, 21]

VT in Viet Nam

According to the Vietnam Education Law (2005), VT basis are: “vocational College, vocational junior Colleges, vocational centers, vocational classes; VT basis can be independently organized or attach with trade, production, service basis, other education basis" In addition, universities, Colleges, professional junior Colleges; private organizations at home domestic and abroad bearing sufficient condition licensed by state administration agencies for VT organizations which is commonly called VT basis

This limited research only studies about the VT in Colleges

Partnership between VTI and Enterprises in training

Theory and practice are closely relate, there is dialectic relation between them, supplementing and assisting each other in the process of occupying social history experience Learning and doing mean connecting theory with practice, applying learned facts to solve problems of reality This is principle in education in general, so,

it is indispensable to attach VT with production, VTI with Enterprises

According to principles of formation program issued by Ministry of Labor - Invalids and Social Affairs (2008), 70 - 85% of training time spending on practice, teaching practice attaching with production contribute to improving VT quality

In the era of intellectual economy, technology, progressive technology daily and timely are commonly and widely applied in different fields of production In order

to ensure quality and training effectiveness, VTI have to cooperate closely with Enterprises to attain timely information, update knowledge, supplement and adjust program so as not out of date, catch up with production On the other hand, taking advantage of assistance of Enterprises of facilities for training is a solution in order to overcome contradiction between low investment of Enterprises for VTI and foreign Enterprises’s requirement of trained product’s quality Especially, for career needing high-price technology of production line costing tens of or even hundred millions VND, VTI have to cooperate with Enterprises so as to complement tasks of training high-qualified engineering workers meeting the demand of that technology

The partnership between VTI and Enterprises is objectively indispensable, which happen according to supply-demand law In fact, this is diversified, plentiful cooperation as following: Setting up target and training content it is in need to consider specific of Enterprises, which is a place employing students after graduating ; Enrolling students and organizing final graduation exam; Evaluating VT quality; Enterprises support human resource for training process as: budget, materials, facilities, experts, high-qualified workers etc.; Cooperation in forming training programs and use workers through forming development strategy of VTI with Enterprises to define training demand: quantity, career structure, worker grade, training form (new training, re-training, nourishes to raise grade etc.)

It is a need to ensure following principles in order to make good partnership

between Enterprises and VTI : Partnership must ensure training goal, and doesn’t affect training process of Colleges as well as production progress of Enterprises but it contributes to development of both of two units, brings benefit to both of them Cooperation should ensure education value to form, develop qualification and ability

of students, doesn’t incline too much economic profit but neglect education value; Cooperation should be in the power of teachers and students in the training process: awareness level of technology, health

TYPES OF PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN ENTERPRISES AND COLLEGES

Partnership between Colleges and Enterprises has commonly applied in the world as well as in Vietnam and always get certain achievements There were various types of cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises But according Vu Thi Phuong Oanh (2008) and La Duy Tuan (2009), partnership between Colleges and Enterprises

in Vietnam is classified according to some following criterion: classification basing on legal basis and according to cooperation form to organize training process

Based on legal basis:

Colleges and Enterprises are independent units model:

Figure 2.2 Colleges and Enterprises are independent units model

According to above diagram, Colleges and Enterprises are independent units Training program, “hardware” according to principles of frame program of Ministry of Labor – Invalid and Social Affairs making up 70 - 85%; software making up for 15 - 30% for supplementing knowledge and new technology; training career according to list regularized by State, currently temporally issued by Ministry of Labor – Invalid and Social Affairs in the Decision No 58/2008/QĐ - MOLISA, the Minister of Labor,

Enterprise College

War Invalids and Social Affairs signed on 9/6/2008 regulating qualification framework of Vocational secondary education and vocational Colleges Most of teachers are belong to Colleges, in the practicing time, cooperating with technical officials and high-qualified workers of Enterprises to teach Place for learning theory and practice is at Colleges, production practice is at Enterprises

This brings advantage which is that Colleges don’t depend on production basis

of Enterprises, ensuring program progress of training, students have abroad professional knowledge of theory, actively keeping up with change of career after graduating as well as have chance to be in charge of many different production fields

in different Enterprises

On the other hand, disadvantage is that it is difficult to establish or establish partnership between VTI and Enterprises, at low level and it is difficult to link relate with use

Cooperation to organize training process between VTI and Enterprises is mainly one after training, only little organized according to in-turn training Cooperation rate is limited and incoherent, however, in a few cases; partnership between VTI and Enterprises is comprehensive

College is a part of Enterprises model:

Figure 2.3 College is a part of Enterprises model

According to this model, VTI are interior of Enterprises as corporations, firms, factories, corporations, and groups At present, this a common model in the world, especially in developed countries In Vietnam, many Colleges belonging Enterprises

ENTERPRISE

Factory College

have trained labor for themselves as well as Colleges of VINASHIN (13 training basis), LILAMA, Vietnam Coal and Mineral …etc

Their characteristic is training level from primary to College lasting from 1 to 3 years, depending on a certain career that producers require Trained careers accord with narrow major of Enterprises Objective, content of program are in accordance with national standard program, nevertheless, software rate is larger, about 30% for supplementing knowledge and new technology in production This model needs partnership between Colleges’ teachers and official teachers of Enterprises including engineering officials, management officials and high-qualified workers taking part in teaching Most of expenses are provided by Enterprises, the remaining from national budget or students

Its advantage is to relate training with production, meet demand of human resource of production basis owned by Enterprises Content of training program is always supplemented, improved, updated new technology, modern equipments In addition, it makes the use of machine, equipment of Enterprises for teaching career of Enterprises; mobilizes engineer staff to teach profession, new technology, posting management measure of Enterprises

This training type accords with production character as well as technology of Enterprises, so it contributes to saving time of training workers and saving expenses for Enterprises

On the other hand, it has some disadvantages The students are easily passive because of production demand so it is difficult to organize the courses according to order and well schooled, students after graduating would meet difficult when they want to change their job since they are only trained due to narrow major

Enterprises is a part of College model:

Figure 2.4 Enterprises is a part of College model

Characteristics of this measure is that Colleges managed both training basis and Enterprises Students are not only equipped with knowledge, necessary professional skills of career but also understanding of Enterprises and business which help them know how to open their own business by themselves to become a boss, find out job themselves and create career for others

The advantage of this model is that Colleges prepared plot for students practicing basically, producing, learning the method to organize and manage production to become owners of sized or medium small Enterprises

Its disadvantage is that setting up and maintaining Enterprises beyond Colleges face many difficulties It required that management ability of business and education

of leaders should be entire It is not a simple challenge at all so it effectiveness is not high

Thus, each measure of partnership and form of training organization of above models also has advantages and disadvantages However, there were still positive impact on quality of VT and benefits for both Colleges and Enterprises High or low effectiveness and quality depends on management ability of each administrator [33, p.20-22], [9, p.26-30]

COLLEGE

Enterprise VTI

Classification according to cooperation method to organize training process:

Training Cooperation in parallel method:

Figure 2.5 Training Cooperation in parallel method

Above diagram showed parallel training cooperation method Time for theory, basic practice and production practice are parallel in both Colleges and Enterprises

Training Cooperation in turn method:

Figure 2.6 Training Cooperation in turn method

Training process is organized at Colleges and Enterprises Learning theory at Colleges; basic practice and production practice are organized in turn, alternately at two: Colleges and Enterprises

Training Cooperation in succession method:

Figure 2.7 Training cooperation in succession method

According to this method, training process is organized at two places; training process happens in succession, after finishing theory, learning practice then production practice; at the stage of learning theory and basic practice, students are at class, school;

College

Enterprise

Theory (T) + Basic Practice (BP)

Producting Practice (PP) Graduating

Practice (GP)

Graduating Exam (GE)

the last stage, production practice is organized at Enterprises

Above 3 methods of training cooperation reflected 3 levels of cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises in training career: the highest level is parallel method, the lowest level is in succession method [33, p.24-26], [9, p.31-32]

Classification according to cooperation level to organize training process:

Comprehensive Cooperation level is level that cooperating from the first stage

as recruiting students; compiling training objectives, curriculum, and schedule; supporting training fees, material and teaching facilities; organizing graduation exams,

to the last stage as receiving the graduates to work in Enterprises

Limited cooperation level is level that cooperating only in some stages as

adding content into curriculum, receive students for the on-the-job training, supporting training fees, and recruiting about 50% of students who have had their on-the-job training at the Enterprises

Incoherent cooperation level is level that all training activities are in charge by

the Colleges There is no change in curriculum training content Enterprises allow students to have their on-the-job training at the last phase of training time Enterprises

do not support training fees And only few of graduates who have had the on-the-job training at Enterprises are recruited then [33, p.23-24], [9, p.33]

INFLUENCES OF PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN COLLEGES AND ENTERPRISES ON IMPROVING QUALITY OF VT

Quality of training engineering workers depends on many factors, in which partnership between Colleges and Enterprises play important role, especially in serious competitive economic market mechanism As La Duy Tuan (2009) discussed, the role

of this cooperation is to improve quality of training as aspects follows:

Conditions to ensure training quality

Goal and content of formation program should accord with requirement of production: It is necessary to set up goal and content of formation program according

with requirement and demand of labor market Concretize goal and training content of each career in each training contract with Enterprises basing on training goal issued by

Ministry of Education and Training and General Vocational Department

When partnership achieves high level, organize together, compile content, determine training goal to meet the demand of production reality in Enterprises Teaching what market needs, learners need but not teach what Colleges have to help workers satisfy requirement of modern technology of production after graduating In addition to goal and training content according to principle of government, it is needed

to supplement some requirements as updating new technique, industrial style of workers in big industry, communication skill, creativity, adaptability with community, manners and customs of the places where workers are employed etc However, supplementing goal, content of program should ensure principle that is not over 30% frame of program enabled

Improving quality of teachers and administrative officials: In the past

mechanism, teachers tend to be closed in school’s precinct, their knowledge is very academic, every year it is not dispensable to update and change To make partnership with Enterprises highly effective, teachers and administrative officials should change positively To achieve that, it is needed to make plan sending vocational teachers to do sightseeing, go training at Enterprises, get deeply trained of new technology according

to tendency of market and requirement of Enterprises Take the initiative in organizing fostering classes, invite experts of Enterprises or teachers who have knowledge of new technology taking part in fostering classes for teachers This is a good condition for teachers and administrative officials to approach to knowledge, technique modern technology, new management measure of Enterprises, basing on this, improve their ability, contribute to determining quality of lecture and guiding practice for students

Take advantage of material facilities, budget of Enterprises for training: To

make more powerful competition, Enterprises regularly improve, invest modern production technology, they could provide Colleges materials of technology, latest technique, according with technical standard, technology of production reality, which

is important resource for teachers and students for reference and learning It is necessary to count investment of Enterprises of facilities or depending on facilities, students could practice based on real model with progressive expensive production technology that VTI couldn’t afford

For finance, through training contracts, it is needed to take advantage of expenditure of Enterprises in capacity of being a unit employing post-graduating students so that they contribute expenditure for Colleges; or Enterprises pay for Colleges because students made products during the practicing period at Enterprises These expenditure resources are used for training as well as improving material and spiritual life for both teachers and students

Innovating management activities: Partnership between VTI and Enterprises

influence on arrangement, re-complete organization mechanism of Colleges, which require to have section taking charge of consulting, controlling, checking, maintaining cooperation, at once, restrict some sections to accord with assigned tasks Inter-relation between sections, departments, subject cell in Colleges should be more closed, create condition for internal unity, solidarity

Because of partnership with Enterprises, management mechanism should be more “airy”, rectors have to find facts, learn, exchange, discuss, think to lead Colleges

to develop, create condition for officials, teachers study, create, bring into play their democratize right to build Colleges Students should be provided with chances to take part in, contribute ideas to training plans, production practice of Colleges etc

Improving evaluation, test of training quality: Tools and method to test and

evaluate have to be objective and accurate; because of benefit, Enterprises pay attention to coordinating with Colleges to set up goal, content of program as well as content of test, final exam and graduating exam

Practice exams should be organized at Enterprises, the results are consumable products, students feel excited, motivated; board of examiners in which representer of Enterprises in the role of board’s vice-chairman evaluate seriously, objectively and accurately achievement of students Students after graduating was able to work at once

Lastly, Colleges should base on survey result, predict demand of labor market and situation of post-graduated students working at Enterprises to orient development

of career in future, then, determine quantity, kind of machine, facilities need to invest, build the teaching goal, foster teachers, prepare condition for training activities of the next years Thus, setting partnership between Colleges and Enterprises bring ,big

positive impact determining training quality of workers now toward according with demand, requirement of labor market in the trend of globalization and integration [9 p.33.38]

FACTORS INFLUENCE ON PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN COLLEGES AND ENTERPRISES

In this section, the study show factors affecting to collaboration between the College and Enterprises According to La Duy Tuan (2009) discussed, these factors are:

State mechanism, polices: State policy mechanism strictly influence on

partnership between VTI and Enterprises, it encourages and hold back this relation by creating mechanism, policies to adjust Decision-making factor makes partnership between VTI and Enterprises feasible is not demand or two side’s ability but partnership is legal or illegal If legal beyond what limit, so when setting up partnership, both of them should consider given limit beyond scope of law On the other hand, in the partnership process, both sides need to make proposes regularly, petition to administrative levels according with production reality in order to study, completely supplement, bring benefit for partnership

Partnership context: The global integration trend has influenced on all fields in

society life of each country This trend has positive effect on cooperation between VTI and Enterprises, which is motivation making both sides closed to each other, join together to train high-qualified workers in order to compete and cooperate not only in domestic labor market but in the region market and abroad

Interior factors of relation: Ability of administrator of VTIs and Enterprises:

leader’s ability is management ability According to Vilfredo F D Pareto principle (optimum) 80/20 failure of organization is because of management In studies of scientists, the reason of defeat, bankrupt of organizations, Enterprises, agencies, units…the reason for management accounting for 55% The leaders of VTI and Enterprises should aware that cooperation between VTI and Enterprises is indispensable to improve training quality in the trend of globalization and international integration Training quality is spine for existence and development of Colleges and Enterprises Training, improving high-qualified human resource is the function of VTI,

if this function is not well performed, there is no place for existing, and trained human resource is exactly the main motivation of Enterprises

Information of each other: information is considered blood vessel of every system If managing is considered a system, it is impossible to lack information in managing process In the relation between VTI and Enterprises, if both of two sides don’t have necessary information of each other, they face many difficulties and barriers in partnership

Demand and ability of both two: ability of organization is finance, facility, labor and management ability Ability could be improved according to progress but no demand resulting to no partnership Demand is normally in implicit, only when subjects aware that objects are able to satisfy demand and at this time demand exists and becomes motivation encouraging subjects to actively act in order to evading objects with a view of meeting demand Thus, in capacity of being administrators, it is

in need for both VTI leaders and Enterprises to have art of provoking implicit demand for their organization as well as partner to strengthen cooperation

Conformity level between goals, content of formation program with production reality: it is Enterprises, the most dynamic in economy It is survival for Enterprises to adapt sharply and quickly with demand and requirement of market, so they should change operation way to meet demand whereas, goal and content of formation program always tend to change more slowly, which causes a gap between "what Colleges have " with "what Enterprises need " Where ever this gap is minimized, partnership between VTI and Enterprises was favorable [9, p38-42]

MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES TO STRENGTHEN PARTNERSHIP WITH ENTERPRISES IN VT OF COLLEGES

By searching “management” concept, management process includes 4 structure components, which is administrator, administrative object and objective factors, administrative target With self-conscious impact of administrators, these components are reciprocal influence and thanks to this, administrators implement management tasks to gain managing goals To gain management goal, administrators have to use tools, facilities, measure, and method to impact on managing subject So, how is management measure understood to strengthen partnership in training with VTI?

Due to the researcher, management activities to strengthen partnership with Enterprises in VT of Colleges is conscious activity of principals in order to control, impact on cooperation with Enterprises in training to gain the target which is strengthening partnership with Enterprises in training to improve VT quality

RESEARCH PARADIGM

Figure 2.8 The Schematic Presentation of independent variables and dependent

variables and the result of research

This research paradigm shows the The models, methods and levels of cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises, the factors that affect the cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises and management activities to enhance cooperation between Colleges and Enterprises in training and training quality taken from the achievement of students after final exam and graduation exam, ability to find job after graduating The important subject that research focus is to post management measures

to strengthen partnership between Enterprises and Colleges in Vinhphuc province

The models, methods and

levels of cooperation between

Colleges and Enterprises:

Model of cooperation

Method of cooperation

Level of cooperation

The factors affect to the

cooperation between colleges and

enterprises

Management activities to

enhance cooperation between

colleges and enterprises in

training

VT quality of colleges in

Vinhphuc

MANAGEMENT MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN THE

COOPERATION BETWEEN COLLEGES AND ENTERPRISES IN

VOCATIONAL TRAINING

Quality of VT are affected by many factors such as: goal, content of formation program; training measure; characteristics of students’ learning activity at VTI; material facilities, teaching equipment; partnership between VTI and Enterprises etc In which cooperation between VTI and Enterprises plays a special role, especially

in the tendency of international economic integration with hot competition of product’s quality, even special products that is human resource training

Some researchers in domestic and abroad have studied on cooperation between VTI and Enterprises, but the number was not various and the results were limited and are unsystematic

Improving quality of VT is vital requirement to satisfy industrialization and modernization of our country at present It requires that workers must be flexibly trained, suit market’s changes It means that quality of training human resource is not only showed in knowledge, skills and attitude According to present point of view, these factors are only hardware of training quality but more important thing is that training quality must be showed in software, which is creativity and adaptability

Creativity and adaptability are not nature but through taking exercise The best environment for developing this ability of learners is reality of production at Enterprises It is the whole society’s responsibility to offer favorable conditions for

VT, and need to emphasize that the firstly is the principals of VTI It is principals themselves need aware that changing management activities to continuously strengthen cooperation with Enterprises to contribute on improving Colleges’ quality

of training

Chapter III METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the locale of the study, research design, population and sampling, data gathering procedures, and statistical treatment used in the study

LOCALE OF THE STUDY

This study was conducted in 7 selected Colleges in Vinhphuc of which are administered by Department of Labor - Invalids and Social Affairs of Vinhphuc and

20 big Enterprises in the North Vietnam

The respondent Colleges are the following:

Table 3.1 List of the Colleges in Vinhphuc

1 Military Vocational

College No.2

Lung Hoa ward, Vinh Tuong district, Vinhphuc province

2 PhucYen College of

Industry

www.pci.edu.vn Trung Nhi ward, Phuc

Yen town, Vinhphuc province

Vocational College of

Vinhphuc

www.vdvp.edu.vn Lien Bao ward, Vinh

Yen city, Vinhphuc province

4 Viet-Xo Vocational

College No.1

www.vixo.edu.vn Xuan Hoa ward, Phuc

Yen town, Vinhphuc province

5 Vinhphuc College www.caodangvinhp

huc.edu.vn

Trung Nhi ward, Phuc Yen town, Vinhphuc province

6 Vinhphuc Technology and

Economics College

www.vtec.edu.vn Hoi Hop ward, Vinh Yen

city, Vinhphuc province

7 Vocational College of

Agricultural Mechanics

www.vcam.edu.vn Tam Hop ward, Binh

Xuyen ward, Vinhphuc province